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Uvavanyo lwenziwe kumjelo ongxande ovalwe yimigca enqamlezileyo yeentonga ezine ezisilinda ezithe tyaba. Uxinzelelo kumphezulu wentonga esembindini kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo kulo lonke umjelo kulinganiswa ngokutshintsha i-engile yokuthambekela kwentonga. Kuvavanywe iindibano ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zeentonga zobubanzi. Iziphumo zokulinganisa zihlalutywa kusetyenziswa umgaqo wokugcina umfutho kunye nokuqwalaselwa okuncinci. Kwenziwa iiseti ezininzi ezingapheliyo zeeparameter ezingenamlinganiselo ezinxulumanisa uxinzelelo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo kunye nobukhulu bentonga. Umgaqo wokuzimela ufunyenwe ubambe uninzi lwamanani e-Euler achaza uxinzelelo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba uxinzelelo alunamlinganiselo kusetyenziswa i-projection yesantya sokungena esiqhelekileyo kwintonga, iseti ayixhomekekanga kwi-engile yokuntywila. Ulwalamano oluncinci oluvelayo lungasetyenziselwa uyilo lwee-hydraulics ezifanayo.
Izixhobo ezininzi zokudlulisa ubushushu kunye nobunzima ziquka iseti yeemodyuli, imijelo okanye iiseli apho ulwelo ludlula khona kwizakhiwo zangaphakathi ezintsonkothileyo ezifana neentonga, ii-buffers, ii-inserts, njl. Kutshanje, kuye kwakho umdla omtsha wokufumana ukuqonda okungcono kweendlela ezidibanisa ukusasazwa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye namandla kwi-internal ezintsonkothileyo kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo lwemodyuli iyonke. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, olu mdla lukhuthazwe bubuchule kwisayensi yezinto, ukwandiswa kwamandla okubala kwiimodeli zamanani, kunye nokwanda kokwenziwa kwezixhobo ezincinci. Izifundo zovavanyo zakutshanje zokusasazwa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokulahleka ziquka imijelo erhangqiweyo ziimbambo ezahlukeneyo ezimile okwe-1, iiseli ze-electrochemical reactor 2, ukuxinana kwe-capillary 3 kunye nezixhobo zesakhelo se-lattice 4.
Ezona zakhiwo zangaphakathi zixhaphakileyo mhlawumbi ziintonga ezisilinda ngokusebenzisa iiyunithi zeemodyuli, nokuba zihlanganiswe okanye zahlulwe. Kwizinto zokutshintsha ubushushu, olu lwakhiwo luqhelekile kwicala legobolondo. Ukwehla koxinzelelo kwicala legobolondo kunxulumene noyilo lwezinto zokutshintsha ubushushu ezifana neejenereyitha zomphunga, ii-condenser kunye nee-evaporators. Kuphononongo lwakutshanje, uWang et al. 5 ufumanise imeko yokuncamathisela kwakhona kunye nokwahlukana kokuhamba komoya kwisimo se-tandem seentonga. ULiu et al.6 balinganise ukuhla koxinzelelo kwiitshaneli eziziingxande ezinee-bundles zetyhubhu eziphindwe kabini ezimile okwe-U ezinee-engile ezahlukeneyo zokuthambekela kwaye balinganisa imodeli yamanani yokulinganisa ii-bundles zentonga ezine-porous media.
