Daalụ maka ileta Nature.com. Ụdị ihe nchọgharị ị na-eji nwere nkwado dị nta maka CSS. Maka ahụmịhe kachasị mma, anyị na-akwado ka ị jiri ihe nchọgharị emelitere (ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ọnọdụ ndakọrịta na Internet Explorer) .Ka ọ dị ugbu a, iji hụ na nkwado na-aga n'ihu, anyị ga-egosipụta saịtị na-enweghị ụdị na Javascript.
A na-eme nnwale na ọwa akụkụ anọ egbochiri site na ahịrị transverse nke eriri cylindrical anọ nwere mmasị. A na-atụle nrụgide dị n'elu mkpanaka etiti na nrụgide nrụgide n'ofe ọwa ahụ site n'ịgbanwe n'akụkụ mkpara mkpara. A na-emepụta ihe ndị na-enweghị akụkụ nke na-ejikọta nrụgide na ebe dị oke egwu nke usoro ahụ na njirimara njirimara nke mkpanaka. A na-achọta ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe na-ejide maka ọtụtụ nọmba Euler nke na-egosi nrụgide na ebe dị iche iche, ya bụ ma ọ bụrụ na nrụgide ahụ na-enweghị ihe dị iche iche na-eji ntule nke ntinye ọsọ ọsọ nkịtị na mkpanaka ahụ, setịpụrụ ahụ na-adabere na akụkụ nke ntanye. Enwere ike iji njikọ nke ọkara nke pụtapụtara maka imepụta hydraulics yiri ya.
Ọtụtụ okpomọkụ na uka nyefe ngwaọrụ mejupụtara a set nke modul, ọwa ma ọ bụ sel nke mmiri na-agafe na ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị mgbagwoju esịtidem owuwu dị ka mkpara, buffers, inserts, etc.More n'oge na-adịbeghị, e nwere e ọhụrụ mmasị n'inweta a mma nghọta nke usoro ejikọta esịtidem mgbali nkesa na agha na mgbagwoju internals na n'ozuzu nsogbu dobe nke modul.Among ihe ndị ọzọ sayensị, nke a na-enwe mmasị na-enwe mmasị n'inweta a mma nghọta nke usoro ejikọta esịtidem mgbali nkesa na agha na mgbagwoju internals na n'ozuzu nsogbu dobe nke the module.Among ihe ndị ọzọ, nke a na mmasị na mmanụ ụgbọala na-agbakọta ihe. n'ihi na numerical simulations, na-amụba miniaturization nke ngwaọrụ.Recent nnwale ọmụmụ nke mgbali esịtidem nkesa na losses gụnyere ọwa roughened site dị iche iche ekara ọgịrịga 1, electrochemical reactor cell 2, capillary constriction 3 na lattice etiti ihe 4.
Ihe owuwu dị n'ime ụlọ a na-ahụkarị bụ mkpanaka cylindrical site na modul unit, ma ọ bụ jikọtara ma ọ bụ dịpụrụ adịpụ. N'ime ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, nhazi a na-ahụkarị na akụkụ shei. Shell n'akụkụ nrụgide nkwụsị na-ejikọta ya na nhazi nke ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta ọkụ ọkụ, condensers na evaporators. N'ọmụmụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya, Wang et al. 5 hụrụ reattachment na ngalaba-detachment eruba na-ekwu na a tandem nhazi nke rods.Liu et al.6 tụrụ nrụgide dobe na akụkụ anọ ọwa na wuru na-na abụọ U-ekara tube bundles na dị iche iche ọchịchọ angles na calibrated a numerical nlereanya simulating mkpanaka bundles na porous media.
