Mpunga. 3. Chida chimodzi, chophikidwa ndi kapu, chosinthira mwachangu chomwe chimasungidwa mu kabati yakumanzere chimayang'anira momwe zida zimayendera komanso kulekanitsa (chimatsimikizira kuti zida zikugwirizana bwino ndi malo ake). Kabati yakumanja imakhala ndi ma anvil ndi ma shuttle osiyanasiyana.
Ron Boggs, woyang'anira malonda ndi ntchito ku Haeger North America, akupitilizabe kulandira mafoni ofanana ndi omwewa kuchokera kwa opanga panthawi yomwe akuchira ku mliri wa 2021.
“Anapitiriza kutiuza kuti, ‘Hei, tikusowa zomangira,’” anatero Boggs. “Zikuoneka kuti izi zinachitika chifukwa cha vuto la antchito.” Mafakitale akalemba ntchito antchito atsopano, nthawi zambiri ankaika anthu osadziwa zambiri komanso osadziwa ntchito patsogolo pa makina kuti aike zida. Nthawi zina amaphonya zomangira, nthawi zina amaika zomangira zolakwika. Kasitomala amabwerera ndikumaliza kukonza zinthu.
Pamlingo wapamwamba, kuyika zida zamakina kumawoneka ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano kwa roboti. Pomaliza pake, chomera chingakhale ndi makina obowola ndi kupanga okha, kuphatikizapo ma turrets, kuchotsa mbali, komanso mwina kupindika kwa roboti. Ukadaulo wonsewu umathandiza gawo lalikulu la gawo loyika pamanja. Poganizira zonsezi, bwanji osayika loboti patsogolo pa makina kuti ayike zida?
Kwa zaka 20 zapitazi, Boggs wagwira ntchito ndi mafakitale ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoikira ma robotic. Posachedwapa, iye ndi gulu lake, kuphatikizapo Haeger Chief Engineer Sander van de Bor, akhala akugwira ntchito kuti zikhale zosavuta kuphatikiza ma cobot ndi njira yoikira (onani Chithunzi 1).
Komabe, Boggs ndi VanderBose onse akugogomezera kuti kuyang'ana kwambiri pa robotics nthawi zina kungalepheretse vuto lalikulu loyika zida. Ntchito zokhazikika, zokhazikika komanso zosinthasintha zimafuna zinthu zambiri zomangira, kuphatikizapo kusinthasintha kwa njira ndi kusinthasintha.
Munthu wachikulireyo anamwalira moyipa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mwambiwu pogwiritsira ntchito makina osindikizira, koma umagwiranso ntchito posindikizira pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodyetsa ndi manja, makamaka chifukwa cha kusavuta kwake. Wogwiritsa ntchito amaika zomangira ndi zigawo pansi asanaziike pamanja mu makina osindikizira. Anakanikiza pedal. Choboola chimatsika, chimagwira ntchito yogwirira ntchito ndipo chimapangitsa kuti chipangizocho chizimitse. N'zosavuta - mpaka china chake chitalakwika, ndithudi.
“Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito sakusamala, chidacho chidzagwa ndi kukhudza chogwirira ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu,” anatero van de Bor. Chifukwa chiyani kwenikweni? “Zida zakale sizinachite bwino ndipo wogwiritsa ntchitoyo sanadziwe bwino za izi.” Wogwiritsa ntchitoyo sakanatha kupitirira mapazi ake pa nthawi yonseyi, zomwe zingayambitse kugwira ntchito kwa chitetezo cha makina osindikizira. “Chida chapamwamba chili ndi ma volt asanu ndi limodzi, chida chapansi chimakhala pansi, ndipo makina osindikizira ayenera kuzindikira mphamvu yamagetsi asanayambe kupanikizika.”
