Shinkafa3. Kayan aiki guda ɗaya, ƙoƙon abinci, kayan aiki mai saurin canzawa da aka adana a cikin madaidaicin madaidaicin kayan aiki da rabuwa (yana tabbatar da daidaitawar kayan aiki da daidaitawa).Majalissar da ta dace tana riƙe da magudanar ruwa da jirage iri-iri.
Ron Boggs, tallace-tallace da manajan sabis na Haeger Arewacin Amurka, ya ci gaba da karɓar irin wannan kira daga masana'antun yayin murmurewa daga cutar ta 2021.
Boggs ya ce: "Sun ci gaba da gaya mana, 'Hey, mun rasa kayan ɗamara.'"Ya bayyana cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda matsalar ma'aikata."Lokacin da masana'antu suka dauki sabbin ma'aikata, sukan sanya mutane marasa kwarewa, marasa kwarewa a gaban inji don saka kayan aiki.Wani lokaci sukan rasa ƙugiya, wani lokacin kuma suna saka ƙullun da ba daidai ba.Abokin ciniki ya dawo kuma ya kammala saitunan.
A babban matakin, shigar da kayan masarufi ya bayyana a matsayin balagagge aikace-aikacen mutum-mutumi.A ƙarshe, tsire-tsire na iya samun cikakken naushi da ƙirƙira ta atomatik, gami da turrets, cirewar sashi, da wataƙila ma lankwasa mutum-mutumi.Duk waɗannan fasahohin suna aiki da babban ɓangaren ɓangaren shigarwa na hannu.Tare da wannan duka, me yasa ba za a saka robot a gaban na'ura don shigar da kayan aiki ba?
A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, Boggs ya yi aiki tare da masana'antu da yawa ta amfani da kayan saka mutum-mutumi.Kwanan nan, shi da tawagarsa, ciki har da Haeger Chief Engineer Sander van de Bor, suna aiki don sauƙaƙe haɗawa da cobots tare da tsarin shigarwa (duba Hoto 1).
Duk da haka, duka Boggs da VanderBose sun jaddada cewa mayar da hankali kawai akan na'urar na'ura na iya yin watsi da babbar matsalar saka kayan aiki.Dogara, mai sarrafa kansa da sassauƙan ayyukan shigarwa yana buƙatar tubalan gini da yawa, gami da daidaiton tsari da sassauci.
Dattijon ya mutu da mugun nufi.Mutane da yawa suna amfani da wannan karin magana ga injin buga naushi, amma kuma ya shafi matsi da kayan abinci na hannu, musamman saboda saukin sa.Mai aiki yana sanya masu ɗaure da sassa akan goyan bayan ƙasa kafin saka su da hannu cikin latsawa.Ya danna feda.Mai sokin ya sauko, yana tuntuɓar kayan aikin kuma yana haifar da matsa lamba don saka kayan aiki.Yana da sauƙi mai sauƙi - har sai wani abu ya yi kuskure, ba shakka.
"Idan ma'aikacin ba ya kula da hankali, kayan aiki zai fadi kuma ya taɓa kayan aiki ba tare da yin amfani da matsa lamba ba," in ji van de Bor.Me yasa, menene ainihin?"Tsoffin kayan aikin ba su da ra'ayi bisa kuskure kuma ma'aikacin bai san ainihin hakan ba."Ma'aikacin ba zai iya ci gaba da kafa ƙafarsa a kan ƙafar ƙafa ba a duk lokacin zagayowar, wanda, bi da bi, zai iya haifar da aiki na tsarin tsaro na jarida."Kayan aiki na sama yana da volts shida, kayan aikin ƙasa yana ƙasa, kuma dole ne 'yan jaridu su ji motsin motsi kafin su iya haɓaka matsa lamba."
Tsofaffin matsin matsi kuma sun rasa abin da ake kira "taga tonnage", wanda shine kewayon matsi wanda za'a iya shigar da kayan aiki daidai.Matsakaicin zamani na iya jin cewa wannan matsi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma ya yi yawa.Saboda tsofaffin maɓallan ba su da taga mai ton, Boggs ya bayyana, masu aiki a wasu lokuta suna daidaita matsa lamba ta hanyar daidaita bawul don gyara matsalar."Wasu waƙoƙin sun yi tsayi da yawa wasu kuma sun yi ƙasa da ƙasa," in ji Boggs.“gyara da hannu yana buɗewa da yawa iri-iri.Idan ya yi ƙasa sosai, kun shigar da kayan aikin ba daidai ba.”"Matsi da yawa na iya lalata sashin ko abin ɗamara da kanta."
Van de Boer ya kara da cewa, "Tsofaffin injuna kuma ba su da mitoci, wadanda za su iya sa masu aiki su rasa na'urori."