Dị ka a na-atụ anya ya, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe nhazi nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ hydraulic nke ụlọ akụ cylinder: ụdị nhazi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, staggered ma ọ bụ n'ahịrị), akụkụ ndị ọzọ (dịka, pitch, dayameta, ogologo), na nkuku anya, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị edemede lekwasịrị anya n'ịchọta ụkpụrụ na-enweghị isi na-eduzi atụmatụ iji weghara mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke geometric parameters.N'ime nnyocha nnwale na-adịbeghị anya, Kim et al. 7 tụrụ aro ihe nlereanya porosity dị irè na-eji ogologo nke cell unit dị ka akara njikwa, na-eji tandem na staggered arrays na Reynolds nọmba n'etiti 103 na 104.Snarski8 mụrụ otú ike ụdịdị dị iche iche, si accelerometers na hydrophones mmasị na cylinder na a mmiri ọwara, dịgasị iche iche na ọchịchọ nke eruba direction. 9 mụọ nkesa mgbidi mgbidi gburugburu mkpanaka cylindrical na yaw airflow.Mityakov et al. 10 kpara nkata n'ubi ọsọ mgbe ejiri cylinder stereo PIV.Alam et al. 11 duziri a keukwu ọmụmụ nke tandem cylinders, na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta nke Reynolds nọmba na geometric ruru on vortex shedding.Ha nwere ike mata ise na-ekwu, ya bụ kpochidoro, intermittent kpochidoro, dịghị kpochidoro, subharmonic kpochidoro na shiee oyi akwa reattachment states. Na nso nso numerical ọmụmụ na-arụtụ aka guzobe nke flowed site vortex cylinders restructed.
N'ozuzu, a na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ hydraulic nke otu cell ga-adabere na nhazi na geometry nke ihe owuwu dị n'ime, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe site na njikọ empirical nke kpọmkwem nnwale nha. N'ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ nke mejupụtara ihe ndị na-eme oge, a na-emeghachi usoro nrịba na cell ọ bụla, ya mere, enwere ike iji ozi metụtara sel ndị nnọchiteanya na-egosipụta àgwà hydraulic n'ozuzu nke usoro ahụ site na usoro nhazi nke ọtụtụ ụdị nke usoro nhazi nke usoro ihe atụ nke usoro ndị a. etinyere nwere ike na-ebelata mgbe mgbe. A na-ahụkarị ihe atụ bụ ntọhapụ equation maka orifice efere 15. N'ihe pụrụ iche nke na-achọrọ mkpara, ma na confined ma ọ bụ na-emeghe na-asọpụta, ihe na-adọrọ mmasị criterion na-emekarị na-ezo aka na akwụkwọ na ndị na-emepụta na-eji na-achị hydraulic ịdị ukwuu (dịka, nrụgide nkwụsị, ike, vortex n'ikuku ugboro, wdg)) nke na-eruba ka a na-ezo aka perxis. ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe na-ewere na eruba ike na-chụpụrụ isi site inflow nkịtị akụrụngwa na mmetụta nke axial akụrụngwa kwekọọ na cylinder axis bụ negligible.Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị nkwenye na akwụkwọ na ndaba nso nke a criterion, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ọ na-enye bara uru atụmatụ n'ime nnwale ejighị n'aka ahụkarị nke empirical correlations na ụkpụrụ nke irè-anọgide na-agụnye ihe ọmụmụ nke empirical correlations. vibration16 na otu nkeji na nkezi-adọkpụrụ abụọ drag417.
N'ime ọrụ ugbu a, a na-egosipụta nsonaazụ nke nyocha nke nrụgide dị n'ime na nrụgide nrụgide na ọwa nke nwere eriri transverse nke eriri cylindrical anọ nwere mmasị. Measure mgbakọ mkpara atọ dị iche iche na dayameta dị iche iche, na-agbanwe akụkụ nke ọchịchọ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ n'ozuzu bụ iji nyochaa usoro nke nkesa nrụgide na elu mkpanaka na-ejikọta na mkpokọta nrụgide na-etinye na ọwa ahụ na-atụle Berrino e Exx. ụkpụrụ nke nchekwa nke oge iji nyochaa izi ezi nke ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe. N'ikpeazụ, a na-emepụta njikọ na-enweghị akụkụ nke nwere ike iji mepụta ngwaọrụ hydraulic yiri ya.
