Kupeza zakudya ndi kugawira kumaphatikizapo kudya kwa tizilombo ndi mbiri ya moyo.Kubwezera zofooka za zakudya zenizeni pa magawo osiyanasiyana a moyo, tizilombo tingapeze zakudya izi kudzera mu chakudya chowonjezera, mwachitsanzo, podyetsa zinyama zam'mimba zomwe zimatchedwa puddles. ngati An.arabiensis chipwirikiti pa mkodzo wa ng'ombe kuti apeze zopatsa thanzi amawongolera mbiri ya moyo.
Onetsetsani kuti ndi otetezeka.arabiensis adakopeka ndi fungo la mkodzo watsopano, wa maola 24, 72, ndi maola 168, komanso wofunafuna ndi magazi (chakudya cha maola 48 pambuyo pochotsa magazi) akazi adayesedwa mu Y-chubu olfactometer, ndipo amayi apakati adawunikiridwa ndikuwunikiridwa ndi biophysiological. Kufufuza mkodzo wa ng'ombe ndi urea wambiri wokhala ndi nayitrogeni monga zakudya zowonjezera kwa tizilombo toyambitsa malungo, magawo odyetserako zakudya ndi mbiri ya moyo anayesedwa. Gawo la udzudzu waukazi ndi kuchuluka kwa mkodzo wa ng'ombe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ng'ombe. kuthawa kwa vival, kulumikizidwa, ndi kubereka.
Fufuzani magazi ndi chakudya cha mwiniwakeyo. Mu labotale ndi maphunziro akumunda, Aarabu adakopeka ndi fungo lachilengedwe komanso lachilengedwe la mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba. Azimayi apakati analibe chidwi ndi mayankho a mkodzo wa ng'ombe pamalo obereketsa. Azimayi omwe amafunafuna ndi kuyamwa magazi mwachangu amamwa mkodzo wa ng'ombe ndi urea ndikugawa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito molingana ndi moyo wawo. kapena kubereka.
Kupeza kwa Anopheles arabinis ndi kugawa mkodzo wa ng'ombe kuti ziwongolere mbiri ya moyo wawo. Kudyetsa mkodzo wa ng'ombe kumakhudza mphamvu ya vector mwachindunji pakuwonjezera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi kachulukidwe ka vector, komanso mosagwirizana ndi kusintha momwe ndege zimachitikira ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwanso m'mafanizo amtsogolo.
Kupeza zakudya ndi kugawa kumaphatikizapo kufunafuna kwa tizilombo ndi mbiri ya moyo [1,2,3].Tizilombo timatha kusankha ndi kupeza chakudya ndikuchita kudyetsa malipiro malinga ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya ndi zofunikira za zakudya [1, 3]. zakudya zenizeni, tizilombo timatha kupeza zakudyazi kudzera mu chakudya chowonjezera, monga matope, ndowe zosiyanasiyana ndi zinsinsi za vertebrates, ndi carrion, njira yotchedwa puddles [2] . , 6] ,7].Udzudzu wa malungo Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) umatuluka ngati munthu wamkulu 'wosoŵa zakudya' [8], kotero kuthirira kungakhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya moyo wake, koma khalidweli lanyalanyazidwa mpaka pano .Kugwiritsa ntchito chipwirikiti monga njira yowonjezera zakudya zowonjezera m'thupi la galimotoyi zingakhale ndi zotsatira zofunika kwambiri.
Kudya kwa nayitrojeni kwa udzudzu wamkazi wamkulu wa Anopheles kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa caloric nkhokwe zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku larval siteji ndi kusagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kwa chakudya chamagazi [9].Female Ann.gambiae sl amakwaniritsa izi powonjezera chakudya chamagazi [10, 11], motero kuyika anthu ambiri pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda a moquid ndi moquid. Es angagwiritse ntchito zowonjezera kudyetsa vertebrate excreta kupeza mankhwala nitrogenous kuti kumapangitsanso kusintha ndi kuuluka maneuverability, monga mmene tizilombo tina [2]. Pankhani imeneyi, amphamvu ndi osiyana kukopa wa m'bale mitundu mkati An.The Gambian sl mitundu zovuta, Anopheles arabinis, mwatsopano ndi okalamba ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe okalamba3,14 Abinis ng'ombe chidwi, [14Abinis] mkodzo wosangalatsa. ng'ombe mkodzo ndi gwero wolemera mu nitrogenous mankhwala, ndi urea mlandu 50-95% ya nayitrogeni okwana mu mkodzo watsopano [15, 16] .Monga zaka mkodzo wa ng'ombe, tizilombo timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimenezi kuchepetsa zovuta za nayitrogeni nitrogenous kutsika mkati mwa organic organic onjezerani mu 24 am. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta alkalophilic (zambiri zomwe zimatulutsa mankhwala owopsa ku udzudzu) timakula bwino [15], yemwe angakhale Ann.arabiensis wachikazi amakopeka kwambiri ndi mkodzo wazaka 24 kapena kuchepera [13, 14].
Pakafukufuku wake woyamba wa gonadotropin, arabiensis adayesedwa kuti apeze mankhwala a nayitrogeni, kuphatikizapo urea, ndi kusakaniza kwa mkodzo. Pofufuza chakudya chomwe chingakhale chopatsa thanzichi, arabiensis adapeza kulumikizana kwamankhwala kuseri kwa kukopa komwe kumawonedwa. pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za thupi.Kukopa udzudzu.Zotsatira zomwe zapezeka zikutsimikizira kuti An.arabiensis amapeza ndi kugawa mankhwala a nayitrogeni omwe amapezeka mumkodzo wamtundu wa vertebrate kuti akhudze makhalidwe a mbiri ya moyo.
