Kupeza zakudya ndi kugawa kumaphatikizapo kufunafuna kwa tizilombo ndi mbiri ya moyo.Kubwezera zofooka za zakudya zinazake pamagulu osiyanasiyana a moyo, tizilombo timatha kupeza zakudyazi kudzera mu chakudya chowonjezera, mwachitsanzo, podyetsa zinyama zam'mimba zomwe zimatchedwa puddles. phunziro ili linali loti liwone ngati An. arabiensis chipwirikiti pa mkodzo wa ng'ombe kuti apeze zopatsa thanzi amawongolera mbiri ya moyo.
Onetsetsani kuti ndi otetezeka.arabiensis adakopeka ndi fungo la mkodzo watsopano, wa maola 24, 72, ndi maola 168, komanso kufunafuna ndi kudyetsa magazi (chakudya cha maola 48 pambuyo pa magazi) akazi adayesedwa mu Y-chubu olfactometer, ndipo amayi oyembekezera adayesedwa ndi kuyezetsa mankhwala kuti azindikire. Kufufuza mkodzo wa ng'ombe ndi urea wa ng'ombe wokhala ndi nayitrogeni monga zakudya zowonjezera kwa tizilombo toyambitsa malungo, magawo odyetsa ndi mbiri ya moyo anayesedwa. kudyetsa, akazi adayesedwa kuti apulumuke, kuthawa kwawo, ndi kubereka.
M'ma laboratory ndi maphunziro a kumunda, Aarabu adakopeka ndi fungo lachilengedwe komanso lachilengedwe la mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba wa ng'ombe. Azimayi oyembekezera analibe chidwi ndi mayankho a mkodzo wa ng'ombe pamalo oberekera. kupulumuka, kapena kubereka.
Kupeza kwa Anopheles arabinis ndi kugawa mkodzo wa ng'ombe kuti ziwongolere mbiri ya moyo wawo. Kudyetsa mkodzo wa ng'ombe kumakhudza mphamvu ya vector mwachindunji pakuwonjezera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi kachulukidwe ka vector, komanso mosagwirizana ndi kusintha momwe ndege zimachitikira ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwanso m'mafanizo amtsogolo.
Kupeza zakudya ndi kugawa kumaphatikizapo kufunafuna kwa tizilombo ndi mbiri ya moyo [1,2,3].Tizilombo timatha kusankha ndi kupeza chakudya ndikuchita chakudya cholipira potengera kupezeka kwa chakudya ndi zofunikira za zakudya [1, 3]. kuperewera kwa zakudya zinazake, tizilombo timatha kupeza zakudyazi kudzera mu chakudya chowonjezera, monga matope, ndowe zosiyanasiyana ndi zinsinsi za vertebrates, ndi carrion, ndondomeko yotchedwa puddles [2] . makhalidwe [2, 4, 5, 6] ,7]. The malungo udzudzu Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) amatuluka ngati wamkulu 'sopereŵera' [8], kotero kuthirira kungakhale ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya moyo wake makhalidwe, koma khalidwe ili mpaka ananyalanyazidwa.
Kudya kwa nayitrojeni kwa udzudzu wamkazi wamkulu wa Anopheles kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa caloric nkhokwe zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku larval siteji ndi kusagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kwa chakudya chamagazi [9].Female Ann.gambiae sl nthawi zambiri amalipira izi powonjezera chakudya chamagazi [10, 11], potero kuyika anthu ambiri pachiwopsezo chotenga udzudzu ndikuyika udzudzu wambiri. Kapenanso, udzudzu ukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kudyetsedwa kowonjezera kwa njuchi za vertebrate kuti apeze mankhwala a nayitrogeni omwe amapangitsa kusintha ndi kuuluka kwa ndege, monga momwe tizilombo tina tawonera [2]. ndi chidwi.Anopheles arabinis ndi mwayi mu makonda ake amene amakonda ndipo amadziwika kuti kucheza ndi kudyetsa ng'ombe.Mkodzo ng'ombe ndi gwero wolemera mu nitrogenous mankhwala, ndi urea owerengera 50-95% ya nayitrogeni onse mu mkodzo watsopano [15, 16].Monga ng'ombe mkodzo zaka zaka, ng'ombe ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi 4 ora timachepetsa ndi 2 hours. [15] .Ndi kuwonjezereka kofulumira kwa ammonia, komwe kumayenderana ndi kuchepa kwa organic nitrogen, tizilombo ta alkalophilic (zambiri zomwe zimapanga mankhwala ophera udzudzu) zimakula bwino [15], zomwe zingakhale Ann.arabiensis zachikazi zimakopeka kwambiri ndi mkodzo wazaka 24 maola kapena osachepera [13, 14].
Mu phunziro ili, Ans odyetserako ndi magazi ankayang'aniridwa.Panthawi yake yoyamba ya gonadotropin, arabiensis anayesedwa kuti apeze mankhwala a nitrogenous, kuphatikizapo urea, mwa kusakaniza mkodzo. Mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba udawunikidwa kuti adziwe ngati izi zimapereka chidziwitso chodalirika kwa wolandira komanso wodyetsedwa magazi An. zotsatira za fungo la ng'ombe mkodzo pa zosiyanasiyana zokhudza thupi. Kukopa udzudzu.Zotsatira zomwe zapezeka zikutsimikizira kuti An. arabiensis amapeza ndi kugawa mankhwala a nayitrogeni omwe amapezeka mumkodzo wamtundu wa vertebrate kuti akhudze makhalidwe a mbiri ya moyo.
