Umuceri. 3. Igikoresho kimwe, gitangwa n'ibikombe, gihindura vuba kibikwa mu kabati k'ibumoso kigenzura icyerekezo cy'ibikoresho n'uburyo bitandukaniye (kigenzura ko ibikoresho bihuye neza kandi bigashyirwa ahantu hakwiye). Akabati k'iburyo gafata ama-anvil n'ama-shuttle atandukanye.
Ron Boggs, ushinzwe ubucuruzi na serivisi muri Haeger Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, akomeje kwakira telefoni nk'izo ziturutse ku nganda mu gihe cyo kwiyubaka nyuma y'icyorezo cya 2021.
Boggs yagize ati: “Bakomeje kutubwira bati ‘Muraho, tubura imigozi yo gufunga’.” “Byaragaragaye ko ibi byatewe n’ikibazo cy’abakozi.” Iyo inganda zakoreshaga abakozi bashya, akenshi zashyiraga abantu badafite uburambe, badafite ubumenyi imbere y’imashini kugira ngo zishyiremo ibikoresho. Hari igihe babura imigozi, rimwe na rimwe bagashyiramo imigozi itari yo. Umukiriya aragaruka akarangiza igenamiterere.
Ku rwego rwo hejuru, gushyiramo ibikoresho bisa nkaho ari uburyo bugezweho bwo gukoresha roboti. Amaherezo, uruganda rushobora kugira uburyo bwo gukubita no gukora ibintu mu buryo bwikora, harimo imihanda, gukuraho ibice, ndetse wenda no kunama kwa roboti. Ubu buryo bwose bufasha igice kinini cy'urwego rwo gushyiraho ibikoresho n'intoki. Ukurikije ibi byose, kuki utashyira roboti imbere y'imashini kugira ngo ishyireho ibikoresho?
Mu myaka 20 ishize, Boggs yakoranye n'inganda nyinshi akoresheje ibikoresho byo gushyiramo roboti. Vuba aha, we n'ikipe ye, barimo na Haeger Chief Engineer Sander van de Bor, bagiye bakora kugira ngo byoroshye guhuza cobots n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo (reba Ishusho ya 1).
Ariko, Boggs na VanderBose bombi bashimangira ko kwibanda gusa kuri robotics bishobora kwirengagiza ikibazo gikomeye cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho. Ibikorwa byizewe, byikora kandi byoroshye gushyiraho bisaba ibintu byinshi, harimo no guhuza imikorere no guhinduka.
Umusaza yapfuye nabi cyane. Abantu benshi bakoresha uyu mugani ku byuma bikoresha ibyuma bitogosha, ariko nanone binakoreshwa ku byuma bikoresha intoki, ahanini kubera ko byoroshye. Umukoresha ashyira ibifunga n'ibice ku gishyigikizo cyo hasi mbere yo kubishyira mu cyuma n'intoki. Yakandagiye pedali. Imashini iramanuka, igakora ku gikoresho igakoraho, igatera igitutu cyo kwinjizamo ibikoresho. Biroroshye cyane - kugeza igihe hagize ikintu kigenda nabi, birumvikana.
“Niba umukoresha atitaye ku byo akora, igikoresho kizagwa kigakora ku gikoresho nta gitutu gikoreshejwe,” van de Bor yaravuze. Kuki se koko? “Ibikoresho bishaje ntibyari bifite igisubizo cyibeshye kandi umukoresha ntabwo yari abizi neza.” Umukoresha ntiyashoboraga gukomeza gukandagira ku mapedali mu gihe cyose cy’urugendo, ibyo bikaba byashoboraga gutuma sisitemu y’umutekano w’icyuma gikanda. “Igikoresho cyo hejuru gifite volti esheshatu, igikoresho cyo hasi kiba gihagaze, kandi icyuma gikanda kigomba kumva uburyo gitwara amashanyarazi mbere yuko gitera imbaraga.”