Njengoko bekulindelekile, kukho izinto ezininzi zokumisela ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic yebhanki yesilinda: uhlobo lolungiselelo (umz., oluqingqiweyo okanye oluhambelanayo), ubukhulu obuhambelanayo (umz., iphimbo, ububanzi, ubude), kunye ne-inclination angle, phakathi kwezinye. Ababhali abaliqela bagxile ekufumaneni iikhrayitheriya ezingenamilinganiselo ukukhokela uyilo ukuze babambe iziphumo ezidibeneyo zeeparameter zejiyometri. Kuphononongo lwakutshanje lovavanyo, uKim et al. 7 bacebise imodeli esebenzayo ye-porosity besebenzisa ubude beseli yeyunithi njengepharamitha yokulawula, besebenzisa i-tandem kunye ne-staggered arrays kunye namanani kaReynolds phakathi kwe-103 kunye ne-104. USnarski8 wafunda indlela i-spectrum yamandla, ukusuka kwi-accelerometers kunye ne-hydrophones ezinamathele kwisilinda kwi-tunnel yamanzi, eyahluka ngayo ngokwendlela yokuhamba. UMarino et al. 9 wafunda ukusasazwa koxinzelelo lodonga olujikeleze intonga yesilinda kwi-yaw airflow. UMityakov et al. 10 wadweba intsimi yesantya emva kwesilinda ye-yawed besebenzisa i-stereo PIV.Alam et al. I-11 yenze uphando olupheleleyo lweesilinda ze-tandem, igxile kwimiphumo yenani likaReynolds kunye nomlinganiselo wejiyometri ekutshixeni kwe-vortex. Bakwazile ukuchonga iimeko ezintlanu, ezizezi: ukutshixa, ukutshixa okungapheliyo, ukungatshixi, ukutshixa okungaphantsi kwe-harmonic kunye neemeko zokuncamathisela kwakhona umaleko we-shear. Izifundo zamanani zakutshanje zibonise ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ze-vortex ekuhambeni kweesilinda ze-yaw ezithintelweyo.
Ngokubanzi, ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic yeseli yeyunithi kulindeleke ukuba kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo kunye nejometri yesakhiwo sangaphakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa ngokuhambelana kwe-empirical kwemilinganiselo ethile yovavanyo. Kwizixhobo ezininzi ezakhiwe ngamacandelo aphindaphindwayo, iipateni zokuhamba ziyaphindaphindwa kwiseli nganye, kwaye ke ngoko, ulwazi olunxulumene neeseli ezimeleyo lunokusetyenziswa ukuveza ukuziphatha kwe-hydraulic iyonke yesakhiwo ngokusebenzisa iimodeli ze-multiscale. Kwezi meko zilinganayo, inqanaba lobuchwephesha apho imigaqo yolondolozo ngokubanzi isetyenziswa khona linokuncitshiswa rhoqo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yi-discharge equation yepleyiti ye-orifice 15. Kwimeko ekhethekileyo yeentonga ezithambekileyo, nokuba kukuhamba okuvaliweyo okanye okuvulekileyo, ikhrayitheriya enomdla edla ngokukhankanywa kwiincwadi kwaye isetyenziswa ngabayili yi-dominant hydraulic magnitude (umz., ukuhla koxinzelelo, amandla, i-vortex shedding frequency, njl.njl.) ) yokunxibelelana.) kwi-flow component ethe nkqo kwi-cylinder axis. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo wokuzimela kwaye kuthatha ukuba i-flow dynamics iqhutywa ikakhulu yi-inflow normal component kwaye isiphumo se-axial component ehambelana ne-cylinder axis asinamsebenzi. Nangona kungekho mvumelwano kwiincwadi malunga noluhlu lokuqinisekisa lwe Le khrayitheriya, kwiimeko ezininzi inika uqikelelo oluluncedo ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kovavanyo okuqhelekileyo kolwalamano olubonakalayo. Izifundo zakutshanje malunga nokusebenza komgaqo ozimeleyo ziquka ukungcangcazela okubangelwa yi-vortex16 kunye nokutsalwa okuqhelekileyo kwesigaba esinye kunye nesigaba esibini.
