Nutrient acquisition and distribution integrates insect foraging and life history traits.To compensate for deficiencies in specific nutrients at different life stages, insects can obtain these nutrients through supplemental feeding, for example, by feeding on vertebrate secretions in a process known as puddles.The mosquito Anopheles arabiani appears to be malnourished and, therefore, requires nutrients for both metabolism and reproduction.The aim of this study was to assess whether An.tashin hankalin arabiensis akan fitsarin saniya don samun abinci mai gina jiki yana inganta halayen tarihin rayuwa.
Tabbatar da lafiya.arabiensis ya jawo warin sabo, 24-hour, 72-hour, da 168-hour tsoho fitsarin saniya, da mai masaukin baki da ciyar da jini (48-hour post-jini ci abinci) mata aka auna a Y-tube olfactometer, da kuma ciki mata da aka tantance a cikin sinadaran da bincike da aka yi amfani da sinadaran da aka hade don nazarin halittu spawn. fitsari a duk shekaru hudu azuzuwan.Synthetic garwayayye na bioactive mahadi da aka kimanta a Y-tube da filin gwaji.Don gudanar da bincike fitsari saniya da babban nitrogen-dauke da fili urea a matsayin m supplemental abinci ga zazzabin cizon sauro vector, ciyar da sigogi da kuma tarihin rayuwa halaye da aka auna.The rabo na mace sauro da kuma adadin shayar da fitsari, an tantance adadin shan fitsarin mace, an tantance adadin fitsarin saniya. jirgin, da kuma haifuwa.
Nemi mai masaukin jini da abinci.In dakin gwaje-gwaje da filin karatu, Larabawa aka kõma zuwa na halitta da kuma roba kamshi na sabo da kuma tsufa saniya fitsari.Mai ciki mata kasance sha'aninsu dabam zuwa saniya fitsari martani a spawning sites. Mai watsa shiri-neman da jini-tsotsa mata rayayye sha ruwan saniya fitsari da urea, kamar yadda rayuwa ta rayuwa aiki na rayuwa da albarkatun kasa. al, ko haifuwa.
Anopheles arabinis saye da rarraba fitsarin saniya don ingantattun halaye na tarihin rayuwa.Ƙarin ciyar da fitsarin saniya yana rinjayar iyawar ƙwayar cuta kai tsaye ta hanyar haɓaka rayuwar yau da kullun da ƙarancin vector, kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar canza ayyukan jirgin kuma ya kamata a yi la’akari da su a cikin samfuran nan gaba.
Samun abinci mai gina jiki da rarrabawa ya haɗu da cin abinci na kwari da halayen tarihin rayuwa [1,2,3] .Cibiyoyin suna iya zaɓar da samun abinci da kuma yin ciyarwar ramuwa bisa ga wadatar abinci da bukatun abinci mai gina jiki [1, 3] . wadannan sinadarai ta hanyar ciyar da karin abinci, kamar su laka, najasa iri-iri da sirruka na kashin baya, da gawa, tsarin da aka sani da kududdufi [2].Ko da yake an kwatanta nau'in malam buɗe ido da nau'in asu da farko, ramukan shayarwa kuma suna faruwa a cikin wasu umarni na kwari, da jan hankali da ciyar da waɗannan nau'ikan albarkatu na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan lafiya da sauran rayuwa - 7, 6. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) yana fitowa a matsayin balagagge mai rashin abinci mai gina jiki [8], don haka shayarwa na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tarihin tarihin rayuwarsa, amma wannan hali ya zuwa yanzu an yi watsi da shi.
Yawan shan sinadarin Nitrogen a cikin tsofaffin matan Anopheles sauro yana iyakance saboda ƙarancin kalori da aka ɗauka daga matakin tsutsa da rashin amfani da abinci na jini [9].Mace Ann.gambiae sl yawanci tana rama wannan ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin abinci na jini [10, 11], ta haka ne ke sanya ƙarin mutane cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kuma yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. iya amfani da ƙarin ciyarwa na vertebrate excreta don samun nitrogenous mahadi da inganta karbuwa da kuma jirgin maneuverability, kamar yadda aka nuna da sauran kwari [2] A wannan batun, da karfi da kuma bambanta janyo hankalin daya daga cikin sibling jinsunan a cikin An.The Gambian sl jinsin hadaddun, Anopheles arabinis, sabo da kuma tsufa saniya fitsari [12,13, 14]. da aka sani don haɗuwa da kuma ciyar da shanu. Fitsari na saniya shine albarkatun da ke da wadata a cikin mahaɗan nitrogenous, tare da urea lissafin 50-95% na jimlar nitrogen a cikin fitsari mai sabo [15, 16].As shekarun fitsari na saniya, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna amfani da waɗannan albarkatu don rage hadaddun abubuwan da ke tattare da nitrogenous a cikin sa'o'i 24 [15] tare da haɓakar nitrogenous a cikin 24 hours. y wanda ke samar da mahadi masu guba ga sauro) suna bunƙasa [15], wanda zai iya zama mace Ann.arabiensis an fi son sha'awar fitsari mai shekaru 24 ko ƙasa da [13, 14].
A cikin wannan binciken, an nemi mai masaukin baki da Ans masu ciyar da jini. A lokacin sake zagayowar gonadotropin na farko, an yi la'akari da arabiensis don samun sinadarai na nitrogenous, ciki har da urea, ta hanyar haɗuwa da fitsari. Na gaba, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje don tantance yadda sauro mata ke ba da wannan damar mai gina jiki don inganta rayuwa, haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa da haɓakawa. don sanin ko waɗannan sun ba da tabbataccen alamu ga mai watsa shiri da ciyar da jini An. A cikin binciken da suka yi don wannan albarkatun abinci mai gina jiki, arabiensis ya gano alaƙar sinadarai a bayan abubuwan da aka lura da su.Jan hankalin sauro.Sakamakon da aka samu ya tabbatar da cewa An.arabiensis yana samowa da rarraba ƙwayoyin nitrogenous da aka samu a cikin fitsari na vertebrate don rinjayar halayen tarihin rayuwa.An tattauna waɗannan sakamakon a cikin mahallin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da su don kulawa da kulawa da vector.