Imashini zikoreshwa mu gusohora ibyuma zishaje nazo ntizifite icyo bita "idirishya rya toni", ari na ryo tandukaniro ry'umuvuduko w'ibikoresho bishobora gushyirwamo neza. Imashini zikoreshwa mu gusohora ibyuma zigezweho zishobora kumva ko uyu muvuduko uri hasi cyane cyangwa hejuru cyane. Kubera ko imashini zikoreshwa mu gusohora ibyuma zidafite idirishya rya toni, Boggs yasobanuye ko abakoresha rimwe na rimwe bahindura umuvuduko bahindura valve kugira ngo bakemure ikibazo. Boggs yagize ati: "Hari izikoreshwa mu gusohora ibyuma hejuru cyane izindi zikoreshwa mu gusohora ibyuma hasi cyane." Guhindura ibyuma n'intoki bitanga uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye. Iyo biri hasi cyane, uba washyizeho ibikoresho nabi." "Umuvuduko ukabije ushobora guhindura igice cyangwa ikirahure ubwacyo."
“Imashini zishaje nazo ntizari zifite metero,” van de Boer yongeraho, “ibi byashoboraga gutuma abazikoresha batakaza ibikoresho byo kuzihambiraho.”
Gushyiramo ibikoresho n'intoki bishobora gusa n'aho byoroshye, ariko inzira iragoye kubikemura. Ikirushaho kuba kibi ni uko ibikorwa by'ibikoresho bikunze kubaho nyuma mu ruhererekane rw'agaciro, nyuma y'uko icyuho cyujujwe kikavuka. Ibibazo by'ibikoresho bishobora kwangiza ifu no guteranya, akenshi bitewe n'uko umuntu ukora akazi neza kandi agakora amakosa mato mato agahinduka umutwe.
Ishusho ya 1. Agasanduku k'ingurube kerekana igice gishyira ibikoresho mu cyuma gicapura, gifite amasafuriya ane n'amasafuriya ane yigenga ashyira ibikoresho mu cyuma gicapura. Ishusho: Hagrid
Mu myaka yashize, ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyiramo ibikoresho ryakemuye ibi bibazo by’ingutu binyuze mu kumenya no gukuraho izi mpamvu z’impinduka. Abashyiraho ibikoresho ntibagomba kuba intandaro y’ibibazo byinshi bitewe nuko batakaje ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwibanda ku kazi.
Intambwe ya mbere mu gushyiraho ibikoresho mu buryo bwikora, kugaburira inkongoro (reba ishusho ya 2), bikuraho igice kigoye cyane cy'igikorwa: gufata no gushyira ibikoresho ku gikoresho. Mu buryo busanzwe bwo kugaburira hejuru, imashini ikoresha ibikombe yohereza ibikoresho ku gikoresho cyo hejuru ijyana ibikoresho ku gikoresho cyo hejuru. Umukoresha ashyira ibikoresho ku gikoresho cyo hasi (anvil) hanyuma agakanda pedal. Ingufu imanuka hakoreshejwe umuvuduko w'umwuka kugira ngo ikure ibikoresho mu gikoresho cyo hejuru, ijyana ibikoresho hafi y'igikoresho cyo hejuru. Imashini ikoresha umuvuduko hanyuma izenguruka rirangira.
Bisa nkaho byoroshye, ariko iyo ubyimbitse, ushobora kubona ibintu bitoroshye. Ubwa mbere, ibikoresho bigomba gushyirwa mu mwanya w'akazi mu buryo bugenzurwa. Aha niho igikoresho cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho bishyirwa. Igikoresho kigizwe n'ibice bibiri. Kimwe cyagenewe gushyira ibikoresho mu mwanya gihamya ko ibikoresho biva mu gikombe bishyirwa mu mwanya mwiza. Ikindi gihamya ni uko ibikoresho bishyirwa mu byiciro, bihuzwa neza kandi bigashyirwa mu mwanya mwiza. Kuva aho, ibikoresho binyura mu muyoboro bijya mu cyuma gitanga ibikoresho ku gikoresho cyo hejuru.
Dore ingorane: Ibikoresho byo kohereza ibikoresho mu buryo bwikora—ibikoresho byo kuyobora no kugabanya ibikoresho, hamwe na shuttles—bigomba gusimburwa no kubungabungwa mu buryo bukora buri gihe iyo ibikoresho bihinduwe. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho bigira ingaruka ku buryo bitanga ingufu mu gace k'akazi, bityo ibikoresho byihariye ku bikoresho ni ukuri gusa kandi ntibishobora gutegurwa mu buryo bunyuranye.
