Valve y'umupira ifite isuku nyinshi ni iki? Valve y'umupira ifite isuku nyinshi ni igikoresho gipima amazi y'umuvuduko wujuje ibisabwa mu nganda ku bijyanye n'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho n'imiterere. Valve mu buryo bwo gusukura cyane ikoreshwa mu nzego ebyiri z'ingenzi:
Ibi bikoreshwa mu "buryo bwo gufasha" nko gutunganya umwuka wo gusukura kugira ngo bisukurwe no kugenzura ubushyuhe. Mu nganda zikora imiti, valves z'umupira ntizikoreshwa mu bikorwa cyangwa mu buryo bushobora gukora ku gicuruzwa cya nyuma.
Ni iki gipimo ngenderwaho cy’inganda ku bijyanye n’udupira tw’isuku iri hejuru? Inganda zikora imiti zifata ibipimo byo guhitamo udupira bivuye ku masoko abiri:
ASME/BPE-1997 ni inyandiko igenda ihinduka ikubiyemo imiterere n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho mu nganda zikora imiti. Iyi nyandiko igamije gushushanya, ibikoresho, kubaka, kugenzura no gupima ubwato, imiyoboro n'ibindi bikoresho bifitanye isano nka pompe, valves n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imiti. Mu by'ukuri, iyi nyandiko ivuga iti: "...ibice byose bihura n'ibicuruzwa, ibikoresho fatizo cyangwa ibicuruzwa biri hagati mu gihe cyo gukora, guteza imbere ibikorwa cyangwa kongera umusaruro ... kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi mu gukora ibicuruzwa, nk'amazi yo gutera (WFI), umwuka mwiza, kuyungurura cyane, kubika ibicuruzwa biri hagati no kubikoresha mu gupima amazi."
Muri iki gihe, inganda zishingiye kuri ASME/BPE-1997 kugira ngo zimenye imiterere y'imashini zikoreshwa mu gukoraho ibikoresho bitari ibyakozwe. Ibice by'ingenzi bikubiye muri ibi bisobanuro ni ibi bikurikira:
Valve zikunze gukoreshwa muri sisitemu y'imiti irimo valves z'umupira, valves za diaphragm, na valves zo kugenzura. Iyi nyandiko y'ubuhanga izagarukira gusa ku kiganiro cy'valve z'umupira.
Kwemeza ni inzira y’amategeko igamije kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa cyangwa imvange y’ibicuruzwa byatunganyijwe bishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Iyi gahunda igaragaza gupima no kugenzura ibice by’imikorere ya mekanike, igihe cyo gukora, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko n’ibindi. Iyo sisitemu n’ibicuruzwa by’iyo sisitemu bigaragaye ko bishobora gusubirwamo, ibice byose n’imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bifatwa nk’ibyemewe. Nta mpinduka zishobora gukorwa ku "paki" ya nyuma (uburyo bwo gukora n’imikorere) hatabayeho kwemezwa.
Hari kandi ibibazo bijyanye no kugenzura ibikoresho. Raporo y'ibizamini by'ibikoresho (MTR) ni itangazo riva ku ruganda rukora ibikoresho byo gucukura rigaragaza imiterere y'ibikoresho byo gucukura kandi rikemeza ko byaturutse ku buryo bwihariye bwo gucukura. Uru rwego rwo gukurikirana ibintu ni rwiza mu bikoresho byose by'ingenzi byo gucukura mu nganda nyinshi. Valve zose zitangwa mu miti zigomba kuba zifatanye na MTR.
Abakora ibikoresho by’intebe batanga raporo z’imiterere y’intebe kugira ngo barebe ko iyubahirizwa ry’amabwiriza ya FDA. (FDA / USP Class VI) Ibikoresho byemewe by’intebe birimo PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F na TFM.
Ubwiza Buhanitse (UHP) ni ijambo rigamije gushimangira ko hakenewe ubuziranenge buhanitse cyane. Iri ni ijambo rikoreshwa cyane ku isoko rya semiconductor aho hakenewe umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'amazi mu muyoboro w'amazi. Valves, imiyoboro, filters, n'ibindi bikoresho byinshi bikoreshwa mu bwubatsi byabyo akenshi byujuje ubu rwego rwa UHP iyo biteguwe, bipakiye, kandi bigafatwa mu buryo bwihariye.
Inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor zibona imiterere y’imiterere y’ama-valve zihereye ku makuru acungwa n’itsinda rya SemaSpec. Gukora ama-wafer ya microchip bisaba gukurikiza cyane amabwiriza kugira ngo hakurweho cyangwa kugabanyirizwa umwanda uturuka ku duce duto, imyuka isohoka n’ubushuhe.
Igipimo cya SemaSpec kigaragaza neza aho uduce dukomoka, ingano y'uduce, aho gazi ituruka (binyuze mu guteranya uturindantoki tworoshye), isuzuma ry'amazi ya heliyumu, n'ubushuhe imbere no hanze y'umupaka wa valvu.
Valve z'umupira zagaragaye neza mu bikorwa bikomeye. Zimwe mu nyungu z'ingenzi z'iyi miterere zirimo:
Gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga - Ubuso busukuye, gusudira n'ubuso bukoreshwa bifite imiterere itandukanye iyo birebewe munsi y'ikirahure gikurura. Gusukura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga bigabanya imiterere y'ubuso bwose, imyobo n'itandukaniro ku buryo bungana.
Gusukura imashini bikorwa ku bikoresho bizenguruka hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya alumina. Gusukura imashini bishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'intoki ku buso bunini, nk'ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi n'imiyoboro iri aho, cyangwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byikora byo gusubiza imiyoboro cyangwa ibice by'imiyoboro. Gusukura imashini mu buryo bukurikiranye bishyirwa mu byiciro bito kugeza igihe irangi ryifuzwa cyangwa ubukana bw'ubuso bugezweho.
Gutunganya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi ni ugukuraho ibintu bidafite ishingiro mu byuma hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa electrochemical. Bituma ubuso burushaho kuba buto cyangwa buto, iyo urebye munsi y'ikirahure gikurura ibintu, bisa nkaho nta kintu na kimwe kigaragara.
Icyuma kidashonga kirarwanya ingese bitewe n’uko gifite chromium nyinshi (ubusanzwe 16% cyangwa irenga mu cyuma kidashonga). Gutunganya amashanyarazi byongera ubu buryo bwo kurwanya ingese kuko uburyo bushongesha icyuma kinini (Fe) kurusha chromium (Cr). Ibi bisiga chromium nyinshi ku buso bw’icyuma kidashonga. (passivation)
Umusaruro w'uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gushushanya ni ukurema ubuso "busesuye" busobanurwa nk'ubukana bw'ikigereranyo (Ra). Dukurikije ASME/BPE; "Uburyo bwose bwo gushushanya bugomba kugaragara muri Ra, microinches (m-in), cyangwa micrometers (mm)."
Ubuso busanzwe bupimwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima ubushyuhe, igikoresho cyikora gifite ukuboko kwihuza nk'ikoti. Ikoti rinyuzwa mu buso bw'icyuma kugira ngo ripime uburebure bw'impinga n'ubujyakuzimu bw'ikibaya. Uburebure bw'impinga n'ubujyakuzimu bw'ikibaya bigaragazwa nk'impuzandengo y'ubushyuhe, igaragazwa mu bice bya miliyoni ya santimetero cyangwa microinches, bizwi nka Ra.
Isano iri hagati y'ubuso busesuye n'ubusekuye, umubare w'ibinyampeke bisya n'ubukonje bw'ubuso (mbere na nyuma yo gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi) igaragara mu mbonerahamwe iri hepfo. (Ku bijyanye n'inkomoko ya ASME/BPE, reba Imbonerahamwe SF-6 muri iyi nyandiko)
Micrometer ni igipimo gisanzwe cy’i Burayi, kandi sisitemu ya metric ingana na microinches. Microinch imwe ingana na micrometers zigera kuri 40. Urugero: Irangi ryavuzwe nka 0.4 microns Ra ringana na micro inches 16 Ra.