Saka kayan masarufi da hannu na iya zama da sauƙi, amma tsarin yana da wuyar gyarawa.Don yin muni, ayyukan hardware sukan faru daga baya a cikin sarkar darajar, bayan an cika rata kuma an kafa shi.Matsalolin kayan aiki na iya haifar da ɓarna a kan rufin foda da haɗuwa, sau da yawa saboda mai aiki da hankali da himma yana yin ƙananan kurakurai waɗanda suka juya zuwa ciwon kai.
Hoto 1. Cobot yana nuna sashin ta hanyar shigar da kayan aiki a cikin latsa, wanda ke da kwano guda hudu da na'urori masu zaman kansu guda hudu waɗanda ke ciyar da kayan aiki a cikin latsa.Hoto: Hagrid
A cikin shekaru da yawa, fasahar shigar da kayan aiki ta magance waɗannan ciwon kai ta hanyar ganowa da kawar da waɗannan tushen sauye-sauye.Masu shigar da kayan aiki bai kamata su zama tushen matsalolin da yawa ba kawai saboda sun rasa ɗan mai da hankali a ƙarshen canjin su.
Mataki na farko a cikin sarrafa kayan aiki mai dacewa, ciyar da kwanon (duba siffa 2), yana kawar da mafi ƙarancin ɓangaren tsari: kamawa da hannu da sanya kayan aiki akan kayan aikin.A cikin tsarin ciyarwa na sama na gargajiya, latsawar ciyarwar kofi tana aika masu ɗaure zuwa mashin da ke ciyar da kayan aikin zuwa saman kayan aiki.Mai aiki yana sanya kayan aiki a kan ƙananan kayan aiki (maƙarƙashiya) kuma yana danna feda.Ana saukar da naushi ta amfani da matsa lamba don ɗaga kayan aikin daga cikin jirgin, yana kawo kayan aikin kusa da kayan aikin.Latsa yana amfani da matsa lamba kuma an gama zagayowar.
Ga alama mai sauƙi, amma idan kun zurfafa zurfafa, za ku iya samun wasu rikitattun dabaru.Na farko, dole ne a ciyar da kayan aiki a cikin wurin aiki a cikin hanyar sarrafawa.Wannan shine inda kayan aikin bootstrap ke shiga cikin wasa.Kayan aiki ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu.Ɗayan da aka keɓe don matsayi yana tabbatar da cewa kayan aikin da ke fitowa daga cikin kwano an sanya su daidai.Sauran yana tabbatar da rarrabuwa mai kyau, daidaitawa da sanya kayan aiki.Daga can, kayan aiki suna tafiya ta cikin bututu zuwa jirgin da ke ciyar da kayan aiki zuwa kayan aiki na sama.
Anan ga rikitarwa: Kayan aikin ciyarwa ta atomatik-daidaitawa da kayan aikin rarrabawa, da shuttles — suna buƙatar maye gurbinsu da kiyaye su cikin tsarin aiki duk lokacin da aka canza kayan aikin.Hanyoyi daban-daban na kayan aiki suna shafar yadda yake ba da wutar lantarki zuwa wurin aiki, don haka takamaiman kayan aikin kayan aikin gaskiya ne kuma ba za a iya ƙirƙira su daga lissafin ba.
Tunda mai aiki da ke gaban danna kofin baya ɓata lokaci yana ɗauka (yiwuwar ragewa) da saita kayan aiki, lokacin da ake sakawa yana raguwa sosai.Amma tare da duk waɗannan ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin hardware, kwanon abinci kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin juzu'i.Kayan aikin goro 832 ba su dace da goro 632 ba.
Don maye gurbin tsohuwar ciyarwar kwanon guda biyu, mai aiki dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kayan aikin daidaitawa sun daidaita daidai da kayan aikin tsaga."Dole ne su kuma duba girgizar kwano, lokacin iska da kuma sanya bututu," in ji Boggs."Dole ne su duba jigilar jirgin da kuma daidaitawar injin.A takaice dai, ma'aikacin dole ne ya duba jeri da yawa don tabbatar da cewa kayan aikin yana aiki yadda ya kamata."
Ma'aikatan ƙarfe na takarda galibi suna da buƙatun kayan aiki na musamman waɗanda ƙila saboda samun matsala (saka kayan aiki cikin matsatsun wurare), kayan aikin da ba a saba gani ba, ko duka biyun.Irin wannan shigarwa yana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman da aka tsara.Bisa ga wannan, in ji Boggs, an samar da kayan aiki na gaba ɗaya don madaidaicin buga kofin.Kayan aiki ya ƙunshi daidaitawa da abubuwan zaɓi (duba siffa 3).
