He aha te takirere pōro parakore teitei? Ko te Takirere Pōro Parakore Teitei he taputapu whakahaere rere e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ahumahi mō te parakore o ngā rauemi me te hoahoa. E whakamahia ana ngā takirere i roto i te tukanga parakore teitei i roto i ngā mara tono matua e rua:
Ka whakamahia ēnei i roto i ngā "pūnaha tautoko" pērā i te tukatuka i te mamaoa horoi hei horoi me te whakahaere pāmahana. I roto i te umanga rongoā, kāore ngā takirere pōro e whakamahia i roto i ngā tono, i ngā tukanga rānei ka pā tika atu ki te hua whakamutunga.
He aha te paerewa ahumahi mō ngā takirere parakore teitei? E rua ngā pūtake e ahu mai ana i te umanga rongoā ngā paearu whiriwhiri takirere:
Ko te ASME/BPE-1997 he tuhinga paerewa e whanake haere ana e kapi ana i te hoahoa me te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu i roto i te umanga rongoā. Ko tēnei paerewa he mea hanga mō te hoahoa, ngā rauemi, te hanga, te tirotiro me te whakamātautau i ngā oko, ngā paipa me ngā taputapu e pā ana pērā i ngā papu, ngā takirere me ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga rongoā koiora. Ko te tikanga, e kī ana te tuhinga, "...ngā wāhanga katoa e pā ana ki tētahi hua, rauemi mata, takawaenga hua rānei i te wā e hanga ana, e whakawhanake ana i te tukanga, e whakanui ana rānei...ā, he wāhanga nui o te hanga hua, pērā i te wai werohanga (WFI), te mamaoa ma, te tātaritanga ultra, te rokiroki hua takawaenga me ngā centrifuges."
I ēnei rā, e whakawhirinaki ana te umanga ki te ASME/BPE-1997 hei whakatau i ngā hoahoa takirere pōro mō ngā tono kore-pa atu hua. Ko ngā wāhanga matua e hipokina ana e te whakatakotoranga ko:
Ko ngā takirere e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha tukanga koiora-rongoā ko ngā takirere pōro, ngā takirere diaphragm, me ngā takirere tirotiro. Ka whakawhāitihia tēnei tuhinga hangarau ki tētahi matapakinga mō ngā takirere pōro.
Ko te whakamana he tukanga whakahaere i hangaia hei whakarite i te āheinga ki te tāruarua i tētahi hua tukatuka, i tētahi hanganga rānei. E tohu ana te kaupapa ki te ine me te aroturuki i ngā wāhanga tukanga miihini, te wā hanganga, te pāmahana, te pēhanga me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Kia whakamātauhia he pūnaha me ngā hua o taua pūnaha ka taea te tāruarua, ka kiia ngā wāhanga me ngā āhuatanga katoa kua whakamanahia. Kāore e taea te hanga huringa ki te "mōkihi" whakamutunga (ngā pūnaha tukanga me ngā tukanga) me te kore he whakamana anō.
Kei reira anō hoki ngā take e pā ana ki te manatoko rauemi. Ko te MTR (Ripoata Whakamātautau Rauemi) he kōrero mai i tētahi kaihanga whakarewa e tuhi ana i te hanganga o te whakarewa, ā, e manatoko ana i ahu mai i tētahi oma motuhake i roto i te tukanga whakarewa. He mea hiahia tēnei taumata o te whai i ngā whakaurunga wāhanga paipa nui katoa puta noa i te maha o ngā ahumahi. Me whai MTR ngā takirere katoa e tukuna ana mō ngā tono rongoā.
Ka whakaratohia e ngā kaihanga rauemi nohoanga ngā pūrongo hanganga hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga o ngā nohoanga ki ngā aratohu a te FDA. (FDA/USP Akomanga VI) Ko ngā rauemi nohoanga e whakaaetia ana ko te PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F me te TFM.
Ko te Ultra High Purity (UHP) he kupu e aro ana ki te hiahia mō te tino parakore. He kupu tēnei e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te mākete semiconductor e hiahiatia ana te iti rawa o ngā matūriki i roto i te awa rere. Ko ngā takirere, ngā paipa, ngā tātari, me te maha o ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i tō rātou hanganga ka tutuki i tēnei taumata UHP ina whakaritea, ina tākaihia, ā, ina whakahaerea i raro i ngā tikanga motuhake.