Nhazi nnwale ahụ nwere akụkụ nyocha nke akụkụ anọ nke natara ikuku ikuku nke onye fan axial na-enye. Ngalaba ule nwere otu akụkụ nke nwere ogwe abụọ dị n'etiti etiti na ogwe abụọ nke ọkara nke agbakwunyere na mgbidi ọwa, dị ka e gosiri na 1e, niile nke otu dayameta. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 1a-e na-egosi geometry zuru ezu na akụkụ nke usoro nhazi nke ọ bụla.
ngalaba ntinye (ogologo na mm) .Mepụta b iji Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.Ngalaba ule isi (ogologo na mm) .Emepụtara ya na Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org c Cross-section view of the main test section (ogologo na mm) .Emepụtara site na iji OpenCad 2021.01 na-emeghe na ngalaba . Mepeecad 2021.01, gbawara nlegharị anya nke ngalaba ule nke openscad.org e.Mepụtara ya na Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
A na-anwale usoro atọ nke mkpara dị iche iche dị iche iche. Isiokwu 1 na-edepụta njirimara geometrical nke ọ bụla. A na-etinye mkpanaka ndị ahụ na protractor ka akụkụ ha dị n'akụkụ ntụziaka na-asọ asọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'etiti 90 ° na 30 ° (Figures 1b na 3) A na-eji igwe anaghị agba nchara na ha na-adabere n'ebe dị anya n'etiti oghere abụọ ahụ. dị na mpụga ngalaba ule.
A na-atụle ọnụọgụ ntinye nke akụkụ ule site na calibrated venturi, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 2, na nyochaa site na iji DP Cell Honeywell SCX. A na-eji okpomọkụ PT100 na-emepụta ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri mmiri na-agbanye n'ime ụlọ nyocha ma na-achịkwa na 45 ± 1 ° C. Iji hụ na nkesa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ma belata ọkwa nke ọgba aghara n'ọnụ ụzọ atọ nke ọwa mmiri. A na-eji ebe nzizi ihe dị ka dayameta hydraulic 4 n'etiti ihuenyo ikpeazụ na mkpanaka, na ogologo ọpụpụ ahụ bụ dayameta hydraulic 11.
Eserese atụmatụ nke tube Venturi ejiri tụọ ọsọ nbata mbata (ogologo na millimeters).Ekepụtara ya na Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Nyochaa nrụgide na otu ihu nke mkpanaka etiti site na 0.5 mm na-eme ka ọ dị elu n'etiti ụgbọ elu nke ngalaba ule. Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ kwekọrọ na 5 ° angular span; Ya mere, angular ziri ezi bụ ihe dị ka 2 °. The Monitored mkpanaka nwere ike na-atụgharị banyere ya axis, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3. The ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpara elu mgbali na nrụgide n'ọnụ ụzọ nke ule ngalaba na-atụle na a di iche iche DP Cell Honeywell SCX series. Nke a nrụgide dị iche na-atụ maka onye ọ bụla mmanya ndokwa, mgbanwe ọsọ ọsọ, ọchịchọ angle \ angle \ angle \ (\ angle angle \ angle \ angle).
A na-egosipụta mgbidi na-asọ asọ. A na-egosipụta mgbidi chanel na isi awọ. Ọ na-esi n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri ma na-egbochi ya site na mkpanaka. Rịba ama na ele "A" bụ perpendicular na okporo osisi axis. The m mkpara bụ ọkara agbakwunyere na mpụta ọwa mgbidi. A na-eji protractor tụọ akụkụ nke ọchịchọ \ (\ alpha \) .202 emeghe na Opencad.
Ebumnuche nke nnwale ahụ bụ iji tụọ ma kọwaa nrụgide nrụgide n'etiti ọwa inlets na nrụgide dị n'elu mkpanaka etiti, \ (\ theta \) na \ (\ alpha \) maka dị iche iche azimuths na dips. Iji chịkọta nsonaazụ ya, a ga-egosipụta nrụgide dị iche iche n'ụdị enweghị oke dị ka nọmba Euler:
ebe \ (\rho \) bụ njupụta mmiri, \ ({u}_{i} \) bụ pụtara ntinye ọsọ ọsọ, \ ({p}_{i} \) bụ ntinye mgbali, na \ ({p }_{ w} \) bụ nrụgide na a nyere ebe na mkpara mgbidi. The ntinye ọsọ ọsọ na-ofu n'ime atọ dị iche iche ranges kpebisiri ike site na oghere nke valvụ 1 nso nso 6. m/s, kwekọrọ na nọmba ọwa Reynolds, \(Re\equiv {u}_{i}H/\nu \) (ebe \(H\) bụ elu nke ọwa, na \(\nu \) bụ kinematic viscosity) n'etiti 40,000 na 67,000. The mkpara Reynolds nọmba (\ (Re\u \ equi) nọmba (\(Re\u \)) 2500 ruo 6500. Mmụba ọgba aghara a na-eme atụmatụ site na ngbanwe ọkọlọtọ nke akara nke edere na venturi bụ 5% na nkezi.