Anopheles arabicans (Dongola nau'in) an kiyaye su a 25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH da kuma 12: 12 h haske: duhu sake zagayowar. An haifi tsutsotsi a cikin kwandon filastik (20 cm × 18 cm × 7 cm) cike da ruwa mai narkewa da kuma ciyar da abinci Tetramin® a cikin abinci (Tetramin® DE, Tetra 3) . Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) sa'an nan kuma canjawa wuri zuwa Bugdorm cages (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) don ba da damar balagaggu. kasa.Mace da aka yi amfani da su don gwaje-gwajen bututun jirgin sun kasance suna fama da yunwa don kawai 4-6 hours tare da ruwa ad libitum. Don shirya sauro masu shayar da jini don bioassays na gaba, an ba wa matan 4 dpe tare da jinin tumaki defibrotic (Håtunalab, Bro, SE) ta amfani da tsarin ciyar da membrane (Hemotek Discovery Workshops, Accrington, UK) da aka ba da kai tsaye ga mata masu juna biyu. ko 10% sucrose ad libitum na kwanaki 3 kafin gwaje-gwajen da aka bayyana a ƙasa. An yi amfani da matan na ƙarshe don jigilar bututun jirgin sama kuma an tura su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, sannan kuma sun yi ruwa ad libitum na tsawon sa'o'i 4-6 kafin gwajin.
An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen ciyarwa don ƙididdige yawan fitsari da urea a cikin manya An.Arab mace.Mace mai masaukin baki da masu shayar da jini an ba da abinci mai dauke da 1% diluted sabo da tsofaffin fitsari na saniya, nau'i daban-daban na urea, da kuma sarrafawa guda biyu (10% sucrose da ruwa) don 48 h. Bugu da ƙari, launi na abinci (1 ml-50 C); gma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) an ƙara shi a cikin abincin abinci kuma an ba da shi a cikin matrix 4 × 4 a cikin 250 µl microcentrifuge tubes (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Hoto 1A) Cika zuwa gefen (~ 300 µl) .Don kauce wa gasa tsakanin sauro da kuma tasiri mai tasiri a cikin 1 mosquitoes da kuma tasirin diamita na 1 na 1 0 cm a cikin babban diamita. cm a tsawo; Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Hoto 1A) a cikin cikakken duhu a 25 ± 2 cm ° C da 65 ± 5% zafi dangi. An sake maimaita waɗannan gwaje-gwajen 5 zuwa sau 10. Bayan bayyanar da abinci, an sanya sauro a -20 ° C har sai ƙarin bincike.
A nemi fitsarin bovine da urea wanda mai gida ya sha da kuma mace mai shan jini Anopheles arabianus.A cikin gwajin ciyarwa (A), an ba wa sauro mata abincin da ya kunshi fitsarin saniya sabo da tsoho, da urea iri-iri, sucrose (10%), da distilled ruwa (H2O).Babu mai neman abinci (B) da sauran abincin da aka sha. mata sha 72-hour saniya fitsari kasa da 168-hour saniya fitsari (B) .Ma'anar jimlar nitrogen abun ciki (± misali sabawa) na fitsari da aka wakilta a cikin inset.Mai watsa shiri-neman (D, F) da jini-tsotsa (E, G) mata dauki sama da urea a cikin wani kashi-dogara hanya.Ma'ana inhaled kundin (D, E) da daban-daban haruffa ta amfani da daban-daban haruffa (D, E). ; p <0.05) Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar kuskuren daidaitaccen ma'anar (BE) .Madaidaicin layin da aka zazzage yana wakiltar layin koma baya na log-linear (F, G)
Don sakin abincin da aka sha, an sanya sauro daban-daban a cikin bututun microcentrifuge na 1.5 ml dauke da 230 µl na ruwa mai tsafta kuma an rushe nama ta amfani da injin pestle da mara igiyar ruwa (VWR International, Lund, SE), sannan a saka centrifugation a 10 krpm na 10 krpm na 10 min. ma-Aldrich) da absorbance (λ620) an ƙaddara ta amfani da mai karanta microplate na tushen spectrophotometer (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). 00, Shimadzu, Kista, SE) .Domin ƙididdige yawan abincin da ake ci, an shirya madaidaicin lanƙwasa ta hanyar dilution don samar da 0.2 µl zuwa 2.4 µl na 1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide. Sannan, an yi amfani da ƙarancin gani na sanancin rini da aka sani don sanin adadin abinci kowane sauro a ciki.
An bincikar bayanan ƙarar ta amfani da bincike na hanya ɗaya na bambance-bambance (ANOVA) biye da Tukey's post hoc biyu kwatancen kwatancen (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989-2007) .Linear regression analysis bayyana maida hankali-dogara urea ci da kuma kwatanta martani ga mai masaukin-ganin v. 0 don Mac, Software na GraphPad, San Diego, CA, US).
Kimanin 20 µl na samfuran fitsari daga kowane rukuni na shekaru an ɗaure su akan Chromosorb® W/AW (10 mg 80/100 raga, Sigma Aldrich) kuma an rufe su a cikin tin capsules (8 mm × 5 mm) . , US) don tantance abun ciki na nitrogen a cikin fitsari sabo da tsoho bisa ga ka'idar masana'anta. Jimlar nitrogen (g N l-1) an ƙididdige shi bisa ga sanannun adadin urea da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ma'auni.
Don tantance tasirin rage cin abinci akan rayuwar mata masu neman masauki da shaye-shayen jini, an sanya sauro daban-daban a cikin manyan jita-jita na Petri (12 cm a diamita da 6 cm tsayi; Semadeni) tare da rami mai ruɗi a cikin murfi (3 cm a diamita) tare da samun iska da wadatar abinci. An ba da abinci kai tsaye bayan 4 dpe kuma an ba da abinci kai tsaye bayan 4 dpe kuma an haɗa da 1% diluted da sabo ne da 1% diluted urine da 1% diluted. Sucrose da ruwa. Kowane abinci da aka pipetted a kan wani hakori tampon (DAB Dental AB, Upplands Väsby, SE) saka a cikin wani 5 ml sirinji (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), da plunger cire, da kuma sanya a saman wani petri tasa ( adadi 1) .1A).Canza your dietur sau biyu a kowace rana. An watsar da sauro har sai sauro na ƙarshe ya mutu (n = 40 a kowace magani) . An yi nazarin rayuwar sauro da aka ciyar akan abinci daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da matakan rayuwa na Kaplan-Meyer da gwaje-gwaje na log-rank don kwatanta kwatanta rarraba rayuwa tsakanin abinci (IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0.0.0).
