Kuwana kudya kunovaka muviri uye kugovera kunobatanidza kutsvaga kwezvipembenene uye hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu.Kuripira kuperevedza kwekudya kwakasiyana pamatanho ehupenyu akasiyana, zvipembenene zvinogona kuwana chikafu ichi kuburikidza nekuwedzera kudya, semuenzaniso, nekudya pane vertebrate secretions mune nzira inozivikanwa se puddles.The mosquito Anopheles arabiani inoratidzika kuva uye nekuda kweiyo malnoproduction yekudzidza iyi. tarisa kana An.arabiensis agitation paweti yemombe yekutora zvinovaka muviri inovandudza hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu.
Ita shuwa kuti yakachengeteka.arabiensis yakakwezvwa nekunhuhwirira kutsva, 24-awa, 72-awa, uye 168-hour-hour yekare weti, uye kutsvaga-hosti uye kudyiswa ropa (48-awa mushure mekudya kweropa) vakadzi vakayerwa muY-tube olfactometer, uye vakadzi vane pamuviri vakashandiswa ongororo yemagetsi uye yakashandiswa kuongorora biophyological. W weti pamakirasi mana ezera.Synthetic misanganiswa yebioactive compounds yakaongororwa muY-chubhu uye mumiyedzo yemumunda.Kuongorora weti yemombe uye yayo huru ine nitrogen-ine mukomboni urea sezvingangove zvekudya zvekuwedzera kune vanotakura marariya, mapeji ekudyisa uye hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu hwakayerwa.Chikamu cheumhutu hwechikadzi uye huwandu hweweti hwechikadzi hwakashandiswa pakudya. vival, kubhururuka nendege, uye kubereka.
Tsvaka ropa remuridzi uye kudya.Murabhoritari uye zvidzidzo zvemumunda, maArabu akakweverwa kumunhuwi wechisikigo uye wekugadzira weti yemhou itsva uye yachembera. Madzimai ane pamuviri akanga asina hanya nemhinduro dzeweti yemombe panzvimbo dzinoberekesa. kana kubereka.
Anopheles arabinis kutora uye kugovera weti yemombe yekuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu.Kuwedzera kudya kwemhou weti kunokanganisa hutachiona hwehutachiona zvakananga nekuwedzera hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye huwandu hwevector, uye nenzira isina kunanga nekuchinja mafambiro endege uye zvinofanirwa kutariswa mune ramangwana mhando.
Kuwana kwekudya uye kugovera kunobatanidza kudya kwezvipembenene uye mararamiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu [1,2,3].Zvipembenene zvinokwanisa kusarudza nekuwana zvokudya uye kuita kudya kwekubhadhara zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwezvokudya uye zvinovaka muviri zvinodikanwa [1, 3]. kudya kwakananga, zvipembenene zvinogona kuwana mishonga iyi kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwekudya, zvakadai pamatope, tsvina yakasiyana-siyana uye kuvharwa kwemhuka dzine vertebrates, uye carrion, chirongwa chinonzi puddles [2] .Kunyange zvazvo marudzi akasiyana-siyana e butterfly uye moth anonyanya kutsanangurwa, maburi ekudiridza anoitikawo mune mamwe mirairo yezvipembenene, uye kukwezva kune uye kugovera kune hutano uye hupfumi kune zvimwe zviwanikwa zvehupenyu 4 5 migumisiro yehupenyu hunokosha, 2 , 6] ,7].Mosquito yemalaria Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) inobuda semunhu mukuru 'asina kudya' [8], saka kudiridza kunogona kuita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yehupenyu hwayo, asi hunhu uhwu hwave kuregeredzwa kusvika zvino .Kushandiswa kwekuvhiringidza senzira yekuwedzera kudya kunovaka muviri mumotokari iyi inokosha inogona kuva nemigumisiro inokosha.
Kunwa nitrogen muhumhutu hweAnopheles hushoma nekuda kwekuderera kwekoriori inotakurwa kubva pagomarara uye kusashandiswa zvakanaka kwekudya kweropa [9] es anogona kushandisa supplemental feeding of vertebrate excreta kuti iwane nitrogenous compounds iyo inowedzera kuchinjika uye kufamba kwendege, sezvinoratidzwa nezvimwe zvipembenene [2].Panyaya iyi, kukwezva kwakasimba uye kwakasiyana kweimwe yerudzi rwehama mukati meAn.The Gambian sl species complex, Anopheles arabinis, mombe itsva uye yachembera,14Abinis unis inonakidza3,14Abinis unine inonakidza. host preferences uye inozivikanwa kushamwaridzana nekudya mombe.Mhou weti ipfuma yakapfuma munitrogenous compounds, ine urea accounting ye50-95% yenitrogen yese muweti mutsva [15, 16].Sezvo weti yemombe mazera, tupukanana tunoshandisa zviwanikwa izvi kuderedza kuoma kwenitrogenous compounds kuderera mukati meawa nitrogen inoderera mukati meawa nitrogen, Wiitrogen inoderera mukati me24 am. alkalophilic microorganisms (mazhinji ayo anogadzira makomisheni ane chepfu kune umhutu) anobudirira [15], angave mukadzi Ann.arabiensis anonyanya kukwezvwa weti ine makore makumi maviri nemana kana mashoma [13, 14].
Muchidzidzo ichi, maAns anogamuchira uye anodyiswa ropa akatariswa.Panguva yayo yekutanga gonadotropin cycle, arabiensis yakaongororwa kutorwa kwenitrogenous compounds, kusanganisira urea, nekusanganiswa kweweti.Zvinotevera, nhevedzano yeongororo yakaitwa kuongorora kuti mosquito dzechikadzi dzinogovera sei izvi zvingava zvinovaka muviri zvekuvandudza kubereka uye kubereka patsva. W weti yakaongororwa kuti ione kana izvi zvakapa zviratidzo zvinovimbika zveanotambira uye anodyiswa ropa An. Mukutsvaga kwavo kweiyi inogona kuve inovaka muviri, arabiensis yakawana kuwirirana kwekemikari kumashure kwekuonekwa kwekunaka. pazvimiro zvakasiyana zvemuviri.Mosquito attraction.Zvawanikwa zvinosimbisa kuti An.arabiensis inowana uye inogovera nitrogenous compounds inowanikwa mu vertebrate urine kuti iite mararamiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu.Izvi zvigumisiro zvinokurukurwa mumamiriro ezvinhu emigumisiro yechirwere chechirwere uye kuti ingashandiswa sei pakuongorora uye kutonga kwevector.
