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Ukuhlolwa kwenziwe emseleni oyisikwele ovalwe yimigqa evundlile yezinduku ezine ezisilinda ezithambekele. Ingcindezi ebusweni benduku ephakathi kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi kulo lonke isiteshi kwalinganiswa ngokushintsha i-engeli yokuthambekela kwenduku. Kwahlolwa izinhlangano ezintathu ezahlukene zenduku yobubanzi. Imiphumela yokulinganisa ihlaziywa kusetshenziswa isimiso sokugcina umfutho kanye nokucatshangelwa okungewona okwemvelo. Kukhiqizwa amasethi amaningana angaguquki amapharamitha angenawo usayizi ahlobanisa ingcindezi ezindaweni ezibalulekile zesistimu nobukhulu obuhlukile benduku. Isimiso sokuzimela sitholakala sisebenza ezinambeni eziningi ze-Euler ezichaza ingcindezi ezindaweni ezahlukene, okungukuthi uma ingcindezi ingenawo usayizi kusetshenziswa ukubikezela kwejubane lokungena elijwayelekile endukuni, isethi ayincikile e-engeli yokucwilisa. Ukuhlangana okungewona okwemvelo okuphumelayo kungasetshenziswa kuma-hydraulics afanayo e-Design.
Amadivayisi amaningi okudlulisa ukushisa nobuningi aqukethe isethi yamamojula, iziteshi noma amaseli lapho uketshezi ludlula khona ezakhiweni zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengezinduku, ama-buffer, ama-insert, njll. Muva nje, kube nesithakazelo esivuselelwe sokuthola ukuqonda okungcono kwezindlela ezixhumanisa ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi yangaphakathi kanye namandla ezintweni zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi nokwehla kwengcindezi iyonke kwemojula. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lesi sithakazelo sikhuthazwe yizinto ezintsha kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, ukwanda kwamakhono okubala okulingisa izinombolo, kanye nokwanda kokwenziwa okuncane kwamadivayisi. Izifundo zokuhlola zakamuva zokusatshalaliswa kwangaphakathi kwengcindezi kanye nokulahlekelwa zifaka iziteshi ezigoqwe yizimbambo ezahlukahlukene ezibunjwe 1, amaseli e-electrochemical reactor 2, ukuminyana kwe-capillary 3 kanye nezinto zohlaka lwe-lattice 4.
Izakhiwo zangaphakathi ezivame kakhulu yizinduku ezisilinda ngokusebenzisa amamojula eyunithi, kungaba ahlanganisiwe noma ahlukanisiwe. Kuma-heat exchanger, lokhu kulungiselelwa kuvame ohlangothini lwegobolondo. Ukwehla kwengcindezi ohlangothini lwegobolondo kuhlobene nokwakhiwa kwama-heat exchanger afana nama-steam generator, ama-condenser nama-evaporator. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, uWang et al. 5 bathole izimo zokunamathisela kabusha kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-co-detachment flow ekucushweni kwe-tandem kwezinduku. ULiu et al.6 balinganise ukwehla kwengcindezi eziteshini eziyisikwele ezinezinqwaba zamashubhu amabili akhiwe ngo-U anezingqimba ezahlukene zokuthambekela futhi balinganisa imodeli yezinombolo yokulingisa izinqwaba zezinduku ezinemidiya enezimbobo.
