Ilayisi.3. Ithuluzi eliwucezu olulodwa, eliphakelwe inkomishi, elishintsha ngokushesha eligcinwe kukhabethe lesokunxele lilawula ukuma nokuhlukaniswa kwempahla (iqinisekisa ukuqondanisa nokuma kwemishini efanele).Ikhabethe elingakwesokudla liphethe ama-anvils ahlukahlukene kanye nama-shuttles.
URon Boggs, umphathi wezokuthengisa kanye nezinsizakalo ze-Haeger North America, uyaqhubeka nokuthola izingcingo ezifanayo ezivela kubakhiqizi ngesikhathi sokululama kubhubhane lwango-2021.
“Babelokhu besitshela ukuthi, 'Heyi, sishoda izinsimbi,'” kusho uBoggs."Kuvele ukuthi lokhu kube ngenxa yodaba lwabasebenzi."Lapho amafekthri eqasha izisebenzi ezintsha, ngokuvamile ayebeka abantu abangenalwazi, abangenamakhono phambi kwemishini ukuze bafake imishini.Kwesinye isikhathi bageja ama-clasp, kwesinye isikhathi bafake ama-clasp angalungile.Iklayenti liyabuya futhi liqedele izilungiselelo.
Ezingeni eliphezulu, ukufakwa kwehadiwe kubonakala kuwuhlelo oluvuthiwe lwamarobhothi.Ekugcineni, isitshalo singaba nokubhoboza okugcwele kanye nokwenza okuzenzakalelayo, okuhlanganisa ama-turrets, ukususwa kwengxenye, futhi mhlawumbe nokugoba irobhothi.Bonke lobu buchwepheshe bube sebenza ingxenye enkulu yomkhakha wokufaka ngesandla.Njengoba unakho konke lokhu engqondweni, kungani ungabeki irobhothi phambi komshini wokufaka imishini?
Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, u-Boggs usebenze nezimboni eziningi esebenzisa imishini yokufaka irobhothi.Muva nje, yena nethimba lakhe, kuhlanganise no-Haeger Chief Engineer Sander van de Bor, bebesebenza ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganisa ama-cobots nenqubo yokufaka (bheka Umfanekiso 1).
Kodwa-ke, bobabili u-Boggs noVanderBose bagcizelela ukuthi ukugxila kuphela kumarobhothi kwesinye isikhathi kungayinaki inkinga enkulu yokufaka ihadiwe.Imisebenzi yokufaka enokwethenjelwa, ezenzakalelayo futhi evumelana nezimo idinga amabhulokhi wokwakha amaningi, okuhlanganisa ukungaguquguquki kwenqubo kanye nokuguquguquka.
Ikhehla lafa kabuhlungu.Abantu abaningi basebenzisa lesi sisho emshinini wokunyathelisa we-punch, kodwa siyasebenza nasezindabeni zokunyathelisa ezinemishini yokuphakela ngezandla, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobulula bayo.U-opharetha ubeka izixhumi nezingxenye kusekelo elingezansi ngaphambi kokuzifaka emshinini wokunyathelisa.Wacindezela i-pedal.Umbhobozi uyehla, uthintana ne-workpiece futhi udala ingcindezi yokufaka okokusebenza.Kulula kakhulu - kuze kube yilapho kukhona okungahambi kahle, kunjalo.
"Uma osebenzisa i-opharetha unganakile, ithuluzi lizowa lithinte ucezu lokusebenza ngaphandle kokufaka ingcindezi," kusho u-van de Bor.Ngani, yini ngempela?"Imishini endala ayizange ibe nempendulo ngephutha futhi opharetha wayengazi ngempela ngayo."U-opharetha akakwazanga ukugcina unyawo lwakhe phezu kwama-pedals phakathi nawo wonke umjikelezo, okungase kuholele ekusebenzeni kwesistimu yokuphepha yomshini wokunyathelisa."Ithuluzi eliphezulu linama-volts ayisithupha, ithuluzi eliphansi liphansi, futhi umshini wokunyathelisa kufanele uzwe ukusebenza kahle ngaphambi kokuthi wakhe ingcindezi."
