Iyini ivalvu yebhola ehlanzekile kakhulu? I-High Purity Ball Valve iyithuluzi lokulawula ukugeleza elihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomkhakha zokuhlanzeka kwezinto zokwakha kanye nomklamo. Amavalvu enkambisweni yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu asetshenziswa emikhakheni emibili emikhulu yokusetshenziswa:
Lokhu kusetshenziswa “ezinhlelweni zokusekela” njengokucubungula umusi wokuhlanza wokuhlanza nokulawula izinga lokushisa. Embonini yemithi, ama-ball valve awasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni noma ezinqubweni ezingase zithintane ngqo nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Iyini indinganiso yemboni yama-valve ahlanzekile kakhulu? Imboni yezemithi ithola izindlela zokukhetha ama-valve emithonjeni emibili:
I-ASME/BPE-1997 iwumbhalo ojwayelekile oshintshashintshayo ohlanganisa ukuklama nokusetshenziswa kwemishini embonini yezemithi. Le nqubo ihloselwe ukuklama, izinto zokwakha, ukwakhiwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwemikhumbi, amapayipi kanye nezesekeli ezihlobene nazo njengamaphampu, amavalvu kanye nezinto zokufaka ezisetshenziswa embonini yezemithi. Ngokuyinhloko, lo mbhalo uthi, “…zonke izingxenye ezithinta umkhiqizo, izinto zokusetshenziswa noma umkhiqizo ophakathi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo noma ukukhuliswa… futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, njengamanzi okujova (i-WFI), umusi ohlanzekile, ukuhlunga okungaphezulu, isitoreji somkhiqizo esiphakathi kanye nama-centrifuge.”
Namuhla, imboni ithembele ku-ASME/BPE-1997 ukunquma imiklamo yamavalvu ebhola yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana ezingezona ezomkhiqizo. Izindawo ezibalulekile ezimbozwe yilezi:
Amavalvu avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zenqubo ye-biopharmaceutical afaka amavalvu ebhola, amavalvu e-diaphragm, kanye namavalvu okuhlola. Lo mbhalo wobunjiniyela uzokhawulelwa engxoxweni yamavalvu ebhola.
Ukuqinisekisa kuyinqubo yokulawula eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo noma ukwakheka okucutshunguliwe kuyaphindwaphindwa. Uhlelo lukhombisa ukukala nokuqapha izingxenye zenqubo yomshini, isikhathi sokwakheka, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nezinye izimo. Uma uhlelo kanye nemikhiqizo yalolo hlelo sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi kuyaphindwa, zonke izingxenye kanye nezimo zibhekwa njengeziqinisekisiwe. Azikho izinguquko ezingenziwa "ephaketheni" lokugcina (izinhlelo zenqubo kanye nezinqubo) ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kabusha.
Kukhona nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto. I-MTR (Umbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwezinto) yisitatimende esivela kumkhiqizi wokukhipha esibhala phansi ukwakheka kokukhipha futhi siqinisekise ukuthi kuvela ekuqhubekeni okuthile enkambisweni yokukhipha. Leli zinga lokulandelela liyathandeka kuzo zonke izingxenye ezibalulekile zamapayipi emikhakheni eminingi. Wonke ama-valve anikezwa izinhlelo zemithi kumele abe ne-MTR enamathiselwe.
Abakhiqizi bezinto zezihlalo banikeza imibiko yokwakheka kwezihlalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlalo ziyahambisana neziqondiso ze-FDA. (Isigaba VI se-FDA/USP) Izinto zezihlalo ezamukelekayo zifaka phakathi i-PTFE, i-RTFE, i-Kel-F kanye ne-TFM.
I-Ultra High Purity (UHP) igama elihloselwe ukugcizelela isidingo sobumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu. Leli igama elisetshenziswa kakhulu emakethe ye-semiconductor lapho kudingeka khona inani elincane kakhulu lezinhlayiya emgudwini wokugeleza. Ama-valve, amapayipi, izihlungi, nezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwazo ngokuvamile zihlangabezana naleli zinga le-UHP uma zilungiswa, zipakishwa, futhi ziphathwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Imboni ye-semiconductor ithola imininingwane yokuklama ama-valve kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kolwazi oluphethwe yiqembu le-SemaSpec. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-wafer e-microchip kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni zokususa noma ukunciphisa ukungcola okuvela ezinhlayiyeni, ukuphuma kwegesi kanye nomswakama.
