Yintoni ivalvu yebhola ecocekileyo kakhulu? Ivalvu yebhola ecocekileyo kakhulu sisixhobo sokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi esihlangabezana nemigangatho yoshishino yokucoceka kwezinto kunye noyilo. Iivalvu kwinkqubo yokucoceka okuphezulu zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimbini eziphambili zokusetyenziswa:
Ezi zisetyenziswa “kwiinkqubo zenkxaso” ezifana nokucoca umphunga wokucoca kunye nokulawula ubushushu. Kwishishini lamayeza, iivalvu zebhola azisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezinokudibana ngqo nemveliso yokugqibela.
Ithini imigangatho yeshishini leevalvu ezicocekileyo kakhulu? Ishishini lezemithi lifumana iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha iivalvu kwimithombo emibini:
I-ASME/BPE-1997 luxwebhu olutshintshayo oluchaza uyilo nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwishishini lamayeza. Lo mgangatho wenzelwe uyilo, izixhobo, ulwakhiwo, ukuhlolwa kunye nokuvavanywa kweenqanawa, imibhobho kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumene noko ezifana neempompo, iivalvu kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwishishini le-biopharmaceutical. Ngokuyintloko, olu xwebhu luthi, “…zonke izinto ezidibana nemveliso, izinto eziluhlaza okanye imveliso ephakathi ngexesha lokwenziwa, uphuhliso lwenkqubo okanye ukwandiswa… kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kwemveliso, njengamanzi okujova (i-WFI), umphunga ococekileyo, ukuhluzwa kakhulu, ukugcinwa kwemveliso ephakathi kunye ne-centrifuges.”
Namhlanje, eli shishini lixhomekeke kwi-ASME/BPE-1997 ukumisela uyilo lweevalvu zebhola zezicelo zoqhagamshelwano ezingezizo ezemveliso. Iindawo eziphambili ezigutyungelwe yinkcazo zezi:
Iivalvu ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zenkqubo ye-biopharmaceutical ziquka iivalvu zebhola, iivalvu ze-diaphragm, kunye neevalvu zokujonga. Olu xwebhu lobunjineli luza kuphelela kwingxoxo yeevalvu zebhola.
Ukuqinisekiswa yinkqubo yolawulo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso okanye ukwenziwa kwemveliso kuyenzeka kwakhona. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukulinganisa nokujonga izinto zenkqubo yoomatshini, ixesha lokwenziwa, ubushushu, uxinzelelo kunye nezinye iimeko. Nje ukuba inkqubo kunye neemveliso zaloo nkqubo ziqinisekiswe ukuba zinokuphindwa, zonke izinto kunye neemeko zithathwa njengeziqinisekisiweyo. Akukho tshintsho lunokwenziwa "kwiphakheji" yokugqibela (iinkqubo zenkqubo kunye neenkqubo) ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kwakhona.
Kukwakho nemiba enxulumene nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto. I-MTR (Ingxelo yoVavanyo lweZinto) yingxelo evela kumenzi we-cast obhala ukwakheka kwe-cast kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ivela kwinkqubo ethile ye-cast. Eli nqanaba lokulandeleka liyafuneka kuzo zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zokufakelwa kwezixhobo zemibhobho kumashishini amaninzi. Zonke iivalvu ezibonelelwa ngezicelo zamayeza kufuneka zibe ne-MTR eqhotyoshelweyo.
Abavelisi bezinto zesihlalo banikezela ngeengxelo zokwakheka kwezihlalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba izihlalo ziyathotyelwa yimigaqo ye-FDA. (Iklasi VI ye-FDA/USP) Izinto zesihlalo ezamkelekileyo ziquka i-PTFE, i-RTFE, i-Kel-F kunye ne-TFM.
I-Ultra High Purity (UHP) ligama elijolise ekugxininiseni imfuneko yobunyulu obuphezulu kakhulu. Eli ligama elisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimarike ye-semiconductor apho kufuneka inani elincinci lamasuntswana kumjelo wokuhamba kwamanzi. Iivalvu, imibhobho, izihluzi, kunye nezinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ekwakheni kwazo zihlala zihlangabezana neli nqanaba le-UHP xa zilungiswa, zipakishwa, kwaye ziphathwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
Ishishini le-semiconductor lifumana iinkcukacha zoyilo lweevalvu kwingqokelela yolwazi olulawulwa liqela le-SemaSpec. Ukuveliswa kwee-microchip wafers kufuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kakhulu kwimigangatho yokususa okanye ukunciphisa ungcoliseko oluvela kwiisuntswana, ukuphuma kwegesi kunye nokufuma.