Kulo msebenzi ukhoyo, iziphumo zophando loxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokwehla koxinzelelo kwitshaneli enomgca onqamlezileyo weentonga ezine ezisilinda ezithe tyaba ziyavezwa. Linganisa iindibano zentonga ezintathu ezineedayamitha ezahlukeneyo, utshintshe i-engile yokuthambekela. Injongo iyonke kukuphanda indlela usasazo loxinzelelo kumphezulu wentonga oluhambelana ngayo nokwehla koxinzelelo kwitshaneli iyonke. Idatha yovavanyo iyahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-equation kaBernoulli kunye nomgaqo wokugcinwa komfutho ukuvavanya ukusebenza komgaqo wokuzimela. Okokugqibela, kuveliswa ulwalamano olungenamilinganiselo olune-semi-empirical olunokusetyenziswa ukuyila izixhobo ezifanayo ze-hydraulic.
Useto lovavanyo lwaluquka icandelo lovavanyo oluyingxande elalifumana ukuhamba komoya okubonelelwa yifeni ye-axial. Icandelo lovavanyo liqulathe iyunithi equlathe iintonga ezimbini eziphakathi ezihambelanayo kunye neentonga ezimbini zesiqingatha ezifakwe kwiindonga zetshaneli, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1e, zonke zinobubanzi obufanayo. Imifanekiso 1a–e ibonisa ijometri eneenkcukacha kunye nobukhulu benxalenye nganye yoseto lovavanyo. Umfanekiso 3 ubonisa useto lwenkqubo.
Icandelo lokungena (ubude nge-mm).Yenza i-b usebenzisa i-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org. Icandelo lovavanyo oluphambili (ubude nge-mm).Yenziwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org c Umbono onqamlezileyo wecandelo lovavanyo oluphambili (ubude nge-mm).Yenziwe kusetyenziswa i-Openscad 2021.01, icandelo lokuthumela ngaphandle le-openscad.org (ubude nge-mm).Yenziwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, umbono oqhumayo wecandelo lovavanyo le-openscad.org e.Yenziwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org.
Kuvavanywe iiseti ezintathu zeentonga ezinobubanzi obahlukeneyo. Itheyibhile 1 idwelisa iimpawu zejiyometri zetyala ngalinye. Iintonga zifakwe kwiprotractor ukuze i-engile yazo ehambelana necala lokuhamba kwayo ingafani phakathi kwe-90° kunye ne-30° (Imifanekiso 1b kunye ne-3). Zonke iintonga zenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwaye ziphakathi ukuze kugcinwe umgama ofanayo phakathi kwazo. Indawo ehambelana neentonga iqiniswe zizithuba ezimbini ezingaphandle kwecandelo lovavanyo.
Izinga lokuhamba kokungena kwecandelo lovavanyo lilinganiswe nge-venturi elinganisiweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2, kwaye lajongwa kusetyenziswa i-DP Cell Honeywell SCX. Ubushushu bolwelo kwindawo yokuphuma kwecandelo lovavanyo bulinganiswe nge-thermometer ye-PT100 kwaye bulawulwa kwi-45±1°C. Ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwesantya esicwangcisiweyo kunye nokunciphisa inqanaba lokuxinana emnyango wetshaneli, ukuhamba kwamanzi angenayo kunyanzeliswa kwizikrini ezintathu zesinyithi. Umgama wokuhlalisa omalunga ne-4 hydraulic diameters usetyenzisiwe phakathi kwesikrini sokugqibela kunye nentonga, kwaye ubude bendawo yokuphuma yayizii-11 hydraulic diameters.
Umzobo weskemakhi wetyhubhu yeVenturi esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa isantya sokuhamba kokungena (ubude ngeemilimitha). Yenziwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Jonga uxinzelelo kwelinye lamacala entonga esembindini ngokusebenzisa itephu yoxinzelelo ye-0.5 mm embindini wecandelo lovavanyo. Ububanzi betephu buhambelana ne-5° angular span; ngoko ke ukuchaneka kwe-angular kumalunga ne-2°. Intonga ejongiweyo ingajikeleziswa malunga ne-axis yayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Umahluko phakathi koxinzelelo lomphezulu wentonga kunye noxinzelelo emnyango wecandelo lovavanyo ulinganiswa ngothotho lwe-DP Cell Honeywell SCX oluhlukileyo. Lo mahluko woxinzelelo ulinganiswa kwilungiselelo ngalinye lebha, isantya sokuhamba esitshintshayo, i-angle yokuthambekela \(\alpha \) kunye ne-angle ye-azimuth \(\theta \).