A al'ada sauro yawo niƙa bisa Attisano et al.[17], sanya daga 5 mm kauri bayyananne acrylic bangarori (10 cm fadi x 10 cm tsawo x 10 cm high) ba tare da gaba da raya bangarori (Fig. 3: top) .A pivot taro tare da a tsaye bututu sanya da wani gas chromatography shafi (0.25 mm) da aka dakatar da manne ginshiƙin L. ymium magnets mai nisan cm 9. Wani bututu mai kwance da aka yi da abu iri ɗaya (6.5 cm L) ya bige da bututun tsaye don samar da hannu mai ɗaure da hannu wanda ke ɗauke da ɗan ƙaramin foil na aluminum azaman sigina mai katse haske.
Mata masu fama da yunwa na awa 24 an ba su abincin da ke sama don mintuna 30 kafin a hana su. An yi wa sauro cikakkiyar ciyar da sauro a kan kankara don 2-3 min kuma an haɗa su da fil ɗin kwari tare da beeswax (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE) sannan an ɗaure su zuwa saman jirgin sama na jirgin sama. logger, sannan adanawa da nunawa ta amfani da software na PC-Lab 2000 ™ (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE) .An sanya injin jirgin sama a cikin ɗakin da aka tsara yanayin yanayi (12 h: 12 h, haske: duhu, 25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH).
Don yin la'akari da tsarin aikin jirgin sama, jimlar nisa (m) da kuma yawan adadin ayyukan jiragen sama a jere an ƙididdige su a kowace awa a kan tsawon sa'o'i 24. Bugu da ƙari, an kwatanta matsakaicin nisa da mata guda ɗaya suka yi a cikin jiyya kuma an yi nazari ta hanyar amfani da ANOVA guda daya da Tukey's post hoc analysis (JMP Pro, v14.0.0), An yi la'akari da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaiciyar magani, Cibiyar SAS mai zaman kanta, inda aka yi la'akari da matsakaicin matsakaiciyar magani. ana ƙididdige matsakaicin adadin zagaye a cikin ƙarin mintuna 10.
Don tantance tasirin abinci akan aikin haifuwa na An.arabiensis, an tura mata shida (4 dpe) kai tsaye zuwa cages Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) bayan tattarawar jini sannan kuma an ba da abinci na gwaji don 48 h kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Bayan haka an cire abinci kuma an cire kofuna na spawning (30 ml; Nolato Hertila, an ba da ruwa na 2 a kowace rana na 4 na ruwa na 4) a kowace rana. 4 hours. Maimaita kowane tsarin cin abinci sau 20-50. An ƙidaya ƙwai kuma an rubuta su don kowane gwaji na gwaji. An yi amfani da samfurori na ƙwai don tantance girman ma'ana da tsayin tsayin ƙwai guda ɗaya (n ≥ 200 a kowace abinci) ta amfani da microscope Dialux-20 (DM1000; Ernst Leitz Wetzlar, Lera 2) Camera D;Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE) Sauran ƙwai an kiyaye su a cikin ɗakin da aka sarrafa sauyin yanayi a ƙarƙashin yanayin kiwon lafiya na tsawon sa'o'i 24, da kuma samfurin kwanan nan na kwanan nan ya fito 1st instar larvae (n ≥ 200 a kowace abinci) an auna, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Yawan qwai da girman ƙwai da larvae an kwatanta tsakanin jiyya da kuma yin amfani da Proway'1-Post Houkey (Va) 0. , Cibiyar SAS Inc.).
An tattara abubuwan da aka samu daga sabbin fitsari (1 hr post-sampling), 24 hr, 72 hr da 168 hr tsofaffin fitsari daga samfuran da aka tattara daga shanun Zebu, tseren Arsi. (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH da Co., Minden, DE) a cikin 3 l polyamide tare da murfi A cikin vinyl chloride filastik drums.Headspace volatiles daga kowane bovine fitsari samfurin da aka tattara ko dai kai tsaye (sabo) ko bayan balagagge a dakin da zafin jiki na 24 h, 72 h da 168 shekaru samfurin wakilci kowane fitsari.
Don tarin abubuwan da ba a iya gani ba, an yi amfani da tsarin rufaffiyar madauki don kewaya rafin iskar gas mai kunna carbon-filtered (100 ml min-1) ta hanyar jakar polyamide zuwa ginshiƙin talla don 2.5 h ta amfani da famfo injin diaphragm (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE) .As sarrafawa, an yi tarin polyamide na tallan tallan. .5 cm x 3 mm id) dauke da 35 MG na Porapak Q (50/80 raga; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) tsakanin gilashin ulun matosai. Kafin amfani, an zubar da ginshiƙi tare da 1 ml redistilled n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, DE) da kuma 1 ml pentane% pentane (99) mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. ted tare da 400 μl na pentane. An tattara tarin sararin samaniya sannan a adana shi a -20 ° C har sai an yi amfani da shi don ƙarin bincike.
Abubuwan da aka ba da amsa na hali na neman mai masaukin baki da cin jinin jini An.Headspace m tsantsa tattara daga sabo, 24-h, 72-h, da kuma 168-h-shekaru fitsari da aka bincikar don maras tabbas tsantsa daga Arabidopsis sauro ta amfani da wani madaidaiciya gilashi tube olfactometer [18] An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen 13-lokacin gida na wani lokaci na ZT5. 9].A gilashin tube olfactometer (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) da aka haskaka da 3 ± 1 lx na ja haske daga sama. Charcoal tace da humidified iska kwarara (25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 2% dangi zafi) wuce da bioassay a 30 cm s-1. Air da aka wuce ta bioassay a 30 cm s-1. Air da aka wuce ta hanyar da wani uniform lambo tsarin da wani karfe lamp da aka wuce ta hanyar wani nau'i nau'i na lamp. n dispenser (4 cm × 1 cm; L: D; DAB Dental AB), an dakatar da shi daga madaidaicin 5 cm a kan ƙarshen iska na olfactometer, tare da stimulator canje-canje kowane minti 5. Don bincike, 10 μl na kowane tsattsauran ra'ayi, diluted 1:10, an yi amfani da shi azaman mai kara kuzari. saki cages 2-3 hours kafin fara gwajin. The saki keji aka sanya a kan downwind gefen olfactometer, da sauro da aka yarda su acclimate na 1 min, sa'an nan kuma malam buɗe ido bawul na kejin aka bude don saki. jan hankali ga jiyya ko kula da aka bincikar matsayin rabo na sauro wanda ya zo cikin lamba tare da wani iko a cikin minti 5 da aka samu a cikin lamba tare da wani volplicati. 30 sau, kuma don kauce wa tasirin kowace rana, an gwada adadin jiyya da sarrafawa iri ɗaya a kowace rana ta gwaji. Neman amsa daga mai masaukin baki da Ans.Larabci tare da saitunan sararin samaniya an yi nazarin su ta hanyar amfani da raƙuman ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga wanda ya biyo bayan kwatancen nau'i-nau'i don m rabo (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute).