Njengoba bekulindelekile, kunezici eziningana zokucushwa ezithinta ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic kwebhange lesilinda: uhlobo lokuhlelwa (isb., okuhleliwe noma okusemgqeni), ubukhulu obuhlobene (isb., iphimbo, ububanzi, ubude), kanye ne-inclination angle, phakathi kwabanye. Ababhali abaningana bagxile ekutholeni izindlela ezingenakulinganiswa zokuqondisa imiklamo ukuze babambe imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yamapharamitha wejiyometri. Esifundweni sokuhlola sakamuva, uKim et al. 7 baphakamise imodeli ye-porosity ephumelelayo besebenzisa ubude beseli leyunithi njengepharamitha yokulawula, besebenzisa ama-tandem nama-staggered arrays kanye nezinombolo zikaReynolds eziphakathi kuka-103 no-104. USnarski8 wafunda ukuthi i-spectrum yamandla, evela kuma-accelerometers nama-hydrophone anamathiselwe kusilinda emhubheni wamanzi, iyahlukahluka ngokuthambekela kwesiqondiso sokugeleza. UMarino et al. 9 wafunda ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi yodonga nxazonke kwenduku yesilinda ekugelezeni komoya kwe-yaw. UMityakov et al. 10 wadweba insimu yejubane ngemuva kwesilinda ye-yawed besebenzisa i-stereo PIV.Alam et al. I-11 yenze ucwaningo oluphelele lwamasilinda e-tandem, igxile emiphumeleni yenani likaReynolds kanye nesilinganiso sejiyometri ekushenxeni kwe-vortex. Bakwazile ukuhlonza izimo ezinhlanu, okungukuthi ukukhiya, ukukhiya okungenazikhawu, ukungakhiya, ukukhiya okungaphansi kwe-harmonic kanye nezimo zokunamathisela kabusha kwe-shear layer. Izifundo zakamuva zezinombolo zikhombe ekwakhekeni kwezakhiwo ze-vortex ekugelezeni ngamasilinda e-yaw avinjelwe.
Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic kweseli leyunithi kulindeleke ukuthi kuncike ekucushweni kanye ne-geometry yesakhiwo sangaphakathi, ngokuvamile kulinganiswa ngokuhlobana kwe-empirical kwezilinganiso ezithile zokuhlola. Kumadivayisi amaningi akhiwe yizingxenye ze-periodic, amaphethini okugeleza aphindaphindwa kuseli ngayinye, ngakho-ke, ulwazi oluhlobene namaseli amele lungasetshenziswa ukuveza ukuziphatha kwe-hydraulic jikelele kwesakhiwo ngamamodeli amaningi. Kulezi zimo ezilinganayo, izinga lokucacisa okusetshenziswa ngalo izimiso zokulondolozwa ezijwayelekile lingancishiswa kaningi. Isibonelo esijwayelekile yi-discharge equation yepuleti le-orifice 15. Esimweni esikhethekile sezinduku ezithambekele, kungaba ukugeleza okuvaliwe noma okuvulekile, isici esithakazelisayo esivame ukucashunwa ezincwadini futhi esisetshenziswa abaklami ubukhulu be-hydraulic obuphezulu (isb., ukwehla kwengcindezi, amandla, imvamisa yokulahla i-vortex, njll.) ) yokuxhumana.) ku-flow component perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sokuzimela futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi i-flow dynamics iqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko yi-inflow normal component nokuthi umphumela we-axial component ehambisana ne-cylinder axis awunalutho. Nakuba kungekho ukuvumelana ezincwadini mayelana nobubanzi bokufaneleka kwe le nqubo, ezimweni eziningi inikeza izilinganiso eziwusizo ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kokuhlola okuvamile kokuxhumana okubonakalayo. Izifundo zakamuva mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwesimiso esizimele zifaka phakathi ukudlidliza okubangelwa yi-vortex16 kanye nokuhudula okulinganiselwe kwesigaba esisodwa kanye nesigaba ezimbili417.
Kulo msebenzi wamanje, imiphumela yocwaningo lokwehla kwengcindezi yangaphakathi kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi esiteshini esinomugqa ophambene wezinduku ezine ezisilinda ezithambekele ivezwa. Linganisa izinhlangano ezintathu zezinduku ezinobubanzi obuhlukene, ushintshe i-engeli yokuthambekela. Umgomo ojwayelekile ukuphenya indlela ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi ebusweni bezinduku okuhlobene ngayo nokwehla kwengcindezi iyonke esiteshini. Idatha yokuhlola iyahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaBernoulli kanye nesimiso sokugcina umfutho ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwesimiso sokuzimela. Okokugcina, kukhiqizwa ukuhlangana okungenamingcele okungasetshenziswa ukuklama amadivayisi afanayo e-hydraulic.