Anopheles arabicans (Dongola kupsyinjika) anali anakhalabe pa 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH ndi 12:12 h kuwala: mdima mkombero.Mphutsi analeredwa mu trays pulasitiki (20 cm × 18 cm × 7 cm) wodzazidwa ndi madzi osungunuka ndi kudyetsedwa Metramin, 3 ml nsomba kudyetsedwa Tetramin, DE Tetramin nsomba. makapu (Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) kenako anasamutsidwa ku Bugdorm osayenera (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) kulola achikulire kutuluka. madzi ozizira isanafike kuyesera, monga tafotokozera pansipa.Akazi ntchito zoyeserera chubu ndege anali njala kwa maola 4-6 okha ndi madzi malonda libitum.Kukonzekera udzudzu woyamwa magazi kwa bioassays wotsatira, 4 DPE akazi anapatsidwa defibrotic nkhosa magazi (Håtunalab, Bro, SE) pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba kudyetsa dongosolo, Accryington ndiyeno kutengerapo zachikazi dongosolo kudyetsa, Accryington ntchito kusamukira ku UK dongosolo kudyetsa. zofiira ku makola amtundu uliwonse ndikupereka zakudya mwachindunji, monga momwe tafotokozera m'munsimu, kapena 10% sucrose ad libitum kwa masiku a 3 zisanachitike zoyesera zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.Azimayi omalizawa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma bioassays oyendetsa ndege ndikusamutsidwa ku labotale, kenako anali ndi madzi osungunuka ad libitum kwa maola 4-6 asanayesedwe.
Mayesero odyetsa anagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mkodzo ndi urea kwa akuluakulu a An.Arab female.Azimayi ofunafuna alendo komanso odyetsedwa magazi anapatsidwa chakudya chokhala ndi 1% yosungunuka mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya urea, ndi maulamuliro awiri (10% sucrose ndi madzi) kwa 48 h.Kuonjezera apo, mtundu wa chakudya (1 mgne-61 CAS; gma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) adawonjezeredwa ku zakudya ndikuperekedwa mu 4 × 4 matrix mu 250 µl microcentrifuge chubu (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Chithunzi 1A) Lembani m'mphepete (~300 µl) . 12 masentimita m'mimba mwake ndi 6 cm kutalika; Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Chithunzi 1A) mumdima wathunthu pa 25 ± 2 cm ° C ndi 65 ± 5% chinyezi chachibale. Zoyeserazi zinabwerezedwa nthawi 5 mpaka 10. Pambuyo pa kukhudzana ndi zakudya, udzudzu unayikidwa mpaka kusanthula -20 ° C.
Yang'anani mkodzo wa ng'ombe ndi urea zomwe zimayamwa ndi ng'ombe yaing'ono ndi yoyamwa magazi Anopheles arabianus. Poyesa kudya (A), udzudzu waukazi unapatsidwa chakudya chokhala ndi mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba, urea wambiri, sucrose (10%), ndi madzi osungunuka (H2O) . akazi amamwa mkodzo wa ng'ombe wa maola 72 osakwana mkodzo wa ng'ombe wa maola 168 (B) . Zomwe zili ndi nayitrogeni wathunthu (± kusintha kokhazikika) kwa mkodzo kumayimiridwa mumkodzo.Kufuna Host (D, F) ndi kuyamwa magazi (E, G) akazi amatenga urea motengera mlingo.Tanthauzo lazinthu zonse za nayitrogeni (± kusintha kokhazikika) kwa mkodzo zimayimiridwa mu inset.Kufuna Host (D, F) ndi kuyamwa magazi (E, G) akazi amatenga urea motengera mlingo.Tanthauzo lathunthu la nayitrogeni (± kutembenuka kokhazikika) la mkodzo limayimiridwa mu inset.Kufuna Host (D, F) ndi kuyamwa magazi (E, G) akazi amatenga urea motengera mlingo.Tanthauzo lathunthu la nayitrogeni (± kutembenuka kwanthawi zonse) la mkodzo limayimiriridwa mkati. hoc kusanthula; p <0.05).Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira cholakwika chokhazikika cha tanthauzo (BE).Mzere wowongoka umayimira mzere wobwerera m'mizere (F, G)
Kuti atulutse chakudya cham'mimba, udzudzu udayikidwa payekhapayekha mu machubu a 1.5 ml a microcentrifuge okhala ndi 230 µl amadzi osungunuka ndipo minofuyo idasokonekera pogwiritsa ntchito pestle ndi cordless motor (VWR International, Lund, SE), ndikutsatiridwa ndi centrifugation pa 10 krpm kwa 10 min . ma-Aldrich) ndi absorbance (λ620) anatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito spectrophotometer-based microplate reader (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). Kapenanso, udzudzuwo unaphwanyidwa mu 1 ml ya madzi osungunuka, 900 µl omwe anasamutsidwa ku spectrophotometer, dzulom8 kusanthula kwa dzuro60, UV 0phomet, UV 0phot, 0phom8 kusanthula kwa dzulo608; , Kista, SE) .Kuti muwerenge zakudya zomwe zimadya, njira yowonongeka inakonzedwa ndi serial dilution kuti ipereke 0.2 µl mpaka 2.4 µl ya 1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide.
Deta ya voliyumu idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yowunikira kusiyana (ANOVA) motsatiridwa ndi mafananidwe a Tukey positi hoc awiriwawiri (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989–2007). v8.0.0 ya Mac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, US).
Pafupifupi 20 µl ya zitsanzo za mkodzo kuchokera ku gulu lazaka zonse adamangidwa pa Chromosorb® W / AW (10 mg 80 / 100 mesh, Sigma Aldrich) ndi kuikidwa mu makapisozi a malata (8 mm × 5 mm) . ltham, MA, US) kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni mumkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba molingana ndi ndondomeko ya wopanga.Nayitrogeni yonse (g N l-1) inayesedwa potengera kuchuluka kwa urea komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyezo.