Ọgụgụ 4 na-egosi njikọ nke \ ({Eu}_{w} \) na azimuth angle \ (\ theta \), parameterized site atọ dip angles, \ (\ alpha \) = 30 °, 50 ° na 70 ° . The nha na-ekewa na atọ graphs dị ka dayameta nke mkpara. Ọ nwere ike na-ahụ na Eultain na-eruba n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anọghị n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere onwe ha. rate.The general adabere na θ na-esonụ na-emekarị na-emekarị nke mgbidi mgbidi gburugburu perimeta nke a okirikiri ihe mgbochi. Na eruba-eche ihu n'akuku, ie, θ si 0 ka 90 °, mkpara mgbidi mgbali mbelata, na-eru a kacha nta na 90 °, nke kwekọrọ na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpara ebe ọsọ bụ kasị ukwuu n'ihi na eruba ebe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ site na mgbake nke 90 ° S. 100 Celsius, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nrụgide na-anọgide na-edozi n'ihi nkewa nke azụ azụ nke mgbidi mkpanaka. Rịba ama na ọ dịghị mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ogo nke nrụgide kacha nta, nke na-egosi na enwere ike ime ka ọgba aghara sitere n'akụkụ ihe mkpuchi dị n'akụkụ, dị ka mmetụta Coanda, bụ nke abụọ.
Mgbanwe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Euler nke mgbidi gburugburu mkpanaka maka akụkụ dị iche iche na-atụgharị uche na ogwe osisi.
Na ndị na-esonụ, anyị na-enyocha ya pụta dabere n'echiche na euler nọmba nwere ike mere atụmatụ nanị site geometric parameters, ie njirimara ogologo ruru \ (d/g \) na \ (d/H \) (ebe \ (H \) bụ ọwa elu) na ọchịchọ \ (\ alpha \) .A na-ewu ewu bara uru na-achị isi mkpịsị aka na-ekwu na mmiri structural ike na ya na-ekpebisi ike n'usoro oru ngo na ya. perpendicular to the rod axis, \({u}_{n}={u}_{i}\mathrm {sin} \ alpha \) .A na-akpọ nke a mgbe ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. Otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke nyocha ndị a bụ iji nyochaa ma ụkpụrụ a ọ metụtara anyị, ebe eruba na ihe mgbochi na-emechi n'ime ọwa mechiri emechi.