Umgangatho weSemaSpec uchaza umthombo wokuveliswa kwee-particle, ubungakanani bee-particle, umthombo wegesi (ngokusebenzisa i-soft valve assembly), uvavanyo lokuvuza kwe-helium, kunye nokufuma ngaphakathi nangaphandle komda we-valve.
Iivalvu zebhola zibonakaliswe kakuhle kwezona zinto zinzima. Ezinye zezibonelelo eziphambili zolu yilo ziquka:
Ukupholisha ngoomatshini – Imiphezulu epholishayo, ii-welds kunye nemiphezulu esetyenziswayo ineempawu ezahlukeneyo zomphezulu xa ijongwa phantsi kweglasi ekhulisayo. Ukupholisha ngoomatshini kunciphisa zonke ii-ridges zomphezulu, imingxunya kunye nokwahluka kube buburhabaxa obufanayo.
Ukupholisha ngoomatshini kwenziwa kwizixhobo ezijikelezayo kusetyenziswa izinto zokuqhobosha ze-alumina. Ukupholisha ngoomatshini kunokufezwa ngezixhobo zesandla kwiindawo ezinkulu eziphezulu, ezifana nee-reactors kunye neenqanawa ezikhoyo, okanye ngezixhobo ezizenzekelayo zokubuyisela imibhobho okanye iindawo ezineetyhubhu. Uthotho lweepholisha zegrit lusetyenziswa ngokulandelelana okucokisekileyo de kufikelelwe ekugqityweni okufunwayo okanye uburhabaxa bomphezulu.
Ukucoca nge-electro kukususa izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwi-microscopic kumphezulu wesinyithi ngeendlela ze-electrochemical. Oku kubangela ukuba umphezulu ube tyaba okanye uthambile, xa ujongwa phantsi kweglasi ekhulisayo, ubonakale ungenamsebenzi.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo iyamelana nokugqwala ngokwemvelo ngenxa yomxholo wayo ophezulu we-chromium (ngesiqhelo i-16% nangaphezulu kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo). Ukucoca nge-electro kuphucula olu xhathiso lwendalo kuba inkqubo inyibilikisa isinyithi esingaphezulu (i-Fe) kune-chromium (Cr). Oku kushiya amanqanaba aphezulu e-chromium kumphezulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo. (passivation)
Isiphumo sayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokupolisha kukudala umphezulu "ogudileyo" ochazwa njengoburhabaxa obuqhelekileyo (Ra). Ngokwe-ASME/BPE; "Zonke iipolishi mazibonakaliswe kwi-Ra, ii-microinchs (m-in), okanye ii-micrometers (mm)."
Ubuthambileyo bomphezulu budla ngokulinganiswa ngeprofilometer, isixhobo esizenzekelayo esinengalo ejijekayo efana nestylus. I-stylus idlula kumphezulu wesinyithi ukuze kulinganiswe ukuphakama kwencochoyi kunye nobunzulu bentlambo. Ukuphakama okuphakathi kwencochoyi kunye nobunzulu bentlambo emva koko kubonakaliswa njenge-avareji yoburhabaxa, ebonakaliswa kwi-millionths ye-intshi okanye ii-microinches, ezibizwa ngokuba yiRa.
Ubudlelwane phakathi komphezulu ocoliweyo nocoliweyo, inani leenkozo ezirhabaxa kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu (ngaphambi nasemva kokupholisha nge-electro) buboniswe kwitheyibhile engezantsi. (Ukuze ufumane i-ASME/BPE derivation, jonga iTheyibhile SF-6 kolu xwebhu)
IiMicrometers ziyindlela eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu, kwaye inkqubo ye-metric ilingana nee-microinchs. I-microinch enye ilingana nee-micrometers ezingama-40. Umzekelo: Ukugqitywa okuchazwe njenge-0.4 microns Ra ilingana nee-16 micro inches Ra.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okungokwemvelo koyilo lweevalvu zebhola, ifumaneka ngokulula kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezihlalo, izitywino kunye nezixhobo zomzimba. Ke ngoko, iivalvu zebhola zenziwa ukuze ziphathe olu lwelo lulandelayo:
Ishishini le-biopharmaceutical likhetha ukufaka "iinkqubo ezivaliweyo" nanini na xa kunokwenzeka. Uqhagamshelo lwe-Extended Tube Outside Diameter (ETO) lufakwe kwi-intanethi ukuze kususwe ungcoliseko ngaphandle komda wevalvu/wepayipi kwaye kongezwe ukuqina kwenkqubo yepayipi. Iziphelo ze-Tri-Clamp (uqhagamshelo lwe-clamp olucocekileyo) zongeza ukuguquguquka kwinkqubo kwaye zingafakwa ngaphandle kokutywinwa. Ukusebenzisa iingcebiso ze-Tri-Clamp, iinkqubo zepayipi zinokuqhekeka kwaye ziphinde zilungiswe ngokulula.
