Irayisi. 3. Isixhobo esinye, esityiswa ngekomityi, nesitshintsha ngokukhawuleza esigcinwe kwikhabhathi yasekhohlo silawula ukuqhelaniswa kwezixhobo kunye nokwahlulwa kwazo (siqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokubekwa kwazo ngokufanelekileyo). Ikhabhathi yasekunene ibamba ii-anvils kunye neeshuttles ezahlukeneyo.
URon Boggs, umphathi wentengiso kunye neenkonzo zeHaeger North America, uyaqhubeka nokufumana iifowuni ezifanayo ezivela kubavelisi ngexesha lokuchacha emva kobhubhane ka-2021.
“Babesoloko besixelela besithi, ‘Hee, asizifumani izibophelelo,’” utshilo uBoggs. “Kuvele ukuba oku kungenxa yengxaki yabasebenzi.” Xa iifektri ziqesha abasebenzi abatsha, babedla ngokubeka abantu abangenamava, abangenazakhono phambi koomatshini ukuze bafake izixhobo. Ngamanye amaxesha bayaphoswa zizibophelelo, ngamanye amaxesha bafaka izibophelelo ezingalunganga. Umthengi ubuya aze agqibezele useto.
Kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukufakwa kwezixhobo kubonakala ngathi kukusetyenziswa okuvuthiweyo kweerobhothi. Ekugqibeleni, isityalo sinokuba nokuzibhoboza ngokupheleleyo nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo, kuquka ii-turrets, ukususa inxalenye, mhlawumbi nokugoba kwerobhothi. Zonke ezi teknoloji ke zisebenza inxalenye enkulu yecandelo lokufakelwa ngesandla. Ucinga ngako konke oku, kutheni ungabeki irobhothi phambi komatshini ukuze ufake izixhobo?
Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, uBoggs usebenze neefektri ezininzi esebenzisa izixhobo zokufaka iirobhothi. Kutshanje, yena neqela lakhe, kuquka uHaeger oyiNjineli oyiNtloko uSander van de Bor, bebesebenza ukwenza kube lula ukudibanisa ii-cobots nenkqubo yokufakela (jonga uMfanekiso 1).
Nangona kunjalo, bobabini uBoggs noVanderBose bagxininisa ukuba ukugxila kuphela kwi-robotics ngamanye amaxesha kunokungayinaki ingxaki enkulu yokufaka izixhobo. Imisebenzi yokufaka ethembekileyo, ezenzekelayo neguquguqukayo ifuna izinto ezininzi zokwakha, kuquka ukuhambelana kwenkqubo kunye nokuguquguquka.
Indoda endala yafa ngendlela eyoyikekayo. Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa esi saci kwiimashini zoomatshini zokushicilela, kodwa sikwasebenza nakwiimashini zokushicilela ezinezixhobo zokutya ngesandla, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba zilula. Umsebenzisi ubeka izikhonkwane kunye neenxalenye kwinkxaso esezantsi ngaphambi kokuba azifake ngesandla kwimashini yokushicilela. Ucinezele i-pedal. Isixhobo sokubhoboza siyehla, siqhagamshelane nesixhobo somsebenzi kwaye senze uxinzelelo lokufaka isixhobo. Kulula kakhulu - de kubekho into engahambi kakuhle, ewe.
“Ukuba umqhubi akanikeli ngqalelo, isixhobo siya kuwa size sichukumise isixhobo somsebenzi ngaphandle kokufaka uxinzelelo,” utshilo u-van de Bor. Kutheni, yintoni kanye kanye? “Izixhobo ezindala azizange zifumane impendulo ngempazamo kwaye umqhubi wayengazi ngokwenene ngayo.” Umqhubi wayengenakukwazi ukugcina unyawo lwakhe kwiipedali kulo lonke umjikelo, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yokhuseleko yomatshini wokucinezela. “Isixhobo esiphezulu sinee-volts ezintandathu, isixhobo esisezantsi siphantsi, kwaye umatshini wokucinezela kufuneka uve umbane ngaphambi kokuba wakhe uxinzelelo.”