Amsar spawning An's spawning tsantsa daga sabo ne da kuma tsofaffin fitsarin saniya da aka bincikar a cikin Bugdorm cages (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science) .Plastic kofuna (30 ml; Nolato Hertila) cike da 20 ml na distilled ruwa bayar da spawning substrate kuma an sanya shi a cikin kishiyar sasanninta na 4 cm. l na kowane cirewar sararin samaniya a cikin dilution 1: 10. An yi amfani da daidaitattun adadin pentane don daidaita kofin sarrafawa. An yi musayar magani da kofuna na kulawa tsakanin kowane gwaji don sarrafa tasirin matsayi. An saki mata goma da aka ciyar da jini a cikin cages gwaji a ZT 9-11 da ƙwai a cikin kofuna waɗanda aka ƙidaya sa'o'i 24 bayan haka. Tsarin ƙididdiga na ƙididdige adadin ƙwai a cikin lambobi na lambobi. control cup)/(jimlar adadin ƙwai da aka sa).Kowace magani an maimaita sau 8.
Gas chromatographic da electron eriyar ganowa (GC-EAD) bincike na mata An.arabiensis da aka yi kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya [20].A takaice dai, sabon headspace maras tabbas ruwan 'ya'yan itace da aka rabu ta amfani da Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) sanye take da HP-5 (30 m × 0.0.2 mm shafi, μm fasahar, Agilent ginshikan).da kuma tsufa na fitsari.An yi amfani da hydrogen a matsayin lokacin wayar hannu tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici na 45 cm s-1. Kowane samfurin (2 μl) an yi masa allura don 30 seconds a cikin yanayin tsagawa tare da zafin jiki na ciki na 225 ° C. An shirya zafin jiki na GC daga 35 ° C (minti 3 riƙe) zuwa 300 ° C a cikin minti 10.0 C (minter 10.0C) An ƙara 4 psi na nitrogen kuma an raba 1: 1 a cikin Gerstel 3D / 2 ƙananan matattu ƙarar giciye (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) tsakanin harshen wuta ionization detector da EAD. The GC effluent capillary for EAD aka wuce ta hanyar Gerstel ODP-2 canja wuri line, wanda tracks da GC tanda zafin jiki a cikin wani gilashin tube 0 cm (mm) tare da 5 ° C, a tsakiyar hulumi. iska (1.5 l min-1) .An sanya eriya 0.5 cm daga mashigar bututu. Kowane sauro ya yi lissafin kwafi guda ɗaya, kuma ga sauro masu neman masauki, aƙalla sau uku an yi su akan samfuran fitsari na kowane zamani.
Gano mahadi na bioactive a cikin tarin sararin samaniya na sabo da tsofaffin fitsari ta hanyar amfani da GC da aka haɗa tare da ma'aunin spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC da 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) don fitar da martanin antennal a cikin bincike na GC-EAD, yana aiki a cikin yanayin tasirin ionization na lantarki a 70 eVMS da aka sanye take da ginshiƙi na GC-5. × 0.25 mm diamita na ciki, 0.25 μm fim kauri) ta yin amfani da helium a matsayin tsarin wayar hannu tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici na 35 cm s-1.A 2 μl samfurin an allura ta hanyar amfani da saitunan injector iri ɗaya da zafin jiki na tanda kamar yadda binciken GC-EAD. An gano abubuwan haɗin gwiwa dangane da lokacin da suke riƙewa (Kovát al'ada ɗakin karatu da kuma kwatanta ɗakin karatu na NIST1). an tabbatar da mahadi ta hanyar shigar da ingantattun ma'auni (Ƙarin Fayil na 1: Table S2) .Don ƙididdigewa, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% tsarkin sinadarai, Aldrich) an allura a matsayin ma'auni na waje.