Kubera ko umukoresha uri imbere y'icyuma gikurura amacupa atagikoresha igihe kinini atoragura (wenda agabanya) kandi agashyiraho ibikoresho, igihe kiri hagati y'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo kiragabanuka cyane. Ariko hamwe n'ibi bikoresho byose byihariye, icyo gikoresho cyo kugaburira abantu cyongera ubushobozi bwo guhindura. Ibikoresho byo kwifata neza kw'imbuto 832 ntibikwiriye imbuto 632.
Kugira ngo asimbuze igikoresho gishaje cyo kongereraho ibikombe bibiri, umukoresha agomba kugenzura neza ko igikoresho cyo kwerekeza gihuye neza n'igikoresho gitandukanya. Boggs yagize ati: “Byagombaga kandi kugenzura imihindagurikire y'ibikombe, igihe cy'umwuka n'aho imiyoboro iherereye. Bagomba kugenzura uburyo feri n'uburyo ibyuma bihuzwa. Muri make, umukoresha agomba kugenzura uburyo bwinshi bwo kwerekeza kugira ngo arebe ko igikoresho gikora neza.”
Abakoresha ibyuma akenshi baba bafite ibisabwa byihariye ku bikoresho bishobora guterwa n'ibibazo byo kwinjira (gushyira ibikoresho ahantu hato), ibikoresho bidasanzwe, cyangwa byombi. Ubu bwoko bw'ibikoresho bukoresha igikoresho cyabugenewe. Hashingiwe kuri ibi, nk'uko Boggs abivuga, igikoresho cyose muri kimwe cyagenewe imashini isanzwe yo gucapa ibikombe cyaje gukorwa. Icyo gikoresho kirimo icyerekezo n'uburyo bwo guhitamo (reba Ishusho ya 3).
“Yagenewe guhinduranya byihuse,” uko ni ko van de Boer abivuga. “Ibipimo byose byo kugenzura, harimo umwuka n’ihindagurika, igihe n’ibindi byose, bigenzurwa na mudasobwa, bityo umukoresha ntagomba guhindura cyangwa ngo agire icyo ahindura.”
Boggs yagize ati: “Ukoresheje dowels, ibintu byose biguma ku murongo umwe (reba ishusho ya 4). “Umukoresha ntagomba guhangayikishwa no guhuza ibintu mu gihe ahindura ibintu. Buri gihe biba biringaniye kuko ibintu byose bifunganye mu mwanya wabyo.” Ibikoresho biba bihari gusa.”
Iyo umuntu ukoresha ashyize urupapuro ku cyuma gicapa ibikoresho, ashyiramo imashini ikoreshwa mu gukorana n’ibifunga bifite umurambararo runaka. Kuba uburebure bushya bw’ibice bikenera ibikoresho bishya by’ibice byateye ko umusaruro ugoranye mu myaka yashize.
Tekereza uruganda rufite ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukata no kunama, guhindura ibikoresho byihuse byikora, ibice bito cyangwa ndetse no gukora neza. Igice gishyirwa mu cyuma gishyirwamo ibikoresho, kandi iyo igice gikeneye ubundi bwoko bw'ibikoresho, umukoresha akomeza gukora byinshi. Urugero, bashobora gushyiramo ibice 50, bagahindura insinga, hanyuma bagashyiramo ibikoresho bishya mu myobo ikwiye.
Imashini ikoresha ibyuma ifite umuringoti ihindura aho ibintu bibera. Abakoresha ubu bashobora gushyiramo ubwoko bumwe bw'ibikoresho, bakazungurutsa umuringoti, hanyuma bagafungura agasanduku gafite amabara menshi kugira ngo gashobore gushyiramo ubundi bwoko bw'ibikoresho, byose mu buryo bumwe (reba Ishusho ya 5).
“Bitewe n'umubare w'ibice ufite, ntabwo ushobora kubura umurongo wa mudasobwa,” Van de Bor yagize ati: “Ukora igice cyose mu buryo bumwe kugira ngo udasiba intambwe n'imwe ku iherezo.”
