Chii chinonzi vharuvhu yebhora ine kuchena kwakanyanya? Vharuvhu yebhora ine kuchena kwakanyanya chishandiso chinodzora kuyerera kwemvura chinosangana nezvinodiwa zveindasitiri zvekuchena kwezvinhu uye dhizaini. Mavharuvhu ari mukuita kwekuchena kwakanyanya anoshandiswa muminda miviri mikuru yekushandiswa:
Izvi zvinoshandiswa mu "masisitimu ekutsigira" akadai sekugadzirisa utsi hwekuchenesa hwekuchenesa uye kudzora tembiricha. Muindasitiri yemishonga, mavharuvhu ebhora haamboshandiswi mukushandiswa kana maitiro anogona kusangana zvakananga nechigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
Ndeipi mwero weindasitiri yemavharuvhu ekuchena kwakanyanya? Indasitiri yemishonga inowana zvinodiwa zvekusarudza mavharuvhu kubva kuzvinhu zviviri:
ASME/BPE-1997 igwaro rinoshanduka-shanduka rinobata dhizaini nekushandiswa kwemidziyo muindasitiri yemishonga. Iyi chiyero yakagadzirirwa dhizaini, zvinhu, kuvaka, kuongorora uye kuyedza midziyo, mapaipi nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvakaita semapombi, mavharuvhu uye zvigadziko zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yemishonga yemhuka. Chaizvoizvo, gwaro iri rinoti, "...zvinhu zvese zvinosangana nechigadzirwa, zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa kana chigadzirwa chiri pakati nepakati panguva yekugadzira, kugadzira maitiro kana kuwedzera... uye chikamu chakakosha chekugadzira chigadzirwa, senge mvura yekubaya (WFI), Clean steam, ultrafiltration, kuchengetwa kwechigadzirwa chepakati uye centrifuges."
Nhasi, indasitiri iyi inoshandisa ASME/BPE-1997 kuti isarudze magadzirirwo emavharuvhu ebhora ekushandisa zvinhu zvisiri zvechigadzirwa. Nzvimbo dzakakosha dzinofukidzwa nezvinodiwa ndeidzi:
Mavharuvhu anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu biopharmaceutical process systems anosanganisira mavharuvhu ebhora, mavharuvhu ediaphragm, uye mavharuvhu ekutarisa. Gwaro iri reinjiniya richangogumira pakukurukura nezvemavharuvhu ebhora.
Kusimbisa inzira yekutonga yakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chakagadziriswa kana fomura inodzokororwa. Chirongwa ichi chinoratidza kuyera nekutarisa zvikamu zvemakemikari, nguva yekugadzira, tembiricha, kumanikidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu. Kana sisitimu nezvigadzirwa zvesisitimu iyoyo zvaratidzwa kuti zvinodzokororwa, zvikamu zvese nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinoonekwa sezvakasimbiswa. Hapana shanduko dzinogona kuitwa ku "pakeji" yekupedzisira (masisitimu ekugadzirisa nemaitiro) pasina kusimbiswazve.
Kunewo nyaya dzine chekuita nekusimbiswa kwezvinhu. MTR (Material Test Report) chirevo chinobva kumugadziri wekugadzira zvinhu chinonyora kuumbwa kwechinhu chakakandwa uye chinosimbisa kuti chakabva pakurongwa kwacho kwakaitwa. Kutevedzana uku kunodiwa mukuisa zvikamu zvakakosha zvepombi mumaindasitiri akawanda. Mavharuvhu ese anopihwa mishonga anofanirwa kunge akabatanidzwa neMTR.
Vagadziri vezvigaro vanopa mishumo yezvakagadzirwa kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti zvigaro zvinotevedzera mitemo yeFDA. (FDA/USP Kirasi VI) Zvigaro zvinogamuchirwa zvinosanganisira PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F neTFM.