Izixhobo zeCherry-Burrell phantsi kwamagama ophawu oluthi “I-Line”, “S-Line” okanye “Q-Line” nazo ziyafumaneka kwiinkqubo ezicocekileyo kakhulu ezifana nomzi-mveliso wokutya/wesiselo.
Iziphelo zeTube eyoluliweyo yangaphandle (ETO) zivumela ukuwelda kwevalvu ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yemibhobho. Iziphelo ze-ETO zinobukhulu obuhambelana nobubanzi benkqubo yombhobho (ipayipi) kunye nobukhulu bodonga. Ubude betyhubhu eyoluliweyo buvumela iintloko ze-orbital weld kwaye bubonelela ngobude obaneleyo ukuthintela umonakalo kwisitywina somzimba wevalvu ngenxa yobushushu bokuwelda.
Iivalvu zebhola zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo. Iivalvu zediaphragm zineenkonzo ezilinganiselweyo zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwaye azihlangabezani nayo yonke imigangatho yeevalvu zemizi-mveliso. Iivalvu zebhola zingasetyenziselwa oku kulandelayo:
Ukongeza, icandelo eliphakathi levalvu yebhola liyasuswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufikelela kwi-internal weld bead, enokucocwa kwaye/okanye ipholishwe.
Ukukhupha amanzi kubalulekile ukugcina iinkqubo ze-bioprocessing zikwimeko ecocekileyo nengenazintsholongwane. Ulwelo oluseleyo emva kokukhupha amanzi luba yindawo yokuhlala iintsholongwane okanye ezinye iintsholongwane, nto leyo edala umthwalo we-bioburden ongamkelekanga kwinkqubo. Iindawo apho ulwelo luqokelelana khona zinokuba ziindawo zokuqala ukubola, zongeza ungcoliseko olongezelelweyo kwinkqubo. Inxalenye yoyilo lomgangatho we-ASME/BPE ifuna uyilo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukubanjwa, okanye ubungakanani bolwelo olusele kwinkqubo emva kokuba kugqityiwe ukukhupha amanzi.
Indawo efileyo kwinkqubo yemibhobho ichazwa njengomngxuma, i-tee, okanye ulwandiso oluvela kumbhobho ophambili odlula ubungakanani bobubanzi bepayipi (L) obuchazwe kwi-ID yombhobho oyintloko (D). Indawo efileyo ayifuneki kuba ibonelela ngendawo yokubamba engenakufikeleleka ngokucoca okanye ukucoca, nto leyo ebangela ungcoliseko lwemveliso. Kwiinkqubo zemibhobho ye-bioprocessing, umlinganiselo we-2:1 L/D unokufezekiswa ngobuninzi be-valve kunye ne-piping configurations.
Ii-dampers zomlilo zenzelwe ukuthintela ukusasazeka kolwelo oluvuthayo xa kukho umlilo oqhubekayo. Uyilo lusebenzisa isihlalo sangasemva sesinyithi kunye ne-anti-static ukuthintela ukutsha. Amashishini e-biopharmaceutical kunye ne-cosmetic akhetha ii-dampers zomlilo kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa utywala.
Izixhobo zesihlalo sevalvu yebhola ezivunyiweyo yi-FDA-USP23, ziquka: i-PTFE, i-RTFE, i-Kel-F, i-PEEK kunye ne-TFM.