kimantawa da inganci na wani roba wari cakuda kunsha bioactive mahadi gano a sabo da kuma tsufa fitsari don jawo hankalin rundunar-neman da jini-tsotsa Ans.arabiensis, ta yin amfani da wannan olfactometer da yarjejeniya kamar yadda above.Synthetic garwayayye mimicked da abun da ke ciki da rabbai na mahadi a cikin gauraye headspace maras tabbas,4-hour, 8-hour, 1,4-hour, 1. 8-hour tsufa fitsari (Figure 5D-G; Ƙarin Fayil 1: Table S2) .Domin bincike, yi amfani da 10 μl na 1: 100 dilution na cikakkiyar cakudaccen ƙwayar cuta, tare da jimlar sakin da aka yi daga kimanin 140-2400 ng h-1, don tantance sha'awa ga mai masaukin baki da kuma shan jini, wanda aka yi a cikin cakudaccen ƙwayar cuta. An cire cikakken cakuda.Nemi martani daga mai masaukin baki da kuma ciyar da Ans.Arab vs synthetic da subtractive gaurayawan an yi nazari ta hanyar amfani da na'ura mai rahusa koma baya tare da kwatanta biyu-biyu don m rabo (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Don tantance ko fitsarin saniya zai iya zama alamar wurin zama ga sauro na zazzabin cizon sauro, fitsarin saniya sabo da tsoho, wanda aka tattara kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, kuma an sanya ruwa a cikin buckets 3 l (100 ml) kuma an sanya shi cikin tarkon tarko.(BG-HDT version; BioGents, Regensburg, DE) .1 tarko sanya 50 m baya a makiyaya, 400 m daga kauyen al'umma (Silay, Ethiopia, 5°53'24′N, 37°29′24′′E) da kuma babu shanu, a kan dindindin kiwo filaye da kauyuka. Biyar tarkuna aka barsu da tarko da aka bar su da tarkon da aka barsu da wuri a sirot. ana ci da daddare a jimillar dare biyar. Lambobin sauro da aka kama a cikin tarko da aka yi amfani da su da fitsari na shekaru daban-daban an kwatanta su ta amfani da koma bayan dabaru tare da rarraba beta binomial (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
A cikin ƙauyen da ke fama da zazzabin cizon sauro a kusa da garin Maki, yankin Oromia, Habasha (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81′ 70″ E; Figure 6A) .An gudanar da binciken tsakanin tsakiyar watan Agusta da tsakiyar Satumba kafin shekara-shekara na cikin gida na cikin gida spraying, tare da dogon lokacin damina. Biyar da nau'i-nau'i-5 na gidajen da aka zaba a bayan gida. 6A) Sharuɗɗan da aka yi amfani da su wajen zabar gidajen su ne: ba a yarda da dabba a cikin gidan ba, ba a yarda da dafa abinci na cikin gida (zanen itace ko gawayi) ba (aƙalla a lokacin gwaji), da gidaje masu yawan mazauna biyu, suna barci a cikin abubuwan da ba a kashe ba.A karkashin maganin sauro net.An ba da izini na ɗabi'a ta Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Bincike na Cibiyar (IRB/022/2016) na Faculty of Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), Jami'ar Addis Ababa, daidai da jagororin kafa sanarwar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya na Helsinki.Consent daga kowane shugaban iyali an samu tare da taimakon ma'aikatan kula da lafiya na gida. matakin. Tsarin gwaji ya biyo bayan zane-zane na 2 × 2 na Latin, wanda aka sanya kayan haɗin gwal da sarrafawa zuwa gidaje guda biyu a cikin dare na farko kuma an canza shi tsakanin gidaje a daren gwaji na gaba. An sake maimaita wannan tsari sau goma. Bugu da ƙari, don kimanta ayyukan sauro a cikin gidaje da aka zaɓa, an saita tarkon CDC don gudanar da dare biyar a jere a farkon lokacin gwaji, tsakiyar rana da kuma ƙarshen lokacin gwaji.
A roba cakuda dauke da shida bioactive mahadi an narkar da a heptane (97.0% sauran ƙarfi GC grade, Sigma Aldrich) da kuma saki a 140 ng h-1 ta yin amfani da auduga wick dispenser [20] The wick dispenser ƙyale duk mahadi da za a saki a akai-akai rabbai a ko'ina cikin 12 hours gwajin. Heptane da aka dakatar da cibiyar da aka yi amfani da na gaba ma'auni na Digiri. (CDC) tarkon haske (Kamfanin John W. Hock, Gainesville, FL, US; Figure 6A) . An rataye tarkon 0.8 - 1 m sama da ƙasa, kusa da ƙafar gado, kuma wani mai aikin sa kai ya kwanta a ƙarƙashin gidan sauro wanda ba a kula da shi ba kuma yana aiki tsakanin 18: 00 da 06: 30. Sauro da kuma jima'i na jima'i, an kama su ta hanyar jima'i 2. Daga baya an duba su ta amfani da bincike na sarkar polymerase (PCR) don gano nau'in halittar da aka gano a matsayin A. gambiae sl. Membobin hadaddun [23].0. Cibiyar SAS Inc.).Anan, muna bayar da rahoton χ2 da p-darajar daga gwajin rabon yuwuwar.
Yi la'akari da ko yana da lafiya.arabiensis ya sami damar samun fitsari, babban tushen nitrogen, urea, ta hanyar ciyarwa kai tsaye, a cikin 48 h na gudanarwa don 4 days post (dpe) neman masauki da gwajin ciyar da mata da jini (Fig. 1A). Dukansu masu neman jini da masu shan jini suna shanyewa = mafi mahimmanci fiye da kowane abinci, 2 ko ruwa (F.02). da F (5,299) = 56.00, p <0.0001, bi da bi; Fig. 1B, C) . Bugu da ƙari kuma, mata masu neman masauki sun ci ƙasa da fitsari a cikin sa'o'i 72 idan aka kwatanta da fitsari a cikin sa'o'i 168 (Fig. 1B) .Lokacin da aka ba da abinci mai dauke da urea, mai neman mai masaukin baki a cikin ruwa mai mahimmanci 2 yayin da aka kwatanta da sauran ruwa mai yawa a cikin 6 m. wanda aka bambanta daga 10% sucrose (F (10,813) = 15.72, p <0.0001; Figure 1D) .Wannan ya bambanta da amsawar mata masu jinin jini, waɗanda yawanci suna shayar da abinci mai dauke da urea fiye da ruwa, albeit kasa da 10% sucrose (F(10.0.0). 1.1E).Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta tsakanin jihohin ilimin lissafi guda biyu, phlebotomized mata sun sha urea fiye da mata masu neman masauki a mafi ƙasƙanci, kuma waɗannan matan sun sha irin wannan adadin urea a mafi girma (F(1,953) = 78.82, p <0.0001;Hoto 1F, G) Duk da yake cin abinci daga abinci mai dauke da urea ya bayyana yana da kyawawan dabi'u (Fig. 1D, E), mata a cikin jihohin ilimin lissafin jiki sun iya daidaita yawan adadin urea da aka shafe a kan dukkan nau'in urea a cikin tsarin log-linear (Fig. 1F, G)..Hakazalika, sauro yana bayyana yana sarrafa yawan sinadarin nitrogen ta hanyar daidaita adadin fitsarin da ake sha, kamar yadda adadin nitrogen a cikin fitsari yana nunawa a cikin adadin da aka sha (Hoto 1B, C da B insets).