Bitewe n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora umupira w'amaguru, uboneka mu buryo bworoshye mu myanya itandukanye yo kwicaraho, gufunga no mu bikoresho by'umubiri. Kubwibyo, umupira w'amaguru ukorwa kugira ngo utware ibi bikurikira:
Inganda zikora imiti zikunda gushyiraho "sisteme zifunze" igihe cyose bishoboka. Imiyoboro ya Extended Tube Outside Diameter (ETO) ihuzwa mu murongo kugira ngo ikureho umwanda hanze y'umupaka wa valve/umuyoboro kandi yongere ubukana kuri sisitemu yo gufunga. Impande za Tri-Clamp (ihuza ry'isuku) zongerera ubushobozi sisitemu kandi zishobora gushyirwaho nta gupfunyika. Hakoreshejwe imitwe ya Tri-Clamp, sisitemu zo gufunga zishobora gusenywa no kongera gushyirwaho byoroshye.
Ibikoresho bya Cherry-Burrell biri ku mazina y’ibirango “I-Line”, “S-Line” cyangwa “Q-Line” nabyo biraboneka ku buryo bworoshye bwo gusukura nk’inganda zikora ibiryo n’ibinyobwa.
Impera z'umuyoboro wagutse wo hanze (ETO) zemerera gusudira valve mu buryo bw'umurongo mu buryo bw'imiyoboro. Impera za ETO zigira ingano ijyanye n'umurambararo w'umuyoboro (umuyoboro) n'ubugari bw'urukuta. Uburebure bw'umuyoboro wagutse butuma imitwe y'umuyoboro wagutse ikomeza kandi bugatanga uburebure buhagije kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'agapfundikizo k'umubiri w'umuyoboro bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwo gusudira.
Vali z'umupira zikoreshwa cyane mu bikorwa bitewe n'uburyo zikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye. Vali z'umupira zifite ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko muke kandi ntizujuje ibisabwa byose ku vali z'inganda. Vali z'umupira zishobora gukoreshwa muri ibi bikurikira:
Byongeye kandi, igice cyo hagati cy'umugozi w'umupira kirakurwaho kugira ngo kibone kwinjira mu gice cyo hagati cy'umugozi, hanyuma kigashobora gusukurwa no/cyangwa gusigwa.
Gusukura amazi ni ingenzi kugira ngo sisitemu zo gutunganya ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima zigume ahantu hasukuye kandi hatanduye. Amazi asigaye nyuma yo gusukura aba ahantu ho gukurura bagiteri cyangwa izindi mikorobe, bigatuma habaho umutwaro udasanzwe kuri sisitemu. Ahantu amazi yirundanyije na ho hashobora kuba ahantu ho gutangiza ingese, bigatuma habaho ubwandu bwiyongereye kuri sisitemu. Igice cy’igishushanyo mbonera cy’amahame ya ASME/BPE gisaba igishushanyo mbonera kugira ngo kigabanye guhagarara, cyangwa ingano y’amazi asigaye muri sisitemu nyuma yo gusukura amazi irangiye.
Umwanya wapfuye mu buryo bw'imiyoboro usobanurwa nk'umuyoboro, umugozi, cyangwa uburebure bw'umuyoboro munini urenze ingano y'umurambararo w'umuyoboro (L) ugaragazwa mu kimenyetso cy'umuyoboro mukuru (D). Umwanya wapfuye ntukwiye kuko utanga ahantu ho gufatirwa hashobora kudashobora kugerwaho binyuze mu gusukura cyangwa gusukura, bigatuma ibicuruzwa byandura. Ku buryo bwo gutunganya imiyoboro ya bioprocessing, igipimo cya 2:1 L/D gishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bwa valve na piping.
Utwuma duto dukoreshwa mu kuzimya inkongi tw’umuriro twagenewe gukumira ikwirakwira ry’ibintu bishobora gushya mu gihe habayeho inkongi y’umuriro. Igishushanyo mbonera gikoresha icyuma gikingira inyuma kandi kidahindagurika kugira ngo hirindwe umuriro. Inganda zikora imiti n’ubwiza muri rusange zikunda utwuma duto dukoreshwa mu kuzimya inkongi mu buryo bwo gutanga inzoga.
Ibikoresho byemewe na FDA-USP23, Class VI birimo: PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F, PEEK na TFM.
