Kodi valavu ya mpira woyeretsedwa kwambiri ndi chiyani? Valavu ya Mpira Woyeretsedwa Kwambiri ndi chipangizo chowongolera kuyenda kwa madzi chomwe chimakwaniritsa miyezo yamakampani yoyeretsedwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Mavavu mu njira yoyeretsedwa kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo awiri akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito:
Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "njira zothandizira" monga kukonza nthunzi yoyeretsera yoyeretsera komanso kuwongolera kutentha. Mu makampani opanga mankhwala, ma valve a mpira sagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito kapena njira zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji ndi chinthu chomaliza.
Kodi muyezo wa mavavu oyeretsedwa kwambiri ndi wotani? Makampani opanga mankhwala amapeza njira zosankhira mavavu kuchokera kuzinthu ziwiri:
ASME/BPE-1997 ndi chikalata chokhazikika chomwe chikusintha chomwe chimakhudza kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida mumakampani opanga mankhwala. Muyezo uwu cholinga chake ndi kupanga, zipangizo, kumanga, kuyang'anira ndi kuyesa zombo, mapaipi ndi zina zowonjezera monga mapampu, ma valve ndi zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga mankhwala a biopharmaceutical. Kwenikweni, chikalatachi chimati, "...zigawo zonse zomwe zimakumana ndi chinthu, zopangira kapena chinthu chomwe chimakhala pakati pa kupanga, kupanga njira kapena kukulitsa ... ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu, monga madzi obayira (WFI), nthunzi yoyera, kusefa kwambiri, kusungira zinthu pakati ndi ma centrifuge."
Masiku ano, makampaniwa amadalira ASME/BPE-1997 kuti adziwe mapangidwe a ma valve a mpira a ntchito zolumikizirana ndi zinthu zina. Madera ofunikira omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi izi ndi awa:
Ma valve omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu njira zopangira mankhwala a biopharmaceutical ndi monga ma valve a mpira, ma valve a diaphragm, ndi ma valve owunikira. Chikalata ichi cha uinjiniya chidzangokambirana za ma valve a mpira.
Kutsimikizira ndi njira yoyendetsera zinthu yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuonetsetsa kuti chinthu chokonzedwa kapena kapangidwe kake kakubwezeretsedwanso. Pulogalamuyi ikuwonetsa kuyeza ndikuwunika zigawo za makina, nthawi yopangira, kutentha, kuthamanga ndi zina. Dongosolo ndi zinthu za dongosololi zikatsimikiziridwa kuti zitha kubwerezedwa, zigawo zonse ndi mikhalidwe zimaonedwa kuti zatsimikizika. Palibe kusintha komwe kungapangidwe ku "phukusi" lomaliza (njira ndi njira) popanda kutsimikiziranso.
Palinso nkhani zokhudzana ndi kutsimikizira zinthu. MTR (Lipoti Loyesa Zinthu) ndi chilengezo chochokera kwa wopanga zinthu zomwe zimalemba kapangidwe ka zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthuzo ndikutsimikizira kuti zinachokera pa njira inayake yopangira zinthuzo. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwa kutsata n'kofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zonse zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri. Ma valve onse operekedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa mankhwala ayenera kukhala ndi MTR yomangiriridwa.
Opanga mipando amapereka malipoti a kapangidwe ka mipando kuti atsimikizire kuti mipandoyo ikutsatira malangizo a FDA. (FDA/USP Class VI) Zipangizo zovomerezeka za mipando ndi monga PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F ndi TFM.
Chiyero Chapamwamba Kwambiri (UHP) ndi mawu omwe cholinga chake ndi kutsindika kufunika kwa chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri. Ili ndi liwu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika wa semiconductor komwe kumafunika chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumtsinje wa madzi. Ma valavu, mapaipi, zosefera, ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthawi zambiri zimakwaniritsa mulingo uwu wa UHP zikakonzedwa, kupakidwa, ndikusamalidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake.