Don tantance tasirin fitsari da urea akan neman mai masaukin baki da sauro mai shayar da jini, an ciyar da mata da fitsari na dukkan shekaru hudu (sabo, 24 h, 72 h, da 168 h post-deposition) da kewayon adadin urea, da ruwa mai narkewa da 10 % sucroseure da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin babban tasirin rayuwa a cikin bincike mai mahimmanci. -neman mata (fitsari: χ2 = 108.5, df = 5, p <0.0001; urea: χ2 = 122.8, df = 5, p <0.0001; Fig. 2B, C) da mata masu jinin jini (df: χ0, 0 = 0.0 = 93. 2 = 137.9, df = 5, p <0.0001; Figure 2D,E).A cikin duk gwaje-gwajen, mata sun ciyar da abinci na fitsari, urea, da ruwa suna da ƙananan adadin rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da mata suna ciyar da abincin sucrose (Figure 2B-E) .Mai neman masauki = Mata masu neman mata = suna ciyar da sabo da kuma rashin lafiya na 2 (nau'i na 2). .016) samun mafi ƙasƙanci yiwuwar rayuwa (Fig. 2B) .Bugu da ƙari, mata masu neman masauki sun ciyar da 135 mM urea sun tsira fiye da sarrafa ruwa (p <0.04) (Fig.2C) . Idan aka kwatanta da ruwa, matan da aka ciyar da fitsari mai tsabta da fitsari na sa'o'i 24 sun rayu tsawon lokaci (p = 0.001 da p = 0.012, bi da bi; Hoto 2D), yayin da matan da aka ciyar da fitsari na sa'o'i 72 sun tsira fiye da wadanda aka ciyar da su Mata gajeren fitsari da kuma 24-hour shekaru 0.000 (ply 0.0). D) Lokacin da aka ciyar da 135 mM urea, matan da aka ciyar da jini sun rayu fiye da sauran adadin urea da ruwa (p <0.013; Figure 2E).
Rayuwa mai masaukin baki da mace mai shan jini Anopheles arabinis tana ciyar da fitsarin saniya da urea.A cikin bioassay (A), sauro mata an ba da abinci mai gina jiki wanda ya ƙunshi fitsarin saniya sabo da tsoho, nau'ikan urea, sucrose (10%) da ruwa mai narkewa (H2O) .The tsira na mai masaukin baki da urea. duk matan da aka shayar da fitsari (B, D) da urea (C, E), da sarrafawa, Sucrose da ruwa, sun mutu.
Jimlar nisa da adadin zagaye da aka ƙayyade a cikin gwajin injin jirgin sama a kan tsawon sa'o'i 24 ya bambanta tsakanin masu neman masauki da sauro masu shan jini, wanda ya nuna ƙarancin aikin jirgin gaba ɗaya (Fig. 3). ged sauro da ke ciyar da fitsari sun nuna nau'ikan jirgin sama daban-daban kuma sun kasance da farko na diurnal. Mace sauro da ke ba da fitsari ko fitsari na sa'o'i 72 sun nuna aiki a cikin sa'o'i 24, yayin da matan da ke ba da ruwa sun fi aiki a lokacin tsakiyar lokacin. raguwar aiki akai-akai sama da awanni 24 (Hoto na 3).
Ayyukan jirgin sama na mafarauci mai shan jinin mace mai shan jini Anopheles arabinis tana ciyar da fitsarin saniya da urea.A cikin gwajin injin jirgin sama, sauro mata da ake ciyar da fitsarin saniya sabo da tsufa, nau'ikan urea, sucrose (10%), da ruwa mai tsafta (H2O) an haɗa su zuwa kwance, runtsewar jini da hannun dama (gani ga rundunonin dama). jimlar nisa da adadin jiragen sama a cikin sa'a don kowane abinci a kan sa'o'i 24 an rubuta (duhu: launin toka; haske: fari) .Matsakaicin nisa da matsakaicin adadin ƙwanƙwasa ana nuna su zuwa dama na jadawali na ayyukan circadian. Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar kuskuren daidaitattun ma'anar. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga duba rubutu
Gabaɗaya, gabaɗayan aikin jirgin sama na mata masu neman masaukin baki sun bi tsari mai kama da na nisan jirgin sama a cikin sa'o'i 24. Matsakaicin nesa na jirgin ya sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar abincin da aka ci (F(5, 138) = 28.27, p <0.0001), da mata masu neman masaukin baki sun sha 72 hours na fitsari sun tashi sosai fiye da sauran nisan 0.0. quitoes ya tashi fiye da sabo (p = 0.022) da fitsari na 24-h (p = 0.022) - ciyar da sauro. Ya bambanta da tsarin aikin jirgin da aka bayyana ta hanyar abincin fitsari, urea-feed host-neman mata ya nuna aikin jirgin sama na tsawon lokaci na 24-h, kololuwa na nau'in nau'i na biyu. d urea ya ƙaru ma'ana ta nisa na jirgin sama dangane da ɗaukar hankali (F(5, 138) = 1310.91, p <0.0001).
Gabaɗaya aikin jirgin sama na sauro masu shan jini ya kasance barga kuma ya ci gaba a kan 24 hours a duk abincin abinci, tare da ƙara yawan aikin fitsari a cikin rabi na biyu na lokacin duhu ga mata da aka ciyar da ruwa da kuma a cikin mata da aka ciyar da sabo da 24 hours (hoton 3) . Yayin da abinci na fitsari ya shafi mahimmancin ma'anar jirgin sama a cikin abincin da aka ciyar da jini = mata (F (5, 4.0). F (5, 138) = 1.36, p = 0.24) .tare da sauran fitsari da sarrafa abinci (sabo, p = 0.0091; 72 hours, p = 0.0022; 168 hours, p = 0.001; sucrose, p = 0.0017; dH2O.0.3).
An yi la'akari da tasirin fitsari da urea akan sigogi na haifuwa a cikin bioassays na kwai (Figure 4A) kuma an bincika su bisa ga adadin ƙwai da kowace mace ta yi, girman kwai, da sabon ƙyanƙyashe na farko. Maza sun ciyar da fitsari na sa'o'i 24, abincin jini ya sanya ƙwai fiye da yadda mata ke ciyar da sauran abincin fitsari kuma sun kasance kama da wadanda aka ciyar da sucrose (Fig. 4B). qwai fiye da mata masu ciyar da ruwa, yayin da ƙwai na mata da aka ciyar da 168 h na fitsari sun kasance ƙananan ƙananan (Fig. 4C) . Bugu da ƙari, abinci na fitsari yana da tasiri sosai akan girman tsutsa (F (5, 187) = 7.86, p <0.0001), tare da manyan larvae da ke fitowa daga ƙwai da aka yi daga 2-4hour larvae ƙwai da 2-4hour lavae. .Ciyar da ruwa da 168-h mata masu shan fitsari (Hoto 4D).