Imishini yokunyathelisa endala yokufaka nayo ayinakho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ifasitela le-tonnage", okuwuchungechunge lwezingcindezi lapho imishini ingafakwa khona ngendlela efanele.Imishini yokunyathelisa yesimanje ingase ibe nomuzwa wokuthi lokhu kucindezela kuphansi kakhulu noma kuphakeme kakhulu.Ngenxa yokuthi umshini wokunyathelisa omdala awunalo iwindi lamathoni, u-Boggs wachaza, opharetha ngezinye izikhathi balungisa ukucindezela ngokulungisa i-valve ukuze balungise inkinga.“Ezinye zicula phezulu kakhulu kanti ezinye ziphansi kakhulu,” kusho uBoggs.“Ukulungiswa mathupha kuvula ukuguquguquka okuningi.Uma iphansi kakhulu, ufake ihadiwe ngokungalungile.”"Ukucindezela ngokweqile kungalimaza ingxenye noma isixhumi uqobo."
“Imishini emidala nayo yayingenawo amamitha,” kunezela u-van de Boer, “okwakungabangela ukuthi abaqhubi balahlekelwe izinsimbi.”
Ukufaka ihadiwe ngesandla kungase kubonakale kulula, kodwa inqubo inzima ukuyilungisa.Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, ukusebenza kwehadiwe kuvame ukwenzeka kamuva kuchungechunge lwenani, ngemva kokuba igebe seligcwalisiwe futhi lakhiwe.Izinkinga zemishini zingadala umonakalo ekugcotshweni kwempushana kanye nokuhlanganiswa, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi opharetha ononembeza futhi okhuthele wenza amaphutha amancane aphenduka abe yikhanda elibuhlungu.
Umfanekiso 1. I-cobot ibonisa ingxenye ngokufaka okokusebenza emshinini wokunyathelisa, onezitsha ezine namashuttle amane azimele afaka okokusebenza emshinini wokunyathelisa.Isithombe: Hagrid
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ubuchwepheshe bokufaka ihadiwe buye baxazulula lezi zinhlungu zekhanda ngokuhlonza nokuqeda le mithombo yokuhlukahluka.Izifaki zemishini akufanele zibe umthombo wezinkinga eziningi kangaka ngenxa nje yokuthi zilahlekelwa ukugxila kancane ekupheleni kweshifu yazo.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekufakweni kokufaka okuzenzakalelayo, ukuphakela isitsha (bheka i-fig. 2), kuqeda ingxenye eyisicefe kakhulu yenqubo: ukubamba mathupha nokubeka okokufakwa endaweni yokusebenza.Ekucushweni okujwayelekile kokuphakelayo okuphezulu, ukucindezela kwesiphakeli senkomishi kuthumela izixhumi phansi ku-shuttle ephakela ihadiwe ethuluzini eliphezulu.Umsebenzisi ubeka i-workpiece ethuluzini elingezansi (i-anvil) bese ecindezela i-pedal.I-punch yehliswa kusetshenziswa ingcindezi ye-vacuum ukuphakamisa i-hardware ngaphandle kwe-shuttle, kuletha ihadiwe eduze nendawo yokusebenza.Umshini wokunyathelisa usebenzisa ingcindezi futhi umjikelezo usuqediwe.
Kubonakala kulula, kodwa uma umba ujule, ungathola izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicashile.Okokuqala, izinto zokusebenza kufanele zifakwe endaweni yokusebenza ngendlela elawulwayo.Yilapho ithuluzi le-bootstrap liqala khona ukudlala.Ithuluzi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili.Umuntu ozinikele ekumiseni uqinisekisa ukuthi okokusebenza okuphuma endishini kubekwe ngendlela efanele.Enye iqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okufanele, ukuqondanisa nokubekwa kwezinto zokusebenza.Ukusuka lapho, umshini uhamba ngepayipi uye ku-shuttle ephakela ithuluzi ethuluzini eliphezulu.