Ukusethwa kokuhlola kwakunesigaba sokuhlola esingunxande esathola ukugeleza komoya okunikezwe yifeni ye-axial. Isigaba sokuhlola siqukethe iyunithi equkethe izinduku ezimbili eziphakathi ezihambisanayo kanye nezinduku ezimbili zesigamu ezifakwe ezindongeni zesiteshi, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1e, zonke zinobubanzi obufanayo. Izibalo 1a–e zibonisa i-geometry eningiliziwe kanye nobukhulu bengxenye ngayinye yokusethwa kokuhlola. Isibalo 3 sibonisa ukusethwa kwenqubo.
Isigaba sokungena (ubude ngama-mm). Dala i-b usebenzisa i-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org. Isigaba sokuhlola esiyinhloko (ubude ngama-mm). Yakhiwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org c Ukubuka kwesigaba sokuhlola esiyinhloko (ubude ngama-mm). Yakhiwe kusetshenziswa i-Openscad 2021.01, isigaba sokuthumela se-openscad.org d (ubude ngama-mm). Yakhiwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, ukubuka okuqhumile kwesigaba sokuhlola se-openscad.org e. Yakhiwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org.
Kuhlolwe amasethi amathathu ezinduku ezinobubanzi obuhlukene. Ithebula 1 libala izici zejiyometri zecala ngalinye. Izinduku zifakwe ku-protractor ukuze i-engeli yazo maqondana nesiqondiso sokugeleza ihluke phakathi kuka-90° no-30° (Izithombe 1b no-3). Zonke izinduku zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali futhi ziphakathi nendawo ukuze zigcine ibanga elifanayo legebe phakathi kwazo. Indawo ehlobene yezinduku iqiniswa yizikhala ezimbili ezitholakala ngaphandle kwesigaba sokuhlola.
Izinga lokugeleza kokungena kwesigaba sokuhlola lilinganiswe nge-venturi elinganisiwe, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2, futhi laqashwa kusetshenziswa i-DP Cell Honeywell SCX. Izinga lokushisa loketshezi endaweni yokukhipha yesigaba sokuhlola lilinganiswe nge-thermometer ye-PT100 futhi lalawulwa ku-45±1°C. Ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwejubane elihleliwe nokunciphisa izinga lokuxokozela emnyango wesiteshi, ukugeleza kwamanzi angenayo kuphoqelelwa ngokusebenzisa izikrini ezintathu zensimbi. Ibanga lokuhlala elingamadayamitha angu-4 e-hydraulic lisetshenziswe phakathi kwesikrini sokugcina nenduku, kanti ubude bendawo yokukhipha babungamadayamitha angu-11 e-hydraulic.
Umdwebo weskimu wethubhu yeVenturi esetshenziswa ukukala ijubane lokugeleza kokungena (ubude ngamamilimitha). Kwenziwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Gada ingcindezi kolunye lobuso benduku ephakathi ngokusebenzisa impompi yokucindezela engu-0.5 mm phakathi nendawo yesigaba sokuhlola. Ububanzi bempompi buhambisana ne-angle span engu-5°; ngakho-ke ukunemba kwe-angle cishe kungu-2°. Induku eqashwe ingajikeleziswa nge-axis yayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Umehluko phakathi kwengcindezi yobuso benduku kanye nengcindezi emnyango wesigaba sokuhlola ulinganiswa ngochungechunge lwe-DP Cell Honeywell SCX oluhlukile. Lo mehluko wengcindezi ulinganiswa ngokuhlelwa ngakunye kwebha, ijubane lokugeleza elihlukahlukayo, i-inclination angle \(\alpha \) kanye ne-azimuth angle \(\theta \).