Anopheles arabicans (Dongola kupsyinjika) anali anakhalabe pa 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH ndi 12:12 h kuwala: mdima mkombero.Mphutsi analeredwa mu trays pulasitiki (20 cm × 18 cm × 7 cm) wodzazidwa ndi madzi osungunula ndi kudyetsedwa Tetramin nsomba (Pulletramin anasonkhanitsa, DE Tetramin nsomba). mu makapu a 30 ml (Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) kenako amasamutsidwa ku makola a Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) kuti alole kutuluka kwa akuluakulu. kuyesera, kapena anali ndi njala usiku ndi madzi osungunuka asanayambe kuyesa, monga momwe tafotokozera m'munsimu.Azimayi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa maulendo a chubu anali ndi njala kwa maola 4-6 okha ndi madzi ad libitum.Kukonzekera udzudzu woyamwa magazi kwa bioassays yotsatira, akazi a 4 dpe anapatsidwa magazi a defibrotic (Håtunalab pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Discovery Feeding) Accrington, UK) .Azimayi odzaza kwathunthu adasamutsidwa ku makola amodzi ndikupereka chakudya mwachindunji, monga momwe tafotokozera m'munsimu, kapena 10% sucrose ad libitum kwa masiku a 3 asanayambe kuyesa zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.Azimayi otsirizawa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma bioassays oyendetsa ndege ndikusamutsidwa ku labotale, ndiyeno anali ndi madzi osungunuka ad libitum asanafike maola 4-6.
Mayesero odyetsa anagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mkodzo ndi urea kwa akuluakulu a An.Arab female.Azimayi omwe akufunafuna alendo komanso odyetsedwa magazi anapatsidwa chakudya chokhala ndi 1% yosungunuka mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya urea, ndi maulamuliro awiri (10% sucrose ndi madzi) kwa 48 h.Kuonjezera apo, mtundu wa chakudya (xy mgne CAS; 2650-17-1; Sigma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) adawonjezedwa ku zakudya ndikuperekedwa mu 4 × 4 matrix mu 250 µl microcentrifuge chubu (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Chithunzi 1A) Dzazani m'mphepete µes kuti mupewe kupikisana kwamitundu, ~300. ikani 10 udzudzu mu lalikulu Petri mbale (12 masentimita awiri ndi 6 cm mu msinkhu; Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Chithunzi 1A) mu mdima wathunthu pa 25 ± 2 cm °C ndi 65 ± 5% wachibale chinyezi. Thewa mayesero anabwerezedwa 5 kwa 10 nthawi.
Yang'anani mkodzo wa ng'ombe ndi urea zomwe zimayamwa ndi ng'ombe yamphongo ndi yoyamwa magazi Anopheles arabianus. Poyesa kudya (A), udzudzu waukazi unapatsidwa chakudya chokhala ndi mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba, urea wambiri, sucrose (10%), ndi madzi osungunuka (H2O) . kuti akazi ofunafuna khamu amayamwa mkodzo wa ng'ombe wa maola 72 osakwana mkodzo wa ng'ombe wa maola 168 (B) .Tanthauzo la chiwerengero cha nayitrogeni (± kupatuka kokhazikika) kwa mkodzo kumayimiridwa mu gawoli.Kufuna Host (D, F) ndi kuyamwa magazi (E, G) akazi amatenga urea molingana ndi mlingo wa voliyumu yokhala ndi zilembo zosiyana (D). (njira imodzi ANOVA pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa positi hoc ya Tukey; p <0.05).Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira cholakwika chokhazikika cha tanthauzo (BE).Mzere wowongoka umayimira mzere wokhotakhota (F, G)
Kuti atulutse chakudya cham'mimba, udzudzu udayikidwa payekhapayekha mu machubu a 1.5 ml a microcentrifuge okhala ndi 230 µl amadzi osungunuka ndipo minofuyo idasokonekera pogwiritsa ntchito pestle komanso mota yopanda waya (VWR International, Lund, SE), ndikutsatiridwa ndi centrifugation pa 10 krpm kwa 10 min . microplate (Sigma-Aldrich) ndi absorbance (λ620) anatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito spectrophotometer-based microplate reader (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). Kapenanso, udzudzuwo unaphwanyidwa mu 1 ml ya madzi osungunuka, 900 µl omwe anali kusanthula 600 µl yomwe inasamutsidwa ku 6photometric tospectred nm; UV 1800, Shimadzu, Kista, SE).Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zakudya, curve yokhazikika idakonzedwa ndi dilution ya serial kuti ipereke 0.2 µl mpaka 2.4 µl ya 1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide.
Deta ya voliyumu idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yowunikira kusiyana (ANOVA) motsatiridwa ndi mafananidwe a Tukey positi hoc awiriwawiri (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989-2007). (GraphPad Prism v8.0.0 ya Mac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, US).
Pafupifupi 20 µl ya zitsanzo za mkodzo kuchokera ku gulu lazaka zonse anamangidwa pa Chromosorb® W/AW (10 mg 80/100 mesh, Sigma Aldrich) ndipo amaikidwa mu makapisozi a malata (8 mm × 5 mm) . Scientific, Waltham, MA, US) kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni mumkodzo watsopano ndi wakale molingana ndi protocol ya wopanga.Nayitrogeni yonse (g N l-1) idayesedwa potengera kuchuluka kwa urea komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyezo.
Kuti muwone momwe zakudya zimakhudzira moyo waakazi wofunafuna komanso woyamwa magazi, udzudzu udayikidwa pawokha mu mbale zazikulu za Petri (masentimita 12 m'mimba mwake ndi 6 cm kutalika; Semadeni) wokhala ndi dzenje lokhala ndi mauna pachivundikiro (m'mimba mwake 3 cm) ndi Kwa mpweya wabwino komanso chakudya. urea, ndi maulamuliro awiri, 10% sucrose ndi madzi.Chakudya chilichonse chinalowetsedwa pa tampon ya mano (DAB Dental AB, Upplands Väsby, SE) yolowetsedwa mu syringe ya 5 ml (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), plunger imachotsedwa, ndikuyika pamwamba pa petri dish yanu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. pamwamba.Udzudzu wopulumuka unkawerengedwa kawiri pa tsiku, pamene udzudzu wakufa unatayidwa mpaka udzudzu womaliza utatha (n = 40 pa chithandizo) .Kupulumuka kwa udzudzu wodyetsedwa pa zakudya zosiyanasiyana kunayesedwa mozama pogwiritsa ntchito ma curves a Kaplan-Meyer ndi mayesero a log-rank kuti afananize kugawanika kwa StatisticsMSS (Statistics) 24.0.0.0).