Nansi inkinga: Amathuluzi okuphakela ngokuzenzakalela—amathuluzi wokuma nawokuhlukanisa, nama-shuttles—adinga ukushintshwa futhi agcinwe ngendlela yokusebenza njalo lapho okokusebenza kushintshwa.Izinhlobo ezahlukene zehadiwe zithinta indlela enikeza ngayo amandla endaweni yokusebenza, ngakho-ke amathuluzi aqondene nehadiwe ayinto engokoqobo futhi awakwazi ukuklanywa ngaphandle kwesibalo.
Njengoba opharetha phambi komshini wendebe engasachithi isikhathi sokucosha (okungenzeka ehlise) futhi amise okokusebenza, isikhathi phakathi kokufakwa sincishiswa kakhulu.Kodwa ngawo wonke la mathuluzi aqondene nehadiwe, isitsha sokuphakelayo singeza amandla okuguqula.Amathuluzi okuziqinisa amantongomane 832 awafanele amantongomane 632.
Ukushintsha isitsha esidala esinezicucu ezimbili, umqhubi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi ithuluzi lokuqondisa liqondaniswe kahle nethuluzi lokuhlukanisa."Kudingeke futhi bahlole ukudlidliza kwesitsha, isikhathi somoya kanye nokubekwa kwepayipi," kusho uBoggs.“Kumele babheke ukuthi i-shuttle nokuhlelwa kwevacuum.Ngamafuphi, opharetha kufanele ahlole ukuqondanisa okuningi ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ithuluzi lisebenza ngendlela efanele. ”
Ama-opharetha ensimbi yeshidi ngokuvamile anezidingo ezihlukile zemishini okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yezinkinga zokufinyelela (ukufaka okokusebenza ezindaweni eziqinile), okokusebenza okungajwayelekile, noma kokubili.Lolu hlobo lokufakwa lusebenzisa ithuluzi lesiqephu esisodwa esiklanywe ngokukhethekile.Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kusho u-Boggs, ekugcineni kwasungulwa ithuluzi elihlanganisa konke lokunyathelisa inkomishi evamile.Ithuluzi liqukethe i-orientation nezici zokukhetha (bona umdwebo 3).
“Yenzelwe ukushintshashintsha ngokushesha,” kusho u-van de Boer."Yonke imingcele yokulawula, okuhlanganisa umoya nokudlidliza, isikhathi nakho konke okunye, kulawulwa yikhompyutha, ngakho opharetha akudingeki enze noma yikuphi ukushintsha noma ukulungisa."
Ngosizo lwama-dowels, yonke into ihlala emgqeni owodwa (bheka umdwebo 4).“U-opharetha akudingeki akhathazeke ngokuqondanisa lapho eshintsha.Kuhlale kuhleli phansi ngoba yonke into isuke ihambe kahle,” kusho uBoggs."Amathuluzi avele aboshwe."
Lapho umqhubi ebeka ishidi emshinini wokunyathelisa we-hardware, bamisa izimbobo nge-anvil eklanyelwe ukusebenza nezibophelelo ezinobubanzi obuthile.Iqiniso lokuthi ama-diameter amasha adinga amathuluzi amasha e-anvil liye laholela ekukhiqizeni okuningi okunzima phakathi neminyaka.
Cabanga ngemboni enobuchwepheshe bakamuva bokusika nokugoba, ukushintsha kwamathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo okusheshayo, amaqoqo amancane noma ukukhiqizwa okuphelele.Ingxenye ibe isingena kokufakwayo kwehadiwe, futhi uma ingxenye idinga uhlobo oluhlukile lwehadiwe, opharetha udlulela ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi.Isibonelo, bangafaka inqwaba yezingcezu ezingu-50, bashintshe ama-anvil, bese befaka i-hardware entsha emigodini efanele.
I-hardware press ene-turret ishintsha indawo.Ama-opharetha manje angafaka uhlobo olulodwa lwemishini, azungezisa i-turret, futhi avule isiqukathi esinemibala ukuze sifake olunye uhlobo lwesisetshenziswa, konke ngokusetha okukodwa (bona Umfanekiso 5).
“Ngokuya ngenani lezingxenye onazo, mancane amathuba okuthi uphuthelwe ukuxhumana kwehadiwe,” kusho u-van de Bor.“Usenza sonke isigaba ngephasi eyodwa ukuze ungaphuthelwa yisinyathelo esisodwa ekugcineni.”
