Ko te kohi me te tohatoha matūkai ka whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o te kohi kai a ngā pepeke me te hītori o te ora. Hei whakaea i ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā matūkai motuhake i ngā wāhanga ora rerekē, ka taea e ngā pepeke te whiwhi i ēnei matūkai mā te whāngai tāpiri, hei tauira, mā te kai i ngā mea huna o ngā vertebrate i roto i tētahi tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko ngā puna wai. Ko te waeroa Anopheles arabiani te āhua nei kāore i te kai pai, nō reira, me whai matūkai mō te pākia o te tinana me te whakaputa uri. Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai mēnā ka whakapai ake te whakaohooho a An. arabiensis i runga i te mimi kau hei kohi matūkai i ngā āhuatanga o te hītori o te ora.
Kia tino haumaru. I kukume a arabiensis ki te kakara o te mimi kau hou, 24-hāora, 72-hāora, me te 168-hāora te pakeke, ā, i inehia ngā uwha e rapu ana i te manaaki me te whāngai toto (48-hāora i muri i te kai toto) i roto i te olfactometer ngongo-Y, ā, i aromatawaihia ngā uwha hapu mō te whakamātautau whānau. I whakamahia he tātari matū me te tātari hiko-tinana hei tautuhi i ngā matū koiora i roto i te mimi kau i ngā akomanga tau e whā. I aromatawaihia ngā ranunga hangai o ngā matū koiora i roto i ngā whakamātautau ngongo-Y me te mara. Hei tirotiro i te mimi kau me tana matū matua kei roto te hauota urea hei kai tāpiri pea mō ngā kawe malaria, i inehia ngā tawhā whāngai me ngā āhuatanga o te hītori ora. I aromatawaihia te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa uwha me te nui o te mimi kau me te urea i mimitihia. I muri i te whāngai, i aromatawaihia ngā uwha mō te oranga, te rere here, me te whakaputa uri.
Rapua te toto me te kai a te kaihautū. I roto i ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā rangahau mara, i kukumehia ngā Arapi ki te kakara tūturu me te kakara hangai o te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke. Kāore ngā uwha hapu i aro ki ngā urupare mimi kau i ngā wāhi whakaputa uri. Ka mimiti kaha ngā uwha rapu-kaihautū me ngā uwha ngote toto i te mimi kau me te urea, ā, ka tohatoha i ēnei rauemi i runga i ngā tauwhitinga o te hītori ora hei mahi a te āhua tinana mō te rere, te oranga, te whakaputa uri rānei.
Te kohi me te tohatoha i te mimi kau a Anopheles arabinis hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o te hītori ora. Ko te whāngai tāpiri i te mimi kau ka pā tika ki te kaha kawe mā te whakanui ake i te oranga o ia rā me te kiato kawe, ā, mā te whakarerekē ā-kore i ngā mahi rere, nō reira me whai whakaaro ki ngā tauira o muri mai.
Ko te kohikohi me te tohatoha matūkai ka whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o te rapu kai a ngā pepeke me te hītori o te ora [1,2,3]. Ka taea e ngā pepeke te whiriwhiri me te whiwhi kai, me te mahi whāngai utu i runga i te wātea o te kai me ngā whakaritenga matūkai [1, 3]. Ko te tohatoha o ngā matūkai ka whakawhirinaki ki te tukanga hītori-ora, ā, ka arahi pea ki ngā whakaritenga rerekē mō te kounga me te rahinga kai i roto i ngā wāhanga ora rerekē o ngā pepeke [1, 2]. Hei utu mō ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā matūkai motuhake, ka taea e ngā pepeke te whiwhi i ēnei matūkai mā te whāngai tāpiri, pērā i te paru, ngā paru me ngā mea huna o ngā vertebrates, me te tinana mate, he tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko ngā puna wai [2]. Ahakoa he maha ngā momo pūrerehua me ngā pūrerehua e whakaahuatia ana, ka puta anō hoki ngā poka wai i roto i ētahi atu momo pepeke, ā, ko te kukume me te kai i ēnei momo rauemi ka pā nui ki te hauora me ētahi atu āhuatanga hītori-ora [2, 4, 5, 6] ,7]. Ka puta te waeroa malaria Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) hei pakeke 'kore kai' [8], nō reira he mea nui pea te whakainu i roto i ōna āhuatanga hītori-ora, engari kua warewarehia tēnei whanonga tae noa ki tēnei wā. Me aro atu ki te whakamahinga o te whakaohooho hei huarahi ki te whakanui ake i te kai matūkai i roto i tēnei huarahi nui, nā te mea tera pea ka pā he pānga nui ki te mate urutā.
He iti te kai hauota i roto i ngā waeroa wahine pakeke Anopheles nā te iti o ngā rahui karori e mauria ana mai i te wāhanga torongū me te koretake o te whakamahinga o te toto [9]. Ko te tikanga ka ea tēnei mā te tāpiri atu ki ngā kai toto tāpiri [10, 11], ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te pangia e te mate, ka nui ake hoki te tūponotanga o te kaipahua o ngā waeroa. Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e ngā waeroa te whakamahi i te whāngai tāpiri o ngā paru kararehe tuawhenua hei whiwhi i ngā matū hauota e whakarei ake ana i te urutau me te kaha rere, e whakaatuhia ana e ētahi atu pepeke [2]. I tēnei whakaaro, he mea whakamere te kukume kaha me te motuhake o tētahi o ngā momo teina i roto i te An. Ko te matatini momo Gambian sl, Anopheles arabinis, he mimi kau hou me te pakeke [12,13,14]. He whai wāhitanga a Anopheles arabinis i roto i ana hiahia manaaki, ā, e mōhiotia ana ka hono atu ki ngā kau me te kai. He rauemi nui te mimi kau i roto i ngā matū hauota, ko te urea e 50-95% o te hauota katoa i roto i te mimi hou [15, 16]. I te pakeketanga o te mimi kau, ka whakamahia e ngā moroiti ēnei rauemi hei whakaiti i te uaua o ngā matū hauota i roto i ngā haora 24 [15]. I te tere o te pikinga o te haukini, e pā ana ki te hekenga o te hauota waro, ka tupu ngā moroiti alkalophilic (he maha o ēnei e whakaputa ana i ngā matū paitini ki ngā waeroa) [15], tera pea he wahine Ann.arabiensis e pai ake ana ki te mimi e 24 hāora te pakeke, iti iho rānei [13, 14].
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i rapua ngā Ans manaaki me ngā Ans whāngai toto. I tana huringa gonadotropin tuatahi, i aromatawaihia te arabiensis mō te whiwhinga o ngā matū hauota, tae atu ki te urea, mā te whakaranu mimi. Muri iho, i whakahaerehia he raupapa whakamātautau hei aromatawai i te tohatoha a ngā waeroa uwha i tēnei rauemi matūkai pea mō te oranga ake, te whakaputa uri me te rapu kai anō. Hei whakamutunga, i aromatawaihia te kakara o te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke hei whakatau mena he tohu pono ēnei mō te An manaaki me te Ans whāngai toto. I roto i tā rātou rapunga mō tēnei rauemi matūkai pea, i kitea e ngā arabiensis ngā hononga matū i muri i te rerekētanga o te ataahua i kitea. Ko ngā ranunga kakara hangai o ngā matū waro mimiti (VOC) i kitea i roto i te mimi kua pakeke 24-hāora i arotakehia anō i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mara, e whakawhānui ana i ngā hua i whiwhihia i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga me te whakaatu i te pānga o te kakara mimi kau ki ngā āhua rerekē o te tinana. Te kukume waeroa. Ko ngā hua i whiwhihia e whakaū ana ka whiwhi, ka tohatoha hoki a An. arabiensis i ngā matū hauota i kitea i roto i te mimi vertebrate hei awe i ngā āhuatanga o te hītori ora. Ka matapakihia ēnei hua i roto i te horopaki o ngā hua mate urutā pea me te pehea e taea ai te whakamahi mō te tirotiro me te whakahaere i ngā kaitao.