Izinga le-SemaSpec lichaza umthombo wokukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiya, usayizi wezinhlayiya, umthombo wegesi (ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-valve ethambile), ukuhlolwa kokuvuza kwe-helium, kanye nomswakama ngaphakathi nangaphandle komngcele wevalvu.
Ama-ball valve afakazelwe kahle ezinhlelweni eziqine kakhulu. Ezinye zezinzuzo ezibalulekile zalo mklamo zifaka:
Ukupholisha Kwemishini – Izindawo ezipholisha, ama-weld kanye nezindawo ezisetshenziswayo zinezici zobuso ezihlukile uma zibukwa ngaphansi kwengilazi ekhulisayo. Ukupholisha kwemishini kunciphisa wonke ama-ridges, imigodi kanye nokwehluka kobuso kube ukugoba okufanayo.
Ukupholisha ngomshini kwenziwa emishinini ejikelezayo kusetshenziswa izinto zokuqhobosha ze-alumina. Ukupholisha ngomshini kungatholakala ngamathuluzi ezandla ezindaweni ezinkulu ezingaphezulu, njengezinto zokusabela kanye nemikhumbi ekhona, noma ngama-reciprocators azenzakalelayo amapayipi noma izingxenye zeshubhu. Uchungechunge lwezipholisha zamatshe lusetshenziswa ngokulandelana okuhle kakhulu kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ukuqeda okufiselekayo noma ubulukhuni bomphezulu.
Ukuhlanza nge-electro polishing ukususa ukungalungi okuncane kakhulu ezindaweni zensimbi ngezindlela ze-electrochemical. Kuholela ekubeni bushelelezi noma kube bushelelezi obujwayelekile, okuthi uma kubhekwa ngaphansi kwengilazi ekhulisayo, kubonakale sengathi akunasici.
Insimbi engagqwali imelana nokugqwala ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-chromium (ngokuvamile okungu-16% noma ngaphezulu kwensimbi engagqwali). Ukuhlanza nge-electro kuthuthukisa lokhu kumelana kwemvelo ngoba inqubo incibilikisa insimbi eningi (i-Fe) kune-chromium (Cr). Lokhu kushiya amazinga aphezulu e-chromium ebusweni bensimbi engagqwali. (passivation)
Umphumela wanoma iyiphi inqubo yokupholisha ukwakhiwa kwendawo "ebushelelezi" echazwa njengobukhali obujwayelekile (Ra). Ngokusho kwe-ASME/BPE; "Zonke izipholisha kufanele ziboniswe ku-Ra, ama-microinch (m-in), noma ama-micrometer (mm)."
Ububushelelezi bomphezulu buvame ukulinganiswa nge-profilometer, ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo elinengalo ephindaphindayo yesitayela se-stylus. I-stylus idlula ebusweni bensimbi ukuze kulinganiswe ukuphakama okuphezulu kanye nokujula kwesigodi. Ukuphakama okuphezulu okujwayelekile kanye nokujula kwesigodi bese kuvezwa njengezilinganiso zobulukhuni, ezivezwa ngezigidi ze-intshi noma ama-microinches, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi i-Ra.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kobuso obucwebezelisiwe nobucwebezelisiwe, inani lezinhlayiya ezirhabaxa kanye nobulukhuni bobuso (ngaphambi nangemva kokupholisha ngogesi) buboniswe kuthebula elingezansi. (Ukuze uthole i-ASME/BPE derivation, bheka iThebula SF-6 kulo mbhalo)
Ama-micrometer ayindinganiso evamile yaseYurophu, futhi uhlelo lwe-metric lulingana nama-microinches. I-microinch eyodwa ilingana nama-micrometer angaba ngu-40. Isibonelo: Ukuphela okuchazwe njenge-0.4 microns Ra ilingana nama-micro inches angu-16 Ra.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okungokwemvelo komklamo wamavalvu ebhola, itholakala kalula ezihlalweni ezahlukahlukene, uphawu kanye nezinto zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, amavalvu ebhola akhiqizwa ukuphatha uketshezi olulandelayo:
Imboni yezokwelapha ngemithi ikhetha ukufaka “izinhlelo ezivaliwe” noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Ukuxhumeka kwe-Extended Tube Outside Diameter (ETO) kufakwe emgqeni ukuze kuqedwe ukungcola ngaphandle komngcele we-valve/wepayipi futhi kwengeze ukuqina ohlelweni lwamapayipi. Iziphetho ze-Tri-Clamp (uxhumano lwe-clamp oluhlanzekile) zengeza ukuguquguquka ohlelweni futhi zingafakwa ngaphandle kokunamathisela. Kusetshenziswa amathiphu e-Tri-Clamp, izinhlelo zamapayipi zingahlukaniswa futhi ziphinde zilungiswe kalula.