Ko ngā whakaritenga hoahoa takirere a te umanga haurua-irahiko e ahu mai ana i tētahi kohinga mōhiohio e whakahaerehia ana e te rōpū SemaSpec. Ko te hanga i ngā anga maramara iti me tino piri ki ngā paerewa hei whakakore, hei whakaiti rānei i te poke mai i ngā matūriki, te putanga hau me te makuku.
E whakamārama ana te paerewa SemaSpec i te pūtake o te whakaputanga matūriki, te rahi o te matūriki, te pūtake hau (mā te huihuinga takirere ngohengohe), te whakamātautau turuturu heriuma, me te makuku i roto, i waho hoki i te rohe takirere.
Kua tino whakamātauhia ngā takirere pōro i roto i ngā tono tino uaua. Ko ētahi o ngā painga matua o tēnei hoahoa ko:
Te Whakakanapa Ā-Mīhini – He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā mata kua whakakanapahia, ngā whakarewa me ngā mata e whakamahia ana ina tirohia i raro i te karāhe whakanui. Mā te whakakanapa ā-mīhini ka whakaitihia ngā koki, ngā rua me ngā rerekētanga o te mata katoa ki te taratara ōrite.
Ka whakamahia ngā mea whakakoi ā-ringa hei whakakoi i ngā taputapu hurihuri mā te whakamahi i ngā mea whakakoi alumina. Ka taea te whakakoi ā-ringa mā ngā taputapu ā-ringa mō ngā mata nui, pērā i ngā tauhohenga me ngā oko kua oti te whakanoho, mā ngā taputapu hurihuri aunoa rānei mō ngā paipa, ngā wāhanga ngongo rānei. Ka pania he raupapa o ngā whakakoi kirikiri i roto i ngā raupapa angiangi kia tae rā anō ki te mutunga e hiahiatia ana, ki te taratara rānei o te mata.
Ko te whakakanapa hiko te tango i ngā āhua koretake o ngā mata whakarewa mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hiko-matū. Ko te mutunga iho he papatahi, he maeneene rānei te mata, ā, ina tirohia i raro i te karāhe whakanui, ka āhua koretake.
He ātete tūturu te maitai kore waikura ki te waikura nā te nui o te chromium i roto i te maitai kore waikura (16% neke atu rānei te nuinga o te wā). Ka whakarei ake te whakakanapa hiko i tēnei ātete tūturu nā te mea he nui ake te rino (Fe) e whakarewahia ana e te tukanga i te chromium (Cr). Ka waiho tēnei i ngā taumata chromium teitei ake i runga i te mata o te maitai kore waikura. (whakakorenga)
Ko te hua o tētahi tikanga whakakanapa ko te hanganga o tētahi mata "maeneene" e tautuhia ana ko te taratara toharite (Ra). E ai ki te ASME/BPE; "Me whakaatu ngā whakakanapa katoa i roto i te Ra, microinches (m-in), micrometers rānei (mm)."
Ko te tikanga, ka inehia te maeneene o te mata ki te whakamahi i te profilometer, he taputapu aunoa me te ringa hurihuri āhua-pene. Ka tukuna te pene mā roto i te mata whakarewa hei ine i te teitei o te tihi me te hohonu o te awaawa. Kātahi ka whakaatuhia te teitei toharite o te tihi me te hohonu o te awaawa hei toharite taratara, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te miriona o te inihi, i roto rānei i te maikoroinihi, e kiia nei ko Ra.
Kei te ripanga i raro nei te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mata kua orohia me te mata kua orohia, te maha o ngā kirikiri whakakoi me te taratara o te mata (i mua me muri i te oro hiko). (Mō te takenga mai o te ASME/BPE, tirohia te Ripanga SF-6 i roto i tēnei tuhinga)
He paerewa noa a Ūropi ngā maikoromita, ā, he rite te pūnaha ine ki ngā maikoromita. Kotahi maikoromita he rite ki te 40 maikoromita. Tauira: Ko te whakaotinga kua tohua ko te 0.4 maikoromita Ra he rite ki te 16 maikoromita Ra.