Ayyukan haifuwa na mace Anopheles arabinis yana ciyar da fitsarin saniya da urea. An ciyar da sauro masu cin abinci na jini a cikin abinci wanda ya ƙunshi fitsarin saniya sabo da tsufa, nau'i daban-daban na urea, sucrose (10%), da ruwa mai tsabta (H2O) don 48 hours kafin sanyawa a bioassays da kuma samun kwai (Egg size) 4 hours (Egg size). , F) da girman tsutsa (D, G) sun shafi abincin da aka bayar (fitsarin saniya: BD; urea: EG) .Ma'anar kowane ma'auni da aka auna ta amfani da sunayen haruffa daban-daban sun bambanta da juna (hanyar ANOVA ta hanyar amfani da Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05) . Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar kuskuren kuskure na ma'anar.
A matsayin babban nau'in nitrogenous na fitsari, urea, lokacin da aka ba da shi azaman abinci ga mata masu shayar da jini, ya shafi sigogin haifuwa sosai a cikin duk karatun.Yawan ƙwai da mata ke ciyar da urea, bayan cin abinci na jini, dangane da haɓakar urea (F(11, 360) = 4.69; p <0.0001), ƙwai 4 na mata tsakanin 3 m da 3 m. (Figure 4E) .Matan da aka ciyar da su a kan ƙananan urea na 134 µM ko sama sun fi girma ƙwai fiye da mata da aka ciyar da ruwa (F (10, 4245) = 36.7; p <0.0001; Figure 4F), da girman tsutsa, ko da yake ya shafi irin wannan taro na urea a cikin uwaye (33.0.0), p3310.0. m (Hoto 4G).
Gabaɗaya jan hankali ga mai neman ruwan fitsarin bovine headspace maras tabbas.Aarabiensis tantancewa a cikin gilashin tube olfactometer (Fig. 5A) ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ta hanyar shekarun fitsari (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; Hoto 5B) .Post hoc bincike ya nuna cewa mafi girma matakan fitsari 2 sa'o'i idan aka kwatanta da sauran sa'o'i mafi girma na fitsari odor. = 0.0060, 168 hours: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Sai dai warin sabon fitsari (p = 0.13; Hoto 5B) .Ko da yake gabaɗayan sha'awar sauro mai shan jini zuwa warin fitsari bai kasance da bambanci ba (χ2, = 5 8.8). An gano cewa s sun fi kyau sosai ga abubuwan da ba za a iya jurewa ba idan aka kwatanta da fitsari na sa'o'i 72 idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (p = 0.0066; Hoto 5C).
Halayyar martani ga na halitta da na roba fitsari fitsarin saniya a cikin search for rundunar da jini-ciyar da Anopheles arabianus.Schematic of the glass tube olfactometer (A) jan hankali na headspace maras tabbas ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga sabo da kuma tsofaffin fitsarin saniya zuwa masauki (B) da jini-tsotsa (C) sauro. Nemo da sararin samaniya An cire 2. ur (E), 72-hour (F), da 168-hour (G) tsofaffin fitsarin saniya.An nuna alamun ganowar eriyar lantarki (EAD) suna nuna canje-canjen ƙarfin lantarki a cikin martani ga mahaɗan bioactive a cikin sararin samaniya wanda ya fito daga chromatograph gas kuma an gano shi ta mai gano ionization na harshen wuta (FID) na biologically aiki mahadi an nuna.A guda alama (*) nuna wani m low-amplitude martani.Double asterisks (**) nuna unreproducible martani. Nemo mai watsa shiri (H) da jini-tsotsa (I) An.arabiensis yana da daban-daban roko ga roba garwayayye na sabo ne da kuma tsufa saniya nufin fitsari sunaye daban-daban sun jawo hankalin daban-daban haruffa daga moquins. ANOVA ta amfani da Tukey's post hoc analysis;p <0.05) Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar kuskuren ma'auni
Mace Ann.arabiensis, 72 h da 120 h bayan cin abinci na jini, a lokacin spawning, ba a nuna fifiko ga abubuwan da aka samo asali ba daga sabo da tsofaffin fitsarin saniya idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa pentane (χ2 = 3.07, p> 0.05; Ƙarin fayil 1: Fig. S1).
Ga mata Ann.arabiensis, GC-EAD da GC-MS bincike gano takwas, shida, uku da uku bioactive mahadi (Figure 5D-G) .Ko da yake bambance-bambance a cikin adadin mahadi cewa elicited electrophysiological martani da aka lura, mafi yawan wadannan mahadi kasance ba a cikin kowane headspace m tsantsa tattara daga sabo ne da kuma tsufa fitsari.Saboda haka, kawai na jiki da eriya da aka samar a sama da kowane eriya a sama da wani eriya da aka samu a sama. kunshe a cikin ƙarin nazari.
Jimlar sakin maras kyau na mahaɗan bioactive a cikin tarin sararin samaniya ya karu daga 29 µg h-1 a cikin sabon fitsari zuwa 242 µg h-1 a cikin fitsari mai shekaru 168, galibi saboda p-cresol da m-formaldehyde Phenol yana ƙaruwa da phenol. shekarun fitsari, wanda ya danganta da raguwar raguwar siginar sigina (yawanci) a cikin chromatogram (Fig. 5D) -G hagu panel) da kuma amsawar ilimin lissafi ga waɗannan mahadi (Fig. 5D-G dama panel).
Gabaɗaya, cakudar roba tana da nau'in nau'in halitta iri ɗaya na mahaɗan bioactive waɗanda aka gano a cikin tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi na sabo da tsofaffin wuraren fitsari (Fig. 5D-G) kuma bai bayyana yana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci ba a cikin binciken mai masaukin baki (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; Fig. 5H, 4-sucking) ko jini. = 0.30; Hoto 5I) .Duk da haka, bayan hoc kwatancen kwatancen tsakanin jiyya sun nuna cewa sauro masu neman masaukin baki sun kasance masu ban sha'awa sosai ga cakudar roba na 24-h fitsari mai shekaru idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa pentane (p = 0.0086; Hoto 5H).