Van de Boer ya ce: "An ƙera shi don saurin canji.""Duk sigogin sarrafawa, gami da iska da rawar jiki, lokaci da komai, kwamfutar ke sarrafa su, don haka ma'aikacin baya buƙatar yin wani canji ko gyara."
Tare da taimakon dowels, komai yana tsayawa a layi ɗaya (duba siffa 4).“Ma’aikacin ba lallai bane ya damu da daidaitawa lokacin juyawa.Koyaushe yana fitowa saboda komai yana kullewa, ”in ji Boggs."Kayan aikin kawai an kulle su."
Lokacin da ma'aikaci ya sanya takarda akan maballin kayan aiki, suna jera ramukan tare da maƙarƙashiya da aka ƙera don yin aiki tare da maɗaurin wani diamita.Gaskiyar cewa sabon diamita yana buƙatar sabbin kayan aikin anvil ya haifar da wasu matsaloli masu yawa a cikin shekaru.
Ka yi tunanin masana'anta tare da sabuwar fasahar yankewa da lankwasawa, canjin kayan aiki mai sauri ta atomatik, ƙananan batches ko ma cikakken samarwa.Sa'an nan kuma sashin ya shiga cikin abin da aka saka, kuma idan sashin yana buƙatar nau'in kayan aiki daban, ma'aikacin ya ci gaba zuwa samarwa da yawa.Alal misali, za su iya saka batch na guda 50, su canza maƙarƙashiya, sa'an nan kuma saka sabon kayan aiki a cikin daidaitattun ramukan.
Latsa kayan aiki tare da turret yana canza wurin.Masu aiki yanzu za su iya saka nau'in kayan aiki guda ɗaya, su juya turret, su buɗe akwati mai launi don ɗaukar wani nau'in kayan aiki, duk a cikin saiti ɗaya (duba Hoto 5).
"Ya danganta da adadin sassan da kuke da shi, ba za ku iya rasa haɗin haɗin hardware ba," in ji van de Bor."Kuna yin duka sashe a cikin wucewa ɗaya don kada ku rasa mataki a ƙarshen."
Haɗin abincin kofi da turret akan latsawa na sakawa na iya sa sarrafa kit ɗin ya zama gaskiya a sashin kayan masarufi.A cikin shigarwa na yau da kullun, masana'anta suna tabbatar da cewa samar da kwanon ya keɓanta ga manyan kayan aiki na yau da kullun, sannan ya sanya kayan aikin da ba a saba amfani da su akai-akai a cikin kwantena masu launi kusa da wurin aiki.Lokacin da masu aiki suka ɗauki sashin da ke buƙatar kayan aiki da yawa, suna fara toshe shi ta hanyar sauraron ƙarar injin (yana nuna lokacin sabon kayan masarufi ne), suna jujjuya magudanar ruwa, kallon hoton 3D na sashin akan naúrar, sannan a saka sashin hardware na gaba.
Ka yi tunanin yanayin da ma'aikaci ke saka kayan aiki ɗaya bayan ɗaya, ta amfani da abinci ta atomatik kuma yana jujjuya majiya kamar yadda ake buƙata.Daga nan ya tsaya bayan babban kayan aiki ya kama abin ɗamara mai ciyar da kai daga mashin kuma ya faɗo kan kayan aiki akan maƙarƙashiya.Mai sarrafawa zai gargadi ma'aikacin cewa na'urorin haɗi ba daidai ba ne.
Kamar yadda Boggs ya bayyana, “A cikin yanayin saiti, latsa sannu a hankali yana saukar da faifai kuma yana rikodin matsayinsa.Don haka lokacin da yake gudana da cikakken sauri kuma na'urar ta taɓa kayan aiki, tsarin yana tabbatar da cewa tsayin na'urar ya dace da ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ma'auni, tsayi da yawa, ko gajere, zai haifar da kuskuren tsayin fastener Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ganowar fastener (babu injin a saman kayan aiki, yawanci yakan haifar da kurakuran kayan masarufi) da tonnage daidaitawa ta hanyar sa ido da kuma kiyayewa ta atomatik a cikin injin sarrafa kayan aiki.
Boggs ya ce "Tsarin kayan aiki tare da tantance kansa na iya zama babbar fa'ida ga na'urori na robotic," in ji Boggs."A cikin saitin atomatik, mutum-mutumi yana motsa takarda zuwa matsayi mai kyau kuma ya aika da sigina ga manema labaru, da gaske yana cewa, 'Ina cikin matsayi mai kyau, ci gaba da fara latsawa.'
Latsa kayan aiki yana kiyaye fil ɗin maƙarƙashiya (wanda aka shigar a cikin ramuka a cikin kayan aikin ƙarfe) mai tsabta.Wurin da ke cikin naushi na sama al'ada ne, wanda ke nufin akwai masu ɗaure.Sanin duk wannan, latsa ya aika da sigina zuwa bot.