I-TFM yi-PTFE eguqulwe ngokweekhemikhali evala umsantsa phakathi kwe-PTFE yendabuko kunye ne-PFA enyibilikayo. I-TFM ihlelwa njenge-PTFE ngokwe-ASTM D 4894 kunye ne-ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5. Xa ithelekiswa ne-PTFE yendabuko, i-TFM ineempawu ezilandelayo eziphuculweyo:
Izitulo ezizaliswe yimingxunya zenzelwe ukuthintela ukuqokelelana kwezinto ezinokuthi, xa zibambeke phakathi kwebhola kunye nomngxunya womzimba, ziqine okanye zithintele ukusebenza kakuhle kwelungu lokuvala ivalvu. Iivalvu zebhola ezicocekileyo kakhulu ezisetyenziswa kwinkonzo yomphunga akufuneki zisebenzise olu lungiselelo lwesihlalo olukhethiweyo, njengoko umphunga ungangena phantsi komphezulu wesihlalo kwaye ube yindawo yokukhula kweebhaktheriya. Ngenxa yale ndawo yokuhlala inkulu, izitulo ezizalisa imingxunya kunzima ukuzicoca ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuziqhekeza.
Iivalvu zebhola ziphantsi kodidi oluqhelekileyo "lweevalvu ezijikelezayo". Ukuze zisebenze ngokuzenzekelayo, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zee-actuators ezikhoyo: umoya kunye nombane. Ii-actuators ze-pneumatic zisebenzisa i-piston okanye i-diaphragm eqhagamshelwe kwindlela ejikelezayo efana ne-rack kunye ne-pinion arrangement ukubonelela nge-torque yokukhupha ejikelezayo. Ii-actuators zombane ngokuyintloko zii-gear motors kwaye ziyafumaneka kwii-voltage ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokulungelelanisa iivalvu zebhola. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya ngalo mba, jonga "Indlela yokukhetha i-Ball Valve Actuator" kamva kule ncwadi yemiyalelo.
Iivalvu zeBhola eziPhucukileyo kakhulu zinokucocwa kwaye zipakishwe ngokweemfuno ze-BPE okanye ze-Semiconductor (SemaSpec).
Ukucoca okusisiseko kwenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokucoca nge-ultrasonic esebenzisa i-reagent ye-alkaline evunyiweyo yokucoca nokubanda kunye nokususa amafutha, kunye nefomyula engenantsalela.
Iindawo eziqulathe uxinzelelo ziphawulwe ngenombolo yobushushu kwaye zihamba nesatifikethi esifanelekileyo sohlalutyo. Ingxelo yoVavanyo lweMill (MTR) irekhodwa kubungakanani ngabunye kunye nenombolo yobushushu. La maxwebhu aquka:
Ngamanye amaxesha iinjineli zeenkqubo kufuneka zikhethe phakathi kweevalvu zomoya okanye zombane kwiinkqubo zolawulo lweenkqubo. Zombini iintlobo ze-actuators zineengenelo kwaye kubalulekile ukuba nedatha ekhoyo ukuze wenze ukhetho olufanelekileyo.
Umsebenzi wokuqala ekukhetheni uhlobo lwe-actuator (i-pneumatic okanye yombane) kukufumanisa umthombo wamandla osebenzayo we-actuator. Amanqaku aphambili ekufuneka aqwalaselwe ngala:
Ii-actuators ezisebenzayo ze-pneumatic zisebenzisa unikezelo loxinzelelo lomoya oluyi-40 ukuya kwi-120 psi (3 ukuya kwi-8 bar). Ngokwesiqhelo, zilingana noxinzelelo lonikezelo oluyi-60 ukuya kwi-80 psi (4 ukuya kwi-6 bar). Uxinzelelo lomoya oluphezulu ludla ngokuba nzima ukuqinisekisa, ngelixa uxinzelelo lomoya oluphantsi lufuna ii-piston ezinkulu kakhulu okanye ii-diaphragms ukuvelisa i-torque efunekayo.
Ii-actuator zombane zihlala zisetyenziswa ngamandla e-110 VAC, kodwa zingasetyenziswa neemoto ezahlukeneyo ze-AC kunye ne-DC, zombini ezinesigaba esinye kunye nesesithathu.