Kuti muwone momwe zakudya zimakhudzira moyo waakazi wofunafuna komanso woyamwa magazi, udzudzu udayikidwa pawokha mu mbale zazikulu za Petri (masentimita 12 m'mimba mwake ndi 6 cm kutalika; Semadeni) wokhala ndi dzenje lokhala ndi mauna mu chivindikiro (3 cm m'mimba mwake) ndi Kwa mpweya wabwino komanso chakudya. zowongolera, 10% sucrose ndi madzi.Chakudya chilichonse chinali chopopedwa pa tampon ya mano (DAB Dental AB, Upplands Väsby, SE) yoyikidwa mu syringe ya 5 ml (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), plunger imachotsedwa, ndikuyika pamwamba pa mbale ya petri (Maviving's diet . es ankawerengedwa kawiri pa tsiku, pamene udzudzu wakufa unatayidwa mpaka udzudzu womaliza utatha (n = 40 pa chithandizo) .
A mwambo udzudzu zouluka mphero zochokera Attisano neri Al. [17], zopangidwa 5 mm wandiweyani bwino acrylic mapanelo (10 cm mulifupi x 10 cm utali x 10 cm mkulu) popanda mapanelo kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo (mkuyu. 3: pamwamba). d pakati pa maginito awiri a neodymium motalikirana masentimita 9. Chubu yopingasa yopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo (6.5 cm L) idadula pakati pa chubu choyimirira kuti apange mkono womangirira ndi mkono womwe unkanyamula kachidutswa kakang'ono ka aluminiyamu ngati chizindikiro chosokoneza kuwala.
Azimayi omwe ali ndi njala ya maola 24 anapatsidwa zakudya zomwe zili pamwambazi kwa mphindi za 30 zisanachitike. Udzudzu waukazi wodyetsedwa mokwanira ndiye aliyense payekhapayekha pa ayezi kwa mphindi 2-3 ndipo amamangiriridwa ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi phula (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE) ndi timikono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tiyi. yokonzedwa ndi makina opangira deta, kenaka amasungidwa ndikuwonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a PC-Lab 2000™ (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE) . Mphero yowuluka inayikidwa mu chipinda choyendetsedwa ndi nyengo (12 h: 12 h, kuwala: mdima, 25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH).
Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka ndege, mtunda wokwanira (m) ndi chiwerengero cha zochitika zotsatizana zoyendetsa ndege zinawerengedwa pa ola limodzi pa nthawi ya maola 24. Kuonjezera apo, mtunda wapakati woyendetsedwa ndi akazi pawokha unafanizidwa ndi mankhwala ochiritsira ndikuwunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi ya ANOVA ndi Tukey's post hoc analysis (JMP Pro, v14.0.0), mtunda wodalira, SAS, wodalira Inc. , avereji yozungulira imawerengedwa mu zowonjezera za mphindi 10.
Kuwunika zotsatira za zakudya pa ntchito yobereka ya An.arabiensis, akazi asanu ndi limodzi (4 dpe) adasamutsidwa mwachindunji ku makola a Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa magazi ndikupereka zakudya zoyesera kwa 48 h monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Zakudyazo zinachotsedwa ndikutulutsa makapu (30 ml) anadzazidwa ndi madzi a 4 pa tsiku lachitatu la Hertila; kusintha maola onse a 24. Bweretsani ndondomeko ya zakudya nthawi 20-50. Mazira anawerengedwa ndi kulembedwa pa khola lililonse loyesera.Zitsanzo za mazira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kukula ndi kutalika kwa mazira amtundu uliwonse (n ≥ 200 pa zakudya) pogwiritsa ntchito microscope ya Dialux-20 (DM1000; Wetzlarst, DECAItzD, Ernstlar aquitzD FC LequitzD) Leitzlar Leitzlar 320 R2;Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE) .Mazira otsalawo anasungidwa m'chipinda choyendetsedwa ndi nyengo pansi pa zochitika zolerera kwa 24 h, ndipo sampuli ya mphutsi za 1st instar instar (n ≥ 200 pa zakudya) zinayesedwa, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Chiwerengero cha mazira ndi kukula kwa mazira ndi mphutsi zinafaniziridwa pakati pa mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito proc. SAS Institute Inc.).
Mikodzo yochokera ku ng'ombe za Zebu, Arsi races inatengedwa kuchokera ku ng'ombe za Zebu, Arsi races. matumba (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH ndi Co., Minden, DE) mu 3 l polyamide yokhala ndi chivindikiro Mu vinyl chloride pulasitiki drums. Headspace volatiles kuchokera aliyense ng'ombe mkodzo chitsanzo anasonkhanitsidwa mwina mwachindunji (mwatsopano) kapena pambuyo kusasitsa kutentha firiji kwa 24 h, 16 m'badwo uliwonse mkodzo anali 16 h.
Pakusonkhanitsidwa kwamphamvu kwapamutu, makina otsekeka otsekeka adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azizungulira mpweya wosefedwa kaboni (100 ml min-1) kudzera mu thumba la polyamide kupita kugawo la adsorption kwa 2.5 h pogwiritsa ntchito pampu ya diaphragm vacuum pump (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE) . n tubing (5.5 cm x 3 mm id) yokhala ndi 35 mg ya Porapak Q (50/80 mesh; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) pakati pa mapulagi a ubweya wagalasi. Asanagwiritse ntchito, ndimeyi idawombedwa ndi 1 ml redistilled n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, DE) (9 9 × × 9 ml Silgredi) ndi 1.9 ml Silgredi yoyera ya GC; kugwedezeka kwa bedi kunatulutsidwa ndi 400 μl ya pentane. Zosonkhanitsa zapamutu zinaphatikizidwa ndikusungidwa pa -20 ° C mpaka zitagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zifufuze.