I puritia ngā Anopheles arabicans (momo Dongola) i te 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH me te huringa mārama:pōuri 12:12 h. I whakatipuria ngā torongū ki roto i ngā paepae kirihou (20 cm × 18 cm × 7 cm) i whakakiia ki te wai whakapūkara, ā, i whāngaihia ki te kai ika Tetramin® (Tetra Werke, Melle, DE). I kohia ngā pūngāwerewere ki roto i ngā kapu 30 ml (Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) kātahi ka whakawhitia ki ngā whare herehere Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) kia puta ai te pakeke. I whakaratohia ki ngā pakeke he otinga sucrose 10% ad libitum tae noa ki te 4 rā i muri i te putanga mai (dpe), i taua wā ka tukuna he kai ki ngā uwha e rapu ana i te manaaki i mua tonu i te whakamātautau, i whakamomorihia rānei i te pō ki te wai whakapūkara i mua i te whakamātautau, e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i raro nei. Ko ngā uwha i whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau ngongo rere i whakamomorihia mō te 4-6 haora anake. me te wai ad libitum. Hei whakarite i ngā waeroa ngote toto mō ngā whakamātautau koiora e whai ake nei, e 4 ngā uwha dpe i whakaratohia ki te toto hipi defibrotic (Håtunalab, Bro, SE) mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha whāngai kiriuhi (Hemotek Discovery Workshops, Accrington, UK). Kātahi ka nekehia ngā uwha kua kikī katoa ki ngā whare herehere takitahi, ā, ka whakaratohia he kai tika, e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i raro nei, 10% sucrose ad libitum rānei mō ngā rā e 3 i mua i ngā whakamātautau kua whakaahuatia i raro nei. Ko ngā uwha whakamutunga i whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau koiora ngongo rere, ā, ka nekehia ki te taiwhanga, kātahi ka inumia te wai whakapūkara ad libitum mō ngā haora 4-6 i mua i te whakamātautau.
I whakamahia ngā whakamātautau whāngai hei ine i te mimi me te urea i kainga e te uwha pakeke An.Arab. I whakaratohia ki ngā uwha e rapu ana i te manaaki me ngā uwha e whāngai ana i te toto he kai kei roto ko te 1% o te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau pakeke kua whakaranua, ngā kukū rerekē o te urea, me ngā mana whakahaere e rua (10% sucrose me te wai) mō te 48 hāora. Hei tāpiri, i tāpirihia te tae kai (1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide FF; CAS 2650-17-1; Sigma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) ki te kai, ā, i tukuna ki roto i te matrix 4 × 4 i roto i ngā ngongo microcentrifuge 250 µl (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Pikitia 1A) Whakakīia ki te taha (~300 µl). Hei karo i te whakataetae i waenga i ngā waeroa me ngā pānga pea o te tae tae, whakatakotoria kia 10 ngā waeroa ki roto i tētahi rihi Petri nui (12 cm te whānui me te 6 cm te teitei; Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Pikitia 1A) ki te pōuri rawa i te 25 ± 2 cm °C me te 65 ± 5% te haumākū whanaunga. Ko ēnei whakamātautau i tuaruatia i te 5 ki te 10 ngā wā. Whai muri i te kai, i whakanohoia ngā waeroa ki te -20 °C tae noa ki te tātaritanga anō.
Rapua te mimi kau me te urea i mimitihia e te wahine manaaki me te wahine ngote toto Anopheles arabianus. I roto i te whakamātautau whāngai (A), i whakaratohia he kai ki ngā waeroa wahine he mimi kau hou me te mimi kau tawhito, he maha ngā kukū o te urea, te huka (10%), me te wai whakapūkara (H2O). He nui ake te huka i mimitihia e ngā wahine rapu-kaiwhakahaere (B) me te wahine whāngai-toto (C) i tētahi atu kai i whakamatautauria. Kia mahara ko ngā wahine rapu-kaiwhakahaere i mimiti i te mimi kau 72-hāora i raro iho i te mimi kau 168-hāora (B). Ko te toharite o te ihirangi hauota katoa (± paerewa rerekētanga) o te mimi e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te whakaurunga. Ko ngā wahine rapu-kaiwhakahaere (D, F) me te wahine ngote-toto (E, G) ka tango i te urea i runga i te horopeta e whakawhirinaki ana. Ko te toharite o ngā rahinga manawa (D, E) me ngā ingoa reta rerekē he tino rerekē tetahi i tetahi (ANOVA kotahi-ara mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga muri-hoc a Tukey; p < 0.05). Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i te hapa paerewa o te toharite (BE). Ko te rārangi pītiti tika e tohu ana i te rārangi whakatauira rārangi-raupapa (F, G)
Hei tuku i te kai i mimitia, i whakanohoia takitahitia ngā waeroa ki roto i ngā ngongo microcentrifuge 1.5 ml kei roto ko te 230 µl o te wai whakapūkara, ā, i whakakorikoria te kiko mā te whakamahi i te pistle me te motuka ahokore (VWR International, Lund, SE), ā, i muri mai ka whakapūkara i te 10 krpm mō te 10 meneti. I whakawhitia te wai whakapūkara (200 µl) ki tētahi microplate 96-pū (Sigma-Aldrich) ā, i whakatauhia te mimiti (λ620) mā te whakamahi i tētahi kaipānui microplate e hangai ana ki te spectrophotometer (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). Mēnā rānei, i hurihia ngā waeroa ki roto i te 1 ml o te wai whakapūkara, 900 µl o ēnei i whakawhitia ki tētahi cuvette mō te tātari spectrophotometric (λ 620 nm; UV 1800, Shimadzu, Kista, SE). Hei ine i te kai e kainga ana, i whakaritea he pihi paerewa mā te whakakōkī raupapa hei whakaputa i te 0.2 µl ki te 2.4 µl o te 1. mg ml-1 xylene cyanide. Kātahi ka whakamahia te kiato whatu o ngā kukū tae e mōhiotia ana hei whakatau i te nui o te kai i kainga e ia waeroa.
I tātarihia ngā raraunga rōrahi mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga rerekētanga kotahi-ara (ANOVA) ā, i whai ake ko ngā whakataurite takirua a Tukey i muri i te hoc (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989–2007). I whakaahuahia e ngā tātaritanga whakatauira rārangi te kai urea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū me te whakarite i ngā urupare i waenga i ngā waeroa rapu-haumanu me ngā waeroa ngote toto (GraphPad Prism v8.0.0 mō Mac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, US).
Tata ki te 20 µl o ngā tauira mimi mai i ia rōpū reanga i herea ki te Chromosorb® W/AW (10 mg 80/100 mata, Sigma Aldrich) ā, i whakakīia ki roto i ngā kāpū tine (8 mm × 5 mm). I whakaurua ngā kāpū ki roto i te rūma mura o te tātari CHNS/O (Flash 2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, US) hei whakatau i te nui o te hauota i roto i te mimi hou me te mimi kua pakeke, e ai ki te tikanga a te kaihanga. I tauahia te hauota katoa (g N l-1) i runga i ngā kukū urea e mōhiotia ana i whakamahia hei paerewa.