Uluhlu lobushushu. Zombini ii-actuators zomoya kunye nezombane zingasetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu. Uluhlu lobushushu oluqhelekileyo lwee-actuators zomoya yi--4 ukuya kwi-1740F (-20 ukuya kwi-800C), kodwa lunokwandiswa ukuya kwi--40 ukuya kwi-2500F (-40 ukuya kwi-1210C) ngee-seals ezikhethiweyo, iibheringi kunye neegrisi. Ukuba kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokulawula (ii-limit switches, ii-solenoid valves, njl.njl.), zinokulinganiswa ubushushu ngendlela eyahlukileyo kune-actuator, kwaye oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kuzo zonke izicelo. Kwizicelo zobushushu obuphantsi, umgangatho wonikezelo lomoya ngokunxulumene nendawo yombethe kufuneka uqwalaselwe. I-dew point bubushushu apho ukufuma kwenzeka khona emoyeni. Ukufuma kunokuqandisa kwaye kuthintele umgca wonikezelo lomoya, kuthintele i-actuator ukuba isebenze.
Ii-actuator zombane zinomlinganiselo wobushushu ophakathi kwe -40 ukuya kwi-1500F (-40 ukuya kwi-650C). Xa zisetyenziswa ngaphandle, i-actuator yombane kufuneka yahlulwe kwindawo engqongileyo ukuthintela ukufuma ukuba kungangeni kwindawo yokusebenza yangaphakathi. Ukuba ukufuma kutsalwa kumjelo wamandla, ukufuma kusenokwenzaka ngaphakathi, okusenokuba kuqokelele amanzi emvula ngaphambi kokufakwa. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba injini ifudumeza ngaphakathi kwendlu ye-actuator xa isebenza kwaye iyipholise xa ingasebenzi, ukuguquguquka kobushushu kunokubangela ukuba indawo engqongileyo "iphefumle" kwaye iqine. Ke ngoko, zonke ii-actuator zombane zokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kufuneka zixhotyiswe nge-heater.
Ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuthethelela ukusetyenziswa kwee-actuators zombane kwiindawo ezinobungozi, kodwa ukuba ii-actuators zomoya ocinezelweyo okanye ze-pneumatic azikwazi ukubonelela ngeempawu zokusebenza ezifunekayo, ii-actuators zombane ezineendawo ezifanelekileyo zokubeka umbane zingasetyenziswa.
I-National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) imisele izikhokelo zokwakha nokufakela ii-actuators zombane (kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane) ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezinobungozi. Izikhokelo ze-NEMA VII zezi zilandelayo:
I-VII Indawo Enobungozi Udidi I (Igesi Eqhumayo okanye Umphunga) Ihlangabezana neKhowudi yoMbane yeSizwe yezicelo; ihlangabezana nemigaqo ye-Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. yokusetyenziswa nepetroli, i-hexane, i-naphtha, i-benzene, i-butane, i-propane, i-acetone, i-atmospheres ye-benzene, umphunga we-lacquer solvent kunye negesi yendalo.
Phantse bonke abavelisi be-actuator yombane banokukhetha uhlobo oluhambelana ne-NEMA VII lomgca wabo wemveliso oqhelekileyo.
Kwelinye icala, ii-actuators zomoya azinabungozi ekuqhumeni. Xa ulawulo lombane lusetyenziswa kunye nee-actuators zomoya kwiindawo ezinobungozi, zihlala zibiza kakhulu kunee-actuators zombane. Ivalvu yovavanyo esebenza nge-solenoid ingafakwa kwindawo engenabungozi kwaye ifakwe kwi-actuator. Iiswitshi ezilinganiselweyo - zokubonisa indawo - zingafakwa kwiindawo ezibiyelweyo ze-NEMA VII. Ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lwee-actuators zomoya kwiindawo ezinobungozi lubenza babe lukhetho olusebenzayo kwezi zicelo.
Ukubuya kwentwasahlobo. Esinye isixhobo sokhuseleko esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwii-actuators zevalvu kushishino lwenkqubo lukhetho lwe-spring return (fail safe). Kwimeko yokusilela kwamandla okanye isignali, i-spring return actuator iqhuba ivalvu kwindawo ekhuselekileyo emiselweyo. Olu lukhetho olusebenzayo nolungabizi kakhulu kwii-actuators ze-pneumatic, kwaye sisizathu esikhulu sokuba ii-actuators ze-pneumatic zisetyenziswe kakhulu kulo lonke eli shishini.
Ukuba ispring ayinakusetyenziswa ngenxa yobukhulu okanye ubunzima be-actuator, okanye ukuba kufakwe iyunithi yokusebenza kabini, itanki ye-accumulator ingafakwa ukugcina uxinzelelo lomoya.