Makampani opanga ma semiconductor amapeza ma specifications a kapangidwe ka ma valve kuchokera ku gulu la SemaSpec lomwe limasonkhanitsa zambiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi gulu la SemaSpec. Kupanga ma microchip wafers kumafuna kutsatira kwambiri miyezo kuti athetse kapena kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mpweya wotuluka ndi chinyezi.
Muyezo wa SemaSpec umafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane komwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapangira, kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, gwero la mpweya (kudzera mu valavu yofewa), kuyesa kutayikira kwa helium, ndi chinyezi mkati ndi kunja kwa malire a valavu.
Ma valve a mpira atsimikiziridwa bwino mu ntchito zovuta kwambiri. Zina mwa zabwino zazikulu za kapangidwe kameneka ndi izi:
Kupukuta kwa Makina - Malo opukutidwa, ma weld ndi malo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana pamwamba akayang'aniridwa pansi pa galasi lokulitsa. Kupukuta kwa makina kumachepetsa mikwingwirima yonse ya pamwamba, maenje ndi kusiyana kwake kukhala kofanana.
Kupukuta kwa makina kumachitika pa zipangizo zozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito alumina abrasives. Kupukuta kwa makina kungatheke pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamanja pamalo akuluakulu, monga ma reactor ndi zombo zomwe zili pamalopo, kapena ndi makina obwezeretsanso okha mapaipi kapena ziwalo za tubular. Ma grit polishes angapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana mpaka kumapeto komwe mukufuna kapena kukhwima kwa pamwamba kukwaniritsidwe.
Kupukuta ndi electropolishing ndiko kuchotsa zolakwika zazing'ono kwambiri pamalo achitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi. Zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pakhale posalala kapena pakhale posalala, zomwe, zikayang'aniridwa pansi pa galasi lokulitsa, sizimawoneka ngati zopanda pake.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri mwachilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chromium (nthawi zambiri 16% kapena kuposerapo mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri). Kupolisha kwamagetsi kumawonjezera kukana kwachilengedwe kumeneku chifukwa njirayi imasungunula chitsulo chochuluka (Fe) kuposa chromium (Cr). Izi zimasiya chromium yambiri pamwamba pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. (passivation)
Zotsatira za njira iliyonse yopukutira ndi kupanga malo "osalala" omwe amatanthauzidwa ngati kuuma kwapakati (Ra). Malinga ndi ASME/BPE; "Ma polishi onse ayenera kufotokozedwa mu Ra, ma microinches (m-in), kapena ma micrometers (mm)."
Kusalala kwa pamwamba nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa ndi profilometer, chida chodzipangira chokha chokhala ndi mkono wobwerezabwereza monga stylus. Cholemberacho chimadutsa pamwamba pa chitsulo kuti chiyese kutalika kwa pamwamba ndi kuya kwa chigwa. Kutalika kwapakati kwa pamwamba ndi kuya kwa chigwa kumafotokozedwa ngati avareji yokhwima, yomwe imafotokozedwa mu mamiliyoni a inchi imodzi kapena mainchesi ang'onoang'ono, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Ra.