Ukufakwa kwe-Cherry-Burrell ngaphansi kwamagama omkhiqizo athi “I-Line”, “S-Line” noma “Q-Line” nakho kuyatholakala ezinhlelweni zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu njengemboni yokudla/iziphuzo.
Iziphetho ze-Extended Tube Outside Diameter (ETO) zivumela ukushintshwa kwe-valve ngaphakathi komugqa ohlelweni lwamapayipi. Iziphetho ze-ETO zinobukhulu obufana nobubanzi besistimu yepayipi (ipayipi) kanye nobukhulu bodonga. Ubude bepayipi obude buhlanganisa amakhanda okushintshwa kwe-orbital futhi bunikeza ubude obanele ukuvimbela umonakalo ku-valve body seal ngenxa yokushisa kokushintshwa.
Amavalvu ebhola asetshenziswa kabanzi ekusetshenzisweni kwenqubo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo. Amavalvu e-diaphragm anezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe kanye nensizakalo yokucindezela futhi awahlangabezani nazo zonke izindinganiso zamavalvu ezimboni. Amavalvu ebhola angasetshenziswa ku:
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ephakathi yevalvu yebhola iyasuswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufinyelela ku-internal weld bead, engahlanzwa futhi/noma ipholishwe.
Ukumunca amanzi kubalulekile ukugcina izinhlelo zokucubungula izinto eziphilayo zihlanzekile futhi zihlanzekile. Uketshezi olusele ngemva kokukhipha amanzi luba yindawo yokuhlala kwamagciwane noma ezinye izinto ezincane, okudala umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo ongamukeleki ohlelweni. Izindawo lapho uketshezi luqoqana khona zingaba yizindawo zokuqala ukugqwala, okwengeza ukungcola okwengeziwe ohlelweni. Ingxenye yokuklama ye-ASME/BPE standard idinga ukwakheka ukuze kuncishiswe ukubanjwa, noma inani loketshezi olusele ohlelweni ngemva kokukhipha amanzi seliphelile.
Isikhala esifile ohlelweni lwamapayipi sichazwa njengomsele, i-tee, noma isandiso esivela endaweni eyinhloko yokudonsa ipayipi esidlula inani lobubanzi bepayipi (L) elichazwe ku-ID yepayipi eliyinhloko (D). Isikhala esifile asifiseleki ngoba sinikeza indawo yokubamba engase ingafinyeleleki ngezinqubo zokuhlanza noma zokuhlanza, okuholela ekungcoleni komkhiqizo. Ezinhlelweni zamapayipi okucubungula izinto eziphilayo, isilinganiso esingu-2:1 L/D singatholakala ngokuhlelwa okuningi kwama-valve namapayipi.
Ama-damper omlilo aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukusabalala koketshezi oluvuthayo uma kwenzeka umlilo oqondile. Umklamo usebenzisa isihlalo sangemuva sensimbi kanye ne-anti-static ukuvimbela ukusha. Izimboni ze-biopharmaceutical kanye nezimonyo ngokuvamile zikhetha ama-damper omlilo ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kotshwala.
Izinto zesihlalo se-ball valve ezivunyiwe yi-FDA-USP23, zifaka: i-PTFE, i-RTFE, i-Kel-F, i-PEEK kanye ne-TFM.