Kuchena Kwakanyanya (UHP) izwi rinonyanya kushandiswa kusimbisa kudiwa kwekuchena kwakanyanya. Iri izwi rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumusika wema semiconductor uko huwandu hushoma hwezvidimbu murwizi rwekuyerera hunodiwa. Mavharuvhu, mapaipi, mafirita, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa mukuvaka kwavo zvinowanzo sangana nedanho iri reUHP kana zvagadzirwa, zvakarongedzwa, uye zvichibatwa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Indasitiri ye semiconductor inowana zvirevo zvemagadzirirwo emavharuvhu kubva muunganidzwa weruzivo rwunotungamirwa neboka reSemaSpec. Kugadzirwa kwema microchip wafers kunoda kutevedzera zvakanyanya mitemo yekubvisa kana kuderedza kusvibiswa kunobva muzvidimbu, mweya unobuda uye hunyoro.
Muyero weSemaSpec unotsanangura kwakabva tumapundu, saizi yemapundu, kwakabva gasi (kuburikidza nekubatanidza mavharuvhu akapfava), kuyedzwa kwekubuda kwehelium, uye hunyoro mukati nekunze kwemuganhu wemavharuvhu.
Mavharuvhu ebhora anoratidzwa zvakanaka mukushandiswa kwakaoma. Mamwe emabhenefiti akakosha edhizaini iyi anosanganisira:
Kupukuta Nemichina - Nzvimbo dzakaposhwa, welds uye nzvimbo dziri kushandiswa dzine hunhu hwakasiyana padzinoonekwa pasi pegirazi rinokudza. Kupukuta nemichina kunoderedza mativi ese epamusoro, makomba uye kusiyana kwenzvimbo kusvika pakukora kwakafanana.
Kupukuta kwemuchina kunoitwa pamidziyo inotenderera uchishandisa alumina abrasives. Kupukuta kwemuchina kunogona kuitwa nekushandisa maturusi emaoko panzvimbo dzakakura, dzakadai sema reactors nemidziyo iripo, kana ne otomatiki reciprocators dzemapaipi kana zvikamu zve tubular. Kupukuta kwegrit kwakatevedzana kunoiswa muzvikamu zvakatevedzana zvakatetepa kusvika pakupera kwaunoda kana kuti kuomarara kwenzvimbo kwawanikwa.
Kuchenesa nemagetsi (electropolishing) kubvisa zvinhu zvisina kunaka kubva pamusoro pesimbi uchishandisa nzira dzemagetsi. Izvi zvinoita kuti pamusoro pacho pave patetepa kana kuti patetepa zvekuti, kana uchiona pasi pegirazi rinokudza zvinhu, zvinoita sepasina chinhu.
Simbi isina ngura inodzivirirwa nengura nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwakawanda hwechromium (kazhinji 16% kana kupfuura musimbi isina ngura). Kugadzira electropolishing kunowedzera kusimba kwesimba iri nekuti maitiro acho anonyungudutsa simbi yakawanda (Fe) kupfuura chromium (Cr). Izvi zvinosiya huwandu hwakawanda hwechromium pamusoro pesimbi isina ngura. (passivation)
Mhedzisiro yechero nzira yekupukuta ndeyekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo "yakatsetseka" inotsanangurwa seavhareji yekukombama (Ra). Sekureva kweASME/BPE; "Mapolishi ese anofanira kuratidzwa muRa, microinches (m-in), kana micrometers (mm)."
Kutsetseka kwepamusoro kunowanzo kuyerwa neprofilometer, chishandiso chinozviitisa otomatiki chine ruoko runodzokororwa rwakafanana nepenzura. Penzura inopfuudzwa nepamusoro pesimbi kuti ione hurefu hwepamusoro uye kudzika kwemupata. Avhareji yehurefu hwepamusoro uye kudzika kwemupata zvinozoratidzwa seavhareji yehukukutu, inoratidzwa muzvikamu zvemamiriyoni zve inchi kana microinches, zvinowanzozivikanwa seRa.
Hukama huripo pakati penzvimbo yakakweshwa neyakakweshwa, huwandu hwezvimedu zvinokwesha uye kuomarara kwenzvimbo (pamberi uye mushure mekukwesha kwemagetsi) hunoratidzwa mutafura iri pazasi. (Kuti uwane ASME/BPE derivation, ona Tafura SF-6 mugwaro iri)
Ma micrometers ndiwo mwero weEurope, uye metric system yakaenzana nema microinches. Microinch imwe chete yakaenzana nema micrometers angangoita makumi mana. Muenzaniso: Kupedzisa kwakataurwa se 0.4 microns Ra yakaenzana nema micro inches gumi nematanhatu Ra.
