Ilayisi. 3. Ithuluzi elilodwa, eliphekwa ngendebe, elishintsha ngokushesha eligcinwe kwikhabhinethi yesobunxele lilawula ukuqondiswa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemishini (liqinisekisa ukuhambisana kahle kwemishini kanye nokubekwa kwayo). Ikhabhinethi yesokudla ibamba ama-anvil nama-shuttle ahlukahlukene.
URon Boggs, umphathi wezokuthengisa nezinsizakalo weHaeger North America, uyaqhubeka nokuthola izingcingo ezifanayo ezivela kubakhiqizi ngesikhathi sokululama kusukela kubhubhane lwango-2021.
“Babelokhu besitshela ukuthi, ‘Sawubona, silahlekelwa yizikhonkwane,’” kusho uBoggs. “Kuvele ukuthi lokhu kwakungenxa yenkinga yabasebenzi.” Lapho amafektri eqasha abasebenzi abasha, babevame ukubeka abantu abangenalwazi, abangenamakhono phambi kwemishini ukuze bafake imishini. Ngezinye izikhathi baphuthelwa yizikhonkwane, ngezinye izikhathi bafaka izikhonkwane ezingalungile. Iklayenti liyabuya bese liqedela izilungiselelo.
Ezingeni eliphezulu, ukufakwa kwehadiwe kubonakala kuyindlela evuthiwe yokusebenzisa amarobhothi. Ekugcineni, isitshalo singaba nokuzibopha okuphelele nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela, okuhlanganisa imibhoshongo, ukususwa kwengxenye, mhlawumbe nokugoba kwamarobhothi. Bonke lobu buchwepheshe bube sebusebenza ingxenye enkulu yomkhakha wokufaka ngesandla. Unalokhu konke engqondweni, kungani ungabeki irobhothi phambi komshini ukuze lifake imishini?
Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, uBoggs usebenze nezimboni eziningi esebenzisa imishini yokufaka amarobhothi. Muva nje, yena nethimba lakhe, okuhlanganisa noHaeger Unjiniyela Omkhulu uSander van de Bor, bebesebenza ukwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa ama-cobot nenqubo yokufaka (bheka uMfanekiso 1).
Kodwa-ke, bobabili uBoggs noVanderBose bagcizelela ukuthi ukugxila kuphela kumarobhothi ngezinye izikhathi kungangayinaki inkinga enkulu yokufaka ihadiwe. Imisebenzi yokufaka ethembekile, ezenzakalelayo neguquguqukayo idinga izakhi eziningi zokwakha, okuhlanganisa ukuhambisana kwenqubo kanye nokuguquguquka.
Indoda endala yafa ngendlela exakile. Abantu abaningi basebenzisa lesi saga kuma-punch press omshini, kodwa sisebenza nasezicindezelweni ezinemishini yokudla ngesandla, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobulula bayo. Umsebenzisi ubeka izikhonkwane nezingxenye esisekelweni esingezansi ngaphambi kokuzifaka ngesandla ku-press. Ucindezele i-pedal. I-pruner iyehla, ixhumane ne-workpiece bese idala ingcindezi yokufaka imishini. Kulula kakhulu - kuze kube yilapho kukhona okungahambi kahle, vele.
“Uma umqhubi engalaleli, ithuluzi lizowa lithinte umsebenzi ngaphandle kokucindezela ngempela,” kusho u-van de Bor. Kungani, yini ngempela? “Imishini endala ayizange ibe nempendulo ngephutha futhi umqhubi wayengazi ngempela ngakho.” Umqhubi wayengenakukwazi ukugcina unyawo lwakhe kuma-pedal phakathi nomjikelezo wonke, okwakungaholela ekusebenzeni kohlelo lokuphepha lomshini wokucindezela. “Ithuluzi eliphezulu linama-volt ayisithupha, ithuluzi elingezansi liphansi, futhi umshini wokucindezela kumele uzwe ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ngaphambi kokuba wakhe ukucindezela.”