Anopheles arabicans (Dongola strain) yakachengetedzwa pa 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH uye 12:12 h chiedza: rima kutenderera.Mambure akarererwa mumatireyi epurasitiki (20 masendimita × 18 masendimita × 7 masendimita) akazadzwa nemvura yakanyungudutswa uye kudyiswa Mepalletram nehove dzakadyiswa, 3 ml yehove dzeDetramin, DE 3 ml. makapu (Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) ndokubva aendeswa kuBugdorm matanga (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) kubvumira vanhu vakuru kubuda. Vakuru vakapiwa 10% sucrose solution ad libitum kusvikira 4 mazuva mushure mekubuda-kubuda kwakapiwa panguva yekudya kwevakadzi, dpese yakapiwa panguva yekudya kwevakadzi mvura yakadzikama isati yaedzwa, sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa.Vakadzi vakashandiswa pakuedza kwechubhu yendege vakaziya nenzara kwemaawa 4-6 chete nemvura ad libitum.Kugadzirira mosquito dzinosveta ropa kune zvinotevera bioassays, 4 dpe vakadzi vakapiwa defibrotic ropa remakwai (Håtunalab, Bro, SE) vachishandisa membranek feeding system, Discovery yevakadzi yeAccyington yakashandiswa membranek feeding system (Hescyrington). dzvuku kumakeji ega ega uye kupa kudya zvakananga, sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa, kana 10% sucrose ad libitum kwemazuva 3 isati yaedzwa inotsanangurwa pasi apa.Makadzi ekupedzisira akashandiswa kubhururuka tube bioassays uye akaendeswa ku laboratori, uye akazove akasvibiswa mvura ad libitum kwemaawa 4-6 isati yaedzwa.
Kudyisa miedzo yakashandiswa kuyera weti uye urea kushandiswa mumunhu mukuru An.Arab female.Kutsvaga-kutsvaka uye kudyiswa kweropa vakadzi vakapiwa chikafu chine 1% diluted fresh uye yakwegura weti yemhou, huwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hwe urea, uye kudzora maviri (10% sucrose nemvura) kwe48 h.Pakuwedzera, kudya kwekudya (xyle-2 CAS 07-2006); gma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) yakawedzerwa pakudya uye yakapihwa mune 4 × 4 matrix mu250 µl microcentrifuge chubhu (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Mufananidzo 1A) Zadza kumucheto (~300 µl). 12 masendimita muhupamhi uye 6 cm kureba;Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Mufananidzo 1A) murima rakazara pa 25 ± 2 cm °C uye 65 ± 5% humidity yakaenzana.Izvi zvidzidzo zvakadzokororwa 5 kusvika ku10 nguva.Mushure mekusangana nekudya, umhutu hwakaiswa kusvika pa -20 ° C.
Tarisa weti yebovi uye urea yakabatwa neakadzi uye anoyamwa ropa Anopheles arabianus. Muchiedzo chekudyisa (A), mosquito dzechikadzi dzakapihwa kudya kunosanganisira weti yemombe nyowani uye yachembera, huwandu hwakasiyana hweurea, sucrose (10%), uye distilled mvura (H2O)) . vakadzi vakanyura 72-awa mhou weti isingasviki 168-awa yemombe weti (B) .The mean total nitrogen content (± standard deviation) yeweti inomiririrwa mukati.Host-seking (D, F) uye kusveta ropa (E, G) vakadzi vanotora urea nenzira inoenderana nedose hoc analysis; p <0.05).Mabhawa ezvikanganiso anomiririra kukanganisa kwakajairwa kwezvinoreva (BE).Mutsetse wakatwasuka unomiririra mutsara welog-linear regression (F, G)
Kusunungura chikafu chakanyura, umhutu hwakaiswa ega mu 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes ine 230 µl yemvura yakasvibiswa uye tishu yakavhiringidzwa kushandisa pestle uye cordless motor inoraswa (VWR International, Lund, SE), ichiteverwa ne centrifugation pa 10 krpm ye 10 min . ma-Aldrich) uye absorbance (λ620) yakagadziriswa kushandisa spectrophotometer-based microplate reader (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). Zvimwewo, mosquitos yakagayiwa mu 1 ml yemvura yakasvibiswa, 900 µl iyo yakaendeswa kune spectrometric 0phot 0800000000000000; , Kista, SE) .Kuenzanisa kudya kwekudya, chiyero chepamusoro chakagadzirirwa ne serial dilution kuti ibudise 0.2 µl kusvika ku 2.4 µl ye 1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide. Zvadaro, kusvibiswa kwemaziso ezvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa zvedhayi zvakashandiswa kuti zvione kuwanda kwezvokudya zvakadyiwa mosquito imwe neimwe.
Volume data yakaongororwa pachishandiswa nzira imwe chete yekuongorora musiyano (ANOVA) ichiteverwa neTukey's post hoc pairwise kuenzanisa (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989–2007). v8.0.0 yeMac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, US).
Inenge 20 µl yemasampuli eweti kubva kuzera rega rega yakasungwa paChromosorb® W/AW (10 mg 80/100 mesh, Sigma Aldrich) uye yakavharirwa mumatin capsules (8 mm × 5 mm) .Capsules akaiswa mukamuri rinopisa re2ifmosorp 000FNS, Slasher CHNS, Slasher 000FNS, Slasher 0FNS / OXNS. ltham, MA, US) kuti zvionere nitrogen zviri muweti itsva uye yasakara maererano neprotocol yemugadziri.Total nitrogen (g N l-1) yakaverengerwa zvichibva pane inozivikanwa urea concentrations inoshandiswa sechiyero.
Kuongorora mhedzisiro yekudya pakupona kwevakadzi vanotsvaga uye vanoyamwa ropa, umhutu hwakaiswa mumwe nemumwe muhombe dzePetri ndiro (12 cm muhupamhi uye 6 cm kureba; Semadeni) ine mesh-yakavharwa gomba muvharo (3 cm mudhayamita) neKufemesa uye kupa chikafu.Diets zvakapihwa zvakananga mushure me4 1 dhigirii nyowani uye 4 % diki diwrea uye 4%. zvinodzora, 10% sucrose nemvura.Chikafu chega chega chakaiswa pombi pane tampon yemazino (DAB Dental AB, Upplands Väsby, SE) yakaiswa mu5 ml sirinji (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), iyo plunger yakabviswa, uye yakaiswa pamusoro pe petri dish (mufananidzo 1.Changein kudya kwako kwezuva nezuva). es akaverengwa kaviri pazuva, nepo utsi hwakafa hwakaraswa kusvikira mosquito yekupedzisira yafa (n = 40 per treatment) Kupona kweumhutu kunodyiswa pazvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana kwakaongororwa nenhamba uchishandisa Kaplan-Meyer survival curves uye log-rank test kuti uenzanise kupona kugoverwa kwekuenzanisa kweIBM2000.