Makina akale osindikizira opanda mphamvu alibenso chomwe chimatchedwa "windo la tonnage", lomwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zida zitha kuyikidwamo moyenera. Makina amakono osindikizira angaganize kuti kuthamanga kumeneku ndi kotsika kwambiri kapena kokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa makina akale osindikizira alibe zenera la tonnage, Boggs anafotokoza, nthawi zina ogwiritsa ntchito amakonza kuthamanga mwa kusintha valavu kuti akonze vutoli. "Makina ena amasinthasintha kwambiri ndipo ena amasinthasintha kwambiri," adatero Boggs. "Kusintha pamanja kumatsegula njira zambiri zosinthira. Ngati ndi otsika kwambiri, mwayika hardware molakwika." "Kupanikizika kwambiri kumatha kusokoneza gawo kapena chomangira chokha."
“Makina akale nawonso analibe ma mita,” akuwonjezera van de Boer, “zomwe zingapangitse kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ataye zomangira.”
Kuyika zida pamanja kungawoneke ngati kosavuta, koma njirayo ndi yovuta kukonza. Choyipa kwambiri n'chakuti, ntchito za zida nthawi zambiri zimachitika pambuyo pake mu unyolo wamtengo wapatali, pambuyo poti mpata wadzaza ndi kupangidwa. Mavuto a zida amatha kuwononga utoto ndi kusonkhanitsa ufa, nthawi zambiri chifukwa wogwiritsa ntchito mosamala komanso mwakhama amapanga zolakwika zazing'ono zomwe zimapangitsa mutu kukhala wovuta.
Chithunzi 1. Chipolopolo chikuwonetsa gawolo poika zida mu makina osindikizira, omwe ali ndi mbale zinayi ndi ma shuttle anayi odziyimira pawokha omwe amapatsa zidazo mu makina osindikizira. Chithunzi: Hagrid
Kwa zaka zambiri, ukadaulo woika zida zamakina wathetsa mavutowa mwa kuzindikira ndikuchotsa magwero osinthasintha awa. Okhazikitsa zida sayenera kukhala gwero la mavuto ambiri chifukwa chosowa chidwi kumapeto kwa ntchito yawo.
Gawo loyamba pokhazikitsa zolumikizira zokha, kudyetsa mbale (onani chithunzi 2), limachotsa gawo lotopetsa kwambiri la ndondomekoyi: kugwira ndi kuyika zolumikizira pamanja pa chogwirira ntchito. Mu kasinthidwe kachikhalidwe ka chakudya chapamwamba, chosindikizira cha kapu chimatumiza zomangira pansi ku shuttle yomwe imapatsa zida ku chida chapamwamba. Wogwiritsa ntchito amaika chogwirira ntchito pa chida chapansi (anvil) ndikukanikiza pedal. Kubowola kumatsitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito vacuum pressure kuti atulutse zida kuchokera mu shuttle, ndikubweretsa zida pafupi ndi chogwirira ntchito. Chosindikizira chimayika mphamvu ndipo kuzungulira kumatha.
Zikuoneka zosavuta, koma ngati mufufuza mozama, mutha kupeza zovuta zina zosaoneka bwino. Choyamba, zida ziyenera kulowetsedwa m'malo ogwirira ntchito mowongoka. Apa ndi pomwe chida chogwirira ntchito chimagwira ntchito. Chidachi chimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri. Chimodzi chodzipereka pakuyika chimatsimikizira kuti zida zomwe zimatuluka m'mbale zayikidwa bwino. China chimatsimikizira kugawidwa bwino, kulinganizidwa bwino, ndi kuyikidwa bwino kwa zida. Kuchokera pamenepo, zidazo zimadutsa mu chitoliro kupita ku sitima yonyamula katundu yomwe imapatsa zidazo zidazo ku chida chapamwamba.
Vuto ndi ili: Zida zodziyimira zokha—zowongolera ndi kugawa, ndi ma shuttle—zimafunika kusinthidwa ndi kusamalidwa bwino nthawi iliyonse zipangizo zikasinthidwa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zimakhudza momwe zimaperekera mphamvu kumalo ogwirira ntchito, kotero zida zenizeni za zida ndi zenizeni ndipo sizingapangidwe mopanda dongosolo.