Ubale pakati pa malo opukutidwa ndi opukutidwa, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tomwe timagundana komanso kuuma kwa pamwamba (asanayambe kupukuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi) kwawonetsedwa mu tebulo ili m'munsimu. (Kuti mudziwe za ASME/BPE derivation, onani Table SF-6 mu chikalatachi)
Ma micrometer ndi muyezo wamba ku Europe, ndipo dongosolo la metric ndi lofanana ndi ma microinches. Microinch imodzi ndi yofanana ndi ma micrometer pafupifupi 40. Chitsanzo: Kumaliza komwe kumatchulidwa kuti 0.4 microns Ra ndi yofanana ndi 16 micro inches Ra.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe ka ma valavu a mpira, amapezeka mosavuta m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipando, chisindikizo ndi zida zogwirira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ma valavu a mpira amapangidwa kuti azigwira madzi otsatirawa:
Makampani opanga mankhwala a biopharmaceutical amakonda kuyika "makina otsekedwa" nthawi iliyonse yomwe zingatheke. Malumikizidwe a Extended Tube Outside Diameter (ETO) amalumikizidwa kuti achotse kuipitsidwa kunja kwa malire a valavu/payipi ndikuwonjezera kuuma kwa makina opangira mapaipi. Malekezero a Tri-Clamp (kulumikizana kwa clamp yoyera) amawonjezera kusinthasintha kwa makinawo ndipo amatha kuyikidwa popanda kusokonezedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma Tri-Clamp tips, makina opangira mapaipi amatha kusweka mosavuta ndikukonzedwanso.
Zipangizo za Cherry-Burrell zomwe zili ndi mayina a "I-Line", "S-Line" kapena "Q-Line" zimapezekanso m'makampani opanga zakudya/zakumwa.
Malekezero a chubu chowonjezera chakunja (ETO) amalola kulowetsa valavu mu dongosolo la mapaipi. Malekezero a ETO ndi a kukula kofanana ndi kukula kwa dongosolo la chitoliro (chitoliro) ndi makulidwe a khoma. Kutalika kwa chubu chowonjezera kumasunga mitu ya orbital weld ndipo kumapereka kutalika kokwanira kuti kupewe kuwonongeka kwa chisindikizo cha thupi la valavu chifukwa cha kutentha kwa kulowetsa.
Ma valve a mpira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza zinthu chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo. Ma valve a diaphragm ali ndi kutentha kochepa komanso kupanikizika kochepa ndipo sakwaniritsa miyezo yonse ya ma valve a mafakitale. Ma valve a mpira angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa:
Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lapakati la valavu ya mpira limachotsedwa kuti lilole kuti mkanda wamkati wothira ulowe, womwe ukhoza kutsukidwa ndi/kapena kupukutidwa.
Kutulutsa madzi m'madzi n'kofunika kwambiri kuti makina opangira zinthu m'thupi azikhala oyera komanso opanda poizoni. Madzi otsala pambuyo potulutsa madzi amakhala malo oti mabakiteriya kapena tizilombo tina tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tilowe m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri pamakinawo. Malo omwe madzi amasonkhana amathanso kukhala malo oyambira dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makinawo aziipitsidwa kwambiri. Gawo la kapangidwe ka muyezo wa ASME/BPE limafuna kapangidwe kake kuti kachepetse kuimitsa madzi, kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatsala m'makinawo pambuyo potulutsa madzi kwatha.
Malo akufa mu dongosolo la mapaipi amatanthauzidwa ngati mbewa, tee, kapena kutambasuka kuchokera ku payipi yayikulu yomwe imapitirira kuchuluka kwa payipi ya mainchesi (L) yomwe yafotokozedwa mu ID yayikulu ya chitoliro (D). Malo akufa ndi osafunikira chifukwa amapereka malo otsekerera omwe sangafikire kudzera mu njira zoyeretsera kapena kuyeretsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziipire. Pa makina opangira mapaipi a bioprocessing, chiŵerengero cha 2:1 L/D chikhoza kupezeka ndi ma valve ndi mapaipi ambiri.
Zoziziritsa moto zimapangidwa kuti zisafalikire ngati moto wayamba. Kapangidwe kake kamagwiritsa ntchito mpando wakumbuyo wachitsulo komanso woletsa kuyaka. Makampani opanga mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola nthawi zambiri amakonda zoziziritsa moto m'makina operekera mowa.
Zipangizo zotetezera mpira zomwe zavomerezedwa ndi FDA-USP23, Class VI ndi izi: PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F, PEEK ndi TFM.