Mayankho a khalidwe la kufunafuna makamu ndi kudya magazi An.Headspace zosinthika zosasunthika zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku mkodzo watsopano, 24-h, 72-h, ndi 168-h-h-aged mkodzo adawunikidwa chifukwa cha zotulutsa zosasunthika kuchokera ku udzudzu wa Arabidopsis pogwiritsa ntchito chubu chowongoka cha galasi olfactometer [18] . [19] .Galasi chubu olfactometer (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) anaunikiridwa ndi 3 ± 1 lx kuwala kofiira kuchokera pamwamba. Makala osefedwa ndi humidified mpweya kutuluka (25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 2% wachibale chinyezi) anadutsa bioassay pa 30 zitsulo mesh ndi kupyola 30 masentimita lamina ndi kutuluka kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. yunifolomu pulani dongosolo.Dental tampon dispenser (4 cm × 1 cm; L: D; DAB Dental AB), kuyimitsidwa kuchokera ku 5 cm koyilo kumapeto kwa mphepo ya olfactometer, ndi stimulator imasintha mphindi iliyonse ya 5. Kusanthula, 10 μl ya mutu uliwonse wochotsa mutu, kuchepetsedwa 1: 10, stimulus control inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pentane. kapena udzudzu woyamwa magazi unayikidwa m'makhola omasulidwa payekha 2-3 maola asanayambe kuyesa. Khola lomasulidwa linayikidwa kumbali yapansi ya olfactometer, ndipo udzudzu unaloledwa kuti ugwirizane ndi 1 min, ndiyeno valavu ya butterfly ya khola inatsegulidwa kuti itulutse. headspace volatile extract and control were replicated at least 30 times, and to avoid the effects of any one day, the same number of treatment and controls were taken by each experimental day
An's spawning response.Zolemba zapamutu kuchokera ku mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba zidawunikidwa mu makola a Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science). Makapu apulasitiki (30 mL; Nolato Hertila) odzazidwa ndi 20 mL a madzi osungunula anapereka malo obereketsa, gawo laling'ono la 2 cm ndipo linayikidwa ndi kapu ya 4 cm pambali pa kapu. 10 μl ya mutu uliwonse wochotsa mutu pa 1: 10 dilution. Chiwerengero chofanana cha pentane chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha chikho chowongolera. Makapu ochiritsira ndi olamulira adasinthidwa pakati pa kuyesera kulikonse kuti athe kuwongolera zotsatira za udindo. Azimayi khumi odyetsedwa magazi anamasulidwa muzitsulo zoyesera pa ZT 9-11 ndipo mazira mu makapu anawerengedwa maola 24 pambuyo pake: chiwerengero cha chikho cha mankhwala ndi nambala ya 24 pambuyo pake. mazira oikira mu kapu yowongolera)/(chiwerengero chonse cha mazira oikira). Chithandizo chilichonse chinabwerezedwa ka 8.
Gas chromatographic ndi electron antenna pattern kuzindikira (GC-EAD) kusanthula kwa An.arabiensis yachikazi kunachitika monga momwe tafotokozera kale [20].Mwachidule, zatsopano zowonongeka zapamutu zidalekanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) yokhala ndi filimu ya HP-5, makulidwe a 30m × 30m μd μd μd μd 5 mm × 2μd filimu ya Technologies 6890 GC. nthawi).ndi mkodzo wokalamba.Hydrogen idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyenda ndi mzere wothamanga wa 45 cm s-1.Chitsanzo chilichonse (2 μl) chinabayidwa kwa masekondi a 30 mumayendedwe osakanikirana ndi kutentha kwa 225 ° C. Kutentha kwa ng'anjo ya GC kunakonzedwa kuchokera ku 35 °C (3 miniti kugwira) mpaka 3000 miniti yogawanitsa ° C pa 1000 min. , 4 psi wa nayitrogeni anawonjezedwa ndikugawanika 1: 1 mu Gerstel 3D / 2 low dead volume cross (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) pakati pa flame ionization detector ndi EAD.The GC effluent capillary for EAD inadutsa mu mzere wa Gerstel ODP-2, womwe umatsata ng'anjo ya GC, kutentha kwa GC C, kutentha kwa 5 × 0 × 5 × ℃, kutentha kwa kaboni × 8 mm. mpweya wonyezimira (1.5 l min−1) .Mlongotiyo anayikidwa 0.5 masentimita kuchokera potulukira chubu.
Kuzindikiritsa ma bioactive compounds m'magulu am'mutu a mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba wa ng'ombe pogwiritsa ntchito GC ndi mass spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC ndi 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) kuti apeze mayankho a antenna mu GC-EAD kusanthula, kumagwira ntchito mu electron impact ionization mode pa 70 GC-Silicated Silicated SillicMS. llary column (60 m × 0.25 mm m'mimba mwake, 0.25 μm filimu makulidwe) pogwiritsa ntchito helium monga gawo la mafoni okhala ndi mzere wothamanga wa 35 cm s-1.A 2 μl chitsanzo chinabayidwa pogwiritsa ntchito jekeseni wofanana ndi kutentha kwa ng'anjo monga GC-EAD kusanthula. Compounds anazindikiritsidwa kutengera nthawi ya laibulale ya NISTvten (NISTvten index) ndi kuyerekezera nthawi ya NISTvten (Agilent) .Mapangidwe odziwika anatsimikiziridwa ndi jekeseni miyezo yeniyeni (Fayilo Yowonjezera 1: Table S2) .Kwa quantification, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% chiyero cha mankhwala, Aldrich) anabayidwa ngati muyezo wakunja.