A tsika mosquito kubhururuka chigayo kwakavakirwa Attisano et al.[17], yakagadzirwa 5 mm gobvu yakajeka acrylic mapaneru (10 masendimita yakafara x 10 masendimita kureba x 10 masendimita yakakwirira) pasina pamberi uye shure mapaneru (Fig. 3: kumusoro). d pakati pemagineti eneodymium akaparadzana masendimita 9. Kachubhu yakachinjika yakagadzirwa nechinhu chimwe chete (6.5 cm L) yakacheka nepakati chubhu yakamira kuti iite ruoko rwakasungirirwa neruoko rwaitakura kachidimbu kefoiri yealuminium sechiratidzo chinomisa chiedza.
Madzimai ane nzara yemaawa makumi maviri nemana akapiwa kudya kwepamusoro kwemaminetsi makumi matatu asati arambidzwa.Umhutu hwechikadzi hwakanyatsodyiswa zvakabva zvaitwa ega ega paaizi kwe2-3 min uye zvakanamirwa pamapini ezvipembenene newakisi (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE) ndokuzorekodhwa mabhobho eFrizontal. ed by custom-built data logger, ndokuzochengetwa uye kuratidzwa uchishandisa PC-Lab 2000 ™ software (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE) .Chigayo chendege chakaiswa muimba inogadziriswa nemamiriro ekunze (12 h: 12 h, chiedza: rima, 25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH).
Kuti uone maitiro ekuita kwendege, kureba kwese kubhururuka (m) uye nhamba yose yezviitiko zvekufamba nendege zvakaverengerwa neawa pamusoro penguva yeawa 24. Mukuwedzera, mavhareji emakiromita anofambiswa nemadzimai ega ega akafananidzwa nemishonga yose uye akaongororwa achishandisa nzira imwe chete ANOVA uye Tukey's post hoc analysis (JMP Pro, v14.0.0.), avhareji yeAdential Institute yaifungidzirwa, iyo yepakati yeAddient INC. , avhareji yenhamba yekutenderera inoverengerwa mumaminitsi gumi ekuwedzera.
Kuongorora mhedzisiro yekudya pakuita kwekubereka kweAn.arabiensis, vakadzi vatanhatu (4 dpe) vakatamirwa zvakananga kuBugdorm cages (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) mushure mekuunganidzwa kweropa uye ndokupa chikafu chekuyedza kwe48 h sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro.Kudya kwakabva kwabviswa uye kubereka makapu (30 ml) yakazadzwa ne4 maawa emvura, Nolato 0 yezuva rechitatu Hertila yakazadzwa ne4 maawa emvura. kushandura maawa ose e24. Dzokorora chirongwa chekudya chega chega 20-50 nguva.Mazai akaverengwa uye akarekodhwa kune imwe neimwe keji yekuedza.Subsamples yemazai akashandiswa kuongorora hukuru uye kureba kusiyana kwemazai ega (n ≥ 200 per diet) achishandisa Dialux-20 microscope (DM1000; Wetzlarst, DECAItzDFC), Letzlarst (Ernstlar aquitzDFC) Leitzlar 320 R2;Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE) Mazai akasara akachengetwa muimba inodzorwa nemamiriro ekunze pasi pemamiriro ekurera kwemaawa 24 h, uye subsample yechangobva kubuda 1st instar larvae (n ≥ 200 pakudya) yakayerwa, sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Nhamba yemazai uye ukuru hwemazai nemhou zvakaenzaniswa pakati pemishonga uye kushandisa imwe nzira yekurapa uye kushandisa hoc. SAS Institute Inc.).
Headspace volatiles kubva kutsva (1 hr post-sampling), 24 hr, 72 hr uye 168 hr weti yechembere yakatorwa kubva kune samples dzakatorwa kubva kumombe Zebu, Arsi races. Kuti zvive nyore, weti samples dzakaunganidzwa mangwanani-ngwanani apo mombe dzichiri mudanga. masaga (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH uye Co., Minden, DE) mu 3 l polyamide ine chivharo Muvinyl chloride plastiki drums.Headspace volatiles kubva kune imwe neimwe yebovine weti samples yakaunganidzwa kana zvakananga (itsva) kana mushure mekukura pakamuri tembiricha ye24 h, 72 zera remumiriri weti imwe neimwe, 72 zera rega rega.
Pakuunganidza headspace volatiles, yakavharwa-loop system yakashandiswa kutenderedza activated carbon-filtered gas stream (100 ml min-1) kuburikidza ne polyamide bag kusvika adsorption column kwe 2.5 h nekushandisa diaphragm vacuum pombi (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE) . n tubing (5.5 cm x 3 mm id) ine 35 mg yePorapak Q (50/80 mesh; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) pakati pegirazi weol plugs.Isati yashandiswa, iyo column yakasvibiswa ne 1 ml redistilled n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, DEGRECK, 9 l 9ml Silgrgrede) uye 1.0 mld GC sol gredi . mibhedha inoputika yakasvibiswa ne 400 μl ye pentane.Kuunganidza kwemusoro wepamusoro zvakabatanidzwa uye zvino zvakachengetwa pa -20 ° C kusvikira zvashandiswa pakuwedzera kuongororwa.
Maitiro ekupindura ekutsvaga uye kudya ropa An.Headspace volatile extracts yakaunganidzwa kubva kutsva, 24-h, 72-h, uye 168-h-yakwegura weti yakaongororwa nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvinoputika kubva kuArabidopsis mosquito uchishandisa girazi rakananga tube olfactometer [18] .T5king nguva yeZ5king yenguva ye13 yekuongorora yakaitwa peak. [19].A glass tube olfactometer (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) yakavhenekerwa ne 3 ± 1 lx yechiedza chitsvuku kubva kumusoro.Marasha akacheneswa uye akanyoroveswa mhepo inoyerera (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2% hunyoro hunyoro) yakapfuura bioassay pa 30 cm simbi inoyerera, ichipfuura 30 cm simbi inoyerera. a uniform plume structure.Dental tampon dispenser (4 cm × 1 cm; L: D; DAB Dental AB), yakamiswa kubva pa 5 cm coil pamagumo emhepo ye olfactometer, ine stimulator inoshandura maminetsi ose e5. Nekuongorora, 10 μl yemusoro wega wega wakabuda, yakasvibiswa 1: 10, yakaenzana yekusimudzira mari yakashandiswa semugadziri wepeni. kana utsi hunosveta ropa hwakaiswa mumakeji ekusunungurwa kwega 2-3 maawa kusati kwatanga kuedza.Kusununguka kwekeji yakaiswa padivi remhepo ye olfactometer, uye utsi hwakabvumirwa kuti hugadzirire 1 min, uye ipapo butterfly valve yekeji yakavhurwa kuti isunungurwe.Kukwezva kune kurapwa kana kudzora kwakaiswa mukati memushonga wemoquitosion yakabuda mukati mechikamu che5 chakaongororwa. headspace volatile extract and control were replicated at least 30 times, and to avoid the effects of any one day, the same number of treatments and controls were tested on every experimental day.Tsvaka mhinduro kubva kuhost and blood-fed Ans.Arabic versus headspace sets yakaongororwa pachishandiswa nominal logistic regression inoteverwa ne pairwise comparisons for odd.4JMP0 Inc., SAS, SA, SASS, SASS, SAMS.