Hei aromatawai i te pānga o te kai ki te oranga o ngā uwha e rapu ana i te manaaki me te ngote toto, i whakanohoia takitahitia ngā waeroa ki roto i ngā rihi Petri nui (12 cm te whānui me te 6 cm te teitei; Semadeni) me te kōhao kua hipokina ki te mata (3 cm te whānui) me te Mō te hauhautanga me te whakarato kai. I whakaratohia ngā kai i muri tonu i te 4 dpe me te whakauru i te 1% mimi kau hou me te pakeke kua whakaranua, ngā kukū urea e whā, me ngā mana whakahaere e rua, 10% sucrose me te wai. I tāpirihia ia kai ki runga i te tampon niho (DAB Dental AB, Upplands Väsby, SE) i whakaurua ki roto i te ngira 5 ml (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), tangohia te plunger, ka whakatakotoria ki runga i te rihi petri (pikitia 1).1A). Hurihia tō kai i ia rā. Tiakina te taiwhanga e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei. I tatauhia ngā waeroa e ora ana e rua ngā wā i te rā, i te wā i makahia ai ngā waeroa mate kia mate rā anō te waeroa whakamutunga (n = 40 mō ia maimoatanga). I tātarihia te oranga o ngā waeroa i whāngaihia ki ngā momo kai rerekē mā te whakamahi i ngā pihi oranga Kaplan-Meyer me ngā whakamātautau taki-raupapa hei whakatairite i ngā whakatauritenga tohatoha oranga i waenga i ngā kai (IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0.0.0).
He mira rere waeroa ritenga i ahu mai i a Attisano et al.[17], he mea hanga ki ngā panera kiriaku mārama 5 mm te matotoru (10 cm te whānui x 10 cm te roa x 10 cm te teitei) kāore he panera o mua me muri (Pikitia 3: runga). He huihuinga porowhita me te ngongo poutū i hangaia ki te pou chromatography hau (0.25 mm te id; 7.5 cm te roa) me ngā pito i piri ki te ngira pepeke e iri ana i waenganui i te takirua aukume neodymium, 9 cm te tawhiti. He ngongo whakapae i hangaia ki te rauemi kotahi (6.5 cm te roa) i wehea te ngongo poutū hei hanga i te ringa here me te ringa e kawe ana i tētahi wahi iti o te pepa konumohe hei tohu ārai mārama.
I hoatu ki ngā uwha i matekai mō ngā hāora 24 te kai i runga ake nei mō te 30 meneti i mua i te herenga. Kātahi ka whakamoea takitahitia ngā waeroa uwha kua whāngaihia ki runga i te hukapapa mō te 2-3 meneti, ā, ka whakapirihia ki ngā pine pepeke me te ware pi (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE) kātahi ka herea ki ngā ringa o ngā ngongo whakapae. Mira Rere. I tuhia ngā hurihanga mō ia rerenga e te kaituhi raraunga i hangaia kia rite ki te hiahia, kātahi ka rongoatia, ka whakaaturia mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa PC-Lab 2000™ (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE). I whakanohoia te mira rere ki roto i tētahi rūma e whakahaeretia ana te āhuarangi (12 hāora:12 hāora, mārama: pōuri, 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH).
Hei whakaatu i te tauira o ngā mahi rere, i tatauhia te tawhiti katoa i rerehia (m) me te tapeke o ngā mahi rere karapīpiti ia hāora mō te wā 24-hāora. Hei tāpiri, i whakaritea ngā tawhiti toharite i rerehia e ngā uwha takitahi puta noa i ngā maimoatanga, ā, i tātarihia mā te whakamahi i te ANOVA kotahi-ara me te tātaritanga muri-hoc a Tukey (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.), i reira i kiia ai te tawhiti toharite he taurangi whakawhirinaki, ko te maimoatanga he take motuhake. Hei tāpiri, ka tatauhia te maha toharite o ngā rauna i roto i ngā wāhanga 10-meneti.
Hei aromatawai i te pānga o te kai ki te mahi whakaputa uri o An.arabiensis, e ono ngā uwha (4 dpe) i whakawhitia tika ki ngā whare herehere Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) i muri i te kohi toto, kātahi ka whakaratohia te kai whakamātautau mō te 48 hāora e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei. Kātahi ka tangohia ngā kai, ā, ka whakaratohia ngā kapu whakaputa uri (30 ml; Nolato Hertila) kua whakakiia ki te 20 ml wai whakapūkara i te toru o ngā rā mō te 48 hāora, me te whakarerekē i ia 24 hāora. Whakahokia ia tikanga kai 20-50 ngā wā. I tatauhia ngā hua manu, ā, i tuhia mō ia whare herehere whakamātautau. I whakamahia ngā tauira iti o ngā hua manu hei aromatawai i te rahi toharite me te rerekētanga roa o ngā hua takitahi (n ≥ 200 mō ia kai) mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko Dialux-20 (DM1000; Ernst Leitz Wetzlar, Wetzlar, DE) me te Kāmera Leica (DFC) 320 R2; (Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE). I puritia ngā hua manu e toe ana i roto i tētahi rūma e whakahaerehia ana te āhuarangi i raro i ngā tikanga whakatipu paerewa mō ngā haora 24, ā, i inehia he tauira iti o ngā torongū tuatahi o te tīmatanga tata nei (n ≥ 200 mō ia kai), e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei. I whakaritea te maha o ngā hua manu me te rahi o ngā hua manu me ngā torongū i waenga i ngā maimoatanga me te whakamahi i te ANOVA kotahi-ara me te tātaritanga muri-hoc a Tukey (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
I kohia ngā mimi hou (1 hāora i muri i te tauira), mimi pakeke 24 hāora, 72 hāora me te 168 hāora mai i ngā tauira i kohia mai i ngā kau Zebu, i ngā momo Arsi. Hei whakangāwari, i kohia ngā tauira mimi i te atatu i te wā e noho tonu ana ngā kau i roto i te whare kau. I kohia ngā tauira mimi mai i te 10 tāngata, ā, i whakawhitia te 100-200 ml o ia tauira ki ngā putea tunu polyamide takitahi (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH and Co., Minden, DE) i roto i te polyamide 3 rita me te taupoki i roto i ngā ipu kirihou vinyl chloride. I kohia ngā mimi hou mai i ia tauira mimi kau i te tika (hou) i muri rānei i te pakeketanga i te pāmahana rūma mō te 24 hāora, 72 hāora me te 168 hāora, arā, ko ia tauira mimi he tohu mō ia rōpū tau.
Mō te kohikohinga o ngā matūriki o te pane, i whakamahia he pūnaha porowhita-kati hei whakawhiti i te rerenga hau kua tātarihia e te waro whakahohe (100 ml min-1) mā roto i te putea polyamide ki te pou whakauru mō te 2.5 hāora mā te whakamahi i te papu korehau diaphragm (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE). Hei mana whakahaere, i mahia te kohikohinga o te pane mai i te putea polyamide kau. I hangaia te pou whakauru mai i te ngongo Teflon (5.5 cm x 3 mm id) kei roto ko te 35 mg o Porapak Q (50/80 mata; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) kei roto ko te 35 mg o Porapak Q (50/80 mata; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) i waenganui i ngā mono huruhuru karāhe. I mua i te whakamahinga, i horoia te pou ki te 1 ml n-hexane kua whakahoutia (Merck, Darmstadt, DE) me te 1 ml pentane (99.0% whakarewa parakore GC grade, Sigma Aldrich). I whakakorea ngā matūriki kua whakaurua ki te 400 μl o te pentane. I kohikohia ngā kohinga pane, kātahi ka rongoatia ki te -20°C tae noa ki te whakamahinga mō ētahi atu tātaritanga.