Imishini yokucindezela emidala ayinayo futhi into ebizwa ngokuthi “ifasitela le-tonnage”, okuyizinga lokucindezela lapho imishini ingafakwa khona ngendlela efanele. Imishini yokucindezela yesimanje ingase izwakale sengathi le ngcindezi iphansi kakhulu noma iphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi imishini yokucindezela emidala ayinayo ifasitela le-tonnage, kuchaza uBoggs, opharetha ngezinye izikhathi balungisa ingcindezi ngokulungisa i-valve ukuze kulungiswe inkinga. “Eminye imishini yokucindezela iphezulu kakhulu kanti eminye yokucindezela iphansi kakhulu,” kusho uBoggs. “Ukulungisa ngesandla kuvula ukuguquguquka okuningi. Uma iphansi kakhulu, ufake ihadiwe ngendlela engafanele.” “Ukucindezela ngokweqile kungalimaza ingxenye noma i-fastener uqobo.”
“Imishini emidala nayo yayingenazo izilinganisi,” kunezela u-van de Boer, “okungabangela ukuthi abaqhubi balahlekelwe yizikhonkwane zokubopha.”
Ukufaka ihadiwe ngesandla kungase kubonakale kulula, kodwa inqubo kunzima ukuyilungisa. Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, imisebenzi yehadiwe ivame ukwenzeka kamuva ochungechungeni lwenani, ngemva kokuba isikhala sesigcwalisiwe futhi sakhiwe. Izinkinga zemishini zingadala umonakalo ekumbozweni nasekuhlanganisweni kwempuphu, ngokuvamile ngoba osebenza ngobuqotho nangokuzimisela wenza amaphutha amancane aphenduka ikhanda.
Isithombe 1. I-cobot ikhombisa ingxenye ngokufaka imishini emshinini wokunyathelisa, onezitsha ezine kanye nama-shuttle amane azimele afaka imishini emshinini wokunyathelisa. Isithombe: Hagrid
Eminyakeni edlule, ubuchwepheshe bokufaka ihadiwe buye baxazulula lezi zinkinga ngokuhlonza nokususa le mithombo yokuguquguquka. Abafaki bemishini akufanele babe umthombo wezinkinga eziningi kangaka ngoba nje balahlekelwa ukugxila kancane ekupheleni komsebenzi wabo.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokufaka izinto ngokuzenzakalela, ukudla ngesitsha (bheka umfanekiso 2), kususa ingxenye eyisicefe kakhulu yenqubo: ukubamba ngesandla nokubeka izinto zokufakelwa endaweni yokusebenza. Ekucushweni kwendabuko kokudla okuphezulu, umshini wokucindezela indebe uthumela izikhonkwane phansi endaweni yokuhambisa impahla ehambisa izinto zokufakelwa ethuluzini eliphezulu. Umsebenzisi ubeka into yokusebenza ethuluzini elingezansi (i-anvil) bese ecindezela i-pedal. I-punch yehliswa kusetshenziswa umfutho we-vacuum ukuze kuphakanyiswe izinto zokufakelwa ngaphandle kwe-shuttle, okuletha izinto zokufakelwa eduze nendawo yokusebenza. Umshini wokucindezela ufaka ingcindezi bese umjikelezo usuqediwe.
Kubonakala kulula, kodwa uma ujula, ungathola izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicashile. Okokuqala, imishini kumele ifakwe endaweni yokusebenza ngendlela elawulwayo. Yilapho ithuluzi le-bootstrap lisebenza khona. Ithuluzi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili. Elinye elizinikele ekubekeni indawo liqinisekisa ukuthi imishini ephuma esitsheni ibekwe kahle. Elinye liqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okufanele, ukuhambisana kanye nokubekwa kwemishini. Ukusuka lapho, imishini ihamba ngepayipi iye kushuttle ephakela imishini ithuluzi eliphezulu.
Nansi inkinga: Amathuluzi okunikeza amandla ngokuzenzakalela—amathuluzi okuqondisa nokuhlukanisa, kanye nama-shuttle—adinga ukushintshwa futhi agcinwe esebenza kahle njalo lapho imishini ishintshwa. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zehadiwe zithinta indlela enikeza ngayo amandla endaweni yokusebenza, ngakho-ke amathuluzi athile ehadiwe ayinto engokoqobo futhi awakwazi ukuklanywa ngaphandle kwesilinganiso.