Kamar yadda Boggs ya ce, "Na'urar latsawa tana kallon komai kuma ta ce wa mutum-mutumin, 'Ok, Ina lafiya.'Yana fara zagayowar hatimi, yana duba kasancewar masu ɗaure da madaidaicin tsayin su.Idan sake zagayowar ya cika, tabbatar da matsa lamba da aka yi amfani da shi don saka kayan aikin daidai ne, sannan aika sigina zuwa robot cewa zagayowar latsa ya cika.Mutum-mutumi yana karɓar wannan kuma ya san komai yana da tsabta kuma yana iya motsa kayan aiki zuwa rami na gaba.”
Duk waɗannan gwaje-gwajen na'ura, waɗanda aka yi niyya da farko don masu aiki da hannu, suna ba da ingantaccen tushe don ƙarin aiki da kai.Boggs da van de Boor sun bayyana ƙarin haɓakawa kamar wasu ƙira waɗanda ke taimakawa hana zanen gado daga mannewa ga macijiya.Boggs ya ce "Wani lokaci na'urori suna tsayawa bayan zagayowar tambari."“Matsala ce ta asali lokacin da kuke matsawa kayan aiki.Lokacin da ya makale a cikin kayan aiki na ƙasa, ma'aikacin yawanci yana iya jujjuya aikin kaɗan don fitar da shi."
Hoto 4. Kullin jirgin sama tare da fil ɗin dowel.Da zarar an kafa shi, jirgin yana ciyar da kayan aiki zuwa kayan aiki na sama, wanda ke amfani da matsa lamba don a iya adana kayan aikin da kuma kai shi zuwa kayan aiki.Anvil (a ƙasa hagu) yana kan ɗaya daga cikin tururuwa huɗu.
Abin takaici, mutum-mutumi ba su da ƙwarewar ma'aikacin ɗan adam."Don haka yanzu akwai zane-zanen latsawa waɗanda ke taimakawa cire kayan aiki, suna taimakawa fitar da kayan aiki daga kayan aiki, don haka babu wani abin da zai tsaya bayan zagayowar manema labarai."
Wasu injuna suna da zurfin makogwaro daban-daban don taimakawa mutum-mutumi ya motsa kayan aiki a ciki da wajen wurin aiki.Har ila yau, latsa na iya haɗawa da goyan bayan da ke taimakawa robots (da masu aiki da hannu, don wannan al'amari) amintaccen sanya ayyukansu.
A ƙarshe, dogara shine mabuɗin.Robots da cobots na iya zama wani ɓangare na amsar, yana sauƙaƙa haɗa su.Boggs ya ce, "A fagen hada-hadar mutum-mutumi, masu sayar da kayayyaki sun samu ci gaba sosai wajen ganin sun hada su da injuna cikin sauki kamar yadda ya kamata, kuma masana'antun jaridu sun yi ayyukan ci gaba da yawa don tabbatar da cewa an samar da ingantacciyar ka'idar sadarwa."
Amma fasahohin hatimi da dabarun bita, gami da tallafin kayan aiki, bayyanannun umarnin aiki (da rubuce-rubuce), da ingantaccen horo suma suna taka rawa.Boggs ya kara da cewa har yanzu yana samun kiraye-kiraye game da batan na'urori da sauran matsalolin da ke cikin sashen kayan masarufi, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu ke aiki da injuna masu inganci amma tsofaffi.
Waɗannan injunan na iya zama abin dogaro, amma shigar da kayan aikin ba don marasa ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa ba ne.Tuna injin ɗin da ya sami tsayin kuskure.Wannan bincike mai sauƙi yana hana ƙaramin kuskure ya zama babban matsala.
Hoto 5. Wannan kayan aikin latsawa yana da na'ura mai juyayi tare da tasha da tashoshi hudu.Hakanan tsarin yana da kayan aiki na ƙugiya na musamman wanda ke taimaka wa ma'aikaci don isa wuraren da ke da wuyar isa.Anan an saka kayan aikin a ƙasan flange na baya.
Tim Heston, Babban Editan FABRICATOR, ya kasance a cikin masana'antar kera karafa tun 1998, ya fara aikinsa da Mujallar Welding Society ta Amurka.Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya rufe duk matakan ƙirƙira ƙarfe daga tambari, lanƙwasa da yanke zuwa niƙa da gogewa.Ya shiga FABRICATOR a watan Oktoba 2007.
FABRICATOR ita ce kan gaba wajen kera karfe da mujalla ta Arewacin Amurka.Mujallar tana buga labarai, labaran fasaha da labarun nasara waɗanda ke ba masana'antun damar yin aikinsu yadda ya kamata.FABRICATOR yana cikin masana'antar tun 1970.
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