TFM ni PTFE yahinduwe hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya icyuho kiri hagati ya PTFE gakondo na PFA ishongeshwa. TFM ishyirwa mu cyiciro cya PTFE nk'uko bivugwa muri ASTM D 4894 na ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5. Ugereranyije na PTFE gakondo, TFM ifite imiterere ikurikira:
Intebe zuzuyemo umwobo zigenewe gukumira kwirundanya kw'ibikoresho, iyo bifatiwe hagati y'umupira n'umwobo w'umubiri, bishobora gukomera cyangwa kubangamira imikorere myiza y'igice gifunga umwobo. Utwo tunyangingo tw'umupira dufite isuku nyinshi dukoreshwa mu gutanga umwobo ntidukwiye gukoresha ubu buryo bwo kwicaraho, kuko umwobo ushobora kwinjira munsi y'intebe ukaba ahantu ho gukura bagiteri. Kubera ubwo buryo bunini bwo kwicaraho, intebe zuzuyemo umwobo ziragoye gusukura neza zidasenyutse.
Valve z'umupira ziri mu cyiciro rusange cya "valve zizunguruka". Ku bijyanye no gukora mu buryo bwikora, hari ubwoko bubiri bwa actuators: pneumatic na electron. Actuators z'umwuka zikoresha piston cyangwa diaphragm bihujwe n'uburyo buzunguruka nk'aho ari rack na pinion kugira ngo bitange torque izenguruka. Actuators z'amashanyarazi muri rusange ni moteri z'ibikoresho kandi ziboneka mu buryo butandukanye bwa voltage n'amahitamo ajyanye na valves z'umupira. Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri iyi ngingo, reba "Uburyo bwo guhitamo Actuator y'actuator y'umupira" nyuma muri iyi nyandiko.
Valves z'umupira zifite impumuro nziza zishobora gusukurwa no gupfunyikwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa na BPE cyangwa Semiconductor (SemaSpec).
Isuku y'ibanze ikorwa hakoreshejwe sisitemu yo gusukura ya ultrasonic ikoresha reagent yemewe ya alkaline mu gusukura no gukuraho amavuta akonje, hamwe n'ifomula idafite ibisigazwa.
Ibice birimo umuvuduko bishyirwaho inomero y'ubushyuhe kandi biherekezwa n'icyemezo cy'isesengura gikwiye. Raporo y'ikizamini cy'imashini (MTR) yanditswe kuri buri ngano n'inomero y'ubushyuhe. Izi nyandiko zirimo:
Hari igihe abahanga mu by’imikorere bagomba guhitamo hagati y’udupira tw’umwuka cyangwa amashanyarazi kuri sisitemu zo kugenzura ibikorwa. Ubwoko bwombi bw’udupira bufite ibyiza kandi ni ingenzi kugira amakuru ahari kugira ngo bahitemo neza.
Inshingano ya mbere mu guhitamo ubwoko bwa actuator (pneumatic cyangwa amashanyarazi) ni ukumenya isoko y'amashanyarazi ikora neza kurusha izindi kuri actuator. Ingingo z'ingenzi zo gutekerezaho ni izi:
Imashini zikora cyane zikoresha umuvuduko w'umwuka uri hagati ya psi 40 na 120 (3 kugeza kuri 8 bar). Ubusanzwe, ingano yazo ni hagati ya psi 60 na 80 (4 kugeza kuri 6 bar). Umuvuduko mwinshi w'umwuka akenshi biragoye kwemeza, mu gihe umuvuduko muto w'umwuka usaba piston nini cyane cyangwa diaphragm kugira ngo hakorwe torque ikenewe.
Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikunze gukoreshwa bifite ingufu za VAC 110, ariko bishobora gukoreshwa na moteri zitandukanye za AC na DC, zaba imwe cyangwa eshatu.