Ka anyị tụlee nrụgide a tụrụ n'ihu n'ihu mkpanaka etiti etiti, ie θ = 0. Dị ka nha Bernoulli si kwuo, nrụgide dị na ọnọdụ a \ ({p}_{o} \) na-eju afọ:
ebe \ ({u}_{o} \) bụ ọsọ ọsọ nke mmiri dị n'akụkụ mgbidi mkpanaka na θ = 0, anyị na-eche na ọ bụ obere ihe efu na-enweghị ike imegharị ya. Rịba ama na nrụgide dị ike na-adabere na okwu ike kinetic. Ọ bụrụ na \ ({u}_{o} \) bụ ihe efu (ie stagnant ọnọdụ), Euler nọmba = kwesịrị ịdị n'otu. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike ịhụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ 0. \ ({Eu}_{w} \) dị nso ma ọ bụghị kpọmkwem nhata na uru a, karịsịa maka akụkụ ndị buru ibu karị. Nke a na-egosi na ọsọ ọsọ na elu mkpanaka ahụ adịghị apụ na \ (\ theta = 0 \), nke nwere ike ịkwụsị site na mgbago elu nke ahịrị ndị dị ugbu a na-emepụta site na mkpanaka tilt. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-agbanye mgbatị ahụ n'ime ala kwesịrị ịmepụta n'elu na nke abụọ, nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dị elu, na-eme ka ọ dị elu na nke a na-eme ka ọ dị elu, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu na nke a na-atụgharị n'elu. Axial velocity na ala ma na-ebelata ọsọ dị n'elu. N'iburu n'uche na ịdị ukwuu nke ntụgharị dị n'elu bụ nleba anya nke ngwa ngwa ntinye na shaft (ie \ ({u}_{i}\mathrm{cos}\ alpha \)), nsonaazụ nọmba Euler kwekọrọ bụ:
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 5 na-atụle nha nha. akụkụ, \ ({p}_{e} \), Ọzọkwa na-eso a na-emekarị hà \ ({\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\alpha \) .Na abụọ ikpe, Otú ọ dị, ọnụọgụgụ na-adabere na mkpanaka dayameta, nke bụ ihe ezi uche ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ na-ekpebi ebe egbochiri. Nke a atụmatụ yiri nrụgide dobe nke orifice efere, ebe nke a na-eruba ọwa na-ebelata ọrụ nke orifi n'ebe a na-arụ ọrụ nke orifi kpọmkwem. na-egwuri egwu site na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpanaka. N'okwu a, nrụgide na-adaba n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nkwụsịtụ ma na-agbake n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ka ọ na-amụba azụ azụ. N'ịtụle ihe mgbochi ahụ dị ka ngọngọ perpendicular na mkpanaka mkpanaka, nrụgide nrụgide n'etiti ihu na azụ nke mkpanaka nwere ike dee dị ka 18:
ebe \({c}_{d}\) bụ ọnụọgụ ndọkpụ na-akọwa mgbake akụkụ nke nrụgide n'etiti θ = 90° na θ = 180°, na \({A}_{m}\) na \ ({A}_{f}\) bụ nke kacha nta free cross-ngalaba kwa unit ogologo perpendicular na mkpanaka axis, na dayameta bụ njikọ na mkpanaka axis. \({A}_{f}/{A}_{m}=\ ​​aka ekpe (g+d\right)/g\).Akara Euler kwekọrọ bụ:
Nọmba Euler mgbidi na \ (\ theta = 0 \) dị ka ọrụ nke dip. Usoro a dabara na nha nha.(3) .Ekere ya na Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Nọmba mgbidi Euler na-agbanwe, na \ (\theta = 18 {0} ^ {o} \) (akara zuru ezu) na ọpụpụ (akara ngosi efu) na dip. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị a kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe, ntụgharị \ (Eu \ propto {\mathrm {sin}} ^ {2} \ alpha \) . Mepụtara na Gnuplot 5.4, na www.gnup.
Ọgụgụ 7 na-egosi ndabere nke \ ({Eu}_{0-180}/{\mathrm{sin}}}^{2}\alpha \) na \(d/g\), na-egosi oké Good anọgidesi. ntinye na ntinye nke ngalaba ule na-agbaso usoro yiri nke ahụ, ma na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke na-eburu n'uche mgbake nrụgide na oghere azụ n'etiti mmanya na nkwụsị nke ọwa. Ihe nrịbama ịdọrọ kwekọrọ bụ \ ({c}_{d}=1.00 \ pm 0.05 \) na ọkwa ntụkwasị obi nke 67%.
The drag coefficient na metụtara \ (d/g \) pressure drop fore and aft of the rod \(\ left({Eu}_{0-180}\ right)\) na ngụkọta nrụgide dobe n'etiti ọwa ntinye na ntinye. Ebe isi awọ bụ 67% ntụkwasị obi band maka correlation. Mepụtara na Gnuplot 5.gnupfo.