Ngā urupare whanonga o te An. Ngā tangohanga hauhautanga o te Headspace i kohia mai i te mimi hou, 24-h, 72-h, me te 168-h i tātarihia mō ngā tangohanga hauhautanga mai i ngā waeroa Arabidopsis mā te whakamahi i te olfactometer ngongo karāhe tika [18]. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau i te wā o ZT 13-15, te wā tino nui o te mahi rapu kāinga a An. Arab [19]. I whakamāramahia he olfactometer ngongo karāhe (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) ki te 3 ± 1 lx o te mārama whero mai i runga. Ko te rere o te hau waro kua tātarihia me te whakamakuku (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2% te haumākū whanaunga) i paahitia te whakamātautau koiora i te 30 cm s-1. Ka tukuna te hau mā roto i te raupapa o ngā mata mata kowiri tira, ka hangaia he rere laminar me te hanganga huruhuru ōrite. Te tohatoha tampon niho (4 cm × 1 cm; L:D; DAB Dental AB), e iri ana mai i te koiri 5 cm i te pito hau o te olfactometer, me ngā panonitanga whakaoho i ia 5 meneti. Mō te tātari, 10 μl o ia tangohanga ātea upoko, i whakaranua 1:10, i whakamahia hei whakaoho. He nui ōrite o te pentane i whakamahia hei mana whakahaere. I whakanohoia ngā waeroa takitahi e rapu ana i te manaaki, e ngote toto ana rānei ki roto i ngā whare herehere tuku takitahi 2-3 hāora i mua i te tīmatanga o te whakamātautau. I whakanohoia te whare herehere tuku ki te taha hau o te olfactometer, ā, i tukuna ngā waeroa kia taunga mō te 1 meneti, kātahi ka whakatuwheratia te takirere pūrerehua o te whare herehere hei tuku. I tātarihia te kukume ki te maimoatanga, ki te mana whakahaere rānei hei te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa i pa atu ki te pūtake i roto i te 5 meneti o te tukunga. I tāruatia ia tangohanga pūngāwerewere ātea upoko me te mana whakahaere kia 30 ngā wā, ā, hei karo i ngā pānga o tētahi rā kotahi, i whakamatautauria te maha ōrite o ngā maimoatanga me ngā mana whakahaere i ia rā whakamātautau. Rapua ngā urupare mai i te manaaki me te hunga i whāngaihia ki te toto. I tātarihia ngā huinga Arapi me te ātea upoko mā te whakamahi i te whakatauira logistic ingoa i whai ake ko ngā whakataurite takirua mō ngā ōwehenga tauhou (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Te urupare whānautanga a An. I tātarihia ngā tangohanga pane-mokowā mai i te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke i roto i ngā whare herehere Bugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science). Ko ngā kapu kirihou (30 mL; Nolato Hertila) i whakakīia ki te 20 mL o te wai whakapūmau i whakarato i te papa whānautanga, ā, i whakanohoia ki ngā kokonga rerekē o te whare herehere, 24 cm te tawhiti. I whakatikatikaina ngā kapu maimoatanga ki te 10 μl o ia tangohanga pane-mokowā i te waimeha 1:10. I whakamahia he nui ōrite o te pentane hei whakatikatika i te kapu whakahaere. I whakawhitiwhitihia ngā kapu maimoatanga me ngā kapu whakahaere i waenga i ia whakamātautau hei whakahaere mō ngā pānga tūranga. Tekau ngā uwha whāngai toto i tukuna ki roto i ngā whare herehere whakamātautau i te ZT 9-11, ā, i tatauhia ngā hua i roto i ngā kapu i muri i te 24 hāora. Ko te tātai mō te tatau i te taupū whānautanga ko: (te maha o ngā hua i whakatakotoria i roto i te kapu maimoatanga - te maha o ngā hua i whakatakotoria i roto i te kapu whakahaere)/(te tapeke o ngā hua i whakatakotoria). I whakahokia ia maimoatanga e 8 ngā wā.
I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga tauira pūihi irahiko me te tātaritanga tauira pūihi irahiko (GC-EAD) o te An.arabiensis uwha e ai ki te whakaahuatanga o mua [20]. I roto i te poto, i wehea ngā tangohanga hauhautanga hou mā te whakamahi i te Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) kua rite ki te pou HP-5 (30 m × 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm te matotoru o te kiriata, Agilent Technologies). me te mimi kua koroheke. I whakamahia te hauwai hei wāhanga nekeneke me te tere rere raina toharite o te 45 cm s-1. I werohia ia tauira (2 μl) mō te 30 hēkona i roto i te aratau wehewehe me te pāmahana whakaurunga o te 225 °C. I whakaritea te pāmahana oumu GC mai i te 35 °C (pupuri 3 meneti) ki te 300 °C (pupuri 10 meneti) i te 10 °C min-1. I roto i te wehewehe waipara GC, i tāpirihia te 4 psi o te hauota, ā, i wehewehea 1:1 i roto i te whakawhiti rōrahi mate iti Gerstel 3D/2 (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) i waenganui i te pūoko ionization mura me te EAD. I tukuna te capillary waipara GC mō te EAD mā roto i te raina whakawhiti Gerstel ODP-2, e whai ana i te pāmahana oumu GC me te 5 °C, ki roto i te ngongo karāhe (10 cm × 8 mm), i konatunatua ki te hau makuku kua tātarihia e te waro (1.5 l min−1). I whakanohoia te pūihi 0.5 cm mai i te putanga o te ngongo. Kotahi te tauira mō ia waeroa, ā, mō ngā waeroa rapu-manaaki, kia toru ngā tauira i mahia ki ngā tauira mimi o ia reanga.
Te tautuhi i ngā matū koiora i roto i ngā kohinga o te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke mā te whakamahi i te GC-MS me te ine papatipu whakakotahi (GC-MS; 6890 GC me 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) hei whakaputa i ngā urupare antennal i roto i te tātari GC-EAD, e mahi ana i roto i te aratau ionization pānga hiko i te 70 eV. I whakauruhia te GC ki te pou capillary silica whaowhia kua pania ki te HP-5MS UI (60 m × 0.25 mm te diameter o roto, 0.25 μm te matotoru o te kiriata) mā te whakamahi i te helium hei wāhanga neke me te tere rere raina toharite o te 35 cm s-1. I werowerohia he tauira 2 μl mā te whakamahi i ngā tautuhinga werowero me te pāmahana oumu rite tonu ki te tātari GC-EAD. I tautuhia ngā matū i runga i tō rātou wā pupuri (taupū Kovát) me ngā ine papatipu i whakaritea ki te whare pukapuka ritenga me te whare pukapuka NIST14 (Agilent). I whakaūhia ngā matū kua tautuhia mā te werowero i ngā paerewa pono (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S2). Mō te ine, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% te parakore matū, Aldrich) i werohia hei paerewa o waho.