useto lokuhamba komoya. Iindonga zetshaneli ziboniswa ngombala ongwevu. Ukuhamba komoya kuhamba ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene kwaye kuvaliwe yintonga. Qaphela ukuba umbono "A" umi nkqo kwi-axis yentonga. Iintonga zangaphandle zifakwe kancinci kwiindonga zetshaneli esecaleni. I-protractor isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-engile yokuthambekela \(\alpha \). Yenziwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Injongo yolu vavanyo kukulinganisa nokutolika ukuhla koxinzelelo phakathi kweendlela zokungena zetshaneli kunye noxinzelelo kumphezulu wentonga esembindini, \(\theta\) kunye \(\alpha\) kwii-azimuths kunye nee-dips ezahlukeneyo. Ukushwankathela iziphumo, uxinzelelo oluhlukileyo luya kubonakaliswa ngendlela engenamlinganiselo njengenani lika-Euler:
apho \(\rho \) bubuninzi bolwelo, \({u}_{i}\) lisantya esiphakathi sokungena, \({p}_{i}\) luxinzelelo lokungena, kwaye \({p }_{w}\) luxinzelelo kwindawo ethile eludongeni lwentonga. Isantya sokungena siqiniswe ngaphakathi kwemigangatho emithathu eyahlukeneyo emiselwe kukuvulwa kwevalvu yokungena. Isantya esiphumayo siqala kwi-6 ukuya kwi-10 m/s, sihambelana nenombolo yetshaneli yeReynolds, \(Re\equiv {u}_{i}H/\nu \) (apho \(H\) bukuphakama kwetshaneli, kwaye \(\nu \) yi-kinematic viscosity) phakathi kwama-40,000 nama-67,000. Inombolo yentonga yeReynolds (\(Re\equiv {u}_{i}d/\nu \)) isukela kuma-2500 ukuya kuma-6500. Ubunzulu be-turbulence buqikelelwa kukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwezibonakaliso ezirekhodiweyo kwi I-venturi yi-5% ngokomyinge.
Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa ulwalamano lwe \({Eu}_{w}\) ne-azimuth angle \(\theta \), olubekwe ngokwee-angles ezintathu zokuntywila, \(\alpha \) = 30°, 50° kunye ne-70° .Ukulinganiswa kwahlulwe ngeegrafu ezintathu ngokwe-diameter yentonga.Kunokubonwa ukuba ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kovavanyo, amanani e-Euler afunyenweyo azimele kwisantya sokuhamba.Ukuxhomekeka ngokubanzi kwi-θ kulandela umkhwa oqhelekileyo woxinzelelo lodonga olujikeleze umjikelezo wesithintelo esijikelezayo.Kwii-angles ezijonge ukuhamba, oko kukuthi, θ ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-90°, uxinzelelo lodonga lwentonga luyehla, lufikelela ubuncinci kwi-90°, oluhambelana nomsantsa phakathi kweentonga apho isantya sikhulu ngenxa yokunqongophala kwendawo yokuhamba.Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukubuyiswa koxinzelelo lwe-θ ukusuka kwi-90° ukuya kwi-100°, emva koko uxinzelelo luhlala lufana ngenxa yokwahlulwa komaleko womda ongasemva wodonga lwentonga.Qaphela ukuba akukho tshintsho kwi-engile yoxinzelelo oluncinci, olubonisa ukuba ukuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka okuvela kwiileya ezikufutshane ze-shear, njengeziphumo zeCoanda, zezokwesibini.