TFM ndi PTFE yosinthidwa ndi mankhwala yomwe imalumikiza kusiyana pakati pa PTFE yachikhalidwe ndi PFA yosungunuka. TFM imayikidwa mu PTFE malinga ndi ASTM D 4894 ndi ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5. Poyerekeza ndi PTFE yachikhalidwe, TFM ili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi zowonjezera:
Mipando yodzaza ndi mabowo yapangidwa kuti ipewe kusonkhanitsa zinthu zomwe, zikamangika pakati pa mpira ndi mabowo a thupi, zitha kulimba kapena kulepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chiwalo chotseka mavavu. Mavavu a mpira oyera kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka nthunzi sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la mipando losankha ili, chifukwa nthunzi imatha kulowa pansi pa mpando ndikukhala malo okulira mabakiteriya. Chifukwa cha malo okhala akuluakuluwa, mipando yodzaza mabowo ndi yovuta kuyeretsa bwino popanda kuichotsa.
Ma valve a mpira ali m'gulu la "ma valve ozungulira". Pa ntchito yokha, pali mitundu iwiri ya ma actuator: pneumatic ndi electric. Ma actuator a pneumatic amagwiritsa ntchito piston kapena diaphragm yolumikizidwa ku makina ozungulira monga rack ndi pinion arrangement kuti apereke rotational output torque. Ma actuator amagetsi kwenikweni ndi ma gear motors ndipo amapezeka mu ma voltage osiyanasiyana ndi zosankha kuti agwirizane ndi ma valve a mpira. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pankhaniyi, onani "Momwe Mungasankhire Ball Valve Actuator" pambuyo pake m'bukuli.
Ma Vavu a Mpira Oyera Kwambiri amatha kutsukidwa ndikupakidwa motsatira zofunikira za BPE kapena Semiconductor (SemaSpec).
Kuyeretsa koyambira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeretsera ya ultrasound yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito reagent yovomerezeka ya alkaline poyeretsa ndi kuchotsa mafuta ozizira, yokhala ndi fomula yopanda zotsalira.
Zigawo zomwe zili ndi kupanikizika zimalembedwa ndi nambala ya kutentha ndipo zimaphatikizidwa ndi satifiketi yoyenera yowunikira. Lipoti Loyesa Mill (MTR) limalembedwa pa kukula kulikonse ndi nambala ya kutentha. Zikalata izi zikuphatikizapo:
Nthawi zina mainjiniya azinthu zamagetsi amafunika kusankha pakati pa ma valve a pneumatic kapena amagetsi azinthu zowongolera zinthu. Mitundu yonse iwiri ya ma actuator ili ndi ubwino ndipo ndikofunikira kukhala ndi deta yomwe ilipo kuti musankhe bwino.
Ntchito yoyamba posankha mtundu wa actuator (pneumatic kapena electric) ndikupeza gwero lamphamvu lothandiza kwambiri la actuator. Mfundo zazikulu zoti muganizire ndi izi:
Ma actuator othandiza kwambiri a pneumatic amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wokwanira wa 40 mpaka 120 psi (3 mpaka 8 bar). Kawirikawiri, amakula kukula kwa mpweya wokwanira wa 60 mpaka 80 psi (4 mpaka 6 bar). Kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa mpweya nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta kutsimikizira, pomwe kupsinjika kochepa kwa mpweya kumafuna ma pistoni akuluakulu kapena ma diaphragms kuti apange mphamvu yofunikira.