Te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o tētahi ranunga kakara hangai kei roto ko ngā matū koiora i tautuhia i roto i te mimi hou me te mimi tawhito hei kukume i te Ans.arabiensis e rapu ana i te manaaki me te mimi toto, mā te whakamahi i te olfactometer me te kawa i runga ake nei. I whai ngā ranunga hangai i te hanganga me ngā ōwehenga o ngā matū i roto i ngā tangohanga hauhautanga o te mimi hou, 24-hāora, 48-hāora, 72-hāora, me te 168-hāora kua pakeke (Pikitia 5D-G; Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S2). Mō te tātari, whakamahia te 10 μl o te waimeha 1:100 o te ranunga hangai katoa, me te tere tukunga whānui mai i te 140-2400 ng h-1, hei aromatawai i te ataahua ki ngā waeroa manaaki me ngā waeroa mitimiti toto. Muri iho, ka mahia te whakamātautau ki ngā ranunga katoa, ka tangohia ngā ranunga tango o ngā matū takitahi o te ranunga katoa. Rapua ngā urupare mai i te manaaki me te mimi toto-whāngai Ans. I tātarihia ngā ranunga Arapi vs hangai me te tango mā te whakamahi i te whakatauira logistic ingoa i whai ake ko ngā whakataurite takirua mō ngā ōwehenga tauhou. (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Hei aromatawai mēnā ka taea e te mimi kau te noho hei tohu mō te nohonga o ngā waeroa malaria, ko te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke, i kohia e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei, ā, i whakanohoia te wai ki roto i ngā peere 3 rita kua honoa (100 ml) ka whakatakotoria ki roto i ngā mahanga mōunu o te kaihautū. (Putanga BG-HDT; BioGents, Regensburg, DE). Tekau ngā mahanga i whakanohoia kia 50 m te wehe i roto i te pāmu, 400 m mai i te hapori o te kāinga (Silay, Etiopia, 5°53´24´´N, 37°29´24´´E) me te kore kau, i runga i ngā whenua whakaputa uri tuturu me ngā kāinga. E rima ngā mahanga i whakamahanatia hei whakatauira i te noho mai o tētahi kaihautū, ko ētahi mahanga e rima i waiho kia kore e whakamahanatia. Ka hurihia ia wāhi maimoatanga i ia pō mō te katoa o ngā pō e rima. I whakaritea te maha o ngā waeroa i hopukina i roto i ngā mahanga i mau ki te mimi o ngā tau rerekē mā te whakamahi i te whakatauira logistic me te tohatoha beta binomial (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
I roto i tētahi kāinga e horapa ana te malaria e tata ana ki te tāone o Maki, te rohe o Oromia, Etiopia (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81′ 70″ E; Pikitia 6A). I ​​whakahaerehia te rangahau i waenganui i waenganui o Ākuhata me waenganui o Hepetema i mua i te rehu toenga ā-tau o roto, me te wā ua roa. E rima ngā takirua whare (20–50 m te wehe) kei waho o te kāinga i tīpakohia mō te rangahau (Pikitia 6A). Ko ngā paearu i whakamahia hei tīpako i ngā whare ko: kāore e whakaaetia ngā kararehe ki roto i te whare, kāore e whakaaetia te tunu kai o roto (te utu wahie, te utu waro rānei) (i te wā whakamātautau rānei), me ngā whare he rua te nui o te hunga noho, e moe ana i roto i ngā rongoā kore patu pepeke. i raro i te kupenga waeroa kua rongoatia. Kua whakaaetia te tikanga matatika e te Poari Arotake Matatika Rangahau Whare (IRB/022/2016) o te Faculty of Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), Te Whare Wānanga o Addis Ababa, i runga anō i ngā aratohu i whakatūria e te World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. I whiwhi whakaaetanga mai i ia upoko o te whare me te āwhina a ngā kaimahi toronga hauora. Ka tautokona te tukanga katoa e ngā whakahaere ā-rohe i te taumata rohe me te wāhanga ('kebele'). I whai te hoahoa whakamātautau i te hoahoa tapawhā Latina 2 × 2, i reira i tohaina ai ngā ranunga hangai me ngā mana whakahaere ki ngā whare takirua i te pō tuatahi, ā, i whakawhitihia i waenga i ngā whare i te pō whakamātautau e whai ake nei. Tekau ngā wā i whakahokia ai tēnei tukanga. Hei tāpiri, hei whakatau tata i te mahi waeroa i roto i ngā whare kua tohua, i whakatakotoria ngā mahanga CDC kia rere mō ngā pō e rima karapīpiti i te tīmatanga, waenganui me te mutunga o te whakamātautau mara i te wā kotahi o te rā.
I whakarewaina he ranunga hangai kei roto e ono ngā matū koiora ki roto i te heptane (97.0% whakarewa GC grade, Sigma Aldrich) ā, i tukuna ki te 140 ng h-1 mā te whakamahi i te mīhini tohatoha miro [20]. Nā te mīhini tohatoha miro i tuku ngā matū katoa i roto i ngā ōwehenga pumau puta noa i te whakamātautau 12 hāora. I whakamahia te heptane hei mana whakahaere. I whakairihia te pounamu i te taha o te wāhi whakauru o te mahanga mārama o te Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, US; Pikitia 6A). I ​​whakairihia ngā mahanga 0.8 – 1 m i runga ake i te whenua, tata ki te waewae o te moenga, ā, i moe tetahi tūao i raro i te kupenga waeroa kāore i rongoatia, ā, i whakahaerehia i waenga i te 18:00 me te 06:30. Ko ngā waeroa i hopukina e te ira tangata me te āhua tinana (kāore i whāngaihia, whāngaihia, haurua-hapu, me te hapu [21] i tirotirohia i muri mai mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga tauhohenga mekameka polymerase (PCR) hei tautuhi i te momo i tautuhia ā-tinana ko A. gambiae sl. Ngā mema o te matatini [23]. I te mara I roto i tētahi rangahau, i tātarihia te mahanga o ngā whare takirua mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira taunga logistic nominal, ko te kukume te taurangi whakawhirinaki, ā, ko te maimoatanga (ranunga hangai vs mana whakahaere) te pānga pumau (JMP® 14.0.0. SAS Institute Inc.). I konei, ka ripoatahia e mātou ngā uara χ2 me ngā uara-p mai i te whakamātautau ōwehenga tūponotanga.
Aromātaihia mēnā he haumaru. I taea e ngā arabiensis te tiki mimi, tōna pūtake hauota matua, te urea, mā te whāngai tika, i roto i ngā haora 48 o te whakahaerenga mō ngā rā e 4 i muri i te (dpe) o ngā whakamātautau whāngai wahine rapu-manaaki me te whāngai toto (Pikitia 1A). He nui ake te mimiti o te sucrose i ngā wahine rapu-manaaki me ngā wahine ngote-toto i tētahi atu kai, wai rānei (F(5,426) = 20.15, p < 0.0001 me te F(5,299) = 56.00, p < 0.0001, ia; Pikitia 1B,C). I tua atu, he iti ake te kai a ngā wahine rapu-manaaki i roto i te mimi i ngā haora 72 i whakaritea ki te mimi i te 168 haora (Pikitia 1B). I te wā i tukuna ai he kai kei roto te urea, he nui ake te mimiti o te urea i ngā wahine rapu-manaaki i te 2.69 mM i whakaritea ki ngā kukū me te wai katoa, i te mea kāore i te taea te wehewehe mai i te 10% sucrose (F(10,813) = 15.72, p < 0.0001; Pikitia 1D). He rerekē tēnei ki te urupare a ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te toto, he nui ake ngā kai kei roto te urea i mimitihia e rātou i te wai, ahakoa he iti iho i te 10% te huka (F(10,557) = 78.35, p < 0.0001; Pikitia 1).1E). I tua atu, i te whakataurite i waenga i ngā āhua ā-tinana e rua, he nui ake te urea i mimitihia e ngā uwha kua whakapūpūhia i ngā uwha e rapu ana i ngā pūtau manaaki i ngā kukū iti rawa, ā, he rite tonu te nui o te urea i mimitihia e ēnei uwha i ngā kukū teitei ake (F(1,953)= 78.82, p < 0.0001; Pikitia 1F, G). Ahakoa te ahua nei he pai rawa ngā uara o te kai kei roto te urea (Pikitia 1D,E), i taea e ngā uwha i roto i ngā āhua ā-tinana e rua te whakarerekē i te nui o te urea i mimitihia puta noa i te whānuitanga katoa o ngā kukū urea i roto i te āhua rārangi-raupapa (Pikitia 1F,G). Waihoki, te āhua nei ka whakahaere ngā waeroa i tā rātou mimiti hauota mā te whakahaere i te nui o te mimi e mimitihia ana, nā te mea ko te nui o te hauota i roto i te mimi ka whakaatahia i roto i te nui e mimitihia ana (Pikitia 1B, C me te B ngā whakaurunga).