Kuwunika mphamvu ya osakaniza fungo lopangidwa ndi bioactive mankhwala odziwika mu mkodzo watsopano ndi okalamba kukopa khamu wofuna ndi woyamwa magazi Ans.arabiensis, ntchito olfactometer ndi protocol yemweyo monga pamwambapa.Synthetic zosakaniza anatsanzira zikuchokera ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu wosanganiza headspace kusakhazikika akupanga atsopano, 6-hour 24hour, 24hour, 24ho-hour, 24ho-hour, 24ho-hour, 24ho-hour, 24-hour-24ho-8-hour, mkodzo wokalamba (Chithunzi 5D-G; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Table S2) .Kusanthula, gwiritsani ntchito 10 μl ya 1: 100 dilution ya osakaniza opangidwa bwino, ndi chiwerengero cha kumasulidwa kuyambira pafupifupi 140-2400 ng h-1, pofuna kuwunika kukopa kwa alendo ndi kuyamwa kwa magazi, kusakaniza kwa udzudzu komwe kumachitidwa pambuyo posakaniza ndi udzudzu. osakaniza amachotsedwa.Fufuzani mayankho kuchokera kwa olandira ndi odyetsedwa magazi Ans.Arab vs zosakaniza zopanga ndi subtractive anawunikidwa pogwiritsa mwadzina logistic regression kenako kufananitsa awiriwiri kwa odd ratios (JMP ovomereza, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Kuwona ngati mkodzo wa ng'ombe ungakhale malo omwe udzudzu wa malungo umakhalapo, mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba wa ng'ombe, wotengedwa monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndipo madzi amaikidwa mu ndowa zokhala ndi malita 3 (100 ml) ndikuyika misampha ya nyambo.(BG-HDT version; BioGents, Regensburg, DE). Misampha khumi inasiyanitsidwa ndi 50 m m'malo odyetserako ziweto, mamita 400 kuchokera kumudzi (Silay, Ethiopia, 5°53'24′′N, 37°29'24''E) ndipo palibe ng'ombe, pa malo oswana kwamuyaya ndi midzi. ly kwa okwana mausiku asanu.Nambala za udzudzu zomwe zinagwidwa mu misampha yotsatiridwa ndi mkodzo wa mibadwo yosiyana zinafaniziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopita patsogolo ndi kugawa kwa beta binomial (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
M’mudzi womwe muli malungo pafupi ndi tawuni ya Maki, m’chigawo cha Oromia, Ethiopia (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81’ 70″ E; Chithunzi 6A). Kafukufukuyu anachitidwa pakati pa mwezi wa Ogasiti ndi pakati pa mwezi wa September isanafike kupopera mbewu kwa m’nyumba kotsalira m’nyumba, limodzi ndi nyengo yamvula yayitali. (Mkuyu 6A) . Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha nyumbazo zinali: palibe nyama zololedwa m'nyumba, palibe kuphika m'nyumba (kujambula nkhuni kapena makala) kunaloledwa (osachepera nthawi yoyesedwa), ndi nyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu awiri okhalamo, akugona mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo.pansi pa ukonde wothiridwa ndi udzudzu. Chivomerezo choyenera chaperekedwa ndi Institutional Research Ethics Review Board (IRB/022/2016) ya Faculty of Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), Yunivesite ya Addis Ababa, motsatira malangizo omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. ndi ward ('kebele') mlingo.Kukonzekera koyesera kunatsatira 2 × 2 Latin square design, momwe zosakaniza zopangira ndi zowongolera zinaperekedwa ku nyumba zosakanikirana usiku woyamba ndi kusinthanitsa pakati pa nyumba usiku wotsatira woyesera.Njirayi inabwerezedwa kakhumi.Kuwonjezerapo, kuti muyese ntchito ya udzudzu m'nyumba zosankhidwa, misampha ya CDC inayikidwa kuti ikhale yomaliza pa nthawi ya mayesero asanu otsatizana, tsiku lomwelo pa nthawi ya mayesero asanu otsatizana.
Chisakanizo chopangidwa ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za bioactive chinasungunuka mu heptane (97.0% solvent GC grade, Sigma Aldrich) ndipo inatulutsidwa pa 140 ng h-1 pogwiritsa ntchito thonje la thonje [20] . Kupewa (CDC) kuwala msampha (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, US; Chithunzi 6A) .Misampha inapachikidwa 0.8 - 1 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka, pafupi ndi phazi la bedi, ndipo wodzipereka anagona pansi pa ukonde wosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi udzudzu ndikugwira ntchito pakati pa 18:00 ndi 06:00 ndi 06 mosquid, mosquid ndi 06:00. Mi-pregnant, ndi mimba [21] pambuyo pake anayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kufufuza kuti azindikire mitundu ya morphologically yomwe imadziwika kuti A. gambiae sl. Mamembala a zovuta [23].0. SAS Institute Inc.).Apa, timapereka lipoti la χ2 ndi p-values kuchokera pakuyesa kwachiwerengero.
Unikani ngati ndi otetezeka.arabiensis adatha kupeza mkodzo, gwero lake lalikulu la nayitrogeni, urea, mwa kudyetsa mwachindunji, mkati mwa 48 h ya utsogoleri kwa masiku 4 pambuyo (dpe) kufunafuna alendo ndi kuyesa kudyetsa amayi odyetsa magazi (mkuyu 1A) .Azimayi onse omwe akufunafuna alendo ndi omwe amayamwa magazi amamwa kwambiri sucrose kuposa madzi ena onse (F60 = 0 5, p1 = 2, 5 p. 2, 4, 2 p. 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 5, 4, 5, p. 01 ndi F (5,299) = 56.00, p <0.0001, motsatira; Chithunzi 1B, C) . Komanso, akazi ofunafuna alendo amadya pang'ono mkodzo pa maola a 72 poyerekeza ndi mkodzo pa maola a 168 (Mkuyu 1B) .Pamene anapatsidwa zakudya zomwe zili ndi urea, zimatengera chiwerengero cha 6 m'madzi ndi 6 m'madzi ambiri poyerekeza ndi akazi ena a M9. osasiyanitsidwa ndi 10% sucrose (F (10,813) = 15.72, p <0.0001; Chithunzi 1D) .Izi zinali zosiyana ndi kuyankha kwa akazi odyetsera magazi, omwe nthawi zambiri amamwa kwambiri zakudya zokhala ndi urea kuposa madzi, ngakhale zochepa kwambiri kuposa 10% 0, 5 <0, 5 51; 10% = 5,51; 5
Mu bioassay (A), udzudzu wamkazi anapatsidwa zakudya wopangidwa mwatsopano ndi okalamba mkodzo ng'ombe, ndende zosiyanasiyana urea, sucrose (10%) ndi distilled madzi (H2O) .The kupulumuka kwa khamu-kufunafuna) ndi E2B) maola mpaka akazi onse adyetsedwa mkodzo (B, D) ndi urea (C, E), ndi zowongolera, Sucrose ndi madzi, zafa.