Ii-insert press ezindala azinazo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"tonnage window", olu luhlu loxinzelelo apho izixhobo zinokufakwa khona ngokuchanekileyo. Ii-press zanamhlanje zinokuvakalelwa kukuba olu xinzelelo luphantsi kakhulu okanye luphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ii-press ezindala azina-tonnage window, uBoggs ucacisile, abaqhubi ngamanye amaxesha balungisa uxinzelelo ngokulungelelanisa ivalvu ukulungisa ingxaki. “Ezinye zilungisa phezulu kakhulu kwaye ezinye zilungisa phantsi kakhulu,” utshilo uBoggs. “Ukulungiswa ngesandla kuvula ukuguquguquka okuninzi. Ukuba kuphantsi kakhulu, ufake i-hardware ngendlela engafanelekanga.” “Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lunokonakalisa inxalenye okanye i-fastener ngokwayo.”
“Oomatshini abadala nabo babengenazo iimitha,” wongeza u-van de Boer, “nto leyo enokubangela ukuba abaqhubi balahlekelwe zizixhobo zokubopha.”
Ukufaka izixhobo ngesandla kunokubonakala kulula, kodwa inkqubo kunzima ukuyilungisa. Okubi kakhulu kukuba, imisebenzi yezixhobo idla ngokuvela kamva kwikhonkco lexabiso, emva kokuba umsantsa ugcwalisiwe kwaye wenziwe. Iingxaki zezixhobo zinokubangela umonakalo kwi-powder coating kunye ne-assembly, rhoqo kuba umntu osebenza ngononophelo nokhutheleyo wenza iimpazamo ezincinci ezijika zibe ziintloko ezibuhlungu.
Umfanekiso 1. I-cobot ibonisa indawo ngokufaka izixhobo kwi-press, enezitya ezine kunye nee-shuttle ezine ezizimeleyo ezifaka izixhobo kwi-press. Umfanekiso: Hagrid
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, iteknoloji yokufaka izixhobo zekhompyutha izisombulule ezi ngxaki ngokuchonga nokususa ezi mithombo zokuguquguquka. Abafaki bezixhobo akufuneki babe ngumthombo weengxaki ezininzi ngenxa yokuba belahlekelwa yingqwalasela ekupheleni komsebenzi wabo.
Inyathelo lokuqala lokufakela izixhobo ngokuzenzekelayo, ukondla izitya (jonga umfanekiso 2), kususa eyona nxalenye inzima yenkqubo: ukubamba ngesandla nokubeka izixhobo kwindawo yokusebenza. Kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokuyila ephezulu, i-cup feed press ithumela izibophelelo ezantsi kwi-shuttle eyondla izixhobo kwisixhobo esiphezulu. Umsebenzisi ubeka i-workpiece kwisixhobo esisezantsi (i-anvil) aze acinezele i-pedal. I-punch yehliswa kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo lwe-vacuum ukuphakamisa izixhobo kwi-shuttle, nto leyo esondeza izixhobo kufutshane nendawo yokusebenza. I-press ifaka uxinzelelo kwaye umjikelo ugqityiwe.
Kubonakala kulula, kodwa ukuba ugrumba nzulu, ungafumana ubunzima obuncinci. Okokuqala, izixhobo kufuneka zifakwe kwindawo yokusebenza ngendlela elawulwayo. Kulapho isixhobo se-bootstrap sisebenza khona. Esi sixhobo sineenxalenye ezimbini. Esinye esizinikele ekubekeni indawo siqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo eziphuma esityeni zibekwe ngokuchanekileyo. Esinye siqinisekisa ukwahlulwahlulwa, ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokubekwa kwezixhobo ngokufanelekileyo. Ukusuka apho, izixhobo zihamba ngepayipi ukuya kwi-shuttle enika izixhobo isixhobo esiphezulu.
Nantsi ingxaki: Izixhobo zokuphakela ngokuzenzekelayo—izixhobo zokuqhelanisa nezokwahlulahlula, kunye neeshuttles—kufuneka zitshintshwe kwaye zigcinwe zisebenza kakuhle ngalo lonke ixesha xa izixhobo zitshintshwa. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zehardware zichaphazela indlela esinika ngayo amandla kwindawo yokusebenza, ngoko ke izixhobo ezithile zehardware ziyinyani kwaye azinakuyilwa ngaphandle kwe-equation.