Ingano y'ubushyuhe. Imashini zikoresha umwuka n'amashanyarazi zishobora gukoreshwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Ingano y'ubushyuhe isanzwe ku mashini zikoresha umwuka ni -4 kugeza 1740F (-20 kugeza 800C), ariko ishobora kongerwa kugeza kuri -40 kugeza 2500F (-40 kugeza 1210C) hamwe n'udupfundikizo, ibyuma n'amavuta byifashishwa mu gufunga. Niba ibikoresho byo kugenzura (amadirishya y'ingufu, valves za solenoid, nibindi) bikoreshejwe, bishobora kugereranywa n'ubushyuhe butandukanye n'ubw'imashini ikoresha umwuka, kandi ibi bigomba kwitabwaho mu bikorwa byose. Mu bikorwa by'ubushyuhe buke, ubwiza bw'umwuka ujyanye n'aho amazi anyura bugomba kwitabwaho. Ingano y'ikime ni ubushyuhe aho amazi anyura mu kirere. Ingano y'ikime ishobora gukonja no guhagarika umurongo w'umwuka, bigatuma mashini ikoresha umwuka idakora.
Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bifite ubushyuhe buri hagati ya -40 na 1500F (-40 na 650C). Iyo bikoreshejwe hanze, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bigomba gutandukanywa n'ibidukikije kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushuhe bwinjira mu mikorere y'imbere. Iyo ubushyuhe buvanywe mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe bushobora gukomeza kuba imbere, bushobora kuba bwarakusanyije amazi y'imvura mbere yo gushyirwaho. Nanone, kubera ko moteri ishyushya imbere mu nzu y'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi iyo irimo gukora kandi ikayikonjesha iyo idakora, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe rishobora gutuma ibidukikije "bihumeka" kandi bigashonga. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho byose by'amashanyarazi byo gukoreshwa hanze bigomba kuba bifite icyuma gishyushya.
Hari igihe bigorana gusobanura ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi mu bidukikije biteje akaga, ariko niba ibikoresho by’umwuka ufunze cyangwa ibikoresho by’umwuka bidashobora gutanga imiterere ikenewe mu mikorere, ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bifite aho bihurira bikwiye birashobora gukoreshwa.
Ishyirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Abakora Ingufu z'Amashanyarazi (NEMA) ryashyizeho amabwiriza agenga iyubakwa n'ishyirwaho ry'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi (n'ibindi bikoresho by'amashanyarazi) kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu bice biteje akaga. Amabwiriza ya NEMA VII ni aya akurikira:
Icyiciro cya VII cy’ahantu hateye akaga (Gazi cyangwa umwuka ushyushye) Yujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko y’igihugu agenga amashanyarazi; yujuje ibisabwa na Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe na lisansi, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane, propane, acetone, ikirere cya benzene, umwuka ushyushye wa lacquer na gaze karemano.
Inganda hafi ya zose zikora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi zifite amahitamo yo gukoresha verisiyo ikurikije NEMA VII y’umurongo wazo usanzwe w’ibicuruzwa.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bikoresha umwuka birwanya guturika. Iyo ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi bikoreshwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bikoresha umwuka mu bice biteje akaga, akenshi biba bihendutse kurusha ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi. Valve y'umupilote ikoreshwa na solenoid ishobora gushyirwa ahantu hatari akaga hanyuma igashyirwa kuri actuator. Guhindura imipaka - kugira ngo hamenyekane aho ibintu biri - bishobora gushyirwa mu bice bya NEMA VII. Umutekano w'ibikoresho bikoresha umwuka mu bice biteje akaga utuma biba amahitamo meza muri ubu buryo.
Isubira ry'impeshyi. Ikindi kintu cy'umutekano gikoreshwa cyane mu byuma bikoresha amashanyarazi mu nganda zikora ni uburyo bwo kugarura imvura mu mpeshyi (kunanirwa). Mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi cyangwa ikimenyetso, icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi mu mpeshyi gitera amashanyarazi mu mwanya wagenwe. Ubu ni uburyo ngiro kandi buhendutse ku byuma bikoresha amashanyarazi mu mpeshyi, kandi ni impamvu ikomeye ituma ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi mu mpeshyi bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zose.
Iyo isoko ridashobora gukoreshwa bitewe n'ingano cyangwa uburemere bw'icyuma gikoresha umwuka, cyangwa se iyo hashyizweho icyuma gikoresha umwuka inshuro ebyiri, hashobora gushyirwaho ikigega gikoresha umwuka kugira ngo kibike umuvuduko w'umwuka.