izilungiselelo zokugeleza. Izindonga zesiteshi ziboniswa ngombala ompunga. Ukugeleza kugeleza kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla futhi kuvinjwe yinduku. Qaphela ukuthi umbono "A" uqonde ngqo ku-axis yenduku. Izinduku zangaphandle zifakwe kancane ezindongeni zesiteshi ezisemaceleni. I-protractor isetshenziselwa ukukala i-engeli yokuthambekela \(\alpha \). Yakhiwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Inhloso yokuhlolwa ukukala nokuhumusha ukwehla kwengcindezi phakathi kweziteshi zokungena kanye nengcindezi ebusweni benduku ephakathi, \(\theta\) kanye \(\alpha\) yama-azimuth nama-dips ahlukene. Ukufingqa imiphumela, ingcindezi ehlukile izovezwa ngesimo esingenakulinganiswa njengenombolo ka-Euler:
lapho \(\rho \) kungubuningi boketshezi, \({u}_{i}\) kuyijubane elimaphakathi lokungena, \({p}_{i}\) kuyingcindezi yokungena, kanye \({p }_{w}\) kuyingcindezi endaweni ethile odongeni lwenduku. Ijubane lokungena liqiniswe ngaphakathi kwamabanga amathathu ahlukene anqunywa ukuvulwa kwevalvu yokungena. Ijubane elivelayo lisukela ku-6 kuya ku-10 m/s, elihambisana nenombolo yesiteshi iReynolds, \(Re\equiv {u}_{i}H/\nu \) (lapho \(H\) kuyikuphakama kwesiteshi, kanye \(\nu \) kuyi-kinematic viscosity) phakathi kuka-40,000 no-67,000. Inombolo yenduku iReynolds (\(Re\equiv {u}_{i}d/\nu \)) isukela ku-2500 kuya ku-6500. Ukuqina kwe-turbulence kulinganiselwa ngokuphambuka okujwayelekile kwezimpawu eziqoshwe ku I-venturi ingu-5% ngokwesilinganiso.
Isithombe 4 sibonisa ukuhlangana kwe-\({Eu}_{w}\) ne-engeli ye-azimuth \(\theta \), okuhlukaniswe ngama-engeli amathathu okucwilisa, \(\alpha \) = 30°, 50° kanye no-70° .Ukulinganisa kuhlukaniswe ngamagrafu amathathu ngokuya ngobubanzi benduku.Kungabonakala ukuthi ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kokuhlola, izinombolo ze-Euler ezitholiwe azincikile esilinganisweni sokugeleza.Ukuthembela okuvamile ku-θ kulandela ukuthambekela okuvamile kokucindezela odongeni nxazonke kwesithiyo esiyindilinga.Ema-engeli abheke ukugeleza, okungukuthi, θ kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-90°, ukucindezela kodonga lwenduku kuyehla, kufinyelela okungenani ku-90°, okuhambisana negebe phakathi kwezinduku lapho ijubane likhulu khona ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwendawo yokugeleza.Ngemuva kwalokho, kukhona ukubuyiselwa kokucindezela kwe-θ kusuka ku-90° kuya ku-100°, ngemuva kwalokho ukucindezela kuhlala kufana ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwengqimba yomngcele wangemuva wodonga lwenduku.Qaphela ukuthi akukho shintsho e-engelini yokucindezela okuncane, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka okungenzeka okuvela ezingqimbeni eziseduze ze-shear, njengemiphumela ye-Coanda, ingeyesibili.