Guhuza ibiryo by'igikombe n'umutuku ku gikoresho cyo gusohora ibikoresho bishobora gutuma ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu ishami ry'ibikoresho binini. Mu buryo busanzwe, uruganda rukora rugenzura ko ibikoresho bitangwa mu gikombe ari ibikoresho binini bisanzwe, hanyuma rugashyira ibikoresho bidakunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho bifite amabara hafi y'aho bakorera. Iyo abakoresha bafashe igice gikenera ibikoresho byinshi, batangira kugishyiramo bakumva ijwi ry'imashini (bigaragaza ko igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bishya kigeze), bazungurutsa icyuma gifungura icyuma, bareba ishusho ya 3D y'igice kiri kuri controller, hanyuma bashyiramo igice gikurikiraho cy'ibikoresho.
Tekereza urugero aho umukoresha ashyiramo igikoresho kimwe kimwe, akoresheje auto feed hanyuma agahindura icyuma gihindura icyuma uko bikenewe. Hanyuma kirahagarara nyuma y'uko igikoresho cyo hejuru gifashe icyuma cyifasha kwiyishyurira mu cyuma gihita kigwa ku kintu gikoreshwa kuri anvil. Umugenzuzi azaburira umukoresha ko ibyuma bifasha kwiyishyurira bifite uburebure butari bwo.
Nk’uko Boggs abisobanura, “Mu buryo bwo gushyiraho, gukanda buhoro buhoro kumanura slider hanyuma bigafata aho iherereye. Rero iyo ikora ku muvuduko wose kandi icyuma gikoze ku gikoresho, sisitemu igenzura ko uburebure bw'icyuma buhuye n'ibyavuzwe [[Kwihanganira] Ibipimo bitari kure y'aho bipimye, birebire cyane, cyangwa bigufi cyane, bizatera ikosa ku burebure bw'icyuma gifunga Ibi biterwa no kubona icyuma gifunga (nta vacuum mu gikoresho cyo hejuru, akenshi iterwa n'amakosa yo gutanga ibikoresho) no kugenzura no kubungabunga amadirishya ya toni (aho kuba umukozi ahindura valve intoki) birema sisitemu yizewe yo kwikora.
Boggs yagize ati: “Imashini zicapa ibikoresho zisuzuma ubwazo zishobora kuba inyungu ikomeye kuri module za roboti. Mu buryo bwikora, roboti yimura impapuro mu mwanya ukwiye hanyuma yohereza ikimenyetso ku icapiro, muri make ivuga iti 'Ndi mu mwanya ukwiye, komeza utangire icapiro.'
Imashini ikoresha ibikoresho ikomeza gusukura udupira twa anvil (dushyizwe mu myobo iri mu gikoresho cy'icyuma). Ingufu iri mu gice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma ni ibisanzwe, bivuze ko hari udupira two gufata. Ubwo buryo bwo gucapa bumaze kumenya ibi byose, bwohereje ikimenyetso kuri roboti.
Nk’uko Boggs abivuga, “Imashini ikoresha icyuma ireba ibintu byose hanyuma ikabwira robo iti 'Sawa, meze neza.' Itangira uruziga rwo gukanda, ireba niba hari ibifunga n'uburebure bwabyo bukwiye. Niba uruziga rurangiye, menya neza ko igitutu cyakoreshejwe mu gushyiramo ibikoresho ari cyo, hanyuma wohereze robo ikimenyetso cy'uko uruziga rwo gukanda rurangiye. Robot irabyakira kandi ikamenya ko byose bisukuye kandi ishobora kwimura igikoresho cyo gukora mu mwobo ukurikira.”
Ibi byose byo kugenzura imashini, byabanje gukoreshwa n'abakoresha intoki, bitanga ishingiro ryiza ryo gukomeza gukora ikoranabuhanga. Boggs na van de Boor basobanura iterambere rirambuye nko mu miterere imwe n'imwe ifasha mu gukumira impapuro gufatana ku cyuma. Boggs yagize ati: “Hari igihe ibifunga bigumana nyuma yo gukanda. Ni ikibazo gisanzwe iyo urimo gukanda ibikoresho. Iyo bifashe mu gikoresho cyo hasi, umukoresha ashobora kuzunguza gato igikoresho kugira ngo agikuremo.”