Utshintsho lwenani le-Euler lodonga olujikeleze intonga kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo zokuthambekela kunye nobubanzi bentonga. Yenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Kolu luhlu lulandelayo, sihlalutya iziphumo ngokusekelwe kwingcinga yokuba amanani e-Euler anokuqikelelwa kuphela ngeeparameter zejiyometri, oko kukuthi, ubude beempawu \(d/g\) kunye \(d/H\) (apho \(H\) bubude betshaneli) kunye nokuthambekela \(\alpha \). Umthetho oqhelekileyo osebenzayo uthi amandla olwakhiwo lolwelo kwi-yaw rod amiselwa kukuqikelelwa kwesantya sokungena esithe nkqo kwi-axis yentonga, \({u}_{n}={u}_{i}\mathrm {sin} \alpha \) .Oku ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo wokuzimela.Enye yeenjongo zohlalutyo olulandelayo kukuhlola ukuba lo mgaqo uyasebenza na kwimeko yethu, apho ukuhamba kunye nokuthintelwa kuvaliwe ngaphakathi kwetshaneli ezivaliweyo.
Makhe siqwalasele uxinzelelo olulinganiswe ngaphambili komphezulu wentonga ephakathi, oko kukuthi θ = 0. Ngokwe-equation kaBernoulli, uxinzelelo olukule ndawo\({p}_{o}\) luyanelisa:
apho \({u}_{o}\) lisantya solwelo kufutshane nodonga lwentonga kwi-θ = 0, kwaye sicinga ukuba ilahleko ezincinci ezingaguqukiyo. Qaphela ukuba uxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo luzimele kwigama lamandla e-kinetic. Ukuba \({u}_{o}\) ayinanto (oko kukuthi imeko engaguqukiyo), amanani e-Euler kufuneka adityaniswe. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubonwa kuMfanekiso 4 ukuba kwi \(\theta =0\) isiphumo \({Eu}_{w}\) sisondele kodwa asilingani ncam neli xabiso, ingakumbi kwii-engile ezinkulu zokuntywila. Oku kubonisa ukuba isantya kumphezulu wentonga asinyamalali kwi \(\theta =0\), esinokucinezelwa kukujika okuphezulu kwemigca yangoku eyenziwe yi-rod tilt. Ekubeni ukuhamba kuthintelwe phezulu nasezantsi kwecandelo lovavanyo, oku kujika kufuneka kudale ukujikeleza kwesibini, kwandisa isantya se-axial ezantsi kwaye kunciphise isantya phezulu. Ukucinga ukuba ubukhulu bokujika okungentla kukuqikelelwa kwesantya sokungena kwi-shaft (oko kukuthi \({u}_{i}\mathrm{cos}\alpha \)), isiphumo senani le-Euler esihambelanayo sisi:
Umfanekiso 5 uthelekisa ii-equation.(3) Ubonisa ukuvumelana okuhle nedatha yovavanyo ehambelanayo. Ukuphambuka okuphakathi kwakuyi-25%, kwaye inqanaba lokuzithemba lalingama-95%.Qaphela ukuba i-equation.(3) Ngokuhambelana nomgaqo wokuzimela. Ngokufanayo, Umfanekiso 6 ubonisa ukuba inani le-Euler lihambelana noxinzelelo kumphezulu ongasemva wentonga, \({p}_{180}\), kunye nokuphuma kwecandelo lovavanyo, \({p}_{e}\), Kwakhona kulandela umkhwa ohambelana ne \({\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \) .Nangona kunjalo, kuzo zombini iimeko, i-coefficient ixhomekeke kububanzi bentonga, okufanelekileyo kuba le yokugqibela imisela indawo ethintelweyo. Olu phawu lufana nokuhla koxinzelelo lwepleyiti ye-orifice, apho umjelo wokuhamba uncitshiswa kancinci kwiindawo ezithile. Kweli candelo lovavanyo, indima ye-orifice idlalwa ngumsantsa phakathi kweentonga. Kule meko, uxinzelelo luyehla kakhulu kwi-throttling kwaye lubuyela umva kancinci njengoko lukhula ngasemva. Ukuqwalasela umda njenge ibhloko ethe nkqo kwi-axis yentonga, ukuhla koxinzelelo phakathi komphambili nomva wentonga kungabhalwa ngolu hlobo:
apho \({c}_{d}\) yi-drag coefficient echaza ukubuyiswa koxinzelelo oluyinxenye phakathi kwe-θ = 90° kunye ne-θ = 180°, kwaye \({A}_{m}\) kunye ne \ ({A}_{f}\) yeyona nxalenye incinci ye-free cross-section ngobude beyunithi nganye i-perpendicular kwi-axis yentonga, kwaye ubudlelwane bayo nobubanzi bentonga yi \({A}_{f}/{A}_{m}=\ ​​Left (g+d\right)/g\). Amanani e-Euler ahambelanayo ngala:
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler kwi-\(\theta =0\) njengomsebenzi we-dip. Le curve ihambelana ne-equation.(3). Yenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Utshintsho lwenombolo yeWall Euler, kwi \(\theta =18{0}^{o}\) (uphawu olupheleleyo) kunye nokuphuma (uphawu olungenanto) nge-dip. Ezi curves zihambelana nomgaqo wokuzimela, oko kukuthi \(Eu\propto {\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \). Yenziwe ngeGnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Umfanekiso 7 ubonisa ukuxhomekeka kwe \({Eu}_{0-180}/{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \) kwi \(d/g\), ebonisa ukuhambelana okuhle kakhulu.(5). I-drag coefficient efunyenweyo yi \({c}_{d}=1.28\pm 0.02\) enenqanaba lokuzithemba lama-67%. Ngokufanayo, igrafu efanayo ikwabonisa ukuba ukuhla koxinzelelo olupheleleyo phakathi kokungena kunye nokuphuma kwecandelo lovavanyo kulandela umkhwa ofanayo, kodwa kunye nee-coefficients ezahlukeneyo eziqwalasela ukubuyiswa koxinzelelo kwindawo engasemva phakathi kwebha kunye nokuphuma kwetshaneli. I-drag coefficient ehambelanayo yi \({c}_{d}=1.00\pm 0.05\) enenqanaba lokuzithemba lama-67%.
I-coefficient yokutsala inxulumene nokuhla koxinzelelo lwe-\(d/g\) ngaphambili nangasemva kwentonga\(\left({Eu}_{0-180}\right)\) kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo lwetotali phakathi kokungena kwetshaneli kunye ne-outlet. Indawo engwevu yibhendi yokuzithemba ye-67% yolwalamano. Yenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Uxinzelelo oluncinci \({p}_{90}\) kumphezulu wentonga kwi-θ = 90° lufuna ukuphathwa okukhethekileyo. Ngokwe-equation kaBernoulli, kumgca wangoku odlula kwisithuba esiphakathi kweebha, uxinzelelo oluphakathi\({p}_{g}\) kunye nesantya\({u}_{g}\) kwisithuba esiphakathi kweebha (sihambelana nendawo ephakathi yetshaneli) lunxulumene nezi zinto zilandelayo:
Uxinzelelo \({p}_{g}\) lunokunxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lomphezulu wentonga kwi-θ = 90° ngokuhlanganisa usasazo loxinzelelo phezu kwesithuba esahlula intonga ephakathi phakathi kwe-midpoint nodonga (jonga uMfanekiso 8). Ibhalansi yamandla inika i-19:
apho \(y\) yi-coordinate eqhelekileyo kumphezulu wentonga ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi yomsantsa phakathi kweentonga eziphakathi, kwaye \(K\) yi-curvature yomgca wangoku kwindawo \(y\). Uvavanyo lohlalutyo loxinzelelo kumphezulu wentonga, sicinga ukuba \({u}_{g}\) iyafana kwaye \(K\left(y\right)\) i-linear. Ezi ngqikelelo ziqinisekiswe ngokubalwa kwamanani. Kudonga lwentonga, i-curvature imiselwa licandelo le-ellipse lentonga kwi-engile \(\alpha \), oko kukuthi \(K\left(g/2\right)=\left(2/d\right){\ mathrm{sin} }^{2}\alpha \) (jonga uMfanekiso 8). Emva koko, malunga ne-curvature ye-streamline enyamalala kwi \(y=0\) ngenxa yokulingana, i-curvature kwi-universal coordinate \(y\) inikwa ngu:
Imbonakalo enqamlezileyo, ngaphambili (ekhohlo) nangaphezulu (ezantsi). Yenziwe ngeMicrosoft Word 2019,