Ma actuator amagetsi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu ya 110 VAC, koma angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ma mota osiyanasiyana a AC ndi DC, onse a gawo limodzi ndi atatu.
kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Ma actuator onse a pneumatic ndi amagetsi angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu. Kutentha kofanana kwa ma actuator a pneumatic ndi -4 mpaka 1740F (-20 mpaka 800C), koma kumatha kukulitsidwa mpaka -40 mpaka 2500F (-40 mpaka 1210C) ndi zomatira, ma bearing ndi mafuta osankha. Ngati zowonjezera zowongolera (ma switch oletsa, ma solenoid valve, ndi zina zotero) zigwiritsidwa ntchito, zitha kukhala ndi kutentha kosiyana ndi actuator, ndipo izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakugwiritsa ntchito konse. Pakugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kotsika, khalidwe la mpweya poyerekeza ndi mame liyenera kuganiziridwa. Mame ndi kutentha komwe kumadzimadzi kumachitika mumlengalenga. Madzimadzi amatha kuzizira ndikutseka chingwe choperekera mpweya, kuletsa actuator kugwira ntchito.
Ma actuator amagetsi ali ndi kutentha kwa -40 mpaka 1500F (-40 mpaka 650C). Akagwiritsidwa ntchito panja, actuator yamagetsi iyenera kuchotsedwa ku chilengedwe kuti chinyezi chisalowe mkati mwa ntchito. Ngati condensation yatengedwa kuchokera ku ngalande yamagetsi, condensation ikhoza kupangikabe mkati, yomwe mwina inasonkhanitsa madzi amvula isanayambe kuyikidwa. Komanso, chifukwa injini imatenthetsa mkati mwa nyumba ya actuator ikagwira ntchito ndikuziziritsa ikakhala kuti sikugwira ntchito, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kungayambitse chilengedwe "kupuma" ndi kuzizira. Chifukwa chake, ma actuator onse amagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito panja ayenera kukhala ndi chotenthetsera.
Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito ma actuator amagetsi m'malo oopsa n'kovuta, koma ngati ma actuator ampweya wopanikizika kapena opuma mpweya sangathe kupereka mawonekedwe ofunikira ogwirira ntchito, ma actuator amagetsi okhala ndi malo oyenera ogwirira ntchito angagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Bungwe la National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) lakhazikitsa malangizo omangira ndi kukhazikitsa ma actuator amagetsi (ndi zida zina zamagetsi) kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo oopsa. Malangizo a NEMA VII ndi awa:
Malo Oopsa a VII Gulu Loyamba (Gasi Wophulika kapena Nthunzi) Amakwaniritsa Malamulo Amagetsi Adziko Lonse pakugwiritsa ntchito; amakwaniritsa zofunikira za Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mafuta, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane, propane, acetone, Mpweya wa benzene, nthunzi zosungunulira za lacquer ndi gasi wachilengedwe.
Pafupifupi opanga magetsi onse ali ndi mwayi wosankha mtundu wotsatira NEMA VII wa mzere wawo wamba wazinthu.
Kumbali inayi, ma actuator othamanga mpweya ndi otetezedwa ku kuphulika. Pamene zowongolera zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma actuator othamanga mpweya m'malo oopsa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa ma actuator othamanga magetsi. Valavu yoyendetsa yoyendetsedwa ndi solenoid ikhoza kuyikidwa pamalo osaopsa ndikuyiyika paipi ku actuator. Ma switch oletsa - kuti awonetse malo - amatha kuyikidwa m'malo otetezedwa a NEMA VII. Chitetezo chapadera cha ma actuator othamanga mpweya m'malo oopsa chimawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chothandiza pa ntchito izi.
Kubwerera kwa masika. Chowonjezera china chachitetezo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ma actuator a valve mumakampani opanga zinthu ndi njira yobwerera kwa masika (yosatetezeka). Ngati mphamvu kapena chizindikiro chalephera, actuator yobwerera kwa masika imayendetsa valavu pamalo otetezeka omwe adakonzedweratu. Iyi ndi njira yothandiza komanso yotsika mtengo ya ma actuator a pneumatic, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu chomwe ma actuator a pneumatic amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani onse.
Ngati kasupe sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kukula kapena kulemera kwa actuator, kapena ngati chipangizo chogwirira ntchito ziwiri chayikidwa, thanki yolumikizira ikhoza kuyikidwa kuti isunge mpweya woipa.