Mtunda wonse ndi maulendo ozungulira omwe amatsimikiziridwa muyeso ya mphero yoyendetsa ndege pa nthawi ya maola a 24 amasiyana pakati pa kufunafuna alendo ndi udzudzu woyamwa magazi, zomwe zinasonyeza ntchito yochepa yowuluka (mkuyu 3) . Udzudzu waukazi umene umapereka sucrose kapena mkodzo wa maola 72 umasonyeza ntchito mu nthawi yonse ya maola 24, pamene akazi omwe amapereka madzi anali achangu kwambiri pakati pa nthawi. sindinakhale ndi kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ntchito pa maola a 24 (Chithunzi 3).
M'mayesero a mphero, udzudzu waukazi umadyetsedwa ndi mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba wa ng'ombe, urea, sucrose (10%), ndi madzi osungunuka (H2O) amangiriridwa m'mikodzo ya ng'ombe ndi yopingasa (mozungulira) mozungulira, mozungulira, ndikuyang'ana magazi momasuka. mtunda wonse ndi kuchuluka kwa maulendo apandege pa ola pa zakudya zilizonse pa nthawi ya maola 24 zinalembedwa (kuda: imvi; kuwala: koyera). Mtunda wapakati ndi chiwerengero cha maulendo apakati amasonyezedwa kumanja kwa graph ya zochitika za circadian. Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira cholakwika chokhazikika cha the mean.Statistical analysis see text
Kawirikawiri, ntchito yonse yowuluka ya akazi omwe akufunafuna alendo amatsatira chitsanzo chofanana ndi mtunda wothawa pa nthawi ya ola la 24. Mtunda wapaulendo wapaulendo unakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zakudya zomwe zimalowetsedwa (F (5, 138) = 28.27, p <0.0001), ndipo akazi ofunafuna alendo adadya maola a 72 amkodzo adawuluka maulendo ataliatali ndi moquid mtunda wautali <000000000000000 otalikirapo mtunda wotalikirapo <br> moquid mtunda wautali <000000000000000000000000000 wolemera kwambiri mtunda wautali. Es anawuluka nthawi yayitali kuposa yatsopano (p = 0.022) ndi mkodzo wazaka 24 (p = 0.022) -udzudzu wodyetsedwa. Mosiyana ndi machitidwe oyendetsa ndege omwe amafotokozedwa ndi chakudya cha mkodzo, akazi omwe amafunafuna urea amawonetsa ntchito yopitilira ndege pa nthawi ya 24-h, akuyang'ana pa nthawi ya mdima ya 3 (yofanana ndi gawo lachikazi). rea anawonjezera kwambiri mtunda wautali wowuluka kutengera kuchuluka kwa madzi (F(5, 138) = 1310.91, p <0.0001) .Azimayi ofunafuna alendo amadyetsa kuchuluka kwa urea komwe kumawuluka motalika kuposa momwe akazi amadyetsera madzi kapena sucrose (p <0.03).
Ntchito yonse yowuluka ya udzudzu woyamwa magazi inali yokhazikika komanso yopitilira maola a 24 pazakudya zonse, ndikuwonjezeka kwa mkodzo mu theka lachiwiri la nthawi yamdima kwa azimayi omwe amadyetsedwa pamadzi komanso azimayi omwe amadyetsedwa mwatsopano ndi maola 24 (chithunzi 3) . (F(5, 138) = 1.36, p = 0.24) .ndi mkodzo wina ndi zakudya zowongolera (zatsopano, p = 0.0091; maola 72, p = 0.0022; 168 maola, p = 0.001; sucrose, p = 0.0017; dH2O = 0.3, dH2O).
Zotsatira za kudya kwa mkodzo ndi urea pazigawo zoberekera zinayesedwa muzoyesa zoyesa mazira (Chithunzi 4A) ndipo zinafufuzidwa molingana ndi chiwerengero cha mazira omwe amaikidwa ndi mkazi aliyense, kukula kwa dzira, ndi mphutsi zoyamba kumene kuswa. B) .Azimayi amadyetsa mkodzo wa maola a 24, chakudya chamagazi chinaika mazira ochuluka kwambiri kuposa akazi omwe amadyetsa zakudya zina za mkodzo ndipo anali ofanana ndi omwe amadyetsedwa sucrose (mkuyu 4B) . Momwemonso, kukula kwa mazira omwe amaikidwa ndi akazi odyetsera mkodzo amasiyana ndi zakudya (F (5, 209) = 12.85, p0-200 ndi mkodzo wa mkazi, p0-10, p0-10. mazira ochuluka kwambiri kuposa aakazi odyetsedwa ndi madzi, pamene mazira aakazi amadyetsedwa ndi 168 h ya mkodzo anali ochepa kwambiri (mkuyu 4C) .Kuonjezera apo, chakudya chamkodzo chinakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mphutsi (F (5, 187) = 7.86, p <0.0001), ndi mphutsi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimachokera ku mazira a 24 ndi mazira a 24 otuluka kuchokera ku mazira a 24 omwe amasweka. kuchokera ku mphutsi za mazira.Azimayi odyetsedwa ndi madzi ndi maola 168 odyetsedwa mkodzo (Chithunzi 4D).
Ubereki wa akazi Anopheles arabini kudyetsa ng'ombe mkodzo ndi urea.Magazi udzudzu wamkazi anadyetsedwa zakudya wopangidwa mwatsopano ndi okalamba mkodzo ng'ombe, woipa zosiyanasiyana urea, sucrose (10%), ndi madzi osungunula (H2O) kwa maola 48 asanayike mu bioassays bioassays ndi kupeza nambala ya dzira (B, Egg-maola 4), Egg-maola (4) dzira (B, 4 dzira). , F) ndi kukula kwa mphutsi (D, G) zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zakudya zomwe zimaperekedwa (mkodzo wa ng'ombe: BD; urea: EG) .Njira pamtundu uliwonse woyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayina a zilembo zosiyana zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake (njira imodzi ANOVA pogwiritsa ntchito Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05) .