An's spawning response.Headspace extracts kubva muweti yemombe itsva uye yachembera yakaongororwa muBugdorm cages (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science) .Makapu epurasitiki (30 mL; Nolato Hertila) akazadzwa ne20 mL yemvura yakasvibiswa akapa iyo yekuberekesa substrate, masendimita akatarisana nekapu yakatarisana ne4 cm kapu yakagadziridzwa nekapu yakatarisana. 10 μl yega yega headpace yakabudiswa pa1: 10 dilution. Nhamba yakaenzana yepentane yakashandiswa kugadzirisa mukombe wekutonga.Kurapa uye kudzora makapu zvakatsinhaniswa pakati pekuedza kwega kwega kudzora mamiriro emigumisiro.Madzimai gumi akadyiswa ropa akasunungurwa mumakeji ekuedza paZT 9-11 uye mazai mumikombe akaverengwa maawa makumi maviri nemana (24). mazai akakandwa mukapu yekudzora)/(huwandu hwemazai akakandwa).Kurapa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa ka8.
Gas chromatographic uye elekitironi antenna pateni yekuongorora (GC-EAD) kuongororwa kwechikadzi An.arabiensis yakaitwa sezvakambotsanangurwa [20].Muchidimbu, nyowani headspace volatile extracts yakapatsanurwa pachishandiswa Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) ine HP-5 column μd μd μd 5 × 2μd μd μd 5 × 2 μd μd 5 mm 5 mm firimu 5 mm × nhoroondo).uye weti yachembera.Hydrogen yakashandiswa sechikamu chinofamba neavhareji yekuyerera kwe 45 cm s-1.Sample imwe neimwe (2 μl) yakabayiwa kwemasekonzi makumi matatu muspeedless mode ine inlet tembiricha ye225 °C.The GC tembiricha yehovhoni yakarongwa kubva pa35 °C (3 maminetsi kubata) kusvika ku3000 min. , 4 psi yenitrogen yakawedzerwa uye yakapatsanurwa 1: 1 muGerstel 3D / 2 yakaderera yakafa vhoriyamu cross (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) pakati pemoto ionization detector uye EAD.Iyo GC effluent capillary yeEAD yakapfuura neGerstel ODP-2 mutsara wekutumira, iyo inoteedzera GC oven, muvhenganiswa nekabhoni 8 × 1 girasi, girasi 8 × 1 mm, girasi yakavhenganiswa ne5 × . mhepo yakanyoroveswa (1.5 l min-1) .Antenna yakaiswa 0.5 cm kubva pakubuda kwechubhu. Umhutu wega wega wakaverengera kune imwe replicate, uye kune humhutu hunotsvaga, kanenge katatu replicates zvakaitwa pane weti samples dzezera rega rega.
Kuzivikanwa kwemakomisheni ebioactive mumusoro wekuunganidza weti nyowani uye yachembera yebovine uchishandisa yakasanganiswa GC uye mass spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC uye 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) kuunza mhinduro dzeantenna muGC-EAD ongororo, ichishanda mumagetsi emagetsi ionization mode pa70 slica-MS capiquipped 70 HP. llary column (60 m × 0.25 mm dhayamita yemukati, 0.25 μm mukobvu wefirimu) uchishandisa helium sechikamu chenhare ine avhareji yekuyerera kweyero ye35 cm s-1.A 2 μl sampu yakabayiwa pachishandiswa iwo majekiseni akafanana uye tembiricha yehovhoni sekuongororwa kweGC-EAD. Macompounds akafananidzwa zvichienderana nenguva yeraibhurari yeNISTvten uye Kospectra nguva yeNISTvten (Agilent) .Makomisheni akazivikanwa akasimbiswa nekujoinha maitiro echokwadi (Yakawedzerwa File 1: Tafura S2) .Nokuda kwehuwandu, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% kuchena kwemakemikari, Aldrich) akaiswa jekiseni senzira yekunze.
Kuongorora kushanda kwemusanganiswa wekunhuhwirira unosanganisira bioactive makomisheni anoonekwa muweti nyowani uye yachembera kuti ikwekwe Ans.arabiensis inotsvaka tenzi uye inosveta ropa, uchishandisa olfactometer imwe chete neprotocol sezviri pamusoro.Synthetic misanganiswa yakatevedzera kuumbwa uye kuenzana kwemakomisheni mune yakasanganiswa headspace volatile extracts of freshur, 62hour, 24ho-24ho uye 24ho-hour. weti yakwegura (Mufananidzo 5D-G; Kuwedzera Faira 1: Tafura S2) .Kuongorora, shandisa 10 μl ye1:100 dilution yemusanganiswa wakagadzirwa zvakakwana, nehuwandu hwekusunungurwa hunobva paanenge 140-2400 ng h-1, pakuongorora kukwezva kugashira uye kusveta ropa-kusveta pamusoro pemisanganiswa yemosquitos inopera, iyo misanganiswa yemosquito inopera. musanganiswa unobviswa.Tsvaga mhinduro kubva kune anotambira uye anodyiswa ropa Ans.Arab vs synthetic uye subtractive misanganiswa yakaongororwa pachishandiswa zita registic regression ichiteverwa nekuenzanisa paviri kune odd ratios (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Kuongorora kana weti yemombe ingave nzvimbo yekugara mosikito yemarariya, weti yemombe nyowani uye yachembera, yakaunganidzwa sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro, uye mvura yakaiswa mumabhaketi ane meshed 3 l (100 ml) uye yakaiswa mumateyi echirauro.(BG-HDT version; BioGents, Regensburg, DE) Miteyo gumi yakaparadzana mamita makumi mashanu mumafuro, 400 m kubva munharaunda yemusha (Silay, Ethiopia, 5°53′24′′N, 37°29′24′′'E) uye pasina mombe, panzvimbo dzokuberekesa zvachose uye mumisha. Miteyo mishanu yakasiyirwa miteyo mishanu usiku hwakateyiwa. ly kwehusiku hushanu.Nhamba dzeMosquito dzakabatwa mumisungo yakabatwa weti yezera rakasiyana dzakafananidzwa pachishandiswa kudzoreredzwa kwemaitiro nebeta binomial kugovera (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Mumusha unemarariya uri pedyo neguta reMaki, Oromia mudunhu, Ethiopia (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81′ 70″ E; Mufananidzo 6A).Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pakati paNyamavhuvhu nepakati paGunyana kusati kwatanga kumwaya zvisaririra zvepagore, pamwe chete nemwaka wekunaya kwemvura. Zvikamu zvishanu zvechidzidzo zvakasarudzwa (skirt 20) pamusha wezvidzidzo zvakasarudzwa (skirt 20) pamusha wefundo. (Fig. 6A) .Maitiro akashandiswa pakusarudza dzimba aiva: hapana mhuka dzinobvumirwa mumba, hapana kubika mukati (kuchera huni kana marasha) yakabvumirwa (zvishoma panguva yekuedza), uye dzimba dzine huwandu hwevagari vaviri, dzinorara muunisecticides.pasi pemambure ekudzivirira mosquito.Mvumo yetsika yakapihwa neInstitutional Research Ethics Review Board (IRB/022/2016) yeFaculty of Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), University of Addis Ababa, maererano nemirayiridzo yakatangwa neWorld Medical Association Declaration yeHelsinki.Kubvumwa kwakawanikwa kubva kuvakuru venzvimbo yezvehutano yekuwedzera rubatsiro kubva kumukuru wedunhu rese. uye ward ('kebele') level.Kuedza kwekuedza kwakatevera 2 × 2 Latin square design, umo masanganiswa ekugadzira uye zvidzoreso zvakagoverwa kudzimba dzakabatana usiku hwekutanga uye kuchinjana pakati pedzimba pausiku hunotevera hwekuedza.Iyi nzira yakadzokororwa kagumi.Kuwedzera, kuenzanisa basa reumhutu mudzimba dzakasarudzwa, misungo yeCDC yakaiswa kuti ipedze pakati peusiku hushanu hunotevedzana panguva imwe chete yemazuva ekutanga kwekuedza.