A mwambo udzudzu flying mphero zochokera Attisano neri Al. [17], zopangidwa 5 mm wandiweyani bwino acrylic mapanelo (10 cm mulifupi x 10 cm utali x 10 cm mkulu) popanda mapanelo kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo (mkuyu. 3: pamwamba). singano yolenjekeka pakati pa maginito awiri a neodymium motalikirana masentimita 9. Chubu yopingasa yopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo (6.5 cm L) idadula pakati pa chubu choyimirira kuti apange mkono womangirira ndi mkono womwe unkanyamula kachidutswa kakang'ono ka aluminiyamu chojambula ngati chizindikiro chosokoneza kuwala.
Azimayi omwe ali ndi njala ya maola 24 anapatsidwa zakudya zomwe zili pamwambazi kwa mphindi 30 asanayambe kudziletsa. Udzudzu waukazi wodyetsedwa mokwanira ndiye aliyense payekhapayekha pa ayezi kwa mphindi 2-3 ndipo amamangiriridwa pamapini a tizilombo ndi phula (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE) ndikumangirira machubu. Mill.Revolutions pa ndege iliyonse inalembedwa ndi makina opangira deta, kenaka amasungidwa ndikuwonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya PC-Lab 2000™ (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE) .Mphero ya ndege inayikidwa mu chipinda choyendetsedwa ndi nyengo (12 h: 12 h, kuwala: mdima, 25 ± 2 °C, 5% RH).
Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ndege, mtunda wokwanira (m) ndi chiwerengero cha zochitika zotsatizana zoyendetsa ndege zinawerengedwa pa ola limodzi pa nthawi ya maola 24. Kuwonjezera apo, mtunda wapakati woyenda ndi akazi pawokha unafanizidwa ndi mankhwala ochiritsira ndikuwunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi ya ANOVA ndi Tukey's post hoc analysis (JMP Pro, v14.0.0), komwe mtunda wodalira ndi SAS unkaonedwa kuti ndi wodalirika, Inc. factor.Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha maulendo ozungulira chimawerengedwa mu zowonjezera za mphindi 10.
Kuti muwone zotsatira za zakudya pa ntchito yobereka ya An.arabiensis, akazi asanu ndi limodzi (4 dpe) anasamutsidwa mwachindunji ku makola a Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa magazi ndikupereka zakudya zoyesera kwa 48 h monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Zakudyazo zinachotsedwa ndi kutulutsa makapu (30 ml) anadzazidwa ndi madzi a tsiku lachitatu la Nostilled Hertila; Maola a 48, kusintha maola onse a 24. Bwerezani ndondomeko iliyonse ya zakudya 20-50 nthawi.Mazira anawerengedwa ndi kulembedwa pa khola lililonse loyesera.Zitsanzo za mazira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kukula kwake ndi kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa mazira amodzi (n ≥ 200 pa zakudya) pogwiritsa ntchito microscope ya Dialux-20 (DM1000 Wetzlar, Etzlarst, Letzlar; Kamera ya Leica (DFC) 320 R2; Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE) .Mazira otsalawo anasungidwa mu chipinda cholamulidwa ndi nyengo pansi pa chikhalidwe cholerera kwa 24 h, ndipo chitsanzo cha 1st instar larvae posachedwapa (n ≥ 200 pa chakudya) chinayesedwa, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Chiwerengero cha mazira ndi kukula kwa mazira ndi mphutsi zinafaniziridwa pakati pa mankhwala ndi kusanthula kwa MPJ, kusanthula kwa Tukey (MP) v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Mikodzo yochokera ku ng'ombe za Zebu, Arsi fuko (1 hr post-sampling), 24 hr, 72 hr ndi 168 hrs ndi mkodzo wazaka 168 anatengedwa kuchokera ku ng'ombe za Zebu, Arsi races. matumba ophika polyamide (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH ndi Co., Minden, DE) mu 3 l polyamide yokhala ndi chivindikiro Mu vinyl chloride pulasitiki drums. Headspace volatiles kuchokera aliyense ng'ombe mkodzo chitsanzo anasonkhanitsidwa mwachindunji (mwatsopano) kapena pambuyo kusasitsa pa firiji firiji, 172h mkodzo aliyense chitsanzo, 172 h 172h mkodzo. anali woimira gulu la msinkhu uliwonse.
Pakusonkhanitsidwa kwamphamvu kwapamutu, njira yotsekeka yotsekeka idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzungulira mpweya wosefera mpweya (100 ml min-1) kudzera mu thumba la polyamide kupita ku gawo la adsorption kwa 2.5 h pogwiritsa ntchito pampu ya diaphragm vacuum (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE) . anapangidwa ndi machubu a Teflon (5.5 cm x 3 mm id) okhala ndi 35 mg wa Porapak Q (50/80 mesh; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) pakati pa mapulagi a ubweya wa magalasi. Asanagwiritse ntchito, ndimeyi inatsukidwa ndi 1 ml redistilled n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt 9 ml , GC 9 ml , pure, DE 9 ml, 9 ml, 9 ml, 9 ml). Sigma Aldrich) .Zowonongeka za adsorbed zinatulutsidwa ndi 400 μl ya pentane. Zosonkhanitsa zapamutu zinaphatikizidwa ndikusungidwa pa -20 ° C mpaka zitagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zifufuze.