Ekubeni umqhubi ophambi kwe-cup press engasachithi xesha eqokelela (mhlawumbi ehlisa) aze alungiselele izixhobo, ixesha eliphakathi kwezinto ezifakwayo lincitshiswa kakhulu. Kodwa ngazo zonke ezi zixhobo zehardware, isitya sokutya sikwanokongeza amandla okuguqula. Izixhobo zokuziqinisa iinati 832 azifanelekanga kwiinati 632.
Ukuze kutshintshwe isixhobo sokutya esidala esineziqwenga ezibini, umqhubi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba isixhobo sokujongisa sihambelana ngokufanelekileyo nesixhobo sokuqhekeza. “Kwakufuneka bajonge ukungcangcazela kwesitsha, ixesha lomoya kunye nokubekwa kwepayipi,” utshilo uBoggs. “Kufuneka bajonge ukulungelelaniswa kweshuttle kunye ne-vacuum. Ngamafutshane, umqhubi kufuneka ajonge ukulungelelaniswa okuninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sisebenza ngendlela efanele.”
Abaqhubi besinyithi badla ngokuba neemfuno zezixhobo ezizodwa ezinokuba ngenxa yeengxaki zokufikelela (ukufaka izixhobo kwiindawo ezixineneyo), izixhobo ezingaqhelekanga, okanye zombini. Olu hlobo lokufakela lusebenzisa isixhobo esenziwe ngokukodwa. Ngokusekelwe koku, utsho uBoggs, isixhobo esisebenza kuzo zonke izixhobo kwi-standard cup press saphuhliswa ekugqibeleni. Esi sixhobo siqulethe izinto zokuqhelanisa kunye nokukhetha (jonga uMzobo 3).
“Yenzelwe ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza,” utshilo uvan de Boer. “Zonke iiparameter zolawulo, kuquka umoya kunye nokungcangcazela, ixesha kunye nayo yonke enye into, zilawulwa yikhompyutha, ngoko ke umsebenzisi akadingi kutshintsha okanye ukulungisa.”
Ngoncedo lwee-dowels, yonke into ihlala kumgca omnye (jonga umfanekiso 4). “Umqhubi akufuneki akhathazeke ngokulungelelaniswa xa eguqula. Ihlala ilingana kuba yonke into ingena endaweni yayo,” utshilo uBoggs. “Izixhobo zisebenza nje.”
Xa umntu ebeka iphepha kwisixhobo sokucinezela sehardware, ubeka imingxuma nge-anvil eyenzelwe ukusebenza ngezibophelelo ezinobubanzi obuthile. Inyani yokuba iidayamitha ezintsha zifuna izixhobo ezintsha ze-anvil ikhokelele kwimveliso enzima kule minyaka idlulileyo.
Khawucinge ngomzi-mveliso oneteknoloji yamva nje yokusika nokugoba, utshintsho oluzenzekelayo olukhawulezayo lwezixhobo, iibhetshi ezincinci okanye nemveliso epheleleyo. Inxalenye emva koko iya kwi-hardware insert, kwaye ukuba inxalenye ifuna uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwehardware, umqhubi uyaqhubeka nokuvelisa ngobuninzi. Umzekelo, bangafaka ibhetshi yeziqwenga ezingama-50, batshintshe ii-anvils, baze bafake i-hardware entsha kwimingxunya echanekileyo.
Umatshini wokushicilela wehardware one-turret utshintsha indawo. Abaqhubi ngoku banokufaka uhlobo olunye lwezixhobo, bajikelezise i-turret, baze bavule isikhongozeli esinemibala ukuze silungele olunye uhlobo lwezixhobo, konke kuseto olunye (jonga uMfanekiso 5).
“Ngokuxhomekeke kwinani leendawo onazo, akunakwenzeka ukuba uphoswe luqhagamshelo lwehardware,” utshilo u-van de Bor. “Wenza lonke eli candelo ngokudlula kube kanye ukuze ungaphoswa nalinyathelo ekupheleni.”