Nekuda kwekuchinjika kwekugadzirwa kwemavharuvhu ebhora, anowanikwa zviri nyore muzvigaro zvakasiyana-siyana, zvisimbiso uye zvinhu zvemuviri. Nokudaro, mavharuvhu ebhora anogadzirwa kuti ashande mvura dzinotevera:
Indasitiri yemishonga yemhuka inosarudza kuisa "masisitimu akavharwa" pese pazvinogoneka. Kubatanidza Tube Kunze kweDiameter (ETO) kwakasungirirwa mumutsara kuti kubvise kusvibiswa kunze kwemuganhu wevharuvhu/pombi uye kuwedzera kuomarara kune sisitimu yepombi. Migumo yeTri-Clamp (kubatana kweclamp yehutsanana) inowedzera kuchinjika kune sisitimu uye inogona kuiswa pasina kusungirirwa. Uchishandisa matipi eTri-Clamp, masisitimu epombi anogona kuparadzaniswa uye kugadziriswazve zviri nyore.
Zvishandiso zveCherry-Burrell pasi pemazita ekuti “I-Line”, “S-Line” kana “Q-Line” zviripowo kune masisitimu ekuchena kwakanyanya akadai seindasitiri yechikafu/chinwiwa.
Migumo yeTubhu Yakatambanudzwa Kunze (ETO) inobvumira kusungirirwa kwevharuvhu muhurongwa hwemapaipi. Migumo yeETO yakakura kuti ienderane nedhayamita yehurongwa hwepaipi (pipe) uye ukobvu hwemadziro. Kureba kwetubhu kwakatambanudzwa kunogamuchira misoro yeweld inotenderera uye kunopa hurefu hwakakwana kudzivirira kukuvara kwechisimbiso chemuviri wevharuvhu nekuda kwekupisa kwekusungirirwa.
Mavharuvhu ebhora anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuita basa nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwakasiyana-siyana. Mavharuvhu ediaphragm ane tembiricha shoma uye kumanikidzwa kushoma uye haasviki padanho rese remavharuvhu emaindasitiri. Mavharuvhu ebhora anogona kushandiswa kune:
Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chepakati chevharuvhu yebhora chinobviswa kuti chibvumire kupinda mukati me weld bead, iyo inogona kucheneswa uye/kana kupukutwa.
Kudhonza mvura kwakakosha kuti masisitimu ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvipenyu arambe akachena uye asina tsvina. Mvura inosara mushure mekudhonza inova nzvimbo yekuungana kwemabhakitiriya kana mamwe mabhakitiriya, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvisave zvakanaka pasisitimu. Nzvimbo dzinoungana mvura dzinogonawo kuva nzvimbo dzekutanga ngura, zvichiwedzera kusvibiswa kusisitimu. Chikamu chekugadzira cheASME/BPE standard chinoda dhizaini kuderedza kubatwa, kana kuti huwandu hwemvura inosara musisitimu mushure mekudhonza mvura hwapera.
Nzvimbo isina chinhu muhurongwa hwemapaipi inotsanangurwa segomba, tee, kana kuwedzera kubva pakuyerera kwepombi huru kunopfuura huwandu hwedhayamita yepombi (L) yakatsanangurwa muID yepombi huru (D). Nzvimbo isina chinhu haidiwi nekuti inopa nzvimbo yekuvharira inogona kusasvikika kuburikidza nekuchenesa kana kushambidza, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwechigadzirwa. Kune masisitimu emapaipi ekugadzirisa zvinhu, chiyero che2:1 L/D chinogona kuwanikwa nehurongwa hwakawanda hwemavharuvhu nemapaipi.
Madhambi emoto akagadzirwa kudzivirira kupararira kwemvura inobvira kana paine moto. Dhizaini yacho inoshandisa chigaro chesimbi chekumashure uye anti-static kudzivirira kupisa. Maindasitiri emishonga yemhuka uye ezvekushongedza anowanzo sarudza madhambi emoto mumasisitimu ekutumira doro.