Inhlanganisela yokuphakela kwenkomishi ne-turret emshinini wokufaka ingenza ukubamba kwekhithi kube ngokoqobo emnyangweni wehardware.Ekufakeni okuvamile, umkhiqizi uqinisekisa ukuthi ukunikezwa kwezitsha kukhethekile emishinini emikhulu evamile, bese ebeka izinto ezisetshenziswa kancane ezitsheni ezinombala oseduze nendawo yokusebenza.Lapho o-opharetha bethatha ingxenye edinga izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziningi, baqala ukuyixhuma ngokulalela i-beep yomshini (okubonisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi se-hardware entsha), bezungezisa i-anvil turntable, babuke isithombe se-3D sengxenye yesilawuli, bese befaka ingxenye elandelayo yehadiwe.
Cabanga ngesimo lapho u-opharetha efaka ucezu ngalunye lwesisetshenziswa ngasinye, esebenzisa okuphakelayo okuzenzakalelayo futhi ephendula i-anvil turntable njengoba kudingeka.Bese ima ngemva kokuba ithuluzi elingaphezulu libambe into yokuqinisa ukuziphakela ku-shuttle bese liwela phezu kwendawo yokusebenza ku-anvil.Isilawuli sizoxwayisa opharetha ukuthi izibophelelo ziwubude obungalungile.
Njengoba u-Boggs echaza, “Kumodi yokusetha, umshini wokunyathelisa wehlisa kancane isilayidi bese urekhoda indawo yaso.Ngakho-ke uma isebenza ngesivinini esigcwele futhi isigxivizo sithinta ithuluzi, isistimu iqinisekisa ukuthi ubude bendawo bufana nokulinganisa [[Ukubekezelela] okucacisiwe, okude kakhulu, noma kufushane kakhulu, kuzodala iphutha lobude besixhumi Lokhu kungenxa yokutholwa kwesixhumi (akukho vacuum ethuluzini eliphezulu, ngokuvamile elibangelwa amaphutha okuphakelayo kwehadiwe) futhi ukulungisa isistimu ye-tonnage ye-valve yokulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kufakazela u-opharetha othembekile (esikhundleni salokho).
"Imishini yokunyathelisa nge-self-diagnosis ingaba inzuzo enkulu kumamojula we-robotic," kusho u-Boggs.“Ekumisweni okuzenzakalelayo, irobhothi lihambisa iphepha endaweni efanele bese lithumela umyalezo kwabezindaba, empeleni lithi, 'Ngisesimweni esifanele, qhubeka uqale umshini wokunyathelisa.'
Umshini wokunyathelisa we-hardware ugcina izikhonkwane ze-anvil (ezifakwe emigodini yensimbi yensimbi) zihlanzekile.I-vacuum ku-punch engenhla ijwayelekile, okusho ukuthi kunezinsimbi.Ukwazi ngakho konke lokhu, abezindaba bathumele isignali ku-bot.
Njengoba u-Boggs esho, “Umshini wokunyathelisa ngokuyisisekelo ubheka yonke into bese uthi irobhothi, 'Kulungile, ngiyaphila.'Iqala umjikelezo wokugxiviza, ibheka ubukhona bezinto zokubopha kanye nobude bazo obufanele.Uma umjikelezo uqedile, qiniseka ukuthi ingcindezi esetshenziswe ukufaka ihadiwe ilungile, bese uthumela isignali kurobhothi ukuthi umjikelezo wokucindezela uphelile.Irobhothi lithola lokhu futhi liyazi ukuthi yonke into ihlanzekile futhi lingahambisa isiqeshana somsebenzi emgodini olandelayo.”
Konke lokhu kuhlola komshini, ekuqaleni okwakuhloselwe opharetha bezandla, kunikeza ngempumelelo isisekelo esihle sokuqhubeka kokuzenzakalela.U-Boggs no-van de Boor bachaza ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo okufana nemiklamo ethile esiza ukuvimbela amashidi ukuthi anganamatheli ku-anvil."Kwesinye isikhathi izinsimbi ziyanamathela ngemuva komjikelezo wokugxiviza," kusho uBoggs.“Kuyinkinga engokwemvelo uma ucindezela izinto.Uma ibambeka ethuluzini elingezansi, opharetha ngokuvamile angaphendula ingxenye yomsebenzi kancane ukuze ayikhiphe.”