Ukudityaniswa kwe-cup feed kunye ne-turret kwi-insert press kunokwenza ukuba i-kit handling ibe yinto yokwenyani kwicandelo le-hardware. Kwi-installation eqhelekileyo, umenzi uqinisekisa ukuba i-bowl feed ifumaneka kuphela kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezinkulu, aze abeke izixhobo ezingasetyenziswa rhoqo kwiikhonteyina ezinemibala kufutshane nendawo yokusebenza. Xa abaqhubi bethatha inxalenye efuna i-hardware eninzi, baqala ukuyixhuma ngokumamela isandi somatshini (esibonisa ukuba lixesha le-hardware entsha), bajikelezise i-anvil turntable, bajonge umfanekiso we-3D wenxalenye kwi-controller, baze bafake inxalenye elandelayo ye-hardware.
Khawucinge ngemeko apho umqhubi efaka isixhobo esinye ngesinye, esebenzisa i-auto feed aze ajike i-anvil turntable njengoko kufuneka. Emva koko iyayeka emva kokuba isixhobo esiphezulu sibambe i-self-feeder fastener kwi-shuttle size siwele kwindawo yokusebenza kwi-anvil. Umlawuli uya kumlumkisa umqhubi ukuba ii-fasteners zinobude obungalunganga.
Njengoko uBoggs echaza, “Kwimo yokuseta, ucinezelo luyehlisa kancinci isilayida kwaye lurekhode indawo yaso. Ngoko ke xa isebenza ngesantya esipheleleyo kwaye isixhobo sichukumisa isixhobo, inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ubude besixhobo buhambelana ne [[Tolerance] Ukulinganisa okungaphandle kobubanzi, okude kakhulu, okanye okufutshane kakhulu, kuya kubangela impazamo yobude besixhobo sokubopha Oku kungenxa yokuchongwa kwesithintelo (akukho vacuum kwisixhobo esiphezulu, okuhlala kubangelwa ziimpazamo ze-hardware feed) kunye nokubeka esweni kunye nokugcinwa kwefestile yetoni (endaweni yokuba umqhubi alungise ivalvu ngesandla) kudala inkqubo ye-automation ethembekileyo eqinisekisiweyo.
“Iimashini zokushicilela zehardware ezizixilongayo zinokuba luncedo olukhulu kwiimodyuli zerobhothi,” utshilo uBoggs. “Kwisetingi ezenzekelayo, irobhothi ihambisa iphepha kwindawo efanelekileyo ize ithumele isignali kumatshini wokushicilela, ngokuyintloko isithi, ‘Ndikwindawo elungileyo, qhubeka uqalise umatshini wokushicilela.’
I-hardware press igcina ii-anvil pins (ezifakwe kwimingxunya kwindawo yokusebenza yeshiti yesinyithi) zicocekile. I-vacuum kwi-punch ephezulu iqhelekile, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho izibophelelo. Esazi ngako konke oku, i-press ithumele isignali kwi-bot.
Njengoko uBoggs esitsho, “Umatshini wokucinezela ujonga yonke into aze athi kwirobhothi, ‘Kulungile, ndilungile.’ Uqala umjikelo wokunyathela, ejonga ukuba kukho izibophelelo kunye nobude bazo obuchanekileyo. Ukuba umjikelo ugqityiwe, qiniseka ukuba uxinzelelo olusetyenziswa ukufaka izixhobo luchanekile, uze uthumele umqondiso kwirobhothi wokuba umjikelo wokucinezela ugqityiwe. Irobhothi iyakufumana oku kwaye iyazi ukuba yonke into icocekile kwaye ingahambisa umsebenzi uye kumngxunya olandelayo.”