Kwelinye icala, ngokugcina ubunzima, isantya esiphakathi kwindiza esithe nkqo ukuya kumsinga kwindawo yokulinganisa \(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) sinxulumene nesantya sokungena:
apho \({A}_{i}\) yindawo yokuhamba kwecandelo elinqamlezileyo kwindawo yokungena kwetshaneli kwaye \({A}_{g}\) yindawo yokuhamba kwecandelo elinqamlezileyo kwindawo yokulinganisa (jonga uMzobo 8) ngokulandelanayo ngu:
Qaphela ukuba \({u}_{g}\) ayilingani ne \(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \). Enyanisweni, uMfanekiso 9 ubonisa umlinganiselo wesantya \({u}_{g}/\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \), obalwa nge-equation.(10)–(14), odweliswe ngokwe-ratio \(d/g\). Nangona kukho ukungaqondakali okuthile, umkhwa unokuchongwa, oqikelelwa yi-polynomial yesibini:
Umlinganiselo wesantya esiphezulu\({u}_{g}\) kunye nomndilili\(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) se-channel center cross-section\(.\) Ii-curves eziqinileyo nezine-dashed zihambelana ne-equation.(5) kunye noluhlu lokuguquguquka kwee-coefficients ezihambelanayo\(\pm 25\%\). Yenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Umfanekiso 10 uthelekisa \({Eu}_{90}\) neziphumo zovavanyo ze-equation.(16). I-avareji yokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo yayiyi-25%, kwaye inqanaba lokuzithemba yayiyi-95%.
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler kwi-\(\theta ={90}^{o}\). Le curve ihambelana ne-equation.(16). Yenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Amandla apheleleyo \({f}_{n}\) asebenza kwinduku ephakathi ethe nkqo kwi-axis yayo angabalwa ngokudibanisa uxinzelelo kumphezulu wenduku ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho i-coefficient yokuqala ibude bentonga ngaphakathi kwetshaneli, kwaye ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-2π.
Uqikelelo lwe \({f}_{n}\) kwicala lokuhamba kwamanzi kufuneka luhambelane noxinzelelo phakathi kokungena kunye nokuphuma komjelo, ngaphandle kokuba ukungqubana kufana nentonga kwaye kuncinci ngenxa yophuhliso olungaphelelanga lwecandelo elilandelayo. Ukujikeleza komfutho akulingani. Ke ngoko,
Umfanekiso 11 ubonisa igrafu yezibalo.(20) ibonise ukuvumelana okuhle kuzo zonke iimeko zovavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukuphambuka okuncinci kwe-8% ngasekunene, okunokuthi kubalwe kwaye kusetyenziswe njengoqikelelo lokungalingani kwesantya phakathi kokungena kwetshaneli kunye ne-outlet.
Ibhalansi yamandla etshaneli. Umgca uhambelana ne-equation.(20). I-Pearson correlation coefficient yayiyi-0.97. Yenziwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Ukutshintsha i-engile yokuthambekela kwentonga, uxinzelelo eludongeni lomphezulu wentonga kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo kumjelo onemigca enqamlezileyo yeentonga ezine ezithe tyaba ze-cylindrical kulinganiswe. Kuvavanywe iindibano ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zentonga. Kuluhlu lwamanani eReynolds oluvavanyiweyo, phakathi kwama-2500 nama-6500, inani le-Euler alixhomekekanga kwisantya sokuhamba. Uxinzelelo kumphezulu wentonga ephakathi lulandela umkhwa oqhelekileyo obonwa kwiisilinda, uphezulu ngaphambili kwaye uncinci kumsantsa osecaleni phakathi kweentonga, ubuyela kwinxalenye engasemva ngenxa yokwahlulwa komaleko womda.