Njengoba umqhubi ophambi kwe-cup press engasachithi isikhathi eqoqa (mhlawumbe ehlisa) futhi ehlela imishini, isikhathi esiphakathi kokufakwa sincishiswa kakhulu. Kodwa ngawo wonke la mathuluzi aqondene nehadiwe, isitsha sokudla sinezela namakhono okuguqula. Amathuluzi okuziqinisa amantongomane 832 awafaneleki amantongomane 632.
Ukuze kushintshwe isitsha esidala esinezingcezu ezimbili, umqhubi kumele aqinisekise ukuthi ithuluzi lokuqondisa lihambisana kahle nethuluzi elihlukanisiwe. “Kwakudingeka futhi bahlole ukudlidliza kwesitsha, isikhathi somoya kanye nokubekwa kwepayipi,” kusho uBoggs. “Kufanele bahlole ukulungiswa kweshuttle kanye ne-vacuum. Ngamafuphi, umqhubi kufanele ahlole ukulungiswa okuningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithuluzi lisebenza ngendlela efanele.”
Abasebenzi bensimbi yothayela bavame ukuba nezidingo zemishini ezihlukile ezingase zibangelwe yizinkinga zokufinyelela (ukufaka imishini ezindaweni eziqinile), imishini engavamile, noma kokubili. Lolu hlobo lokufakwa lusebenzisa ithuluzi eliklanyelwe ngokukhethekile isiqephu esisodwa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kusho uBoggs, ithuluzi elihlanganisa konke ndawonye lomshini wokucindezela indebe ojwayelekile lagcina selithuthukisiwe. Leli thuluzi liqukethe izinto zokuqondiswa kanye nokukhetha (bheka uMfanekiso 3).
“Yenzelwe ukushintshashintsha okusheshayo,” kusho u-van de Boer. “Zonke izinhlaka zokulawula, okuhlanganisa umoya nokudlidliza, isikhathi nakho konke okunye, zilawulwa yikhompyutha, ngakho-ke umqhubi akadingi ukwenza noma yikuphi ukushintsha noma ukulungisa.”
Ngosizo lwama-dowel, konke kuhlala emgqeni owodwa (bheka umfanekiso 4). “Umqhubi akudingeki akhathazeke ngokuqondanisa lapho eguqula. Kuhlala kulinganisa ngoba konke kuyazinza endaweni yakho,” kusho uBoggs. “Amathuluzi avele aqiniswe.”
Uma umqhubi ebeka ishidi kumshini wokunyathelisa wehadiwe, ubeka imigodi nge-anvil eyenzelwe ukusebenza ngezibambo ezinobubanzi obuthile. Iqiniso lokuthi ububanzi obusha budinga amathuluzi amasha e-anvil liye laholela ekukhiqizweni okunzima kwesisindo eminyakeni edlule.
Cabanga ngefektri enobuchwepheshe bamuva bokusika nokugoba, ukushintsha amathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo okusheshayo, amaqoqo amancane noma ngisho nokukhiqizwa okuphelele. Ingxenye ibe isifakwa endaweni yokufaka ihadiwe, futhi uma ingxenye idinga uhlobo oluhlukile lwehadiwe, umqhubi udlulela ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Isibonelo, bangafaka inqwaba yezingcezu ezingu-50, bashintshe ama-anvil, bese befaka ihadiwe entsha emigodini efanele.
Umshini wokucindezela wehadiwe one-turret ushintsha indawo. Abasebenzi manje sebengafaka uhlobo olulodwa lwemishini, bajikelezise i-turret, bese bevula isitsha esinemibala ukuze sihlanganise olunye uhlobo lwemishini, konke kusethwe kanye (bheka Umfanekiso 5).
“Kuye ngenani lezingxenye onazo, cishe ngeke uphuthelwe uxhumano lwehadiwe,” kusho u-van de Bor. “Wenza yonke ingxenye ngokudlula okukodwa ukuze ungaphuthelwa yisinyathelo ekugcineni.”