Mayankho a khalidwe la kufunafuna khamu ndi kudya magazi An.Headspace osakhazikika akupanga zosonkhanitsidwa kuchokera mwatsopano, 24-h, 72-h, ndi 168-h-mkodzo wazaka adawunikidwa kuti apeze zotulutsa zosasunthika kuchokera ku udzudzu wa Arabidopsis pogwiritsa ntchito chubu chowongoka chagalasi olfactometer [18]. ntchito yofunafuna kunyumba.Arab [19].Magalasi chubu olfactometer (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) anaunikiridwa ndi 3 ± 1 lx kuwala kofiira kuchokera pamwamba.Makala osefedwa ndi chinyezi mpweya kutuluka (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2% wachibale chinyezi) anadutsa 30 zitsulo zosawerengeka - 30 cm assairs kudutsa stadi zowonetsera mauna, kupanga laminar otaya ndi yunifolomu pulane dongosolo.Mano tampon dispenser (4 cm × 1 cm; L:D; DAB Dental AB), kuyimitsidwa kuchokera 5 masentimita koyilo pa mphepo mapeto a olfactometer, ndi stimulator kusintha mphindi 5 iliyonse.Kusanthula, 10 μl wa 10 μl wa mutu uliwonse stimulus wogwiritsidwa ntchito: 1 wowonjezera wogwiritsidwa ntchito monga mutu wa 1. wa pentane ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kulamulira.Udzudzu wofuna alendo kapena woyamwa magazi unayikidwa m'zipinda za munthu aliyense 2-3 maola asanayambe kuyesera. Khola lomasulidwa linayikidwa kumbali ya kutsika kwa olfactometer, ndipo udzudzu unkaloledwa kuti ugwirizane ndi 1 min, ndiyeno valavu ya butterfly inatsegulidwa kuti itulutse chithandizo cha caget. udzudzu umene unakumana ndi gwero mkati mwa mphindi za 5. Kuchotsa mutu uliwonse kosasunthika ndi kuwongolera kunabwerezedwa nthawi zosachepera 30, ndipo kuti tipewe zotsatira za tsiku lililonse, chiwerengero chofanana cha mankhwala ndi zowongolera zinayesedwa pa tsiku lililonse loyesera.Fufuzani mayankho kuchokera kwa Ans omwe amalandila komanso odyetsedwa magazi. (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
An's spawning response.Zolemba zapamutu kuchokera ku mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba zidawunikidwa m'makola a Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science). Makapu apulasitiki (30 mL; Nolato Hertila) odzazidwa ndi 20 mL amadzi osungunula adapereka malo oberekera, gawo laling'ono la 2 cm ndipo anaikidwa pakona ya 2 cm ya caat. makapu adasinthidwa ndi 10 μl ya mutu uliwonse wochotsa mutu pa 1: 10 dilution. Chiwerengero chofanana cha pentane chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha chikho chowongolera. Makapu ochiritsira ndi olamulira adasinthidwa pakati pa kuyesera kulikonse kuti athe kulamulira zotsatira za udindo. Azimayi khumi odyetsedwa magazi anatulutsidwa muzitsulo zoyesera pa ZT 9-11 ndipo mazira mu makapu amawerengedwa pambuyo pake: chiwerengero cha 24 cha makapu chinawerengedwa. mazira oikira m’kapu yopangira mankhwala – chiwerengero cha mazira oikira mu kapu yowongolera)/(chiwerengero chonse cha mazira amene anaikira). Chithandizo chilichonse chinabwerezedwa ka 8.
Kusanthula kwa gasi chromatographic ndi electron antenna pattern (GC-EAD) kusanthula kwa An.arabiensis yachikazi kunachitika monga momwe tafotokozera kale [20].Mwachidule, zatsopano zowonongeka zapamutu zidalekanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) yokhala ndi filimu ya HP-5 id 5 μd 30m × 30m2 μd filimu 5 × makulidwe, Agilent Technologies). ndi mkodzo wokalamba.Hydrogen idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyenda ndi mzere wothamanga wa 45 cm s-1.Chitsanzo chilichonse (2 μl) chinabayidwa kwa masekondi a 30 mumayendedwe osakanikirana ndi kutentha kwa 225 ° C. Kutentha kwa ng'anjo ya GC kunakonzedwa kuchokera ku 35 ° C (kugwira kwa mphindi 3) kufika ku 300 mphindi 100 ° C pa 100 ° C mphindi. 4 psi wa nayitrogeni anawonjezedwa ndikugawanika 1: 1 mu Gerstel 3D / 2 low dead volume cross (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) pakati pa flame ionization detector ndi EAD. The GC effluent capillary for EAD idadutsa mu Gerstel ODP-2 mzere wosinthira, womwe umatsata GC 5 × C kutentha kwa 5 × C, kutentha kwa 5 × C. kumene unasakanizidwa ndi mpweya wa carbon-filtered, humidified (1.5 l min-1) .Mlongotiwo anayikidwa 0.5 cm kuchokera potulutsira chubu.
Kuzindikiritsa ma bioactive compounds mumkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba pogwiritsa ntchito GC ndi mass spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC ndi 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) kuti apeze mayankho a antenna mu GC-EAD kusanthula, kumagwira ntchito mu electron impact ionization mode pa 70 GC-Equipped. Mzere wa silika wa capillary (60 m × 0.25 mm m'mimba mwake, makulidwe a filimu 0.25 μm) pogwiritsa ntchito helium ngati gawo loyenda ndi mzere wothamanga wa 35 cm s-1.A 2 μl adabayidwa pogwiritsa ntchito jekeseni wofanana ndi kutentha kwa ng'anjo monga momwe amachitira ndi GC-EAD kusanthula ndi kuwunika kwa nthawi. ku laibulale yachizolowezi ndi laibulale ya NIST14 (Agilent) .Mapangidwe odziwika adatsimikiziridwa ndi jekeseni zenizeni zenizeni (Fayilo Yowonjezera 1: Table S2) .Kwa quantification, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% chiyero cha mankhwala, Aldrich) anabayidwa ngati muyezo wakunja.