I-TFM iyi-PTFE eguqulwe ngamakhemikhali evala igebe phakathi kwe-PTFE yendabuko kanye ne-PFA encibilikayo. I-TFM ihlukaniswa njenge-PTFE ngokusho kwe-ASTM D 4894 kanye ne-ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PTFE yendabuko, i-TFM inezakhiwo ezilandelayo ezithuthukisiwe:
Izihlalo ezigcwele imigodi zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezingathi, uma zivaleleke phakathi kwebhola nomgodi womzimba, ziqine noma ziphazamise ukusebenza kahle kwesitho sokuvala ivalvu. Amavalvu ebhola ahlanzekile kakhulu asetshenziswa enkonzweni yomusi akufanele asebenzise lolu hlelo lwesihlalo olukhethwayo, njengoba umusi ungangena ngaphansi kobuso besihlalo futhi ube yindawo yokukhula kwamagciwane. Ngenxa yale ndawo yokuhlala enkulu, izihlalo ezigcwalisa imigodi kunzima ukuzihlanza kahle ngaphandle kokuzidiliza.
Ama-valve ebhola angaphansi kwesigaba esijwayelekile "sama-valve ajikelezayo". Ukuze kusebenze ngokuzenzakalela, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-actuator atholakalayo: umoya kanye nogesi. Ama-actuator omoya asebenzisa i-piston noma i-diaphragm exhunywe kumshini ojikelezayo njengohlelo lwe-rack kanye ne-pinion ukuze anikeze i-torque yokukhipha ejikelezayo. Ama-actuator kagesi empeleni angama-motor egiya futhi atholakala ngama-voltage ahlukahlukene kanye nezinketho ezifanela ama-valve ebhola. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko, bheka "Indlela Yokukhetha I-Actuator Ye-Ball Valve" kamuva kule ncwadi.
Amavalvu ebhola le-High Purity angahlanzwa futhi apakishwe ngokwezidingo ze-BPE noma ze-Semiconductor (SemaSpec).
Ukuhlanza okuyisisekelo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuhlanza lwe-ultrasonic olusebenzisa i-reagent ye-alkaline evunyiwe yokuhlanza nokubanda nokususa amafutha, ngefomula engenazinsalela.
Izingxenye eziqukethe umfutho ziphawulwe ngenombolo yokushisa futhi zihambisana nesitifiketi sokuhlaziya esifanele. Umbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwesigayo (i-MTR) uqoshwa ngosayizi ngamunye kanye nenombolo yokushisa. Le mibhalo ifaka:
Ngezinye izikhathi onjiniyela bezinqubo kudingeka bakhethe phakathi kwama-valve omoya noma kagesi wezinhlelo zokulawula izinqubo. Zombili izinhlobo zama-actuator zinezinzuzo futhi kubalulekile ukuba nedatha etholakalayo ukuze wenze ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu.
Umsebenzi wokuqala ekukhetheni uhlobo lwe-actuator (i-pneumatic noma kagesi) ukuthola umthombo wamandla osebenza kahle kakhulu we-actuator. Amaphuzu ayinhloko okufanele acatshangelwe yilawa:
Ama-actuator asebenza kahle kakhulu asebenzisa ukunikezwa komfutho womoya okungu-40 kuya ku-120 psi (3 kuya ku-8 bar). Ngokuvamile, alinganiswa ngokucindezela kokunikezwa okungu-60 kuya ku-80 psi (4 kuya ku-6 bar). Ukucindezela komoya okuphezulu kuvame ukuba nzima ukukuqinisekisa, kuyilapho ukucindezela komoya okuphansi kudinga ama-piston amakhulu kakhulu noma ama-diaphragm ukuze kukhiqizwe i-torque edingekayo.
Ama-actuator kagesi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ngamandla angu-110 VAC, kodwa angasetshenziswa nama-motor ahlukahlukene e-AC ne-DC, womabili anesigaba esisodwa kanye nesesithathu.
ububanzi bokushisa. Zombili iziqalisi zomoya kanye nezikagesi zingasetshenziswa ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi. Ububanzi bokushisa obujwayelekile beziqalisi zomoya bungu--4 kuya ku-1740F (-20 kuya ku-800C), kodwa bungandiswa bube ngu--40 kuya ku-2500F (-40 kuya ku-1210C) ngezivalo, amabheringi kanye nama-grease ongakhetha kukho. Uma kusetshenziswa izesekeli zokulawula (izishintshi zomkhawulo, ama-valve e-solenoid, njll.), zingalinganiswa ngokushisa ngendlela ehlukile kune-actuator, futhi lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ezisetshenzisweni zokushisa okuphansi, ikhwalithi yokunikezwa komoya maqondana nephuzu lamazolo kufanele icatshangelwe. Iphuzu lamazolo izinga lokushisa lapho kwenzeka khona ukuminyana emoyeni. Ukuminyana kungaqandisa futhi kuvimbele umugqa wokunikezwa komoya, kuvimbele i-actuator ukuthi isebenze.