A synthetic musanganiswa ane matanhatu bioactive compounds yakanyungudutswa mu heptane (97.0% solvent GC grade, Sigma Aldrich) uye yakabudiswa pa 140 ng h-1 uchishandisa cotton wick dispenser [20] .Wick dispenser yakabvumira kuti mishonga yose isunungurwe muhuwandu hwenguva dzose munguva yose ye12 yeawa yekuongorora.Heptane. Kudzivirira (CDC) chiedza chemusungo (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, US; Mufananidzo 6A) .Misungo yacho yakaturikwa 0.8 - 1 m pamusoro pevhu, pedyo netsoka yemubhedha, uye munhu anozvipira akarara pasi pemumbure usina kurapwa uye akashandiswa pakati pe18: 00 uye 06. mi-pregnant, uye ane pamuviri [21] vakazoongororwa vachishandisa polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kuongorora kuti vaone mhuka inonzi morphologically inonzi A. gambiae sl. Nhengo dzeiyo yakaoma [23].0. SAS Institute Inc.).Pano, isu tinoshuma iyo χ2 uye p-values ​​​​kubva kune mukana wechiyero bvunzo.
Ongorora kana yakachengeteka.arabiensis yakakwanisa kuwana weti, nitrogen yayo huru, urea, nekudyisa zvakananga, mukati me48 h yehutungamiri kwemazuva 4 post (dpe) kutsvaga-kutsvaka uye kudyiswa kwevakadzi kuedzwa kweropa (Fig. 1A) .Zvose vakadzi vanotsvaga uye vanoyamwisa ropa vakanyura zvakanyanya sucrose kupfuura chero ipi zvayo. 6 (F 6 = 0, 2, 2, 5, 2, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2). 01 uye F (5,299) = 56.00, p <0.0001, maererano; Fig. 1B, C) . Uyezve, vakadzi vanotsvaga-vakadya vakadya zvishoma muurini pamaawa 72 kana vachienzaniswa neurini pamaawa 168 (Fig. 1B) .Paakapiwa kudya kuine urea, kugamuchira-kugamuchira m9 yakawanda yakawanda yeM 2 yemvura uye kunwisa mvura yakawanda yeM6 uye yakawanda yeM2 yevakadzi. Kusiyanisa kubva ku10% sucrose (F (10,813) = 15.72, p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 1D) .Izvi zvakanga zvakasiyana nemhinduro yevakadzi vanodyiswa ropa, avo vaiwanzotora zvakanyanya urea-ine zvokudya kupfuura mvura, zvisinei zvakanyanya kudarika 10% = 0, 510; 10% 51, 51 (10% sucrose, 51, 51; gure 1) .1E) . Uyezve, pakuenzanisa pakati pezviviri zvemuviri, vakadzi vephlebotomized vanotora urea yakawanda kupfuura vakadzi vanotsvaka mauto panzvimbo yakaderera, uye vakadzi ava vakatora zviyero zvakafanana zveurea pamatunhu akakwirira (F (1,953) = 78.82, p <0.0001;Fig. 1F, G) .Kunyange zvazvo kudya kubva kune urea-ine kudya kwakaratidzika kuva nemafungiro akanaka (Fig. 1D, E), vanhukadzi mumatunhu ese emuviri vakakwanisa kugadzirisa huwandu hweurea hwakatorwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehutachiwana mune log-linear fashion (Fig. 1F, G)..Saizvozvo, umhutu hunoita sehunodzora kutora kwavo nitrogen nekugadzirisa huwandu hweweti inobatwa, sezvo huwandu hwenitrogen muweti hunoratidzwa muhuwandu hwakabatwa (Mufananidzo 1B, C uye B insets).
Kuti uongorore migumisiro yeweti uye urea pakutsvaga-kutsvaka uye kunwa ropa mosquito kurarama, vakadzi vakadyiswa weti yemakore mana (itsva, 24 h, 72 h, uye 168 h post-deposition) uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwe urea, pamwe chete nemvura yakasvibiswa uye 10 % chiyero chekudya chakaratidza kuti Aval surname yakashanda semushonga wepamusoro (Aval surname yakaratidza 2 chiyero chekutonga). kupona muvakadzi vanotsvaga mauto (weti: χ2 = 108.5, df = 5, p <0.0001; urea: χ2 = 122.8, df = 5, p <0.0001; Fig. 2B, C) uye vakadzi vanodyiswa ropa (2,0 = 0, 0 = 9 = f. ; urea: χ2 = 137.9, df = 5, p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 2D, E) .Mukuedza kwose, vakadzi vaidyisa kudya kweweti, urea, uye mvura yakanga ine mararamiro ehupenyu akaderera zvikuru kana achienzaniswa nevakadzi vakadyiswa kudya kwe sucrose (Mufananidzo 2B-Es 2B-Es vakaratidza 7 vakadzi vakasiyana-siyana vekutsvaga, Host-E). -h stale urine (p = 0.016) ine mukana wakaderera wekurarama (Fig. 2B) . Uyezve, vakadzi vanotsvaga mauto vakadyisa 135 mM urea vakararama kwenguva refu kupfuura kutonga kwemvura (p <0.04) (Fig.2C) .Kuenzaniswa nemvura, vakadzi vaidyiswa newaini itsva uye 24-awa weti vakararama kwenguva refu (p = 0.001 uye p = 0.012, maererano; Mufananidzo 2D), nepo vakadzi vaidyiswa ne72-awa weti vakararama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura avo vakadyiswa Mukadzi mupfupi mutsva weti uye 24-awa 0.0 p. gure 2D) .Pavakadyiswa 135 mM urea, vakadzi vakadyiswa ropa vakararama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura mamwe ose ehuwandu hwe urea nemvura (p <0.013; Mufananidzo 2E).