Ukuhlanganiswa kokudla kwendebe kanye ne-turret kumshini wokucindezela ongenayo kungenza ukuphathwa kwekhithi kube ngokoqobo emnyangweni wehadiwe. Ekufakweni okuvamile, umenzi uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kwesitsha kutholakala kuphela emishinini emikhulu evamile, bese ebeka imishini engasetshenziswa kaningi ezitsheni ezinemibala eduze nendawo yokusebenza. Lapho opharetha bethatha ingxenye edinga ihadiwe eminingi, baqala ukuyixhuma ngokulalela umsindo womshini (obonisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sehadiwe entsha), bajikeleze i-anvil turntable, babuke isithombe se-3D sengxenye kusilawuli, bese befaka ingxenye elandelayo yehadiwe.
Cabanga ngesimo lapho umqhubi efaka umshini ngamunye ngamunye, esebenzisa i-auto feed bese ephendula i-anvil turntable njengoba kudingeka. Bese ima ngemva kokuba ithuluzi eliphezulu libambe i-self-feeder fastener kusuka ku-shuttle bese liwela phezu komsebenzi ku-anvil. Isilawuli sizoxwayisa umqhubi ukuthi i-fasteners inobude obungalungile.
Njengoba uBoggs echaza, “Kumodi yokusetha, ukucindezela kwehlisa kancane isilayida bese kuqopha indawo yaso. Ngakho-ke uma isebenza ngesivinini esigcwele futhi i-fixture ithinta ithuluzi, uhlelo luqinisekisa ukuthi ubude be-fixture buhambisana ne-[[Tolerance] Izilinganiso ezingaphandle kwebanga, zinde kakhulu, noma zimfushane kakhulu, zizobangela iphutha lobude be-fastener Lokhu kungenxa yokutholakala kwe-fastener (akukho vacuum kuthuluzi eliphezulu, ngokuvamile okubangelwa amaphutha okuphakelayo kwehadiwe) kanye nokuqapha nokulungisa amafasitela e-tonnage (esikhundleni somqhubi ukulungisa i-valve ngesandla) kudala uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo oluqinisekisiwe.
“Imishini yokucindezela ihadiwe enokuzihlola ingaba yinzuzo enkulu kumamojula erobhothi,” kusho uBoggs. “Ekusethweni okuzenzakalelayo, irobhothi lihambisa iphepha liye endaweni efanele bese lithumela isignali kumshini wokucindezela, empeleni lithi, ‘Ngisesimweni esifanele, qhubeka uqale umshini wokucindezela.’
Umshini wokucindezela wehadiwe ugcina izikhonkwane ze-anvil (ezifakwe emigodini emshinini wokusebenza weshidi lensimbi) zihlanzekile. I-vacuum ebhodleleni eliphezulu ijwayelekile, okusho ukuthi kunezinamathiseli. Njengoba yazi ngakho konke lokhu, umshini wokucindezela wathumela isignali ku-bot.
Njengoba uBoggs esho, “Umshini wokunyathelisa ubheka yonke into bese uthi kurobhothi, ‘Kulungile, ngiphilile.’ Uqala umjikelezo wokunyathelisa, uhlola ukuthi kukhona yini izikhonkwane kanye nobude bazo obufanele. Uma umjikelezo usuphelile, qiniseka ukuthi ingcindezi esetshenziswa ukufaka ihadiwe ilungile, bese uthumela isignali kurobhothi ukuthi umjikelezo wokunyathelisa usuphelile. Irobhothi lithola lokhu futhi liyazi ukuthi konke kuhlanzekile futhi lingahambisa umsebenzi liye emgodini olandelayo.”