Zonke ezi ndlela zokuhlola oomatshini, ezazijoliswe kubasebenzi abasebenza ngesandla, zibonelela ngesiseko esilungileyo sokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo ngakumbi. UBoggs kunye novan de Boor bachaza uphuculo olongezelelekileyo olufana noyilo oluthile olunceda ukuthintela amashiti ukuba anganamatheli kwi-anvil. “Ngamanye amaxesha izibophelelo zinamathela emva komjikelo wokunyathela,” utshilo uBoggs. “Yingxaki engaphakathi xa ucinezela izinto. Xa zibambeka kwisixhobo esisezantsi, umsebenzisi unokujika kancinci isiqwenga somsebenzi ukuze asikhuphe.”
Umfanekiso 4. Ibhalti yeshuttle enephini yedowel. Nje ukuba isetyenzisiwe, ishuttle inika izixhobo kwisixhobo esiphezulu, esisebenzisa uxinzelelo lwe-vacuum ukuze izixhobo zikwazi ukuqiniswa kwaye zithuthwe ziye kwindawo yokusebenza. I-anvil (ezantsi ngasekhohlo) ikwindawo enye yee-turrets ezine.
Ngelishwa, iirobhothi azinazo izakhono zomsebenzi womntu. “Ngoku kukho uyilo lwepress olunceda ukususa izinto zokusebenza, luncede ekutyhaleni izibophelelo ngaphandle kwesixhobo, ukuze kungabikho kunamathela emva komjikelo wepress.”
Ezinye iimatshini zinobunzulu obahlukeneyo bomqala ukunceda irobhothi ilawule umsebenzi wayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza. Iipress zingabandakanya nezixhasi ezinceda iirobhothi (kunye nabaqhubi bezandla, nokuba kunjalo) ukuba zibeke imisebenzi yazo ngokukhuselekileyo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuthembeka kubalulekile. Iirobhothi kunye nee-cobot zinokuba yinxalenye yempendulo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzidibanisa. “Kwicandelo leerobhothi ezisebenzisanayo, abathengisi benze inkqubela enkulu ekwenzeni kube lula kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuzidibanisa noomatshini,” utshilo uBoggs, “kwaye abavelisi beendaba benze umsebenzi omninzi wophuhliso ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho inkqubo yonxibelelwano efanelekileyo.”
Kodwa iindlela zokustampa kunye neendlela zokusebenzela, kubandakanya inkxaso yomsebenzi, imiyalelo yokusebenza ecacileyo (nebhaliweyo), kunye noqeqesho olufanelekileyo nazo zidlala indima. UBoggs wongeze ngelithi usafumana iifowuni malunga neefasteners ezingekhoyo kunye nezinye iingxaki kwicandelo lezixhobo zekhompyutha, uninzi lwazo ezisebenza ngoomatshini abathembekileyo kodwa abadala kakhulu.
Ezi matshini zinokuthembeka, kodwa ukufakwa kwezixhobo akukokwabo bangenazakhono nabangengobasebenzi. Khumbula umatshini ofumene ubude obungalunganga. Olu vavanyo lulula luthintela impazamo encinci ekubeni yingxaki enkulu.
Umfanekiso 5. Le hardware press ine-turntable ene-stop kunye nezitishi ezine. Le nkqubo ikwanaso nesixhobo esikhethekileyo se-anvil esinceda umqhubi ukuba afikelele kwiindawo ezinzima ukufikelela kuzo. Apha izixhobo zifakwa ngaphantsi kweflange yangasemva.
UTim Heston, uMhleli oyiNtloko we-FABRICATOR, ebekwishishini lokwenziwa kwesinyithi ukusukela ngo-1998, eqala umsebenzi wakhe kwi-American Welding Society's Welding Magazine. Ukususela ngoko, iye yagubungela zonke iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwesinyithi ukusuka ekunyatheleni, ekugobeni nasekusikeni ukuya ekugayeni nasekupolisheni. Wajoyina i-FABRICATOR ngo-Okthobha ka-2007.
I-FABRICATOR yimagazini ephambili yokwenziwa nokwakhiwa kwentsimbi eMntla Melika. Le magazini ipapasha iindaba, amanqaku obuchwephesha kunye namabali empumelelo avumela abavelisi ukuba benze umsebenzi wabo ngokufanelekileyo. I-FABRICATOR ibikho kushishino ukusukela ngo-1970.
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