Ama-actuator kagesi anezinga lokushisa elisukela ku--40 kuya ku-1500F (-40 kuya ku-650C). Uma esetshenziswa ngaphandle, i-actuator kagesi kufanele ihlukaniswe nendawo ezungezile ukuze kuvinjelwe umswakama ukuthi ungangeni emisebenzini yangaphakathi. Uma ukuminyana kudonswa kusuka kumsele wamandla, ukuminyana kungase kuqhubeke kwakheka ngaphakathi, okungenzeka ukuthi kuqoqe amanzi emvula ngaphambi kokufakwa. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi injini ishisa ingaphakathi lendlu ye-actuator lapho isebenza futhi iyipholise uma ingasebenzi, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungabangela indawo ezungezile ukuba "iphefumule" futhi iqine. Ngakho-ke, wonke ama-actuator kagesi okusetshenziswa ngaphandle kufanele afakwe i-heater.
Ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuthethelela ukusetshenziswa kwama-actuator kagesi ezindaweni eziyingozi, kodwa uma ama-actuator omoya ocindezelwe noma omoya engakwazi ukunikeza izici zokusebenza ezidingekayo, ama-actuator kagesi anezindawo zokuhlala ezihlelwe ngendlela efanele angasetshenziswa.
I-National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) isungule iziqondiso zokwakhiwa nokufakwa kwama-actuator kagesi (neminye imishini kagesi) ukuze isetshenziswe ezindaweni eziyingozi. Iziqondiso ze-NEMA VII zimi kanje:
Indawo ye-VII Eyingozi Isigaba I (Igesi Eqhumayo noma Umhwamuko) Ihlangabezana neKhodi Kagesi Kazwelonke yezicelo; ihlangabezana nemininingwane ye-Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. yokusetshenziswa nophethiloli, i-hexane, i-naphtha, i-benzene, i-butane, i-propane, i-acetone, i-Atmospheres ye-benzene, i-lacquer solvent vapors kanye negesi yemvelo.
Cishe bonke abakhiqizi be-actuator kagesi banenketho yenguqulo ehambisana ne-NEMA VII yomugqa wabo womkhiqizo ojwayelekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-actuator omoya awakwazi ukuqhuma ngokwemvelo. Lapho izilawuli zikagesi zisetshenziswa nama-actuator omoya ezindaweni eziyingozi, zivame ukusebenza kahle kunezi-actuator zikagesi. I-valve yokushayela esebenza nge-solenoid ingafakwa endaweni engeyona ingozi bese ifakwa ngepayipi ku-actuator. Izinkinobho zomkhawulo - zokubonisa indawo - zingafakwa ezindaweni zokuvala ze-NEMA VII. Ukuphepha okungokwemvelo kwama-actuator omoya ezindaweni eziyingozi kuzenza zibe ukukhetha okusebenzayo kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukubuya kwentwasahlobo. Esinye isesekeli sokuphepha esisetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-actuator e-valve embonini yenqubo yinketho yokubuya kwentwasahlobo (ukwehluleka okuphephile). Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwamandla noma isignali, i-actuator yokubuya kwentwasahlobo iqhubela i-valve endaweni ephephile enqunyiwe. Lena inketho ewusizo futhi engabizi kakhulu yama-actuator e-pneumatic, futhi yisizathu esikhulu sokuthi kungani ama-actuator e-pneumatic esetshenziswa kabanzi kulo lonke imboni.
Uma isipilingi singasetshenziswa ngenxa yobukhulu noma isisindo se-actuator, noma uma kufakwe iyunithi esebenza kabili, ithangi le-accumulator lingafakwa ukugcina umfutho womoya.