Ukwehluka kwenombolo ye-Euler yodonga oluzungeze induku ukuze kube nama-engeli ahlukene okuthambekela kanye nobubanzi benduku. Kwenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Okulandelayo, sihlaziya imiphumela ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi izinombolo ze-Euler zingalinganiswa kuphela ngamapharamitha wejiyometri, okungukuthi izilinganiso zobude besici \(d/g\) kanye \(d/H\) (lapho \(H\) kungukuphakama kwesiteshi) kanye nokuthambekela \(\alpha \). Umthetho osebenzayo odumile uthi amandla okwakheka koketshezi enduku ye-yaw anqunywa ukuvela kwejubane lokungena eliqondile ku-axis yenduku, \({u}_{n}={u}_{i}\mathrm {sin} \alpha \) .Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sokuzimela.Enye yezinhloso zokuhlaziywa okulandelayo ukuhlola ukuthi lesi simiso siyasebenza yini esimweni sethu, lapho ukugeleza kanye nokuvinjelwa kuvinjelwe ngaphakathi kweziteshi ezivaliwe.
Ake sicabangele ingcindezi elinganiswe ngaphambili kobuso benduku ephakathi, okungukuthi θ = 0. Ngokusho kwesibalo sikaBernoulli, ingcindezi kulesi sikhundla\({p}_{o}\) yanelisa:
lapho \({u}_{o}\) kuyijubane loketshezi eduze kodonga lwenduku ku-θ = 0, futhi sicabanga ukuthi ukulahlekelwa okuncane okungenakuguqulwa. Qaphela ukuthi ingcindezi eguquguqukayo izimele ethemini yamandla e-kinetic. Uma \({u}_{o}\) ingenalutho (okungukuthi isimo sokuma), izinombolo ze-Euler kufanele zihlanganiswe. Kodwa-ke, kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 4 ukuthi ku-\(\theta =0\) umphumela \({Eu}_{w}\) useduze kodwa awulingani ncamashi naleli nani, ikakhulukazi kuma-engeli amakhulu okucwilisa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ijubane ebusweni benduku alinyamalali ku-\(\theta =0\), okungase kucindezelwe ukuphambuka okuphezulu kwemigqa yamanje edalwe ukuthambekela kwenduku. Njengoba ukugeleza kuvinjelwe phezulu nangaphansi kwesigaba sokuhlola, lokhu kuphambuka kufanele kudale ukujikeleza kwesibili, kwandise ijubane le-axial phansi futhi kwehlise ijubane phezulu. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ubukhulu bokuphambuka okungenhla kuwukubikezela kwejubane lokungena kushaft (okungukuthi \({u}_{i}\mathrm{cos}\alpha \)), umphumela ohambisanayo wenombolo ye-Euler uthi:
Isithombe 5 siqhathanisa ama-equation.(3) Sibonisa ukuvumelana okuhle nedatha yokuhlola ehambisanayo. Ukuphambuka okumaphakathi kwakungu-25%, kanti izinga lokuzethemba lalingu-95%.Qaphela ukuthi i-equation.(3) Ngokuhambisana nesimiso sokuzimela. Ngokufanayo, Isithombe 6 sibonisa ukuthi inombolo ye-Euler ihambelana nengcindezi ebusweni obungemuva benduku, \({p}_{180}\), kanye nasekuphumeni kwesigaba sokuhlola, \({p}_{e}\), Futhi ilandela umkhuba ohambisana ne-\({\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \) .Nokho, kuzo zombili izimo, i-coefficient incike kububanzi benduku, okunengqondo njengoba lokhu kunquma indawo evinjiwe. Lesi sici sifana nokwehla kwengcindezi kwepuleti le-orifice, lapho isiteshi sokugeleza sincishiswa kancane ezindaweni ezithile. Kulesi sigaba sokuhlola, indima ye-orifice idlalwa yigebe eliphakathi kwama-rod.Kulokhu, ingcindezi yehla kakhulu ekucindezelweni futhi ibuya kancane njengoba ikhula emuva.Uma ubheka umkhawulo njenge ukuvinjelwa okuqondile ku-axis yenduku, ukwehla kwengcindezi phakathi kwengaphambili nangemuva kwenduku kungabhalwa njengo-18:
lapho i-\({c}_{d}\) iyi-coefficient yokuhudula echaza ukubuyiselwa kwengcindezi engaphelele phakathi kuka-θ = 90° no-θ = 180°, kanye ne-\({A}_{m}\) kanye ne-\ ({A}_{f}\) iyisigaba esincane samahhala esinqunyiwe ngobude beyunithi ngayinye esiqonde ngqo ku-axis yenduku, futhi ubudlelwano bayo nobubanzi benduku bungu-\({A}_{f}/{A}_{m}=\ ​​Left (g+d\right)/g\). Izinombolo ze-Euler ezihambisanayo yilezi:
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler ku-\(\theta =0\) njengomsebenzi we-dip. Le curve ihambelana ne-equation.(3). Yakhiwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Izinguquko zenombolo ye-Wall Euler, ku-\(\theta =18{0}^{o}\) (uphawu olugcwele) kanye nokuphuma (uphawu olungenalutho) nge-dip. Lawa ma-curve ahambisana nesimiso sokuzimela, okungukuthi \(Eu\propto {\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \). Kwenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Isithombe 7 sibonisa ukuncika kwe-\({Eu}_{0-180}/{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \) ku-\(d/g\), okubonisa ukuqina okuhle kakhulu.(5).I-coefficient yokuhudula etholiwe ingu-\({c}_{d}=1.28\pm 0.02\) enezinga lokuzethemba elingu-67%.Ngokunjalo, igrafu efanayo ikhombisa nokuthi ukwehla kwengcindezi iyonke phakathi kokungena kanye ne-outlet yesigaba sokuhlola kulandela umkhuba ofanayo, kodwa ngama-coefficient ahlukene acabangela ukubuyiselwa kwengcindezi esikhaleni sangemuva phakathi kwebha kanye ne-outlet yesiteshi.I-coefficient yokuhudula ehambisanayo ingu-\({c}_{d}=1.00\pm 0.05\) enezinga lokuzethemba elingu-67%.
I-coefficient yokuhudula ihlobene nokwehla kwengcindezi okungu-\(d/g\) ngaphambili nangemuva kwenduku\(\left({Eu}_{0-180}\right)\) kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi okuphelele phakathi kokungena kwesiteshi kanye ne-outlet. Indawo empunga iyibhendi yokuqiniseka engu-67% yokuxhumana. Yakhiwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Ingcindezi encane \({p}_{90}\) ebusweni benduku ku-θ = 90° idinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile. Ngokusho kwesibalo sikaBernoulli, emgqeni wamanje odlula esikhaleni esiphakathi kwemigqa, ingcindezi ephakathi\({p}_{g}\) kanye nejubane\({u}_{g}\) esikhaleni esiphakathi kwemigqa ( ihambisana nendawo ephakathi yesiteshi) ihlobene nalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Ingcindezi \({p}_{g}\) ingahlotshaniswa nengcindezi yobuso benduku ku-θ = 90° ngokuhlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi phezu kwegebe elihlukanisa induku ephakathi nendawo ephakathi nodonga (bheka Umfanekiso 8). Ibhalansi yamandla inikeza u-19:
lapho \(y\) kuyi-coordinate evamile ebusweni benduku kusukela endaweni ephakathi kwegebe phakathi kwezinduku eziphakathi, kanye \(K\) ukugoba komugqa wamanje endaweni \(y\). Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokuhlaziya ingcindezi ebusweni benduku, sicabanga ukuthi \({u}_{g}\) iyafana futhi \(K\left(y\right)\) iqondile. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuqinisekiswe ngokubalwa kwezinombolo. Odongeni lwenduku, ukugoba kunqunywa yisigaba se-ellipse senduku ekhoneni \(\alpha \), okungukuthi \(K\left(g/2\right)=\left(2/d\right){\ mathrm{sin} }^{2}\alpha \) (bheka Umfanekiso 8). Bese, maqondana nokugoba kokugeleza okunyamalala ku-\(y=0\) ngenxa yokulingana, ukugoba ku-coordinate yendawo yonke \(y\) kunikezwa ngu:
Isici sokubuka okuphambene, ngaphambili (kwesobunxele) nangaphezulu (ngezansi). Kwenziwe nge-Microsoft Word 2019,
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokulondolozwa kobukhulu, ijubane elimaphakathi endizeni eliqonde ngqo ekugelezeni endaweni yokulinganisa \(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) lihlobene nejubane lokungena:
lapho \({A}_{i}\) kuyindawo yokugeleza kwesigaba esinqamulayo endaweni yokungena yesiteshi kanye \({A}_{g}\) kuyindawo yokugeleza kwesigaba esinqamulayo endaweni yokulinganisa (bheka uMfanekiso 8) ngokulandelana ngu:
Qaphela ukuthi i-\({u}_{g}\) ayilingani ne-\(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \).Eqinisweni, iSithombe 9 sibonisa isilinganiso sejubane \({u}_{g}/\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \), esibalwa nge-equation.(10)–(14), esidwetshwe ngokwesilinganiso \(d/g\).Naphezu kokungaguquguquki okuthile, ukuthambekela kungabonakala, okulinganiselwa yi-polynomial yesibili:
Isilinganiso sejubane eliphezulu\({u}_{g}\) kanye nesilinganiso\(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) sesigaba esiphakathi sesiteshi\(.\) Ama-curve aqinile nane-dashed ahambisana nezibalo.(5) kanye nobubanzi bokuhlukahluka kwama-coefficients ahambisanayo\(\pm 25\%\). Kudalwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Umfanekiso 10 uqhathanisa \({Eu}_{90}\) nemiphumela yokuhlola yesibalo.(16). Ukuphambuka okulinganiselwe okuphakathi kwakungu-25%, kanti izinga lokuzethemba lalingu-95%.
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler ku-\(\theta ={90}^{o}\). Le curve ihambelana nesibalo.(16). Yakhiwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Amandla aphelele \({f}_{n}\) asebenza entongeni ephakathi eqondile ku-axis yayo angabalwa ngokuhlanganisa ingcindezi ebusweni bentonga kanje:
lapho i-coefficient yokuqala ingubude benduku ngaphakathi kwesiteshi, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa phakathi kuka-0 no-2π.
Ukuvela kwe-\({f}_{n}\) ohlangothini lokugeleza kwamanzi kufanele kufane nokucindezela phakathi kokungena nokukhipha kwesiteshi, ngaphandle kokuthi ukungqubuzana okuhambisana nenduku futhi kuncane ngenxa yokuthuthuka okungaphelele kwesigaba sakamuva. Ukugeleza komfutho akulinganiselanga. Ngakho-ke,
Isithombe 11 sibonisa igrafu yezibalo.(20) ibonise ukuvumelana okuhle kuzo zonke izimo zokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuphambuka okuncane okungu-8% ngakwesokudla, okungabalulwa futhi kusetshenziswe njengesilinganiso sokungalingani komfutho phakathi kokungena kwesiteshi kanye nokukhipha.
Ibhalansi yamandla esiteshi. Umugqa uhambelana nesibalo.(20). I-Pearson correlation coefficient yayingu-0.97. Yadalwa nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Ngokushintsha i-engeli yokuthambekela kwenduku, ingcindezi odongeni lobuso benduku kanye nokwehla kwengcindezi emseleni onemigqa evundlile yezinduku ezine ezigobile zalinganiswa. Kwahlolwa izinhlangano ezintathu ezahlukene zenduku. Ebangeni lezinombolo likaReynolds elivivinyiwe, phakathi kuka-2500 no-6500, inombolo ye-Euler ayincikile esilinganisweni sokugeleza. Ingcindezi ebusweni benduku ephakathi ilandela ukuthambekela okuvamile okubonwa kumasilinda, okuba phezulu ngaphambili kanye nokuncane esikhaleni esiseceleni phakathi kwezinduku, okuphinde kubuyele engxenyeni engemuva ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwengqimba yomngcele.