Don tantance rawar da keɓaɓɓun abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin haɗaɗɗen haɗin gwal na 24-h-tsohuwar fitsari, an ƙididdige abubuwan haɗin kai guda shida a kan cikakkiyar gauraya a cikin gwajin Y-tube, wanda aka cire mahaɗan mutum ɗaya. Don sauro mai neman masaukin baki, cirewar mahaɗan mutum ɗaya daga cikakkiyar cakuda yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan halayen halayen halayen (χ2 = 19.60, p = 19.63, p. ), duk abubuwan haɗin da aka rage sun fi kyau fiye da Ƙananan fiye da cikakke gauraye. Sabanin haka, cirewar mahaɗan mutum ɗaya daga cikakkiyar cakudaccen ƙwayar cuta ba ta shafi halayen sauro masu shan jini ba (χ2 = 11.38, df = 6, p = 0.077), ban da decanal, wanda ya haifar da ƙananan matakan idan aka kwatanta da cikakken nau'i na 2 (2 = 11.38, df = 6, p = 0.077).
A cikin wani ƙauyen da ke fama da zazzabin cizon sauro a Habasha, an kimanta ingancin haɗin roba na fitsarin saniya na sa'o'i 24 don jawo sauro a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin har tsawon dare goma (Fig. 6A). An kama adadin sauro 4,861 kuma an gano, wanda 45.7% sun kasance Anthropus.gambiaen.5% da 38% were Culex spp. (Ƙarin fayil 1: Table S1) .Anopheles arabinis shine kawai memba na nau'in jinsin An.Gambian da aka gano ta hanyar bincike na PCR. A matsakaici, an kama sauro 320 a kowane dare, lokacin da tarko tare da baits na roba na roba sun kama sauro fiye da tarkon da aka haɗa ba tare da cakuda ba (χ12 (0.0). An kafa tarko na n-baited a kowane dare na sarrafawa guda biyar a farkon, tsakiya, da kuma ƙarshen gwaji. An kama lambobi iri ɗaya na sauro a cikin kowane tarko guda biyu, wanda ke nuna rashin nuna bambanci tsakanin gidaje (χ2 (0, 1665) = 9 × 10-13, p> 0.05) kuma babu yawan adadin da aka samu a lokacin da aka yi amfani da traps a lokacin da aka yi amfani da traps. tic cakuda ya karu sosai: neman mai masauki (χ2 (0, 2107) = 138.7, p <0.0001), ciyarwar jini na kwanan nan (χ2 (0, 650) = 32.2, p <0.0001) da ciki (χ2 (0, 228) = 6.27, p23;Ƙarin fayil 1: Tebur S1) Wannan kuma yana nunawa a cikin jimlar adadin sauro da aka kama: mai neman masauki> shayar da jini> ciki> mai ciki mai ciki> namiji.
Ƙididdigar filin ingancin ingancin fitsari na sa'o'i 24 na roba. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen filin a kudu maso tsakiyar Habasha (taswirar), kusa da garin Maki (saka), ta amfani da tarkon haske na Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) (dama) a cikin gidaje guda biyu, tare da zane na Latin square (hoton iska) (Adorsthetic CDC) amma ba Anopheles farroes (C), a cikin wani daban-daban hanya, wani physiological jihar-dogara sakamako. Bugu da kari, wadannan tarko kama muhimmanci ƙara lambobi na rundunar sauro Culex. (D) Idan aka kwatanta da control.The sanduna a gefen hagu wakiltar matsakaicin zabin index na sauro kama a cikin nau'i-nau'i na wari koto (kore) da kuma iko (bude) tarko a kan dama (matsakaicin) 1 nunin index (matsakaicin zaɓi) 1 traps. ps (bude; N = 5)..Asterisks suna nuna matakan mahimmancin ƙididdiga (* p = 0.01 da *** p <0.0001)
An kama nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a cikin tarkuna da ke dauke da gaurayawan roba. Neman mai masaukin baki (χ2 (1, 1345) = 71.7, p <0.0001), ciyar da jini (χ2 (1, 517) = 16.7, p <0.0001) da ciki (χ2 (1, 1.345) p. nsis an kama shi a cikin tarkon da ya saki cakudaccen kayan aiki (Fig. 6B), yayin da adadin An bai bambanta ba. An samo Pharoensis a cikin jihohi daban-daban na ilimin lissafi (Fig. 6C) . Domin Culex, kawai an samu karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan sauro masu neman runduna a cikin tarkon da aka ba da tare da cakuda roba (χ12 (1), 13 . D), idan aka kwatanta da tarkon sarrafawa.
An yi amfani da tarkon tarko mai masaukin baki da ke waje da masu iya shiga tsakanin wuraren kiwo da al'ummomin karkara a Habasha don tantance ko sauro na zazzabin cizon sauro yana amfani da warin fitsarin saniya a matsayin wurin zama. ed da kamawa, kodayake a cikin ƙananan lambobi, masu zaman kansu daga shekarun fitsari (χ2 (5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Ƙarin fayil 1: Hoto S3) .Ya bambanta, kula da ruwa ba su kama sauro na malaria a yanayin zafi ba (Ƙarin Fayil 1: Hoto S3).
Sauro na zazzabin cizon sauro yana samowa da rarraba abubuwan da ke ɗauke da nitrogen ta hanyar ciyar da fitsarin saniya (watau kududdufai) don haɓaka halayen tarihin rayuwa, kama da sauran kwari [2, 4, 24, 25, 26].Fitsarin saniya abu ne mai sauƙin sabuntawa wanda ke da alaƙa da kusanci da wuraren hutawa don magudanar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Sauro na emale suna gano wannan albarkatu ta hanyar wari kuma suna iya tsara yadda ake shigar da mahadi na nitrogen a cikin fitsari, gami da urea, babban sinadarin nitrogen a cikin fitsari [15, 16].Ya danganta da yanayin ilimin halittar sauro na mace, ana ba da abinci mai gina jiki a cikin fitsari don haɓaka ayyukan jirgin da tsirar halayen masu rai yayin da suke neman jinni a matsayin mace mai son rai. Don haka, haɗuwa da fitsari yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cin abinci mai gina jiki ga masu cutar zazzabin cizon sauro waɗanda ke rufe kamar manya marasa abinci mai gina jiki [8], saboda yana ba wa sauro mata damar samun mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da nitrogen ta hanyar shiga cikin ciyar da ƙarancin haɗari. shirye-shiryen gudanarwa na ctor.