Monga chigawo chachikulu cha nayitrogeni cha mkodzo, urea, pamene amaperekedwa monga chakudya kwa akazi odyetsedwa ndi magazi, anakhudza kwambiri magawo obala m'maphunziro onse.Kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amaikidwa ndi akazi amadyetsedwa urea, pambuyo pa chakudya chamagazi, malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa urea (F (11, 360) = 4.69; p <0.0001), dzira lachikazi la 3M ndi 3 M ¼ ¼ yochuluka pakati pa 1M ¼ m³ kudyetsedwa kwa urea (F (11, 360) = 4.69; p <0.0001) Chithunzi 4E) .Azimayi omwe amadyetsedwa ndi urea wambiri wa 134 µM kapena pamwamba amayika mazira akuluakulu kuposa akazi omwe amadyetsedwa pamadzi (F (10, 4245) = 36.7; p <0.0001; Chithunzi 4F), ndi kukula kwa mphutsi, ngakhale kuti amakhudzidwa ndi zofanana za urea mwa amayi, p.0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0. anali zambiri zosinthika (mkuyu. 4G).
Chikoka chonse chofuna kukhala ndi mkodzo wa bovine headspace volatile extracts.Arabiensis yomwe inayesedwa mu galasi chubu olfactometer (mkuyu 5A) inakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi msinkhu wa mkodzo (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; Chithunzi 5B) . (Maola 72: p = 0.0060, maola 168: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Kupatula fungo la mkodzo watsopano (p = 0.13; Chithunzi 5B). g. 5C), akaziwa adapezeka kuti ndi owoneka bwino kwambiri kuzinthu zosasunthika zapamutu poyerekeza ndi mkodzo wakale wa maola 72 poyerekeza ndi zowongolera (p = 0.0066; Chithunzi 5C).
Makhalidwe mayankho ku zachilengedwe ndi kupanga ng'ombe mkodzo fungo kufunafuna khamu ndi magazi Anopheles arabianus.Schematic wa galasi chubu olfactometer (A).Chikoka cha headspace kosakhazikika akupanga kuchokera mwatsopano ndi okalamba mkodzo ng'ombe ku khamu (B) ndi kuyamwa magazi (C) udzudzu.Pezani4Dzigawo za Ambuye kuchokera tenta-Dzina zatsopano za Ambuye. (E), 72-hour (F), ndi 168-hour (G) mkodzo wa ng'ombe wachikulire amawonetsedwa h-1) ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi biologically akuwonetsedwa.Nyenyezi imodzi (*) imasonyeza kuyankha kosasinthasintha kwa matalikidwe otsika. Nyenyezi ziwiri (**) zimasonyeza mayankho osagwirizana.Pezani wolandira (H) ndi kuyamwa magazi (I) An.arabiensis ali ndi zokopa zosiyana kusakaniza kosakanikirana kwa zilembo zatsopano za mkodzo ndi okalamba omwe amakopeka kwambiri. zosiyana wina ndi mzake (njira imodzi ANOVA pogwiritsa ntchito Tukey's post hoc kusanthula;p <0.05).Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira cholakwika chokhazikika pa sikelo
Ann.arabiensis wamkazi, 72 h ndi 120 h pambuyo pa chakudya chamagazi, panthawi yobereketsa, palibe zokonda zomwe zinawonetsedwa pamutu wotuluka mkodzo wa ng'ombe watsopano ndi wokalamba poyerekeza ndi zowongolera pentane (χ2 = 3.07, p> 0.05; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Mkuyu. S1).
Kwa Ann.arabiensis wamkazi, GC-EAD ndi GC-MS kusanthula anapeza zisanu ndi zitatu, zisanu ndi chimodzi, zitatu ndi zitatu bioactive mankhwala (Chithunzi 5D-G). malire anaphatikizidwa mu kusanthula kwina.
Chiwopsezo chonse cha kumasulidwa kwa mankhwala a bioactive pamutu wapamutu chinawonjezeka kuchokera ku 29 µg h-1 mu mkodzo watsopano kufika ku 242 μg h-1 mu mkodzo wokalamba wa maola 168, makamaka chifukwa cha p-cresol ndi m-formaldehyde Phenol ikuwonjezeka komanso phenol. msinkhu wa mkodzo, womwe umagwirizanitsa ndi kuchepa kwachidziwitso champhamvu (kuchuluka) mu chromatogram (mkuyu 5D) -G gulu lakumanzere) ndi mayankho a thupi kuzinthu izi (mkuyu 5D-G gulu lamanja).
Ponseponse, kusakaniza kopangidwako kunali ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chachilengedwe cha mankhwala opangidwa ndi bioactive omwe amadziwika muzitsulo zosasunthika za mutu wa mkodzo watsopano ndi wokalamba (mkuyu 5D-G) ndipo sizinawonekere kuti zikhale zokopa kwambiri pofufuza wolandira alendo (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; Mkuyu 4, 5H = 5H = 5H / squick = 5H) 4, p = 0.30; Mkuyu. 5I) Komabe, positi hoc pairwise kuyerekeza pakati pa mankhwala anasonyeza kuti udzudzu wofuna khamu anali wokongola kwambiri kusakaniza kupanga 24-h mkodzo akale poyerekeza ndi zowongolera pentane (p = 0.0086; Chithunzi 5H).
Kuwunika udindo wa munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu mu zosakaniza kupanga wa 24-h-zaka mkodzo, asanu subtractive zosakaniza anawunidwa motsutsana zosakaniza wathunthu mu Y-chubu kuyesa, imene mankhwala munthu anachotsedwa. Pakuti khamu kufunafuna udzudzu, kuchotsa mankhwala munthu kusakaniza wathunthu anali ndi zotsatira kwambiri pa khalidwe mayankho (.3 p 6 0 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 0 file = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 0 = 1 = 1: Chithunzi S2A), zosakaniza zonse zowonongeka zinali zowoneka bwino kuposa Zing'onozing'ono kusiyana ndi zosakanikirana. Mosiyana, kuchotsedwa kwa mankhwala amtundu uliwonse kuchokera kusakaniza kokwanira kosakanikirana sikunakhudze mayankho a khalidwe la udzudzu woyamwa magazi (χ2 = 11.38, df = 6, p = 0.077), kupatulapo kusakaniza kokwanira 2; Fayilo ya 2 yotsika poyerekeza ndi 2 yotsika; Chithunzi: S2B).