Opekempe nrụgide \ ({p}_{90} \) na mkpanaka elu na θ = 90 ° chọrọ njikwa pụrụ iche. Dị ka nha Bernoulli si kwuo, n'akụkụ akara nke ugbu a site na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ogwe, nrụgide dị n'etiti \ ({p}_{g} \) na ọsọ ọsọ \ ({u}_{g} \) na ọsọ ọsọ \ ({u}_{g}\) na oghere dị n'etiti oghere dị n'etiti ọwa nke gap na oghere n'etiti ọwa ahụ. n'ihe ndị a:
Nrụgide \ ({p}_{g} \) nwere ike jikọta ya na nrụgide elu mkpanaka na θ = 90 ° site na ijikọta nkesa nrụgide n'elu oghere na-ekewa mkpanaka etiti n'etiti etiti etiti na mgbidi (lee foto 8). The itule nke ike na-enye 19:
ebe \ (y \) bụ nchikota nkịtị ka mkpara elu si n'etiti n'ókè nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti Central mkpara, na \ (K \) bụ curvature nke ugbu a akara na ọnọdụ \ (y \) .N'ihi na analytical evaluation nke nrụgide na mkpara elu, anyị na-eche na \ ({u}_{g} \) bụ edo na \ (K \ ekpe)" dị ka nke ziri ezi site na akara . ọnụọgụgụ mgbakọ na mwepụ. Na mkpara mgbidi, curvature kpebisiri ike site ellipse ngalaba nke mkpara na angle \ (\ alpha \), ie \ (K \ ekpe (g/2 \ nri) = \ ekpe (2/d \ nri) {\ mathrm {sin} } ^ {2} \ alpha \) (lee Figure 8) (lee Figure 8).Mgbe ahụ, na streamline streamline. symmetry, curvature na nchikota eluigwe na ala \(y\) bụ nke:
Nleba anya n'ofe akụkụ, n'ihu (aka ekpe) na n'elu (n'okpuru).Ejiri Microsoft Word 2019 mepụta,
N'aka nke ọzọ, site na nchekwa nke uka, nkezi ọsọ n'ime ụgbọ elu dabere n'ofe n'ebe nha \(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) jikọtara ya na ọsọ mbata:
ebe \({A}_{i}\) bụ ebe mgbaba n'ofe nke dị na ntinye ọwa na \({A}_{g}\) bụ mpaghara ngafe n'akụkụ ebe a na-atụ ihe (lee foto 8) n'otu n'otu site na:
Rịba ama na \({u}_{g} \) erughị \(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) .N'ezie, eserese 9 na-egosi oke ọsọ \ ({u}_{g}/\langle {u}_{g} \rangle \), gbakọọ site na nhata. A na-ejikọta ya site na polynomial usoro nke abụọ:
Oke nke kacha\({u}_{g}\) na nkezi\(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) velocities of the channel center cross-section\(.\) The solid and shed curves kwekọrọ na equations.(5) na mgbanwe nso nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ coefficients \ (\pm 25 \% \), emepụtara na Glot.4.
Ọgụgụ 10 tụlere \({Eu}_{90}\) na nsonaazụ nnwale nke nhatanha.(16) .Ihe ngbanwe nke ikwu bụ 25%, na ọkwa ntụkwasị obi bụ 95%.
Nọmba mgbidi Euler na \(\theta ={90}^{o}\) . Usoro a dabara na nhata.(16) .Ejikere Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Enwere ike ịgbakọ ike ụgbụ \({f}_{n}\) nke na-arụ ọrụ na mkpanaka etiti n'akụkụ axis ya site na ijikọta nrụgide dị n'elu mkpanaka ahụ dị ka ndị a:
ebe ọnụọgụ mbụ bụ ogologo mkpanaka n'ime ọwa ahụ, a na-eme njikọ ahụ n'etiti 0 na 2π.
Ntụle nke \ ({f}_{n}\) na ntụzịaka nke mmiri na-asọ kwesịrị dakọtara na nrụgide dị n'etiti ntinye na ntinye nke ọwa ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na esemokwu dị na mkpanaka ahụ ma dị ntakịrị n'ihi mmepe ezughị ezu nke akụkụ nke ikpeazụ. Ya mere,
Ihe osise 11 na-egosi eserese nke nha anya. (20) gosipụtara nkwekọrịta dị mma maka ọnọdụ nnwale niile. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ntakịrị 8% ntụgharị n'aka nri, nke nwere ike ịpụta ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka atụmatụ nke nkwụsịtụ ọkụ n'etiti ntinye na ntinye ọwa.