Kuwunika mphamvu ya osakaniza fungo lopangidwa ndi bioactive mankhwala odziwika mu mkodzo watsopano ndi okalamba kuti kukopa khamu ndi woyamwa Ans.arabiensis, pogwiritsa ntchito olfactometer ndi protocol yemweyo monga pamwambapa.Synthetic zosakaniza anatengera kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu wosanganiza headspace kusakhazikika akupanga atsopano, 24hour, 24-hour, 24-hour, 24-hour, ndi 24-hour Mkodzo wakale wa maola 168 (Chithunzi 5D-G; Fayilo Yowonjezera 1: Table S2). Kuti muwunike, gwiritsani ntchito 10 μl wa 1: 100 dilution ya osakaniza opangidwa, ndi kumasulidwa kwathunthu kuyambira pafupifupi 140-2400 ng h-1, poyesa kukopa kwa njuchi, kusakaniza komwe kumachitidwa pambuyo poyesa magazi. zosakaniza zosakaniza zamagulu amodzi a osakaniza athunthu amachotsedwa.Fufuzani mayankho ochokera kwa olandira ndi odyetsedwa ndi magazi a Ans.Arab vs zosakaniza zopanga ndi zochepetsera zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthika mwadzina komwe kumatsatiridwa ndi kufananitsa kwapawiri kwa ma odd ratios (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Kuwona ngati mkodzo wa ng'ombe ungakhale malo omwe udzudzu wa malungo umakhalapo, mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba wa ng'ombe, wotengedwa monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndipo madzi amaikidwa mu ndowa zokhala ndi malita 3 (100 ml) ndikuyika misampha ya nyambo. (BG-HDT version; BioGents, Regensburg, DE). Misampha khumi inasiyanitsidwa ndi 50 m m'malo odyetserako ziweto, mamita 400 kuchokera kumudzi (Silay, Ethiopia, 5°53'24′′N, 37°29'24''E) ndipo palibe ng'ombe, pa malo oswana ndi midzi. imazunguliridwa usiku uliwonse kwa okwana mausiku asanu.Nambala za udzudzu wogwidwa mu misampha yotsatiridwa ndi mkodzo wa mibadwo yosiyana anafaniziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kubwereranso ndi kugawa kwa beta binomial (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
M’mudzi womwe muli malungo pafupi ndi tawuni ya Maki, m’chigawo cha Oromia, Ethiopia (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81′ 70″ E; Chithunzi 6A). Kafukufukuyu anachitidwa pakati pa mwezi wa Ogasiti ndi pakati pa mwezi wa September isanafike kupopera mbewu kwa m’nyumba kwapachaka, limodzi ndi nyengo yamvula yayitali. anasankhidwa kuti aphunzire (mkuyu 6A) . Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha nyumbazo zinali: palibe nyama zomwe zimaloledwa m'nyumba, palibe kuphika m'nyumba (kujambula nkhuni kapena makala) (osachepera nthawi yoyesedwa), ndi nyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu awiri okhalamo, akugona mu uninsecticides. Pansi pa ukonde wothiridwa ndi udzudzu. Chivomerezo choyenera chaperekedwa ndi Institutional Research Ethics Review Board (IRB/022/2016) ya Faculty of Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), Yunivesite ya Addis Ababa, motsatira malangizo omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. maulamuliro pa chigawo cha chigawo ndi ward ('kebele') mlingo.The experimental design anatsatira 2 × 2 Latin lalikulu kamangidwe, mmene zosakaniza zosakaniza ndi maulamuliro anapatsidwa owirikiza nyumba pa usiku woyamba ndi anasinthana pakati pa nyumba usiku wotsatira experimental.Njira iyi inabwerezedwa kakhumi.Kuonjezera apo, kuyerekezera ntchito za udzudzu m'nyumba zosankhidwa, CDC yoyendetsa maulendo asanu pamunda wapakati pa misampha yapakati inali yokhazikika, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pa misampha yapakati pa usiku. nthawi yomweyo ya tsiku.
Chosakaniza chopangidwa ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za bioactive chinasungunuka mu heptane (97.0% solvent GC grade, Sigma Aldrich) ndipo inatulutsidwa pa 140 ng h-1 pogwiritsa ntchito thonje la thonje [20] . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) msampha wowala (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, US; Chithunzi 6A) .Misamphayo inapachikidwa 0.8 - 1 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka, pafupi ndi phazi la bedi, ndipo wodzipereka anagona pansi pa ukonde wosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi udzudzu ndikugwira ntchito pakati pa 108:00 ndi moquid: 00 ndi 106to00. chikhalidwe cha thupi (osadyetsedwa, kudyetsedwa, theka-pakati, ndi pakati [21] pambuyo pake anawunikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kusanthula kuti azindikire mitundu ya morphologically yomwe imadziwika kuti A. gambiae sl. Mamembala a zovuta [23]. control) chinali chokhazikika (JMP® 14.0. 0. SAS Institute Inc.).
Unikani ngati ndi otetezeka.arabiensis adatha kupeza mkodzo, gwero lake lalikulu la nayitrogeni, urea, mwa kudyetsa mwachindunji, mkati mwa 48 h ya utsogoleri kwa masiku 4 pambuyo (dpe) kufunafuna alendo ndi kuyesa kudyetsa amayi odyetsera magazi (mkuyu 1A) .Azimayi onse omwe akufunafuna alendo ndi omwe amayamwa magazi amamwa kwambiri sucrose (F6) kuposa madzi ena onse (F6 = 5, p1 = 2, p1 = 2, 4 = 2, 5, p. 0.0001 ndi F (5,299) = 56.00, p <0.0001, motero, 1B, C) . Kuwonjezera apo, akazi ofunafuna alendo amadya pang'ono mkodzo pa maola a 72 poyerekeza ndi mkodzo pa maola 168 (Mkuyu 1B) . poyerekeza ndi zina zonse zokhazikika ndi madzi, pamene osadziwika bwino ndi 10% sucrose (F (10,813) = 15.72, p <0.0001; Chithunzi 1D) .Izi zinali zosiyana ndi kuyankha kwa akazi odyetsedwa m'magazi, omwe nthawi zambiri amadya zakudya zokhala ndi urea kwambiri kuposa madzi, ngakhale 10 (5% = 5% = 5% = 5% = 5) 78.35, p <0.0001; Chithunzi 1) .1E) Komanso, poyerekeza pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za thupi, akazi a phlebotomized amamwa urea kwambiri kuposa akazi omwe akufunafuna alendo pazigawo zotsika kwambiri, ndipo akaziwa adatenga urea wofanana pamagulu apamwamba (F (1,9808; 1F, G).Ngakhale kuti kudya kuchokera ku zakudya zokhala ndi urea kunkawoneka kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino (mkuyu. ) Momwemonso, udzudzu umawoneka kuti umayang'anira kutengeka kwawo kwa nayitrogeni mwa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mkodzo womwe umatengedwa, popeza kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni mumkodzo kumawonekera mu kuchuluka komwe kumalowa (Chithunzi 1B, C ndi B).