Hei aromatawai i ngā pānga o te mimi me te urea ki te oranga o te waeroa rapu-manaaki me te waeroa ngote toto, i whāngaihia ngā uwha ki te mimi o ngā reanga e whā (hou, 24 hāora, 72 hāora, me te 168 hāora i muri i te whakatakotoranga) ā, i whakamahia he whānuitanga o ngā kukū urea, me te wai whakapūkara me te 10% sucrose hei mana whakahaere (Pikitia 2A). I ​​whakaatuhia e tēnei tātari oranga he pānga nui te kai ki te oranga whānui o ngā uwha rapu-manaaki (mimi: χ2 = 108.5, df = 5, p < 0.0001; urea: χ2 = 122.8, df = 5, p < 0.0001; Pikitia 2B, C) me ngā uwha whāngai-toto (mimi: χ2 = 93.0, df = 5, p < 0.0001; urea: χ2 = 137.9, df = 5, p < 0.0001; Pikitia 2D,E). I roto i ngā katoa I roto i ngā whakamātautau, he iti ake te ora o ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te mimi, te urea, me te wai i ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te kai sucrose (Pikitia 2B-E). He rerekē ngā reiti ora o ngā uwha rapu-manaaki i whāngaihia ki te mimi hou me te mimi tawhito, ko te hunga i whāngaihia ki te mimi tawhito 72-hāora (p = 0.016) te iti rawa o te tūponotanga ora (Pikitia 2B). Haunga tēnā, ko ngā uwha rapu-manaaki i whāngaihia ki te 135 mM urea i roa ake te ora i ngā mana wai (p < 0.04) (Pikitia 2C). Ki te whakataurite ki te wai, ko ngā wāhine i whāngaihia ki te mimi hou me te mimi 24-hāora i roa ake te ora (p = 0.001 me te p = 0.012, ia; Pikitia 2D), ko ngā wāhine i whāngaihia ki te mimi 72-hāora i roa ake te ora i ngā wāhine i whāngaihia ki te mimi poto hou me te mimi tawhito 24-hāora (p < 0.0001 me te p = 0.013, ia; Pikitia 2D). I te whāngaihia ki te 135 mM urea, ko ngā wāhine i whāngaihia ki te toto i roa ake te ora i ngā kukū katoa o te urea me te wai (p < 0.013; Pikitia 2E).
Te oranga tonutanga o ngā waeroa wahine Anopheles arabinis e kai ana i te mimi kau me te urea. I roto i te whakamātautau koiora (A), i whakaratohia he kai mā ngā waeroa wahine, he mimi kau hou, he mimi kau tawhito, he maha ngā kukū o te urea, te huka (10%) me te wai whakapūkara (H2O). I tuhia te oranga tonutanga o ngā waeroa e rapu ana i te kai (B, C) me te waeroa e ngote ana i te toto (D, E) i ia 12 hāora tae noa ki te matenga o ngā waeroa katoa e kai ana i te mimi (B, D) me te urea (C, E), me ngā mana whakahaere, te huka me te wai.
I rerekē te tawhiti katoa me te maha o ngā rauna i whakatauhia i roto i te whakamātautau mira rere i roto i te wā 24-hāora i waenga i ngā waeroa rapu-kaihautū me ngā waeroa ngote toto, ā, he iti ake te mahi rere i te katoa (Pikitia 3). Ko ngā waeroa rapu-kaihautū i whakarato i te mimi hou me te pakeke, te huka me te wai rānei, i whakaatu i ngā tauira rere rerekē (Pikitia 3), ko ngā uwha e kai ana i te mimi hou he kaha ake i te ata, ko ngā waeroa i whāngaihia ki te mimi 24-hāora me te 168-hāora te pakeke. Ko ngā waeroa i whāngaihia ki te mimi he rerekē ngā tauira rere, ā, he noho pō te nuinga. Ko ngā waeroa uwha i whakarato i te huka, i te mimi 72-hāora rānei, i whakaatu i te mahi puta noa i te wā 24-hāora, ko ngā uwha i whakarato i te wai he kaha ake i waenganui o te wā. Ko ngā waeroa i whāngaihia ki te huka i whakaatu i ngā taumata mahi teitei rawa atu i te pō me te atatu, ko ngā waeroa i horomia te mimi 72-hāora te pakeke i pāngia e te hekenga haere tonu o te mahi i roto i te 24 hāora (Pikitia 3).
Te rere o ngā waeroa wahine Anopheles arabinis e rapu ana i te toto e kai ana i te mimi kau me te urea. I roto i te whakamātautau mira rere, i herea ngā waeroa wahine i whāngaihia ki te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke, ngā kukū rerekē o te urea, te sucrose (10%), me te wai whakamātao (H2O) ki ngā ringa whakapae, hurihuri noa (kei runga). Mō ngā wahine e rapu ana i te manaaki (maui) me te ngote toto (matau), i tuhia te tawhiti katoa me te maha o ngā rerenga ia hāora mō ia kai i roto i te wā 24-hāora (pōuri: hina; mārama: mā). Kei te taha matau o te kauwhata mahi circadian te tawhiti toharite me te maha toharite o ngā whakaeke. Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i te hapa paerewa o te toharite. Tirohia te tuhinga tātari tatauranga.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te mahi rere whānui o ngā uwha rapu-manaaki i whai i tētahi tauira rite ki te tawhiti rere i roto i te wā 24-hāora. I pāngia nuitia te tawhiti rere toharite e te kai i kainga (F(5, 138) = 28.27, p < 0.0001), ā, ko ngā uwha rapu-manaaki i kai i te mimi mō te 72 hāora i rere tawhiti atu i ngā kai katoa (p < 0.0001), ā, ko ngā waeroa i whāngaihia ki te huka i rere roa atu i ngā waeroa hou (p = 0.022) me ngā waeroa i whāngaihia ki te mimi 24-hāora (p = 0.022). He rerekē ki te tauira mahi rere i whakaahuatia e te kai mimi, ko ngā uwha rapu-manaaki i whāngaihia ki te urea i whakaatu i te mahi rere tonu i roto i te wā 24-hāora, ā, i eke ki tōna taumata teitei i te haurua tuarua o te wā pōuri (Pikitia 3). Ahakoa he rite ngā tauira mahi, ko ngā uwha rapu-manaaki i whāngaihia ki te urea i tino whakanui ake i te tawhiti rere toharite i runga i te kukū i mimitihia (F(5, 138) = 1310.91, p < 0.0001). Rapu-manaaki Ko ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te urea i roto i tētahi kukū nui, he roa ake te rere i ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te wai, ki te sucrose rānei (p < 0.03).
He pumau te mahi rere whānui o ngā waeroa ngote toto, ā, i mau tonu mō ngā haora 24 puta noa i ngā kai katoa, me te pikinga ake o te mahi mimi i te haurua tuarua o te wā pōuri mō ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te wai me ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te wai hou me te 24 haora te pakeke (whakaahua 3). Ahakoa he nui te pānga o te kai mimi ki te tawhiti rere toharite i roto i ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te toto (F(5, 138) = 4.83, p = 0.0004), kāore te kai urea i pā (F(5, 138) = 1.36, p = 0.24) me ētahi atu kai mimi me te kai mana (hou, p = 0.0091; 72 haora, p = 0.0022; 168 haora, p = 0.001; sucrose, p = 0.0017; dH2O, p = 0.036).
I aromatawaihia ngā pānga o te whāngai mimi me te urea ki ngā tawhā whakaputa uri i roto i ngā whakamātautau koiora whānau hua (Pikitia 4A) ā, i tirotirohia i runga i te maha o ngā hua i whakatakotoria e ia uwha, te rahi o te hua, me ngā torongū tuatahi kua pao. Ko te maha o ngā hua i whakatakotoria. Ko ngā uwha Arapi i whāngaihia ki te mimi he rerekē i runga i te kai (F(5,222) = 4.38, p = 0.0008; Pikitia 4B). Ko ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te mimi 24-hāora, te toto i whāngaihia he nui ake ngā hua i ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki ētahi atu kai mimi, ā, he rite tonu ki ērā i whāngaihia ki te huka (Pikitia 4B). Waihoki, ko te rahi o ngā hua i whakatakotoria e ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te mimi he rerekē i runga i te kai (F(5, 209) = 12.85, p < 0.0001), me te mimi 24-hāora me ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te huka i whānau hua nui ake i ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te wai, ko ngā hua o ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te 168 hāora o te mimi he iti ake (Pikitia 4C). Hei tāpiri, ko te kai mimi he pānga nui ki te rahi o te torongū (F(5, 187) = 7.86, p < 0.0001), me ngā torongū nui ake e puta mai ana i ngā hua i whakatakotoria e ngā uwha whāngaihia ki te mimi 24- me te 72-hāora te pakeke i ngā hua i whakatakotoria mai i ngā hua. Ngā uwha whāngaihia ki te wai me ngā uwha whāngaihia ki te mimi 168-hāora (Pikitia 4D).