M'mudzi wa malungo ku Ethiopia, mphamvu ya kusakaniza kopangidwa kwa maola 24 mkodzo wa ng'ombe pokopa udzudzu pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kumunda kunayesedwa kwa mausiku khumi (mkuyu 6A) . Chiwerengero cha udzudzu wa 4,861 unagwidwa ndikuzindikiridwa, omwe 45.7% anali Anthropus.gambia 4% ndi Anthropus.gambia 4 Culex spp.(Zowonjezera wapamwamba 1: Table S1).Anopheles arabinis ndi membala yekhayo An.Gambian mitundu zovuta kuzindikiridwa ndi PCR analysis.On avareji, 320 udzudzu anagwidwa pa usiku, nthawi imene misampha ndi kupanga osakaniza nyambo anagwidwa udzudzu kuposa awiri misampha popanda osakaniza, 012 012 012 012 012 = 012 012 0 019 = 012 misampha = 0120. .Misampha yopanda nyambo inayikidwa pa usiku uliwonse waulamuliro asanu kumayambiriro, pakati, ndi kumapeto kwa mayesero.Nambala zofanana za udzudzu zinagwidwa mu misampha iwiri iliyonse, kusonyeza kuti palibe tsankho pakati pa nyumba (χ2 (0, 1665) = 9 × 10-13, p> 0.0Compared kutsika kwa nthawi yomwe inagwidwa ndi misampha ya anthu. misampha yomwe ili ndi chisakanizo chopangidwa inawonjezeka kwambiri: kufunafuna alendo (χ2 (0, 2107) = 138.7, p <0.0001), kudyetsa magazi kwaposachedwa (χ2(0, 650) = 32.2, p <0.0001) ndi mimba (χ2(0, 228) = 2.0 = 2.0 = 2.0;Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Table S1) .Izi zikuwonekeranso mu chiwerengero chonse cha udzudzu wogwidwa: wofuna kufunafuna> kuyamwa magazi> oyembekezera> oyembekezera pang'ono> wamwamuna.
Mayesero a m'munda anachitikira kum'mwera chapakati cha Ethiopia (mapu), pafupi ndi tauni ya Maki (ikani), pogwiritsa ntchito Centers for Disease Control (CDC) kuwala msampha (kumanja) m'nyumba awiriawiri, ndi Latin square design (mlengalenga chithunzithunzi) (Ador-Bphelei arabeleation chithunzi) (Ador-Bphelei yachikazi chithunzi CDC) (Ador-Bphelei arabeleation). koma osati Anopheles farroes (C), m'njira yosiyana, zokhudza thupi boma amadalira kwenikweni. Komanso, misampha izi anagwira kwambiri kuchuluka manambala a khamu Culex udzudzu.(D) Poyerekeza ndi ulamuliro.Mipiringidzo kumanzere amaimira pafupifupi kusankha index wa udzudzu anagwidwa awiriawiri onunkha nyambo (wobiriwira) ndi ulamuliro (kumanja Nsanji = misampha n'zosanjikiza) kumanja (otsegula = 1). kuwongolera misampha (yotseguka; N = 5).) Nyenyezi zimawonetsa milingo yofunikira (*p = 0.01 ndi ***p <0.0001)
Mitundu itatuyi inagwidwa mosiyana mu misampha yomwe ili ndi zosakaniza zopangira.Kufuna alendo (χ2 (1, 1345) = 71.7, p <0.0001), kudyetsa magazi (χ2 (1, 517) = 16.7, p <0.0001) ndi mimba (χ2 (1, 1, 1, 1, 4, p. sis anatsekeredwa mu msampha kumasula kusakaniza kupanga (mkuyu. 6B), pamene kuchuluka kwa An sanali osiyana.Pharoensis m'madera osiyanasiyana zokhudza thupi anapezeka (mkuyu. 6C) . Pakuti Culex, kokha kuwonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha makamu kufunafuna udzudzu anapezeka misampha nyambo ndi kupanga osakaniza, φ20 = 121 = 0 0 1 = 1 0 1 = 1 ; 6D), poyerekeza ndi misampha yowongolera.
Misampha ya nyambo yomwe ili kunja kwa malo omwe amaswana ndi midzi ya ku Ethiopia idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awone ngati udzudzu wa malungo umagwiritsa ntchito fungo la mkodzo wa ng'ombe ngati malo omwe akukhalamo. ed ndi kugwidwa, ngakhale kuti ndi ochepa, osadalira zaka za mkodzo (χ2 (5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Fayilo yowonjezera 1: Chithunzi S3) . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuwongolera madzi sikunagwire udzudzu wa malungo pa kutentha kwakukulu (Fayilo Yowonjezera 1: Chithunzi S3).
Udzudzu wa malungo umatenga ndi kugawa mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni kudzera mu kudyetsa mkodzo wa ng'ombe (mwachitsanzo, matope) kuti apititse patsogolo chikhalidwe cha mbiri ya moyo, mofanana ndi tizilombo tina [2, 4, 24, 25, 26]. Udzudzu waukazi umapeza gwero ili ndi fungo ndipo umatha kuwongolera kuyamwa kwa mankhwala a nayitrogeni mumkodzo, kuphatikiza urea, gawo lalikulu la nayitrogeni mumkodzo [15, 16]. ndi zizindikiro zoberekera za anthu odyetsedwa m'magazi pa nthawi yoyamba ya gonadotropic.Choncho, kusakaniza mkodzo kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yopatsa thanzi kwa ma vectors a malungo omwe amatsekedwa ngati akuluakulu osowa zakudya m'thupi [8], chifukwa amapereka udzudzu waukazi kuti athe kupeza mankhwala ofunikira a nayitrogeni pochita chakudya chochepa. zambiri, khalidweli likhoza kukhala chandamale cha mapulogalamu oyang'anira ma vector amtsogolo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-15-2022