Ishusho ya 4. Bolt yo gutwara abantu ifite agapira k'ipamba. Iyo imaze gushyirwaho, shuttle ishyira ibikoresho ku gikoresho cyo hejuru, gikoresha umuvuduko w'umwuka kugira ngo ibikoresho bishobore gufatwa neza no kujyanwa aho bikorerwa. Ingufu (hepfo ibumoso) iri kuri imwe muri turrets enye.
Ikibabaje ni uko roboti zidafite ubuhanga nk'ubw'umuntu uzikoresha. “Noneho ubu hari imiterere y'imashini zikoresha imashini zifasha gukuraho ibikoresho, zigafasha gusunika ibikoresho bifunga igikoresho, bityo ntihagire ufata nyuma yo gukoresha imashini.”
Imashini zimwe na zimwe zifite uburebure butandukanye mu muhogo kugira ngo zifashe robo kuyobora igikoresho cyo gukoramo kwinjira no gusohoka mu mwanya w'akazi. Imashini zishobora kandi kuba zirimo ibikoresho bifasha robo (ndetse n'abakoresha intoki) gushyira akazi kazo mu buryo butekanye.
Amaherezo, kwizerana ni ingenzi. Robots na cobots zishobora kuba kimwe mu bisubizo, bigatuma byoroha kuzihuza. Boggs yagize ati: “Mu rwego rw’imikoranire ya robots, abacuruzi bateye intambwe ikomeye mu gutuma byoroha kuzihuza n’imashini,” kandi abakora itangazamakuru bakoze imirimo myinshi yo guteza imbere kugira ngo barebe ko hari uburyo bwiza bwo gutumanaho.”
Ariko tekiniki zo gukata kashe n'ubuhanga bwo gukorera mu iduka, harimo inkunga y'ibikoresho byo gukora, amabwiriza yumvikana neza (kandi yanditse), hamwe n'amahugurwa akwiye nabyo bigira uruhare. Boggs yongeyeho ko aracyakira amakuru yerekeye ibifunga bibura n'ibindi bibazo mu ishami ry'ibikoresho, byinshi muri byo bikorana n'imashini zizewe ariko zishaje cyane.
Izi mashini zishobora kuba zizewe, ariko gushyiraho ibikoresho si iby'abatabishoboye kandi badafite ubuhanga. Wibuke imashini yabonye uburebure butari bwo. Iri genzura ryoroshye ririnda ikosa rito guhinduka ikibazo gikomeye.
Ishusho ya 5. Iyi mashini ikoresha ibikoresho ifite akantu ko guhagarara gafite aho guhagarara n'ahantu hane. Sisitemu ifite kandi igikoresho cyihariye cyo gutwikira gifasha umukoresha kugera ahantu bigoye kugera. Aha hantu ibikoresho bishyirwa munsi gato y'umugozi w'inyuma.
Tim Heston, Umwanditsi Mukuru wa The FABRICATOR, yatangiye gukora mu nganda zikora ibyuma kuva mu 1998, atangira umwuga we mu kinyamakuru cya American Welding Society's Welding Magazine. Kuva icyo gihe, cyakomeje gutangaza inzira zose zo gukora ibyuma kuva ku gukanda, gucura no gukata kugeza ku gusya no gusiga irangi. Yinjiye muri The FABRICATOR mu Kwakira 2007.
FABRICATOR ni ikinyamakuru gikomeye muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru gikora kandi gitunganya ibyuma. Iki kinyamakuru gisohora amakuru, inkuru za tekiniki n'inkuru z'intsinzi zifasha abakora akazi kabo gukora akazi kabo neza kurushaho. FABRICATOR imaze igihe iri mu nganda kuva mu 1970.
Ubu hamwe n'uburyo bwose bwo kubona igitabo cya The FABRICATOR digital edition, byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
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Shaka uburyo bwuzuye bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya STAMPING Journal, ririmo ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibintu n'amakuru y'inganda ku isoko ry'ubukorikori bw'ibyuma.
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