Zvigaro zvemavharuvhu ebhora zvakatenderwa neFDA-USP23, Class VI zvinosanganisira: PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F, PEEK neTFM.
TFM iPTFE yakagadziriswa nemakemikari inovhara musiyano uripo pakati pePTFE yechinyakare nePFA inonyungudika. TFM inoiswa muchikamu chePTFE zvichienderana neASTM D 4894 uye ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5. Kana ichienzaniswa nePTFE yechinyakare, TFM ine zvinhu zvinotevera zvakawedzerwa:
Zvigaro zvakazadzwa negomba zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kuungana kwezvinhu izvo, kana zvakavharirwa pakati pebhora negomba remuviri, zvinogona kuomesa kana kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwechikamu chekuvhara vharuvhu. Mavharuvhu ebhora akachena zvakanyanya anoshandiswa mukushandira simbi haafanire kushandisa chigaro ichi, sezvo simbi inogona kupinda pasi pechigaro yova nzvimbo yekukura kwebhakitiriya. Nekuda kwenzvimbo iyi yakakura yekugara, zvigaro zvinozadza gomba zvakaoma kucheneswa zvakanaka pasina kuputswa.
Mavharuvhu ebhora ari muboka re "rotary valves". Pakushanda otomatiki, kune mhando mbiri dzeactuators: pneumatic nemagetsi. Ma actuators epneumatic anoshandisa piston kana diaphragm yakabatana nechinhu chinotenderera chakadai se rack ne pinion arrangement kuti ipe rotational output torque. Ma actuators emagetsi ndiwo magiya motors uye anowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevoltages uye sarudzo dzinoenderana nemavharuvhu ebhora. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezvenyaya iyi, ona "Maitiro Ekusarudza Ball Valve Actuator" gare gare mubhuku rino.
Mavharuvhu eHigh Purity Ball anogona kucheneswa uye kurongedzwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neBPE kana Semiconductor (SemaSpec).
Kuchenesa kwekutanga kunoitwa uchishandisa sisitimu yekuchenesa ye ultrasonic inoshandisa reagent yealkaline inotenderwa yekuchenesa nekubvisa mafuta muchando, nefomura isina masara.
Zvikamu zvine kumanikidzwa zvinoratidzwa nenhamba yekupisa uye zvinoperekedzwa nechitupa chakakodzera chekuongorora. Mushumo weMill Test Report (MTR) unonyorwa pahukuru hwega hwega nenhamba yekupisa. Magwaro aya anosanganisira:
Dzimwe nguva mainjiniya ekugadzirisa zvinhu vanofanira kusarudza pakati pemavharuvhu emhepo kana emagetsi ekugadzirisa maitiro. Mhando dzese dzemaactuator dzine zvadzinobatsira uye zvakakosha kuva nedata riripo kuti uite sarudzo yakanakisisa.
Basa rekutanga pakusarudza rudzi rweactuator (pneumatic kana electric) nderekuona sosi yemagetsi inoshanda zvakanyanya yeactuator. Pfungwa huru dzekufunga nezvadzo ndedzinotevera:
Ma actuator anoshanda zvakanyanya anoshandisa mweya unopihwa simba re40 kusvika 120 psi (3 kusvika 8 bar). Kazhinji, anogadzirwa saizi yekumanikidzwa kwesimba re60 kusvika 80 psi (4 kusvika 6 bar). Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwakakwirira kunowanzo kuve kwakaoma kuvimbisa, nepo kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwakaderera kuchida mapiston makuru kana diaphragms kuti agadzire torque inodiwa.