Kuti muwone zotsatira za mkodzo ndi urea pa kupulumuka kwa udzudzu wofunafuna ndi woyamwa magazi, akazi adadyetsedwa mkodzo wazaka zonse zinayi (mwatsopano, 24 h, 72 h, ndi 168 h post-deposition) ndi mitundu yambiri ya urea, komanso madzi osungunuka ndi 10 % kusanthula komwe kunasonyeza kuti Aval surrose anali ndi control 2. zotsatira zazikulu pa kupulumuka kwathunthu kwa akazi omwe akufunafuna alendo (mkodzo: χ2 = 108.5, df = 5, p <0.0001; urea: χ2 = 122.8, df = 5, p <0.0001; Chithunzi 2B, C) ndi mkodzo 0 = χ9 odyetsedwa ndi magazi: 5. adawonetsa kupulumuka kosiyana, ndi omwe amadyetsedwa 72-h stale mkodzo (p = 0.016) omwe ali ndi mwayi wochepa kwambiri wopulumuka (mkuyu 2B) . Komanso, akazi omwe amafunafuna alendo omwe amadyetsa 135 mM urea adapulumuka nthawi yayitali kuposa kulamulira madzi (p <0.04) (Mkuyu 2 C ndi madzi atsopano a mkodzo). mkodzo unakhalabe ndi moyo nthawi yayitali (p = 0.001 ndi p = 0.012, motsatira; Chithunzi 2D), pamene amayi omwe amadyetsedwa ndi mkodzo wa maola 72 amakhala ndi moyo wautali kuposa omwe amadyetsedwa Mkodzo waufupi Wachikazi ndi mkodzo wa maola 24 (p <0.0001 ndi p = 0.013, pamene fed 1M 1D); Azimayi odyetsedwa magazi adapulumuka nthawi yayitali kuposa kuchuluka kwa urea ndi madzi (p <0.013; Chithunzi 2E).
Mu bioassay (A), udzudzu wamkazi anapatsidwa chakudya wopangidwa mwatsopano ndi wokalamba mkodzo ng'ombe, woipa zosiyanasiyana urea, sucrose (10%) ndi distilled madzi (H2O) .Kupulumuka kwa khamu-kufunafuna, C-, D - kufunafuna magazi, E-B) amalembedwa maola 12 aliwonse mpaka akazi onse kudyetsedwa mkodzo (B, D) ndi urea (C, E), ndi zowongolera, Sucrose ndi madzi, akufa.
Mtunda wonse ndi maulendo ozungulira omwe amatsimikiziridwa mu mayeso a mphero ya ndege pa nthawi ya maola a 24 amasiyana pakati pa kufunafuna alendo ndi udzudzu woyamwa magazi, zomwe zinasonyeza ntchito yochepa ya ndege yonse (mkuyu 3) . Udzudzu waukazi womwe umapereka sucrose kapena mkodzo wa maola 72 umasonyeza ntchito mu nthawi yonse ya maola 24, pamene akazi omwe amapereka madzi anali achangu kwambiri pakati pa nthawi. Mkodzo wazaka 72 unayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono pakuchita maola 24 (Chithunzi 3).
Poyesa mphero, udzudzu waukazi umadyetsedwa ndi mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba wa ng'ombe, urea, sucrose (10%), ndi madzi osungunuka (H2O) anamangidwa mopingasa, mozungulira magazi, momasuka komanso mozungulira. (kumanja) akazi, mtunda wonse ndi kuchuluka kwa maulendo apandege pa ola pa chakudya chilichonse pa nthawi ya maola 24 zinalembedwa (kuda: imvi; kuwala: koyera). Mtunda wapakati ndi chiwerengero cha maulendo apakati akuwonetsedwa kumanja kwa graph ya circadian ntchito. Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira zolakwika zodziwika bwino.
Kawirikawiri, ntchito yonse yothawirako ya akazi omwe akufunafuna alendo amatsatira chitsanzo chofanana ndi mtunda wothawa pa nthawi ya ola la 24. Mtunda wamtunda waulendo unakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zakudya zomwe zimalowetsedwa (F (5, 138) = 28.27, p <0.0001), ndipo akazi ofunafuna alendo adadya maola 72 a mkodzo anawuluka maulendo ataliatali kwambiri ndi 0
Zotsatira za kudyetsa mkodzo ndi urea pazigawo zoberekera zinayesedwa muzoyesa zoyesa mazira (Chithunzi 4A) ndipo zinafufuzidwa molingana ndi chiwerengero cha mazira omwe anaikira ndi mkazi aliyense, kukula kwa dzira, ndi mphutsi zoyamba kumene kuswa mphutsi. Chithunzi cha 4B) Akazi amadyetsa mkodzo wa maola a 24, chakudya chamagazi chinaika mazira ochuluka kwambiri kuposa akazi omwe amadyetsa zakudya zina za mkodzo ndipo anali ofanana ndi omwe amadyetsedwa sucrose (mkuyu 4B) . Momwemonso, kukula kwa mazira omwe amaikidwa ndi akazi odyetsedwa ndi mkodzo amasiyana ndi zakudya (F (5, 209) = 11.4-p. Azimayi odyetsedwa a sucrose omwe amaika mazira ochuluka kwambiri kuposa akazi odyetsedwa ndi madzi, pamene mazira aakazi amadyetsedwa ndi 168 h ya mkodzo anali ochepa kwambiri (mkuyu 4C) .Kuonjezera apo, zakudya za mkodzo zinakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mphutsi (F (5, 187) = 7.86, p <0.0001), ndi mazira akuluakulu a 4 a lar- erging (F (5, 187) = 7.86, p <0.0001) Azimayi omwe amadyetsedwa ndi mkodzo wa maola 72 kusiyana ndi mazira omwe atayidwa kuchokera ku mphutsi za mazira. Azimayi odyetsedwa ndi madzi ndi maola 168 (Chithunzi 4D).
Ubereki wa akazi Anopheles arabini kudyetsa ng'ombe mkodzo ndi urea.Magazi udzudzu wamkazi anadyetsedwa zakudya wopangidwa mwatsopano ndi okalamba mkodzo ng'ombe, woipa osiyanasiyana urea, sucrose (10%), ndi distilled madzi (H2O) kwa maola 48 asanawaike mu bioassays ndi kupeza maola (A) dzira 4, dzira 4 maola (A) ndi kupeza dzira 4 dzira. Kukula kwa dzira (C, F) ndi kukula kwa mphutsi (D, G) zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zakudya zomwe zimaperekedwa (mkodzo wa ng'ombe: BD; urea: EG) .Njira pamtundu uliwonse woyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayina a zilembo zosiyana zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake (njira imodzi ANOVA pogwiritsa ntchito Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05) .