Nā te ngāwari o te hoahoa o te takirere pōro, e wātea ana i roto i ngā momo rauemi nohoanga, hiri me te tinana. Nō reira, ka hangaia ngā takirere pōro hei whakahaere i ngā wai e whai ake nei:
Ko te umanga rongoā koiora he pai ake ki te tāuta i ngā "pūnaha hiri" i ngā wā katoa e taea ai. Ko ngā hononga o te Diameter o Waho o te Ngongo Whakaroa (ETO) he mea whakarewa ki roto i te raina hei whakakore i te poke i waho o te rohe takirere/paipa, hei tāpiri atu hoki i te pakari ki te pūnaha paipa. Ko ngā pito Tri-Clamp (hononga rawhi akuaku) ka tāpiri i te ngāwari ki te pūnaha, ā, ka taea te tāuta me te kore e whakapiripiri. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pito Tri-Clamp, ka ngāwari ake te wetewete me te whirihora anō i ngā pūnaha paipa.
Kei te wātea hoki ngā taputapu Cherry-Burrell i raro i ngā ingoa waitohu "I-Line", "S-Line", "Q-Line" rānei mō ngā pūnaha parakore teitei pērā i te umanga kai/inu.
Mā ngā pito o te Diameter o Waho o te Ngongo Whakaroa (ETO) ka taea te whakarewa ā-roto o te takirere ki roto i te pūnaha paipa. Ka whakaritea te rahi o ngā pito ETO kia rite ki te diameter o te pūnaha paipa (paipa) me te matotoru o te pakitara. Ka taea e te roa o te ngongo whakaroa te whakauru i ngā pane whakarewa porowhita, ā, ka whakarato i te roa e ranea ana hei ārai i te kino o te hiri o te tinana takirere nā te wera whakarewa.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā takirere pōro i roto i ngā tono tukatuka nā te mea he maha ngā āhuatanga. He iti noa te ratonga pāmahana me te pēhanga o ngā takirere diaphragm, ā, kāore e tutuki i ngā paerewa katoa mō ngā takirere ahumahi. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā takirere pōro mō:
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea te tango i te wāhanga pokapū o te takirere pōro kia taea ai te uru atu ki te pīrere whakarewa o roto, ka taea te horoi me te/te whakakanapa rānei.
He mea nui te waikeri kia noho ma, kia kore e pirau ngā pūnaha tukatuka koiora. Ko te wai e toe ana i muri i te waikeri ka noho hei wāhi noho mō ngā huakita me ētahi atu moroiti, ka hanga he taumahatanga koiora kāore e manakohia ki te pūnaha. Ko ngā wāhi e kohia ai te wai ka noho hei wāhi tīmatanga waikura, ka tāpiri atu i te poke ki te pūnaha. Ko te wāhanga hoahoa o te paerewa ASME/BPE me hoahoa kia whakaitihia te roa o te wā, te nui rānei o te wai e toe ana i roto i te pūnaha i muri i te otinga o te waikeri.
Ko te wāhi mate i roto i te pūnaha paipa e tautuhia ana ko te awaawa, te tī, te toronga rānei mai i te rere o te paipa matua e nui ake ana i te rahinga o te diameter o te paipa (L) kua tautuhia i roto i te ID paipa matua (D). Kāore e hiahiatia te wāhi mate nā te mea he wāhi mauhere e kore e taea te uru atu mā te horoi, te horoi rānei, ka hua ake he poke o te hua. Mō ngā pūnaha paipa tukatuka koiora, ka taea te whakatutuki i te ōwehenga L/D 2:1 me te nuinga o ngā whirihoranga takirere me ngā paipa.
Kua hangaia ngā ārai ahi hei ārai i te horapa o ngā wai mura mena ka puta he ahi i te raina tukanga. Ka whakamahia e te hoahoa he nohoanga whakamuri whakarewa me te ārai-pūmau hei ārai i te mura. Ko te nuinga o ngā umanga rongoā koiora me ngā ahumahi whakapaipai e pai ake ana ki ngā ārai ahi i roto i ngā pūnaha tuku waipiro.
Ko ngā rauemi mō te nohoanga takirere pōro kua whakaaetia e te FDA-USP23, Akomanga VI, ko: PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F, PEEK me te TFM.