Ma actuator emagetsi anowanzo shandiswa ne 110 VAC power, asi anogona kushandiswa ne AC ne DC motors dzakasiyana-siyana, dzese dziri single nethree-phase.
tembiricha yekupisa. Zvese zviri zviviri zvinoshandisa mweya nemagetsi zvinogona kushandiswa patembiricha yakakura. Tembiricha yekupisa yezvinoshandisa mweya ndeye -4 kusvika 1740F (-20 kusvika 800C), asi inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika -40 kusvika 2500F (-40 kusvika 1210C) nezvinosungirwa, mabheringi nemagirisi. Kana zvishandiso zvekudzora (limit switches, solenoid valves, nezvimwewo) zvikashandiswa, zvinogona kuenzaniswa netembiricha yekupisa zvakasiyana neactuator, uye izvi zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo mune zvese zvinoshandiswa. Mukushandiswa kwetembiricha yakaderera, mhando yemhepo maererano nenzvimbo yedova inofanira kufungwa nezvayo. Dew point ndiyo tembiricha iyo condensation inoitika mumhepo. Condensation inogona kuoma nechando uye kuvharira tambo yemhepo, ichidzivirira actuator kuti isashande.
Ma actuator emagetsi ane tembiricha iri pakati pe -40 kusvika 1500F (-40 kusvika 650C). Kana achishandiswa panze, actuator yemagetsi inofanira kuparadzaniswa nenzvimbo yekunze kudzivirira hunyoro kuti husapinde mukati mekushanda. Kana kunyungudika kukatorwa kubva mugomba remagetsi, kunyungudika kunogona kuenderera mberi mukati, uko kungave kwakaunganidza mvura yemvura isati yaiswa. Zvakare, nekuti mota inodziya mukati meimba ye actuator painenge ichimhanya uye ichitonhodza painenge isiri kumhanya, kushanduka kwetembiricha kunogona kukonzera kuti nzvimbo yekunze "ifeme" uye ipfave. Saka, ma actuator ese emagetsi ekushandisa panze anofanira kunge aine hita.
Dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kutsanangura kushandiswa kwemagetsi munzvimbo dzine njodzi, asi kana mhepo yakamanikidzwa kana mamhepo asingakwanise kupa hunhu hunodiwa hwekushanda, mamagetsi ane dzimba dzakarongwa zvakanaka anogona kushandiswa.
Sangano reNational Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) rakagadzira gwara rekuvaka nekuisa ma actuator emagetsi (nezvimwe zvishandiso zvemagetsi) kuti zvishandiswe munzvimbo dzine njodzi. Gwaro reNEMA VII nderinotevera:
VII Nzvimbo Ine Ngozi Kirasi I (Gasi Rinoputika kana Utsi) Inosangana neNational Electrical Code yekushandiswa; inosangana nezvinodiwa neUnderwriters' Laboratories, Inc. kuti ishandiswe nepeturu, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane, propane, acetone, Atmospheres yebenzene, lacquer solvent vapors uye natural gas.
Vagadziri vemagetsi vanenge vese vane sarudzo yemhando yezvigadzirwa zvavo zvinoenderana neNEMA VII.
Kune rumwe rutivi, ma actuator emhepo haaputike. Kana ma control emagetsi achishandiswa nema actuator emhepo munzvimbo dzine njodzi, anowanzo shanda zvakanyanya kupfuura ma actuator emagetsi. Vharuvhu yemuchina wekufambisa inofambiswa ne solenoid inogona kuiswa munzvimbo isina njodzi uye inoiswa paipi kuenda ku actuator. Ma switch emuganhu - ekuratidza nzvimbo - anogona kuiswa muNEMA VII enclosures. Kuchengetedzeka kwepneumatic actuators munzvimbo dzine njodzi kunoita kuti ive sarudzo inoshanda mukushandiswa uku.
Kudzoka kwechitubu. Chimwe chinhu chekuchengetedza chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumavharuvhu actuators muindasitiri yeprocess isarudzo yekudzoka kwechitubu (kusagadzikana). Kana simba kana chiratidzo chikakundikana, actuator yekudzoka kwechitubu inotyaira vharuvhu panzvimbo yakachengeteka yakatarwa. Iyi isarudzo inoshanda uye isingadhuri yemaactuator epneumatic, uye chikonzero chikuru nei maactuator epneumatic achishandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yese.
Kana chitubu chisingagoni kushandiswa nekuda kwehukuru kana huremu hwechishandiso, kana kuti kana paine double acting unit yakaiswa, tangi rekuunganidza simba rinogona kuiswa kuchengetedza mweya.