Idatha yokuhlola ihlaziywa kusetshenziswa izinto ezicatshangelwayo zokulondolozwa kwejubane kanye nokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe ukuze kutholakale izinombolo ezingenakulinganiswa ezihlobanisa izinombolo ze-Euler nobukhulu bezimpawu zeziteshi nezinduku. Zonke izici zejiyometri zokuvimba zimelelwa ngokugcwele yisilinganiso esiphakathi kobubanzi benduku kanye negebe eliphakathi kwezinduku (eceleni) kanye nokuphakama kwesiteshi (okuqondile).
Isimiso sokuzimela sitholakala sisebenza ezinambeni eziningi ze-Euler ezichaza ingcindezi ezindaweni ezahlukene, okungukuthi uma ingcindezi ingenakulinganiswa kusetshenziswa ukuvela kwejubane lokungena elijwayelekile endukwini, isethi ayincikile ekhoneni lokucwilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici sihlobene nobuningi kanye nomfutho wokugeleza. Izibalo zokulondolozwa ziyahambisana futhi zisekela isimiso esingenhla sobufakazi. Ingcindezi yobuso benduku kuphela esikhaleni esiphakathi kwezinduku iphambuka kancane kulesi simiso. Kukhiqizwa ukuhlangana okungenakulinganiswa okungama-semi-empirical okungasetshenziswa ukuklama amadivayisi afanayo e-hydraulic. Le ndlela yakudala ihambisana nokusetshenziswa okufanayo okubikwe muva nje kwe-Bernoulli equation kuma-hydraulic kanye ne-hemodynamics20,21,22,23,24.
Umphumela othakazelisayo kakhulu uvela ekuhlaziyweni kokwehla kwengcindezi phakathi kokungena kanye nokuphuma kwesigaba sokuhlola. Ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kokuhlola, i-coefficient yokudonsa ephumelayo ilingana nobunye, okubonisa ukuba khona kwamapharamitha alandelayo angaguquki:
Qaphela usayizi \(\left(d/g+2\right)d/g\) ku-denominator ye-equation.(23) ubukhulu obusezibakheni ku-equation.(4), ngaphandle kwalokho kungabalwa nge-cross-section encane nekhululekile eqondile ku-rod, \({A}_{m}\) kanye \({A}_{f}\).Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izinombolo zikaReynolds kucatshangwa ukuthi zihlala ngaphakathi kobubanzi besifundo samanje (40,000-67,000 yeziteshi kanye no-2500-6500 wezintambo).Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uma kukhona umehluko wokushisa ngaphakathi kwesiteshi, kungathinta ubuningi boketshezi.Kulokhu, ushintsho oluhlobene nenombolo ye-Euler lungalinganiselwa ngokuphindaphinda i-coefficient yokwanda kokushisa ngomehluko wokushisa olindelekile ophezulu.
URuck, S., Köhler, S., Schlindwein, G., no-Arbeiter, F. Ukudluliselwa kokushisa kanye nokulinganisa ukwehla kwengcindezi emseleni ogoqwe yizimbambo ezibunjwe ngendlela ehlukile odongeni. uchwepheshe. Ukudluliselwa Kokushisa 31, 334–354 (2017).
Wu, L., Arenas, L., Graves, J., kanye noWalsh, F. Ukuchaza amaseli okugeleza: ukuboniswa kokugeleza, ukwehla kwengcindezi, kanye nokuthuthwa kwesisindo kuma-electrode anobukhulu obubili eziteshini eziyisikwele. J. Electrochemistry.Socialist Party.167, 043505 (2020).
Liu, S., Dou, X., Zeng, Q. & Liu, J. Amapharamitha abalulekile omphumela weJamin kuma-capillary anezingxenye ezinqamulelayo ezinciphile. J. Gasoline.science.Britain.196, 107635 (2021).