Monga chigawo chachikulu cha nayitrogeni cha mkodzo, urea, pamene amaperekedwa monga chakudya kwa akazi odyetsedwa magazi, anakhudza kwambiri magawo obereketsa m'maphunziro onse.Kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amaikidwa ndi akazi amadyetsedwa urea, pambuyo pa chakudya chamagazi, malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa urea (F (11, 360) = 4.69; p <0.0001), akazi 3M kudyetsedwa kwa 4M µµmµµµmµµµµµ anaika mazira ochuluka (Chithunzi 4E) . Azimayi amadyetsedwa pa urea ndende ya 134 µM kapena pamwamba amayika mazira akuluakulu kuposa akazi omwe amadyetsedwa pamadzi (F (10, 4245) = 36.7; p <0.0001; Chithunzi 4F), ndi kukula kwa mphutsi, ngakhale kuti amakhudzidwa ndi zofanana, 3F = 3F (0.9 = 3F; p <0.0001) inali yosiyana kwambiri (mkuyu 4G).
Chikoka chonse cha kufunafuna mkodzo wa ng'ombe kumutu kwapang'onopang'ono kosasunthika.The arabiensis yomwe inayesedwa mu galasi chubu olfactometer (Mkuyu 5A) inakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi msinkhu wa mkodzo (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; Mkuyu 5B) . kwa mankhwala ena onse (maola 72: p = 0.0060, maola 168: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Kupatula fungo la mkodzo watsopano (p = 0.13; Chithunzi 5B) Ngakhale kuti kukopa konse kwa udzudzu woyamwa magazi kumagazi 8, 8 = fungo la mkodzo silinali losiyana 8. p = 0.067; Mkuyu. 5C), akaziwa adapezeka kuti ndi okongola kwambiri kuzinthu zowonongeka zamutu poyerekeza ndi mkodzo wokalamba wa maola 72 poyerekeza ndi zowongolera (p = 0.0066; Chithunzi 5C).
Makhalidwe mayankho ku zachilengedwe ndi kupanga ng'ombe mkodzo fungo kufunafuna khamu ndi magazi Anopheles arabianus.Schematic wa galasi chubu olfactometer (A).Chikoka cha headspace kosakhazikika akupanga kuchokera mwatsopano ndi okalamba mkodzo ng'ombe ku khamu (B) ndi woyamwa magazi (C) udzudzu.Pezani achotseretu Ambuye (Anthu) mwatsopano tenta. 24-hour (E), 72-hour (F), ndi 168-hour (G) mkodzo wa ng'ombe wachikulire amasonyezedwa.Zotsatira za Electron antenna (EAD) zimasonyeza kusintha kwa magetsi poyankha mankhwala opangidwa ndi bioactive mu headspace eluted from the gas chromatograph and detected by flame ionization detector (FID) replition scale (FID) reply remplition . (s) kutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa udzudzu komwe kumakopeka ndi mayina osiyanasiyana a zilembo kunali kosiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake (njira imodzi ANOVA pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa post hoc ya Tukey; p <0.05). Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira cholakwika cha sikelo
Ann.arabiensis wamkazi, 72 h ndi 120 h pambuyo pa chakudya chamagazi, panthawi yobereketsa, palibe zokonda zomwe zinawonetsedwa pamutu wotuluka mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba poyerekeza ndi zowongolera pentane (χ2 = 3.07, p> 0.05; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Mkuyu. S1).
Kwa Ann.arabiensis wamkazi, GC-EAD ndi GC-MS kusanthula anapeza zisanu ndi zitatu, zisanu ndi chimodzi, zitatu ndi zitatu bioactive mankhwala (Figure 5D-G) . tinyanga pamwamba pa khomo anaphatikizidwa mu kusanthula kwina.
Chiwopsezo chonse cha kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala a bioactive pamutu wapamutu chinawonjezeka kuchokera ku 29 µg h-1 mu mkodzo watsopano mpaka 242 µg h-1 mu mkodzo wokalamba wa maola 168, makamaka chifukwa cha p-cresol ndi m-formaldehyde Phenol ikuwonjezeka komanso phenol. decanal, kuchepa ndi kukula kwa mkodzo, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwachidziwitso champhamvu (kuchuluka) mu chromatogram (mkuyu. 5D) -G gulu lakumanzere) ndi mayankho a thupi kuzinthu izi (Mkuyu 5D-G gulu lamanja).
Ponseponse, kusakaniza kopanga kunali ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chachilengedwe cha mankhwala opangidwa ndi bioactive omwe amadziwika muzinthu zosasunthika za mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba (mkuyu. 5D-G) ndipo sanawonekere kuti apereke chidwi chachikulu pofufuza wolandira (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; Mkuyu 4-5, 9H = 4H = 4, p. df = 4, p = 0.30; Mkuyu. 5I) Komabe, positi hoc pairwise mafaniziro pakati pa mankhwala anasonyeza kuti khamu kufunafuna udzudzu anali wokongola kwambiri kusakaniza kupanga 24-h mkodzo akale poyerekeza ndi zowongolera pentane (p = 0.0086; Chithunzi 5H).
Kuwunika udindo wa munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu mu zosakaniza kupanga wa 24-h-okalamba mkodzo, asanu subtractive zosakaniza anawunikidwa motsutsana zosakaniza wathunthu mu Y-chubu kuwunika, imene mankhwala munthu anachotsedwa. Pakuti khamu kufunafuna udzudzu, kuchotsa mankhwala munthu kusakaniza wathunthu anali ndi zotsatira kwambiri pa khalidwe mayankho (.f63 =, p. 0.0032; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Chithunzi S2A), zosakaniza zonse zowonongeka zinali zokongola kwambiri kuposa Zochepa kusiyana ndi zosakanikirana. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuchotsedwa kwa mankhwala amtundu uliwonse kuchokera kusakaniza kokwanira kokwanira sikunakhudze mayankho a khalidwe la udzudzu woyamwa magazi (χ2 = 11.38, df = 6, p = 0,07) poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha 0,07 Kukopa (p = 0.022; Fayilo Yowonjezera 1: Chithunzi S2B).