Te mahi whakaputa uri o ngā waeroa wahine Anopheles arabinis e kai ana i te mimi kau me te urea. I whāngaihia ngā waeroa wahine i whāngaihia ki te toto ki ngā kai i roto i te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau tawhito, ngā kukū rerekē o te urea, te sucrose (10%), me te wai whakapūkara (H2O) mō ngā hāora 48 i mua i te whakatakotoranga ki ngā whakamātautau koiora me te tiki i ngā matū whakaputa hua mō ngā hāora 48 (A). Ko te maha o ngā hua (B, E), te rahi o te hua (C, F) me te rahi o ngā torongū (D, G) i tino pāngia e te kai i whakaratohia (mimi kau: BD; urea: EG). Ko ngā toharite mō ia tawhā i inehia mā te whakamahi i ngā ingoa reta rerekē he tino rerekē tetahi i tetahi (ANOVA kotahi-ara mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga post hoc a Tukey; p < 0.05). Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i te hapa paerewa o te toharite
I te mea ko te wāhanga hauota matua o te mimi, ko te urea, i te wā i hoatu ai hei kai mā ngā uwha e whāngaihia ana ki te toto, he pānga nui ki ngā tawhā whakaputa uri i roto i ngā rangahau katoa. Ko te maha o ngā hua i whakatakotoria e ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te urea, i muri i te kai toto, i runga i te kukū o te urea (F(11, 360) = 4.69; p < 0.0001), ko ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te kukū o te urea i waenga i te 134 µM me te 1.34 mM i nui ake ngā hua i whakatakotoria (Pikitia 4E). Ko ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te kukū o te urea o te 134 µM, neke atu rānei, i nui ake ngā hua i whakatakotoria e ngā uwha i whāngaihia ki te wai (F(10, 4245) = 36.7; p < 0.0001; Pikitia 4F), ā, ko te rahi o te torongū, ahakoa i pāngia e te kukū rite o te urea i roto i ngā whaea (F(10, 3305) = 37.9; p < 0.0001) he rerekē ake (Pikitia 4G).
Te kukume whānui ki ngā tangohanga mimi kau e rapu ana i te wāhi o te mimi kau. Ko te arabiensis i aromatawaitia i roto i te olfactometer ngongo karāhe (Pikitia 5A) i tino pāngia e te pakeke o te mimi (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; Pikitia 5B). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga muri-hoc ko te kakara mimi tawhito i te 24 hāora i hua ake ai he taumata teitei ake o te kukume ki te whakataurite ki ngā maimoatanga katoa (72 hāora: p = 0.0060, 168 hāora: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Haunga te kakara o te mimi hou (p = 0.13; Pikitia 5B). Ahakoa kāore i tino rerekē te kukume whānui o ngā waeroa ngote toto ki te kakara mimi (χ2 = 8.78, df = 4, p = 0.067; Pikitia 5C), i kitea he tino kukume ake ēnei uwha ki ngā tangohanga mimi wāhi o te mimi i whakaritea ki te mimi kua pakeke 72-hāora ki te whakataurite ki ngā mana whakahaere (p = 0.0066; Pikitia 5C).
Ngā urupare whanonga ki ngā kakara mimi kau tūturu me ngā kakara hangai i te rapunga mō te kaihautū me te Anopheles arabianus e whāngai toto ana. Te hoahoa o te ngongo karāhe olfactometer (A). Te kukume o ngā tangohanga hauhautanga o te mokowā upoko mai i te mimi kau hou me te pakeke ki te kaihautū (B) me ngā waeroa ngote toto (C). Kimihia te uruparenga o te Lord An. Ngā tangohanga mokowā upoko i wehea mai i te mimi kau hou (D), 24-haora (E), 72-haora (F), me te 168-haora (G) kua pakeke. Ko ngā tohu kitenga pūihi irahiko (EAD) e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa ngaohiko hei whakautu ki ngā matū koiora i roto i te mokowā upoko i tangohia mai i te chromatograph hau me te kitea e te taputapu kite ionization mura (FID). Ko te pae tauine e tohu ana i te kaha urupare (mV) me te wā pupuri (s). Ko ngā āhuatanga me ngā reiti tukunga (µg h-1) o ngā matū koiora e whakaatuhia ana. Ko te whetū kotahi (*) e tohu ana i te urupare iti-kaha rite tonu. Ko ngā whetū takirua (**) e tohu ana i ngā urupare kāore e taea te whakaputa. Kimihia te kaihautū (H) me te (I) An.arabiensis e ngote toto ana, he rerekē ngā āhua e pai ana ki ngā ranunga hangai o ngā kakara mimi kau hou me ngā kakara mimi kau kua pakeke. He rerekē rawa ngā ōwehenga toharite o ngā waeroa e kukumea ana ki ngā ingoa reta rerekē (ANOVA kotahi-ara mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga muri-hoc a Tukey; p < 0.05). Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i te hapa paerewa o te tauine.
Ko te wahine Ann.arabiensis, 72 hāora me te 120 hāora i muri i te kai toto, i te wā e whānau ana, kāore i whakaaturia he hiahia mō ngā tangohanga hauhautanga o te mimi kau hou me te mimi kau kua pakeke, ki te whakataurite ki ngā mana pentane (χ2 = 3.07, p > 0.05; Kōnae tāpiri 1: Pikitia S1).
Mō te wahine Ann.arabiensis, i kitea e ngā tātaritanga GC-EAD me GC-MS e waru, e ono, e toru me te toru ngā matū koiora (Pikitia 5D-G). Ahakoa i kitea ngā rerekētanga o te maha o ngā matū i puta ai ngā urupare hiko-tinana, ko te nuinga o ēnei matū i roto i ia tangohanga mimiti o te mokowā upoko i kohia mai i te mimi hou me te mimi kua pakeke. Nō reira, mō ia tangohanga, ko ngā matū anake i puta ai he urupare ā-tinana mai i ngā antennae wahine i runga ake i te paepae i whakaurua ki ngā tātaritanga anō.
I piki ake te tere tukunga katoa o ngā matū koiora i roto i te kohinga headspace mai i te 29 µg h-1 i roto i te mimi hou ki te 242 µg h-1 i roto i te mimi kua pakeketia 168-haora, nā te pikinga o te p-cresol me te m-formaldehyde Phenol me te phenol. He rerekē, i heke ngā tere tukunga o ētahi atu matū, pērā i te 2-cyclohexen-1-one me te decanal, i te pikinga o te pakeketanga o te mimi, e hono ana ki te hekenga i kitea i roto i te kaha o te tohu (rahinga) i roto i te chromatogram (Pikitia 5D)-G te taha maui) me ngā urupare ā-tinana ki ēnei matū (Pikitia 5D-G te taha matau).
I te nuinga, he rite tonu te ōwehenga tūturu o ngā matū koiora i kitea i roto i ngā tangohanga huarere o ngā pūwāhi mimi hou me ngā pūmau kua pakeke (Pikitia 5D–G) ā, kāore i te kitea he tino kukume i te rapunga mō tētahi manaaki (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; Pikitia 5H) ngā waeroa ngote toto rānei (χ2 = 4.91, df = 4, p = 0.30; Pikitia 5I). Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā whakataurite takirua i muri i te hoc i waenga i ngā maimoatanga he tino kukume ngā waeroa rapu manaaki ki te ranunga hanga o te mimi kua pakeke 24-hāora ki te whakataurite ki ngā mana pentane (p = 0.0086; Pikitia 5H).