Idatha yovavanyo ihlalutywa kusetyenziswa izinto eziqwalaselweyo zokugcinwa kwesantya kunye novavanyo oluyi-semi-empirical ukufumana amanani angenakulinganiswa adibanisa amanani e-Euler nobukhulu beempawu zeetshaneli kunye neentonga. Zonke iimpawu zejometri zokuvimba zimelwe ngokupheleleyo ngumlinganiselo ophakathi kobubanzi bentonga kunye nomsantsa ophakathi kweentonga (ecaleni) kunye nokuphakama kwetshaneli (ethe nkqo).
Umgaqo wokuzimela ufunyenwe ubambe uninzi lwamanani e-Euler achaza uxinzelelo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba uxinzelelo alunamilinganiselo kusetyenziswa i-projection ye-inlet velocity eqhelekileyo kwi-rod, iseti ayixhomekekanga kwi-dip angle. Ukongeza, uphawu lunxulumene nobunzima kunye nomfutho wokuhamba. Ii-conservation equations ziyahambelana kwaye zixhasa umgaqo ongasentla. Kuphela uxinzelelo lomphezulu wentonga kwindawo ephakathi kweentonga oluphambuka kancinci kulo mgaqo. Ulwalamano olungenamilinganiselo olunemilinganiselo luyenziwa olunokusetyenziswa ukuyila izixhobo ezifanayo ze-hydraulic. Le ndlela yakudala ihambelana nokusetyenziswa okufanayo okuxeliweyo kutshanje kwe-Bernoulli equation kwi-hydraulics kunye ne-hemodynamics20,21,22,23,24.
Isiphumo esinomdla kakhulu sivela kuhlalutyo lokuhla koxinzelelo phakathi kwendawo yokungena kunye nendawo yokuphuma kwicandelo lovavanyo. Ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kovavanyo, i-drag coefficient ephumayo ilingana nobunye, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kukho ezi parameters zilandelayo ezingaguqukiyo:
Qaphela ubungakanani \(\left(d/g+2\right)d/g\) kwi-denominator ye-equation.(23) bubungakanani obukwiibhrakhethi kwi-equation.(4), kungenjalo inokubalwa nge-minimum kunye ne-free cross-section perpendicular kwi-rod, \({A}_{m}\) kunye \({A}_{f}\). Oku kuthetha ukuba amanani kaReynolds athathwa njengohlala ngaphakathi koluhlu lophando lwangoku (40,000-67,000 kwiitshaneli kunye nama-2500-6500 kwiintonga). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuba kukho umahluko wobushushu ngaphakathi kwitshaneli, kunokuchaphazela uxinano lolwelo. Kule meko, utshintsho oluhambelanayo kwinani le-Euler lunokuqikelelwa ngokuphindaphinda i-thermal expansion coefficient ngomahluko ophezulu wobushushu olindelekileyo.
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Wu, L., Arenas, L., Graves, J., kunye noWalsh, F. Ukuchazwa kweeseli zeflow: ukubonakaliswa kokuhamba, ukuhla koxinzelelo, kunye nokuthuthwa kobunzima kwii-electrodes ezinemilinganiselo emibini kwiitshaneli ezingxande. J. Electrochemistry.Socialist Party.167, 043505 (2020).
ULiu, S., uDou, uX., uZeng, uQ. kunye noLiu, uJ. Iiparameter eziphambili zesiphumo sikaJamin kwi-capillaries ezinee-cross-sections ezixinyiweyo. J. Gasoline.science.Britain.196, 107635 (2021).