Kupona kwemukadzi anoyamwa uye anoyamwa ropa Anopheles arabinis achidya weti yemombe uye urea.Muchidzidzo chebioassay (A), umhutu hwechikadzi hwakapihwa kudya kunosanganisira weti yemhou nyoro uye yachembera, huwandu hwakasiyana hweurea, sucrose (10%) uye distilled mvura (H2O) .Kurarama kwekutsvaga-kugamuchira , C-kutsvagwa kweropa uye E2B kwega kwega kwaiva kutsvaga ropa, E2-B. maawa kusvika vakadzi vese vadyiswa weti (B, D) uye urea (C, E), uye zvinodzora, Sucrose nemvura, zvafa.
Iyo yese kureba uye nhamba yekutenderera yakatemerwa muyedzo yeguyo rendege pamusoro penguva ye24-awa yakasiyana pakati pekutsvaga-kugamuchira uye kusveta ropa mosquito, iyo yakaratidza basa shoma rekubhururuka rose (Fig. 3) .Kutsvaga-kutsvaka mosquitos iyo yakapa mutsva uye yakwegura weti kana sucrose nemvura yakaratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubhururuka (Fig. 3), ine dawn 6 inodya patsva 6 fende-2, ine dawn inodya pa 18 yevakadzi. -Hour aged Mosquitos yaidya paweti yakaratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubhururuka uye ainyanya kuita diurnal.Mhutu dzechikadzi dzakapa sucrose kana 72-awa weti yakaratidza basa munguva yose ye24-awa, nepo vakadzi vaipa mvura vainyanya kushanda munguva yepakati-penguva.Umhutu hwakadyiswa pa sucrose mangwanani-ngwanani hwakaratidzwa mangwanani-ngwanani, uye 7 mazinga ekutanga eusiku airatidza nguva yeusiku, uye 7 mazinga ekutanga eusiku. ne akawana kuderera kwakadzikama mukuita kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana (Mufananidzo 3).
Muvhimi anosveta ropa muvhimi anoyamwa ropa Anopheles arabinis achidya weti yemombe uye urea. Muchigayo chendege, umhutu hadzi dzaidyiswa weti yemombe itsva uye yachembera, huwandu hwakasiyana hweurea, sucrose (10%), uye mvura yakasvibiswa (H2O) yakasungirirwa kune yakachinjika, (kutenderedza-kutenderedza) ropa rakasununguka (kutenderedza ropa). chinhambwe chose uye nhamba yendege paawa pakudya kwega kwega kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana zvakarekodhwa (yakasviba: grey; chiedza: machena).Avhareji yenhambwe uye avhareji yenhamba yemabhoti inoratidzwa kurudyi rwegirafu yebasa recircadian.Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra kukanganisa kwakajairwa kwezvinoreva.Statistical analysis see text.
Muzhinji, basa rose rekubhururuka kwevakadzi vanotsvaga mauto vakatevera muenzaniso wakafanana neyekufamba kwekufamba kwemaawa 24. Kureba kwekufamba kwendege kwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekudya kwakaiswa (F (5, 138) = 28.27, p <0.0001), uye vakadzi vanotsvaga mauto vakadya maawa 72 eweti akabhururuka zvakanyanya mamwe marefu marefu uye moquid 0 0 0 0 pfuti . es yakabhururuka kwenguva yakareba kupfuura itsva (p = 0.022) uye 24-h-yakwegura urini (p = 0.022) -fed mosquitos. Kusiyana nemaitiro ekuita ndege anotsanangurwa nekudya weti, urea-fed host-kutsvaga vakadzi vakaratidza basa rinoramba richibhururuka pamusoro pe24-h nguva, peaking panguva yechikamu chechipiri chevakadzi, hafu yefig yemutambo we3. rea yakawedzera zvakanyanya kureba kureba kwendege zvichienderana nekunyura kwakanyungudika (F (5, 138) = 1310.91, p <0.0001) .Makadzi anotsvaga mauto akadyisa chero huwandu hweurea hwakabhururuka kwenguva refu kupfuura vakadzi vakadyiswa chero mvura kana sucrose (p <0.03).
Zvose zvekubhururuka kweumhutu dzinosveta ropa dzakagadzikana uye dzakachengetwa kwemaawa 24 pazvokudya zvose, nekuwedzera kwekuita weti mukati mehafu yechipiri yenguva yerima yevakadzi vanodyiswa pamvura pamwe chete nevakadzi vanodyiswa mutsva uye maawa 24 (mufananidzo 3) .Kunyange zvazvo kudya kwewaini kwakanyanya kukanganisa kureba kwekufamba kwevakadzi vanodyiswa ropa (F.8, 0) = 3 urea = 4, p. (F(5, 138) = 1.36, p = 0.24) .neimwe weti uye kudzora kudya (kutsva, p = 0.0091; maawa 72, p = 0.0022; maawa 168, p = 0.001; sucrose, p = 0.0017; dH2O = 0.3, p = 0.30).
Migumisiro yekudyisa weti uye urea pamiganhu yekubereka yakaongororwa mumazai-kuisa bioassays (Mufananidzo 4A) uye yakaongororwa maererano nehuwandu hwemazai akaiswa nemunhukadzi wega wega, saizi yezai, uye achangobva kuchochonywa ekutanga instar larvae.Kuwanda kwemazai akaiswa.Urine-inodyiswa vakadzi vechiArab vakasiyana-siyana nekudya (F) , 0 = 0 = 2, 0 = 0 2 . B) Vakadzi vakadyisa weti yeawa ye24, kudya kweropa kwakaisa mazai akawanda kupfuura vakadzi vakadyisa mamwe mazamu uye vakafanana neavo vakadyiswa sucrose (Fig. 4B) . Saizvozvowo, ukuru hwemazai akaiswa nevakadzi vakadyiswa urine zvakasiyana nekudya (F (5, 209) = 12.85, p0 <2 crose , p0-1 crose, p0 4 crose, p 0. mazai makuru zvikuru kupfuura vakadzi vakadyiswa mvura , nepo mazai emadzimai akadyiswa ne 168 h yemurini akanga ari maduku zvikuru (Fig. 4C) .Kuwedzera, kudya kwemvura kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kukura kwembeu (F (5, 187) = 7.86, p <0.0001), ine zvipembenene zvakakura zvikuru zvinobuda kubva ku2-4 mazai echikadzi uye mazai e-2 kubva kumazai-4 mazai echikadzi. kubva kumazai makonye.Kudyiswa mvura uye 168-h vakadzi vakadyiswa weti (Mufananidzo 4D).