Konke lokhu kuhlolwa komshini, okwakuhloselwe opharetha abasebenza ngesandla, kunikeza isisekelo esihle sokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela okwengeziwe. UBoggs novan de Boor bachaza ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe njengemiklamo ethile esiza ukuvimbela amashidi ukuthi anamathele ensimbini. “Ngezinye izikhathi izikhonkwane ziyanamathela ngemva komjikelezo wokunyathela,” kusho uBoggs. “Kuyinkinga engokwemvelo uma ucindezela izinto. Uma zibhajwa ethuluzini elingezansi, opharetha ngokuvamile angaphendula ingxenye yomsebenzi kancane ukuze ayikhiphe.”
Isithombe 4. Ibhawodi yokuthutha enephini le-dowel. Uma isilungisiwe, i-shuttle iphakela imishini ethuluzini eliphezulu, elisebenzisa umfutho we-vacuum ukuze imishini ikwazi ukuboshwa futhi ithuthwe iye endaweni yokusebenza. I-anvil (ngezansi kwesobunxele) itholakala kwenye yama-turrets amane.
Ngeshwa, amarobhothi awanawo amakhono omuntu osebenzisa imishini. “Ngakho-ke manje kunemiklamo yokucindezela esiza ukususa izinto zokusebenza, isize ekususeni izikhonkwane ethuluzini, ngakho-ke akukho ukunamathela ngemva komjikelezo wokucindezela.”
Eminye imishini inobubanzi obuhlukene bomphimbo ukusiza irobhothi ukuthi liqondise umsebenzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza. Ukucindezela kungahlanganisa nezisekelo ezisiza amarobhothi (kanye nabaqhubi bezandla, ngaleyo ndaba) ukubeka imisebenzi yawo ngokuphephile.
Ekugcineni, ukuthembeka kubalulekile. Amarobhothi nama-cobot angaba yingxenye yempendulo, okwenza kube lula ukuwahlanganisa. “Emkhakheni wamarobhothi asebenzisanayo, abathengisi benze intuthuko enkulu ekwenzeni kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka ukuwahlanganisa nemishini,” kusho uBoggs, “futhi abakhiqizi bezindaba benze umsebenzi omningi wokuthuthukisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuxhumana efanele ikhona.”
Kodwa amasu okunyathela kanye namasu okusebenzela, okuhlanganisa ukwesekwa kwezingxenye zomsebenzi, imiyalelo yokusebenza ecacile (nebhalwe phansi), kanye nokuqeqeshwa okufanele nakho kudlala indima. UBoggs wengeze ngokuthi usathola izingcingo mayelana nezikhonkwane ezingekho kanye nezinye izinkinga emnyangweni wehadiwe, eziningi zazo ezisebenza nemishini ethembekile kodwa emidala kakhulu.
Le mishini ingase ibe ethembekile, kodwa ukufakwa kwemishini akusikho okwabantu abangenamakhono nabangenabo ubuchwepheshe. Khumbula umshini othole ubude obungafanele. Lokhu kuhlola okulula kuvimbela iphutha elincane ukuthi lingabi yinkinga enkulu.
Isithombe 5. Lo mshini wokucindezela wehadiwe une-turntable ene-stop kanye neziteshi ezine. Uhlelo luphinde lube nethuluzi elikhethekile le-anvil elisiza umqhubi ukuthi afinyelele ezindaweni okunzima ukuzifinyelela. Lapha izinto ezifakwayo zifakwa ngaphansi kwe-flange yangemuva.
UTim Heston, uMhleli Omkhulu we-The FABRICATOR, ubelokhu esembonini yokukhiqiza insimbi kusukela ngo-1998, eqala umsebenzi wakhe nge-American Welding Society's Welding Magazine. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ibilokhu ihlanganisa zonke izinqubo zokukhiqiza insimbi kusukela ekunyatheliseni, ekugobeni nasekusikeni kuya ekugayeni nasekupholisheni. Wajoyina i-FABRICATOR ngo-Okthoba 2007.
I-FABRICATOR ingumagazini ohamba phambili wokukhiqiza nokwenza insimbi eNyakatho Melika. Lo magazini ushicilela izindaba, izihloko zobuchwepheshe kanye nezindaba zempumelelo ezivumela abakhiqizi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ngempumelelo enkulu. I-FABRICATOR ibilokhu ikhona embonini kusukela ngo-1970.
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