He PTFE kua whakarerekētia te TFM, e hono ana i te PTFE tuku iho me te PFA ka taea te tukatuka rewa. Kua whakarōpūtia te TFM hei PTFE e ai ki te ASTM D 4894 me te ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5. Ki te whakatauritea ki te PTFE tuku iho, kei a TFM ēnei āhuatanga whakarei ake:
Kua hangaia ngā nohoanga kī tonu i te poka hei ārai i te kohikohinga o ngā rauemi, ka taea e te mea, ina mau i waenganui i te pōro me te poka o te tinana, te whakapakeke, te whakararu rānei i te mahi maeneene o te mema kati takirere. Kaua ngā takirere pōro tino parakore e whakamahia ana i roto i te ratonga mamaoa e whakamahi i tēnei whakaritenga nohoanga whiriwhiri, nā te mea ka kitea e te mamaoa tōna ara i raro i te mata o te nohoanga, ka noho hei wāhi mō te tipu o te huakita. Nā te nui ake o tēnei wāhi nohoanga, he uaua ki te horoi tika i ngā nohoanga whakakī poka me te kore e wetewete.
Kei roto ngā takirere pōro i te kāwai whānui o ngā "takirere hurihuri". Mō te mahi aunoa, e rua ngā momo whakatere e wātea ana: te hau me te hiko. Ka whakamahia e ngā whakatere hau he piston, he diaphragm rānei e hono ana ki tētahi tikanga hurihuri pērā i te whakaritenga whatanga me te pinion hei whakarato i te taipana putanga hurihuri. Ko ngā whakatere hiko he motuka taputapu, ā, e wātea ana i roto i ngā momo ngaohiko me ngā kōwhiringa hei urutau ki ngā takirere pōro. Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō tēnei kaupapa, tirohia "Me pēhea te Kōwhiri i tētahi Whakatere Takirere Pōro" i muri mai i tēnei pukapuka.
Ka taea te horoi me te tākai i ngā Takirere Pōro Parakore Teitei kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga BPE, Semiconductor rānei (SemaSpec).
Ka mahia te horoi taketake mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha horoi ultrasonic e whakamahi ana i tētahi matū kawakore kua whakaaetia mō te horoi matao me te tango hinu, me te tauira kore-para.
Ka tohua ngā wāhanga kei roto te pēhanga ki te tau wera, ā, ka haere tahi me te tiwhikete tātari e tika ana. Ka tuhia he Pūrongo Whakamātautau Mira (MTR) mō ia rahi me te tau wera. Kei roto i ēnei tuhinga:
I ētahi wā me whiriwhiri ngā kaihanga tukanga i waenga i ngā takirere hau, hiko rānei mō ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga. He painga ō ngā momo whakatere e rua, ā, he mea nui kia wātea ngā raraunga hei whiriwhiri i te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu.
Ko te mahi tuatahi i te whiriwhiri i te momo actuator (hau, hiko rānei) ko te whakatau i te pūtake hiko tino whai hua mō te actuator. Ko ngā mea matua hei whakaaroaro ko:
Ko ngā pūkaha hau tino whaihua ka whakamahi i te pēhanga hau mai i te 40 ki te 120 psi (3 ki te 8 pae). I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakaritea ēnei mō ngā pēhanga hau mai i te 60 ki te 80 psi (4 ki te 6 pae). He uaua te kī taurangi mō ngā pēhanga hau teitei ake, engari ko ngā pēhanga hau iti ake me whai piston, diaphragm rānei he whānui rawa te diameter hei whakaputa i te taipana e hiahiatia ana.
Ko te mana o ngā whakatere hiko he 110 VAC te tikanga, engari ka taea te whakamahi me ngā momo motuka AC me DC, he motuka kotahi-wāhanga, he motuka toru-wāhanga hoki.