Kubereka kwechikadzi Anopheles arabinis achidya weti yemombe uye urea. Umhutu hadzi dzakadyiswa ropa dzakadyiswa zvokudya zvinosanganisira weti yemombe itsva uye yakwegura, urea yakasiyana-siyana, sucrose (10%), uye distilled water (H2O) kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere isati yaiswa mu bioassays uye kutora mazai (C-egg) nhamba yeA, 4 maawa (B egg-8) , F) uye ukuru hwemakonye (D, G) zvakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekudya kwakapiwa (mhou weti: BD; urea: EG) Zvinoreva kuti parameter imwe neimwe yakayerwa uchishandisa mazita akasiyana-siyana ebhii akanga akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe (nzira imwe chete ANOVA achishandisa Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05) .
Sezvo chikamu chikuru che nitrogenous cheti, urea, kana yakapiwa sechikafu kune vakadzi vanodyiswa ropa, zvakanyanya kukanganisa maitiro ekubereka mune zvidzidzo zvose.Kuwanda kwemazai akaiswa nevakadzi vakadyiswa urea, mushure mekudya kweropa, zvichienderana neurea concentration (F (11, 360) = 4.69; p <0.0001), vakadzi ¿id 3 M mazai 3M uye 3 M3 mazai akawanda pakati pe3M mazai 36001. Mufananidzo 4E) . Vakadzi vanodyiswa pa urea concentrations ye 134 µM kana pamusoro vanokandira mazai makuru kupfuura vakadzi vanodyiswa pamvura (F (10, 4245) = 36.7; p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 4F), uye kukura kwemvura, kunyange zvazvo yakakanganiswa nehuwandu hwakafanana hweurea mumadzimai, 0 3 (0 3) = 3 (0 19 = 3 (F. 3) = 0 (0 3) yakanga yakawanda yakasiyana (Fig. 4G).
Kukwezva kwese kune mauto-anotsvaga bovine weti headspace volatile extracts.I arabiensis yakaongororwa mugirazi tube olfactometer (Fig. 5A) yakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nezera reweti (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; Fig. 5B) .Post mamwe maawa e4 ekuongorora akaenzaniswa nepamusoro-soro yehuta yehuta yakafananidzwa nepamusoro-soro yehutachiwana hwehutachiwana hwehutachiwana hwehutachiwana hwakanyanya kuenzaniswa kwemaawa e4. (72 maawa: p = 0.0060, 168 maawa: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Kunze kwekunhuhwirira kwemuti mutsva (p = 0.13; Mufananidzo 5B) .Kunyange zvazvo kukwezva kweropa-kusveta ropa kunhuhwirira kweweti kwakanga kusina kunyanya kusiyana, p. g. 5C), vakadzi ava vakawanikwa vachinyanya kutaridzika kune headspace volatile zvinyorwa zvichienzaniswa ne72-awa yekare weti kana ichienzaniswa nekudzora (p = 0.0066; Mufananidzo 5C).
Tsika mhinduro kune dzinongoitika uye dzakagadzirwa mhou weti hwema pakutsvaga mugadziri uye anodyiswa ropa Anopheles arabianus.Schematic of the glass chubhu olfactometer (A).Kukwezva headspace volatile extracts kubva fresh and achembera mhou weti kugashira (B) uye ropa-kusveta (C) mosquitoes.Tsvaga4 tsvakiridzo Dzvuku Dzvuku Dzedenga reMhou 2000. (E), 72-awa (F), uye 168-awa (G) yemhou weti yakwegura inoratidzwa. Electron antenna discovery (EAD) traces inoratidza kuchinja kwevoltage mukupindura bioactive compounds mumusoro wepamusoro wakabviswa kubva kugasi chromatograph uye yakaonekwa nemoto ionization detector (FID) .The scale bar inomiririra mhinduro (The scale bhari inomiririra remten ¿mplition). h-1) yemakomponi ehupenyu anoshandiswa anoratidzwa.A isterisk imwe chete (*) inoratidza mhinduro inowirirana yakaderera-amplitude.Nyeredzi mbiri (**) dzinoratidza mhinduro dzisingagone kubudiswa.Tsvaga muiti (H) uye anoyamwa ropa (I) An.arabiensis ane zvikumbiro zvakasiyana kune zvakasanganiswa zvakasanganiswa zvevatsva uye vakwegura mazita ezvitsva uye achembera akwegura. zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe (imwe-nzira ANOVA uchishandisa Tukey's post hoc ongororo;p <0.05).Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra kukanganisa kwechiyero
Mukadzi Ann.arabiensis, 72 h uye 120 h mushure mekudya kweropa, panguva yekubereka, hapana kusarudzwa kwakaratidzwa kune headspace volatile extracts kubva kune mutsva uye yakwegura weti yemhou kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga kwepentane (χ2 = 3.07, p> 0.05; Imwe faira 1: Fig. S1).
Kumukadzi Ann.arabiensis, GC-EAD uye GC-MS inoongorora yakaonekwa masere, matanhatu, matatu uye matatu bioactive compounds (Mufananidzo 5D-G) .Kunyange zvazvo kusiyana kwenhamba yemishonga yakakonzera mhinduro dze electrophysiological yakaonekwa, zvizhinji zvezvisanganiswa izvi zvaivepo mune imwe neimwe yemusoro inoputika yakasvibiswa yakaunganidzwa kubva kune itsva uye yakwegura yakasvibiswa kubva kune imwe neimwe yehutsanana, iyo chete yakabudisa weti yemukadzi. chikumbaridzo chakabatanidzwa mune kumwe kuongorora.
Zvose zvinokonzerwa nekusunungurwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi e-bioactive mumusoro wekuunganidza wakawedzera kubva ku29 µg h-1 mumuguta mutsva kusvika ku242 µg h-1 mu 168-awa yekare weti, kunyanya nekuda kwep-cresol uye m-formaldehyde Phenol inowedzera pamwe chete ne phenol. weti zera, iyo yakabatana neinocherechedzwa kuderera kwechiratidzo chesimba (kuwanda) muchromatogram (Fig. 5D) -G kuruboshwe panel) uye mhinduro dzehupenyu kune izvi zvinosanganiswa (Fig. 5D-G right panel).
Pakazara, musanganiswa wekugadzira waive neyakafanana yakasikwa chiyero chebioactive komisheni inotaridzwa mune inovhuvhuta yezvinyorwa zvitsva uye yakwegura weti headspaces (Fig. 5D-G) uye haina kuratidzika kuunza kukwidza kwakakosha mukutsvaga kwemuenzi (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; Fig. 4 to χ = 2 H) kana kusveta ropa = 5H. 4, p = 0.30; Fig. 5I) .Zvisinei, post hoc pairwise kuenzanisa pakati pemishonga yakaratidza kuti utsi hutsva-hutsva hwakanga huchikwezva zvikuru kumusanganiswa wekugadzirwa kwe24-h weti yekare kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga kwepentane (p = 0.0086; Mufananidzo 5H).