Hei aromatawai i te tūranga o ngā wāhanga takitahi i roto i ngā ranunga hangai o te mimi 24-hāora te pakeke, e ono ngā ranunga tango i arotakengia ki ngā ranunga katoa i roto i te whakamātautau ngongo-Y, i tangohia ai ngā pūhui takitahi. Mō ngā waeroa e rapu ana i te manaaki, he pānga nui te tango i ngā pūhui takitahi mai i te ranunga katoa ki ngā urupare whanonga (χ2 = 19.63, df = 6, p = 0.0032; Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S2A), he nui ake te kukume o ngā ranunga tango katoa i te iti ake i te ranunga katoa. He rerekē, ko te tango i ngā pūhui takitahi mai i te ranunga katoa kāore i pā ki ngā urupare whanonga o ngā waeroa ngote toto (χ2 = 11.38, df = 6, p = 0.077), haunga te decanal, i hua ake ai he taumata iti iho i te ranunga katoa Te Kume (p = 0.022; Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S2B).
I roto i tētahi kāinga i Etiopia e noho mate ana i te malaria, i arotakehia te whai huatanga o te ranunga hangai o te mimi kau 24-hāora ki te kukume i ngā waeroa i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mara mō ngā pō tekau (Pikitia 6A). E 4,861 ngā waeroa i hopukina, ā, i tautuhia, 45.7% o ēnei he Anthropus.gambiae sl, 18.9% he Anopheles pharoensis, ā, 35.4% he Culex spp. (Kōnae tāpiri 1: Ripanga S1). Ko Anopheles arabinis anake te mema o te matatini momo An.Gambian i tautuhia mā te tātari PCR. I te toharite, e 320 ngā waeroa i hopukina i ia pō, i roto i taua wā i hopukina ai e ngā mahanga me ngā mōunu ranunga hangai he nui ake ngā waeroa i ngā mahanga takirua kāore he ranunga (χ2(0, 3196) = 170.0, p < 0.0001). I whakatakotoria ngā mahanga kāore he mōunu ki ia o ngā pō whakahaere e rima i te tīmatanga, waenganui, me te mutunga o te whakamātautau. He rite tonu te maha o ngā waeroa i hopukina i ia takirua o ngā mahanga, e tohu ana kāore he pānga i waenga i ngā whare (χ2(0, 1665) = 9 × 10-13, p > 0.05) ā, kāore he hekenga o te taupori i te wā o te rangahau. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā mahanga whakahaere, i tino piki ake te maha o ngā waeroa i mau i roto i ngā mahanga kei roto te ranunga hangai: te rapunga manaaki (χ2(0, 2107) = 138.7, p < 0.0001), te whāngai toto tata nei (χ2(0, 650) = 32.2, p < 0.0001) me te hapūtanga (χ2(0, 228) = 6.27, p = 0.0123; Kōnae tāpiri 1: Ripanga S1). Ka kitea anō hoki tēnei i roto i te tapeke o ngā waeroa i hopukina: te rapunga manaaki > te ngote toto > te hapū > te hapu ā-haurua > te tāne.
Aromatawai mara mō te whai huatanga o te ranunga kakara mimi kau hangai 24-hāora. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mara ki te tonga-waenganui o Etiopia (mahere), e tata ana ki te tāone o Maki (whakauru), mā te whakamahi i te mahanga mārama Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (matau) i roto i ngā whare takirua, me te hoahoa tapawhā Latina (whakaahua rangi) (A). Ko ngā mahanga whakaahua CDC hangai-mounu kakara i kukume me te hopu i ngā Anopheles arabesques uha (B), engari kāore i te Anopheles farroes (C), i roto i tētahi huarahi rerekē, he pānga ā-tinana. Hei tāpiri, i hopukina e ēnei mahanga te maha o ngā waeroa Culex manaaki. (D) Ki te whakataurite ki te mana whakahaere. Ko ngā pae i te taha maui e tohu ana i te taupū kōwhiringa toharite o ngā waeroa i hopukina i roto i ngā takirua mahanga mōunu kakara (kakariki) me te mana whakahaere (tuwhera) (N = 10), ko ngā pae i te taha matau e tohu ana i te taupū kōwhiringa toharite i roto i ngā takirua mahanga whakahaere (tuwhera; N = 5). ). Ko ngā whetū e tohu ana i ngā taumata hiranga tatauranga (*p = 0.01 me ***p < 0.0001)
I hopukina ngā momo e toru i roto i ngā mahanga kei roto ngā ranunga hangai i roto i ngā momo rerekē. I te rapu i te manaaki (χ2(1, 1345) = 71.7, p < 0.0001), te whāngai toto (χ2(1, 517) = 16.7, p < 0.0001) me te haputanga (χ2(1, 180) = 6.11, p = 0.0134) i mau a .arabiensis i roto i te mahanga, ka tukuna te ranunga hangai (Pikitia 6B), engari kāore i rerekē te nui o An. I kitea a Pharoensis i roto i ngā āhua rerekē o te tinana (Pikitia 6C). Mō Culex, he pikinga nui noa iho o te maha o ngā waeroa e rapu manaaki ana i kitea i roto i ngā mahanga i mōunuhia ki te ranunga hangai (χ2(1,1319) = 12.6, p = 0.0004; Pikitia 6D), ki te whakataurite ki ngā mahanga whakahaere.
I whakamahia ngā mahanga mōunu manaaki i waho o ngā manaaki pea i waenganui i ngā wāhi whakaputa uri me ngā hapori taiwhenua i Etiopia hei aromatawai mēnā ka whakamahia e ngā waeroa malaria te haunga mimi kau hei tohu nohonga manaaki. I te korenga o ngā tohu manaaki, te wera, me te kore rānei o te haunga mimi kau, kāore i hopukina he waeroa (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S3). Heoi, i te aroaro o te pāmahana teitei me te haunga mimi kau, i kukumehia, i hopukina hoki ngā waeroa malaria wahine, ahakoa he iti noa iho, ahakoa te pakeke o te mimi (χ2(5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S3). He rerekē, kāore ngā mana whakahaere wai i hopu i ngā waeroa malaria i ngā pāmahana teitei (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S3).
Ka whiwhi, ka tohatoha hoki ngā waeroa malaria i ngā matū kei roto te hauota mā te whāngai utu i te mimi kau (arā, ngā puna wai) hei whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga o te hītori ora, he rite ki ētahi atu pepeke [2, 4, 24, 25, 26]. He rauemi whakahou e wātea ana te mimi kau e pā tata ana ki ngā wāhi okiokinga mō ngā kawe malaria, pērā i ngā whare kau me ngā otaota teitei e tata ana ki ngā kāinga taiwhenua me ngā wāhi whakaputa uri. Ka kitea e ngā waeroa uha tēnei rauemi mā te hongi, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakahaere i te tangohanga o ngā matū hauota i roto i te mimi, tae atu ki te urea, te wāhanga hauota nui i roto i te mimi [15, 16]. I runga i te āhua tinana o te waeroa uha, ka tohaina ngā matūkai i roto i te mimi hei whakarei ake i te mahi rere me te oranga o ngā waeroa uha e rapu ana i te manaaki, tae atu ki te oranga me ngā āhuatanga whakaputa uri o ngā tāngata e whāngaihia ana ki te toto i te huringa gonadotropic tuatahi. Nō reira, he mahi kai nui te whakaranu mimi mō ngā kawe malaria kua kati pērā i ngā pakeke kore kai [8], nā te mea ka hoatu ki ngā waeroa uha te kaha ki te whiwhi i ngā matū hauota nui mā te whai wāhi ki te whāngai iti-mōrearea. He nui ngā hua mate urutā o tēnei kitenga, nā te mea ka whakanui ake ngā uha i ō rātou roanga oranga, te mahi me te te putanga whakaputa uri, e pā katoa ana ēnei ki te kaha o te kawe ira. Hei tāpiri, ko tēnei whanonga pea te whāinga o ngā kaupapa whakahaere kawe ira ā muri ake nei.