awhe pāmahana. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakaoho hau me ngā kaiwhakaoho hiko i runga i te awhe pāmahana whānui. Ko te awhe pāmahana paerewa mō ngā kaiwhakaoho hau ko -4 ki te 1740F (-20 ki te 800C), engari ka taea te whakawhānui ki te -40 ki te 2500F (-40 ki te 1210C) me ngā hiri, ngā peera me ngā hinu whiriwhiri. Mena ka whakamahia ngā taputapu whakahaere (ngā pana rohe, ngā takirere solenoid, me ētahi atu), tera pea ka rerekē te whakatauranga pāmahana i te kaiwhakaoho, ā, me whai whakaaro ki tēnei i roto i ngā tono katoa. I roto i ngā tono pāmahana iti, me whai whakaaro ki te kounga o te tuku hau e pā ana ki te ira tomairangi. Ko te ira tomairangi te pāmahana e puta ai te hauhautanga i roto i te hau. Ka taea e te hauhautanga te tio me te aukati i te raina tuku hau, ka aukati i te mahi a te kaiwhakaoho.
Ko te awhe pāmahana o ngā pūhiko hiko kei waenganui i te -40 ki te 1500F (-40 ki te 650C). Ina whakamahia ki waho, me wehe te pūhiko hiko mai i te taiao hei ārai i te makuku kia uru ki roto i ngā mahi o roto. Mēnā ka kohia te hauhautanga mai i te paipa hiko, tera pea ka puta tonu te hauhautanga ki roto, kua kohia pea te wai ua i mua i te tāutanga. Waihoki, nā te mea ka whakamahana te motuka i te roto o te whare pūhiko i a ia e oma ana, ā, ka whakamatao i a ia e kore e oma ana, ka taea e ngā huringa pāmahana te "manawa" me te whakamatao i te taiao. Nō reira, me whai whakamahana ngā pūhiko hiko katoa mō te whakamahi ki waho.
He uaua i ētahi wā te whakamārama i te whakamahinga o ngā whakatere hiko i roto i ngā taiao morearea, engari ki te kore e taea e ngā whakatere hau kōpeke, hau rānei te whakarato i ngā āhuatanga mahi e hiahiatia ana, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakatere hiko me ngā whare kua whakarōpūtia tika.
Kua whakatūria e te National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) ngā aratohu mō te hanganga me te tāutanga o ngā actuators hiko (me ētahi atu taputapu hiko) hei whakamahi i ngā wāhi morearea. Ko ngā aratohu NEMA VII ēnei e whai ake nei:
VII Wāhi Morearea Akomanga I (Hau Pāhū, Kohu rānei) E tutuki ana i te Ture Hiko ā-Motu mō ngā tono; e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. mō te whakamahi me te penehīni, te hexane, te naphtha, te benzene, te butane, te propane, te acetone, Ngā āhuarangi o te benzene, ngā kohu whakarewa lacquer me te hau māori.
Tata ki te katoa o ngā kaihanga hiko e whai kōwhiringa ana ki te whai i tētahi putanga paerewa e tutuki ana i te NEMA VII.
I tētahi atu taha, he ātete-pahū ngā pūwhakaoho hau. Ina whakamahia ngā mana hiko me ngā pūwhakaoho hau i ngā wāhi morearea, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake te utu i ngā pūwhakaoho hiko. Ka taea te tāuta i te takirere pairati e whakahaerehia ana e te solenoid ki tētahi wāhi kore-morearea, ā, ka taea te tuku paipa ki te pūwhakaoho. Ka taea te tāuta i ngā pana rohe – hei tohu tūranga – ki roto i ngā whare NEMA VII. Nā te haumaru o ngā pūwhakaoho hau i ngā wāhi morearea, he mea whai hua ēnei i roto i ēnei tono.
Te hokinga mai o te puna. Ko tētahi atu taputapu haumaru e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā kaiwhakaoho takirere i roto i te umanga tukatuka ko te kōwhiringa hokinga mai o te puna (haumaru kore). Mēnā ka rahua te hiko, te tohu rānei, ka panaia e te kaiwhakaoho hokinga mai o te puna te takirere ki tētahi tūranga haumaru kua whakaritea. He kōwhiringa whai hua, he iti hoki te utu mō ngā kaiwhakaoho hau, ā, he take nui tēnei e whakamahia whānuitia ai ngā kaiwhakaoho hau puta noa i te umanga.
Mena kāore e taea te whakamahi i te puna nā te rahi, te taumaha rānei o te actuator, mēnā rānei kua tāutahia he waeine mahi rua, ka taea te tāuta i tētahi tāke whakaemi hei pupuri i te pēhanga hau.