Ọwa ike itule.The akara kwekọrọ na nhatanha.(20) .Pearson correlation ọnụọgụ bụ 0.97. Kere ya na Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Na-agbanwe agbanwe n'akuku nke mkpisi nke mkpanaka ahụ, nrụgide dị na mgbidi mkpanaka ahụ na nkwụsị nrụgide na ọwa na eriri transverse nke eriri cylindrical anọ na-atụgharị. A nwalere mgbakọ mkpanaka atọ dị iche iche dị iche iche. N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds a nwalere, n'etiti 2500 na 6500 bụ nrụgide nke etiti etiti na-esote ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Euler na-emekarị. na cylinders, ịbụ kacha n'ihu na kacha nta na mpụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpanaka, na-agbake na azụ akụkụ n'ihi oke oyi akwa nkewa.
A na-enyocha data nnwale site na iji nleba anya nchekwa ọkụ ọkụ na nyocha nke ọkara iji chọta ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke metụtara ọnụọgụ Euler na akụkụ njirimara nke ọwa na mkpanaka. A na-egosipụta njirimara geometric niile nke igbochi n'ụzọ zuru oke site na oke dị n'etiti mkpanaka mkpanaka na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpanaka (n'akụkụ) na elu ọwa (nke kwụ ọtọ).
Achọpụtara ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe ka ọ na-ejide maka ọtụtụ nọmba Euler nke na-akọwa nrụgide n'ebe dị iche iche, ya bụ, ọ bụrụ na nrụgide enweghị oke site na iji ntule nke ọsọ ọsọ nke mkpara ahụ, setịpụ na-adabere na nkuku ntanye. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, njirimara ahụ metụtara oke na ike nke na-asọba Usoro nchekwa ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-akwado ụkpụrụ iwu dị n'elu. Naanị mkpara n'elu nrụgide dị na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpara na-atụgharị ntakịrị site na ụkpụrụ a. A na-emepụta njikọ dị iche iche nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke nwere ike iji mepụta ngwaọrụ hydraulic yiri nke a. Nke a oge gboo obibia kwekọrọ na ngwa ndị yiri nke Berno. hemodynamics20,21,22,23,24.
Nsonaazụ na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa sitere na nyocha nke nkwụsị nrụgide n'etiti ntinye na ntinye nke ngalaba ule. N'ime nnwale nnwale ahụ, ihe na-akpata drag coefficient na-eme ka ịdị n'otu, nke na-egosi ịdị adị nke ihe ndị a na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe:
Rịba ama nha \(\ left(d/g+2\right)d/g\) dị n'ọnụọgụgụ nke nhatanha ahụ.(23) bụ oke n'ime akara aka n'usoro nhata.(4), ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere ike gbakọọ ya na nkeji opekempe na nke efu na-adabere na mkpanaka, \({A}_{m}\) na nọmba nke Rey na-atụ aro na \({}) nọgide na nso nso nke ọmụmụ ihe dị ugbu a (40,000-67,000 maka ọwa na 2500-6500 maka mkpanaka) . Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọdịiche okpomọkụ dị n'ime ọwa ahụ, ọ nwere ike imetụta njupụta nke mmiri. N'okwu a, a na-eme atụmatụ mgbanwe mgbanwe dị na nọmba Euler site n'ịba ụba ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye nke okpomọkụ dị iche iche.
Ruck, S., Köhler, S., Schlindwein, G., na Arbeiter, F. Okpomọkụ na-ebufe nha na nrụgide nrụgide na ọwa nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị iche iche dị na mgbidi.expert.Heat Transfer 31, 334-354 (2017).
Wu, L., Arenas, L., Graves, J., na Walsh, F. Flow cell characterization: eruba visualization, mbelata nrụgide, na oke ibu na electrodes akụkụ abụọ na akụkụ anọ chanel.J. Electrochemistry.Socialist Party.167, 043505 (2020).
Liu, S., Dou, X., Zeng, Q. & Liu, J. Key parameters of the Jamin effect in capillaries with constricted cross-sections.J. mmanụ ụgbọala.sayensị.Britain.196, 107635 (2021).