M'mudzi wa malungo ku Ethiopia, mphamvu ya kusakaniza kopangidwa kwa maola 24 mkodzo wa ng'ombe pokopa udzudzu pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kumunda kunayesedwa kwa mausiku khumi (mkuyu 6A) . Chiwerengero cha udzudzu wa 4,861 unagwidwa ndikuzindikiridwa, omwe 45.7% anali Anthropus.gambia 9 ndi Anthropus.gambia 18 35,4% anali Culex spp.(Zowonjezera wapamwamba 1: Table S1) .Anopheles arabinis ndi membala yekha wa An.Gambian mitundu zovuta kuzindikiridwa ndi PCR analysis.On avareji, 320 udzudzu anagwidwa pa usiku, nthawi imene misampha ndi kupanga osakaniza nyambo anagwira udzudzu kuposa osakaniza 6 χ9 misampha popanda osakaniza 6 = 32 misampha 170.0, p <0.0001) Misampha yopanda nyambo inayikidwa pa usiku uliwonse wolamulira asanu kumayambiriro, pakati, ndi kumapeto kwa mayesero.Ziwerengero zofanana za udzudzu zinagwidwa mu misampha iwiri iliyonse, kusonyeza kuti palibe tsankho pakati pa nyumba (χ2 (0, 1665) > 0 0 - 9 × 1, 1665 = 0 0 - 9 × 0 0. Poyerekeza ndi misampha yolamulira, chiwerengero cha udzudzu umene unagwidwa mu misampha yomwe ili ndi kusakaniza kosakaniza kunawonjezeka kwambiri: kufunafuna alendo (χ2 (0, 2107) = 138.7, p <0.0001), kudyetsa magazi posachedwa (χ2 (0, 650) = 32.2, p <0 20) (0 = χ20) = 0 = 0 = 0 20 = 0 = 0 = 0. 6.27, p = 0.0123; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Table S1) .Izi zikuwonekeranso mu chiwerengero chonse cha udzudzu wogwidwa: wofuna kufunafuna> kuyamwa magazi> oyembekezera> wapakati> wamphongo.
Kuwunika kumunda wa mphamvu ya maola 24 kupanga ng'ombe mkodzo fungo osakaniza.Mayesero m'munda anachitikira kum'mwera chapakati Ethiopia (mapu), pafupi ndi tauni ya Maki (ikani), pogwiritsa ntchito Centers for Disease Control (CDC) kuwala msampha (kumanja) m'nyumba awiriawiri, ndi Latin lalikulu kamangidwe (mlengalenga chithunzi CDC) (Ador-basphelei fupa lachikazi chithunzi) (Ador-basphelei fupa CDC). arabesques (B), koma osati Anopheles farroes (C), mwanjira ina, zokhudza thupi boma amadalira kwenikweni. Komanso, misampha imeneyi analanda kwambiri kuchuluka kwa khamu udzudzu Culex.(D) Poyerekeza ndi ulamuliro. kumanja kumayimira index yosankha pakati pamagulu awiri amisampha yowongolera (yotseguka; N = 5). ) Nyenyezi zimawonetsa milingo yofunikira (*p = 0.01 ndi ***p <0.0001)
Mitundu itatuyi inagwidwa mosiyana mu misampha yomwe ili ndi zosakaniza zopangira.Kufuna khamu (χ2 (1, 1345) = 71.7, p <0.0001), kudyetsa magazi (χ2 (1, 517) = 16.7, p <0.0001) ndi mimba (χ2 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 18 = 18) = 18. .arabiensis anatsekeredwa mu msampha kumasula osakaniza kupanga (mkuyu. 6B), pamene kuchuluka kwa An sanali osiyana.Pharoensis m'mayiko osiyanasiyana zokhudza thupi anapezeka (mkuyu 6C) .Kwa Culex, kokha kuwonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha udzudzu kufunafuna makamu anapezeka misampha nyambo nyambo ndi kupanga χ26 (p16 osakaniza) = 1 χ29 = 1 osakaniza osakaniza 29 = 1 = 1, p. 0.0004; Mkuyu 6D), poyerekeza ndi misampha yolamulira.
Misampha ya nyambo yomwe ili kunja kwa malo oswana ndi midzi ya ku Ethiopia idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awone ngati udzudzu wa malungo umagwiritsa ntchito fungo la mkodzo wa ng'ombe ngati malo okhalamo. udzudzu unakopeka ndi kugwidwa, ngakhale kuti ndi ochepa, osadalira zaka za mkodzo (χ2 (5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Chithunzi S3) . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuwongolera madzi sikunagwire udzudzu wa malungo pa kutentha kwakukulu (Fayilo Yowonjezera 1: Chithunzi S3).
Udzudzu wa malungo umatenga ndi kugawa mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni kudzera mu kudyetsa mkodzo wa ng'ombe (mwachitsanzo, matope) kuti apititse patsogolo chikhalidwe cha mbiri ya moyo, mofanana ndi tizilombo tina [2, 4, 24, 25, 26]. ku nyumba za kumidzi ndi malo obereketsa.Udzudzu waukazi umapeza gwero ili ndi fungo ndipo amatha kulamulira kutengeka kwa mankhwala a nayitrogeni mumkodzo, kuphatikizapo urea, chigawo chachikulu cha nayitrogeni mu mkodzo [15, 16]. udzudzu, komanso kupulumuka ndi kubereka kwa anthu omwe amadyetsedwa ndi magazi pa nthawi yoyamba ya gonadotropic. Choncho, kusakanikirana kwa mkodzo kumakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zakudya kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a malungo omwe amatsekedwa ngati achikulire omwe alibe chakudya chokwanira [8], chifukwa amapatsa udzudzu waakazi kuti athe kupeza mankhwala ofunikira a nayitrogeni pochita nawo chakudya cham'mimba chochepa. kuyembekezera, ntchito ndi kubereka, zonse zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya vector.Kuonjezera apo, khalidweli likhoza kukhala cholinga cha mapulogalamu amtsogolo oyendetsa ma vector.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-15-2022