Kuti uongorore basa romunhu ezvikamu muzvinhu zvevakadzi zvegumi nematanhatu. Mufananidzo S2A), mese musanganiswa waive wakanyanya kutaridzika kupfuura zvidiki zvekusanganiswa. 1: Mufananidzo S2B).
Mumusha wemarariya muEthiopia, kushanda kwemusanganiswa wekugadzira weti yemhou yemaawa makumi maviri nemana mukukwezva umhutu pasi pemamiriro emumunda yakaongororwa kweusiku gumi (Fig. 6A) . Huwandu hwe4,861 mosquito dzakabatwa uye dzakaonekwa, iyo 45.7% yaiva Anthropus. Culex spp.(Kuwedzera faira 1: Tafura S1).Anopheles arabinis ndiyo chete nhengo yeAn.Gambian mhando dzakaoma dzakazivikanwa nePCR analysis.Paavhareji, 320 umhutu hwakabatwa usiku humwe, panguva iyo misungo ine synthetic musanganiswa machira akabatwa umhutu kupfuura paired misungo pasina musanganiswa, 0120 = 0120 = 0120. .Misungo isina-baited yakaiswa pane imwe neimwe yehusiku hushanu hwekutonga pakutanga, pakati, uye kupera kwekutongwa.Nhamba dzakafanana dzeumhutu dzakabatwa mumisungo imwe neimwe, ichiratidza kusarurana pakati pedzimba (χ2 (0, 1665) = 9 × 10-13, p> 0.0Compared panguva yekudzidza yakabatwa nenhamba yenguva yekudzidza. misungo ine musanganiswa wekugadzira yakawedzera zvakanyanya: kutsvaga kwevaenzi (χ2 (0, 2107) = 138.7, p <0.0001), kudya kweropa nguva pfupi yapfuura (χ2 (0, 650) = 32.2, p <0.0001) uye pamuviri (χ2 (0, 228) = 2.0 = 2.0 = 6.Kuwedzera faira 1: Tafura S1) .Izvi zvinoratidzwawo muhuwandu hweumhutu hwakabatwa: muenzi ari kutsvaga > kusveta ropa > pamuviri > semi-mimba > murume.
Kuongororwa kwekushanda kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana ekugadzira weti yemusanganiswa weti yemombe. Miyedzo yemumunda yakaitwa kumaodzanyemba-pakati peEthiopia (mepu), pedyo neguta reMaki (isa), uchishandisa Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap (kurudyi) mudzimba dzakapetwa, neLatin square design (airerial image) (Ador-Bphelei arabe arabe) (Air-Bphelei yevakadzi) (Ador-Bphelei arabe arabe). asi kwete Anopheles farroes (C), neimwe nzira, physiological nyika-inotsamira effect.Uyezve, misungo iyi yakabatwa zvakanyanya yakawedzera nhamba of the host Culex mosquitoes.(D) Kana ichienzaniswa control.The mbariro kuruboshwe anomiririra avhareji kusarudzwa indekisi yeumhutu akabatwa peya anonhuwirira chirauro (girinhi) uye kudzora (kuvhura indekisi = the N pair paavhareji). kudzora misungo (yakavhurika; N = 5).) .Nyeredzi dzinoratidza nhanho dzekukosha kwenhamba (*p = 0.01 uye ***p <0.0001)
Mhando nhatu idzi dzakabatwa zvakasiyana mumisungo ine masanganiswa ekugadzira.Kutsvaga muenzi (χ2 (1, 1345) = 71.7, p <0.0001), kudya kweropa (χ2 (1, 517) = 16.7, p <0.0001) uye pamuviri (χ2 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 6, 1,600, = 16.7, p. sis akabatwa mumusungo achibudisa musanganiswa wekugadzira (Fig. 6B), nepo huwandu hweAn hwakanga husina kusiyana.Pharoensis mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyama zvakawanikwa (Fig. 6C) .KuCulex, kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwehumhutu hunotsvaka mauto hwakawanikwa mumisungo yakasvibiswa nemusanganiswa wekugadzira, p0 1 = 1 = 121 = 0 1 = 1 ; 6D), zvichienzaniswa nemisungo yekudzora.
Host bait misungo iri kunze kweanogona mauto pakati penzvimbo dzekuberekesa uye nharaunda dzekumaruwa muEthiopia dzakashandiswa kuongorora kana umhutu hwemalaria hunoshandisa kunhuhwirira kweweti yemombe senzvimbo yekugara.Mukushayikwa kwekunzwa kwekugamuchira, kupisa, uye nekuvapo kana pasina kunhuhwirira kwemhou weti, hapana umhutu hwakabatwa (Kuwedzera faira 1: Figure, Figure, uye kunhuhwirira kwemhou kwemukadzi kwakakwira sei. ed uye yakatorwa, zvisinei nenhamba shoma, yakasununguka nezera reweti (χ2 (5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Yakawedzerwa faira 1: Mufananidzo S3) .Mukupesana, kutonga kwemvura hakuna kutora mosquito yemarariya pakupisa kwakanyanya (Kuwedzera File 1: Mufananidzo S3).
Umhutu hweMalaria hunotora uye kugovera mishonga ine nitrogen kuburikidza nekubhadhara kudya paweti yemombe (kureva, madhiri) kuwedzera hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu, hwakafanana nezvimwe zvipembenene [2, 4, 24, 25, 26]. Utsi dzechikadzi dzinowana chitubu ichi nekunhuhwirira uye dzinokwanisa kugadzirisa kutora kwenitrogenous compounds muweti, kusanganisira urea, iyo huru yenitrogenous chikamu muweti [15, 16]. uye maitiro ekubereka evanhu vanodyiswa ropa panguva yekutanga gonadotropic cycle.Naizvozvo, kusanganisa weti kunobata basa rinokosha rekudya kune marariya vectors iyo yakavharwa sevanhu vakuru vasina kudya [8], sezvo inopa humhutu hwechikadzi nekukwanisa kuwana zvakakosha nitrogenous compounds kuburikidza nekuita mukudya kwakaderera.Kuwana uku kune zvakakosha zvehutachiona hwemarariya, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hunoita kuti hupenyu hwavo huve nemigumisiro yehutano hwehukadzi, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, hunoita kuti hupenyu hwavo huve nehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, hunoita kuti hupenyu hwavo huve nemigumisiro. zvimwe, maitiro aya anogona kunge ari chinangwa cheramangwana vector manejimendi zvirongwa.