Umfanekiso 4. Ibhawodi yeshutha enephinikhodi.Uma isimisiwe, i-shuttle iphakela izinto zokusebenza ethuluzini eliphezulu, elisebenzisa ukucindezela kwe-vacuum ukuze okokusebenza kuvikeleke futhi kuhanjiswe ku-workpiece.I-anvil (ngezansi kwesobunxele) itholakala kwelinye lama-turrets amane.
Ngeshwa, amarobhothi awanawo amakhono omuntu."Ngakho-ke manje kunemiklamo yabezindaba esiza ukususa izinto zokusebenza, isiza ukusunduza izinsimbi ngaphandle kwethuluzi, ngakho-ke akukho okunamathelayo ngemuva komjikelezo wabezindaba."
Eminye imishini inokujula komphimbo okuhlukile ukusiza irobhothi liqondise ucezu lokusebenza lingene liphume endaweni yokusebenza.Ukucindezela kungaphinda kuhlanganise nokusekela okusiza amarobhothi (kanye nama-opharetha asebenza ngezandla, ngaleyo ndaba) amise ngokuphephile imisebenzi yawo.
Ekugcineni, ukwethembeka kubalulekile.Amarobhothi namakhobhothi angaba yingxenye yempendulo, okwenza kube lula ukuwahlanganisa."Emkhakheni wamarobhothi asebenzisanayo, abathengisi baye benza intuthuko enkulu ekwenzeni kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka ukuwahlanganisa nemishini," kusho u-Boggs, "futhi abakhiqizi bamaphephandaba benze umsebenzi omningi wokuthuthukiswa ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi isimiso sokuxhumana esifanele sikhona."
Kodwa amasu okugxiviza kanye namasu omhlangano wokusebenzela, okuhlanganisa ukwesekwa kwengcezu yokusebenzela, imiyalelo ecacile (futhi ebhaliwe) yomsebenzi, nokuqeqeshwa okufanele nakho kunendima.U-Boggs wengeze ngokuthi usathola izingcingo mayelana nezinsimbi ezilahlekile nezinye izinkinga emnyangweni we-hardware, eziningi zazo ezisebenza ngemishini ethembekile kodwa emidala kakhulu.
Le mishini ingase ithembeke, kodwa ukufakwa kwemishini akuyona eyabantu abangenamakhono nabangenamsebenzi.Khumbula umshini othole ubude obungalungile.Lokhu kuhlola okulula kuvimbela iphutha elincane ukuthi liguquke libe yinkinga enkulu.
Umfanekiso 5. Lo mshini wokunyathelisa wehadiwe une-turntable enezitobhi kanye neziteshi ezine.Uhlelo futhi lunethuluzi elikhethekile le-anvil elisiza opharetha ukuthi afinyelele izindawo okunzima ukuzifinyelela.Lapha ukufakwa kufakwe ngaphansi nje kwe-flange yangemuva.
U-Tim Heston, Umhleli Omkhulu we-FABRICATOR, ubesembonini yokwenziwa kwensimbi kusukela ngo-1998, waqala umsebenzi wakhe nge-Welding Magazine ye-American Welding Society.Kusukela lapho, ihlanganise zonke izinqubo zokwenziwa kwensimbi kusukela ekugxivizeni, ekugobeni nasekusikeni kuya ekugayeni nasekupholishweni.Ujoyine i-FABRICATOR ngo-Okthoba 2007.
I-FABRICATOR ingumagazini ohamba phambili eNyakatho Melika wokwenziwa kwensimbi nokwakha.Umagazini ushicilela izindaba, izindatshana zobuchwepheshe kanye nezindaba zempumelelo ezenza abakhiqizi bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ngempumelelo.U-FABRICATOR ubekulo mkhakha kusukela ngo-1970.
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