Popeza wogwiritsa ntchito patsogolo pa chosindikizira chikho sagwiritsanso ntchito nthawi yotola (mwina kutsitsa) ndikukhazikitsa zida, nthawi pakati pa zoyikapo imachepetsedwa kwambiri. Koma ndi zida zonsezi za hardware, mbale yodyetsera imawonjezeranso mphamvu zosinthira. Zida zodzimangira zokha mtedza 832 sizoyenera mtedza 632.
Kuti asinthe chophikira mbale chakale chokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti chida chowongolera chikugwirizana bwino ndi chida chogawanika. "Anayeneranso kuyang'ana kugwedezeka kwa mbale, nthawi ya mpweya komanso malo oyika payipi," adatero Boggs. "Ayenera kuyang'ana kulumikizana kwa shuttle ndi vacuum. Mwachidule, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuyang'ana kulumikizana kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti chidacho chikugwira ntchito momwe chiyenera kukhalira."
Ogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zofunikira zapadera pazida zomwe zingakhale chifukwa cha mavuto olowera (kuyika zida m'malo opapatiza), zida zachilendo, kapena zonse ziwiri. Mtundu uwu wa kukhazikitsa umagwiritsa ntchito chida chimodzi chopangidwa mwapadera. Kutengera izi, akutero Boggs, chida chogwiritsira ntchito zonse mu chimodzi cha makina osindikizira makapu wamba pamapeto pake chinapangidwa. Chidachi chili ndi zinthu zowongolera ndi kusankha (onani Chithunzi 3).
“Yapangidwa kuti isinthe zinthu mwachangu,” akutero van de Boer. “Magawo onse owongolera, kuphatikizapo mpweya ndi kugwedezeka, nthawi ndi zina zonse, amayendetsedwa ndi kompyuta, kotero wogwiritsa ntchito safunika kusintha kapena kusintha chilichonse.”
Mothandizidwa ndi ma dowel, chilichonse chimakhala pamzere umodzi (onani chithunzi 4). "Wogwiritsa ntchito safunika kuda nkhawa ndi kulinganiza akamasintha. Nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana chifukwa chilichonse chimakhazikika pamalo ake," adatero Boggs. "Zida zimangowonongeka."
Wogwiritsa ntchito akaika pepala pa chosindikizira cha hardware, amaika mabowowo ndi chogwirira ntchito chopangidwa kuti chigwire ntchito ndi zomangira za mainchesi enaake. Chowonadi chakuti mainchesi atsopano amafuna zida zatsopano za chogwirira ntchito chapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kupanga zinthu zambiri kwa zaka zambiri.
Tangoganizirani fakitale yokhala ndi ukadaulo waposachedwa wodula ndi kupinda, kusintha zida mwachangu, magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena kupanga kwathunthu. Gawolo limayikidwa mu hardware insert, ndipo ngati gawolo likufuna mtundu wina wa hardware, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amapitiliza kupanga zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kuyika gulu la zidutswa 50, kusintha ma anvil, kenako kuyika zida zatsopano m'mabowo oyenera.
Makina osindikizira a hardware okhala ndi turret amasintha malo. Ogwiritsa ntchito tsopano amatha kuyika mtundu umodzi wa zida, kuzungulira turret, ndikutsegula chidebe chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti chigwirizane ndi mtundu wina wa zida, zonse mu dongosolo limodzi (onani Chithunzi 5).
“Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe muli nazo, nthawi zambiri simungaphonye kulumikizana kwa hardware,” anatero van de Bor. “Mumachita gawo lonselo kamodzi kuti musaphonye sitepe kumapeto.”
Kuphatikiza kwa chakudya cha chikho ndi turret pa makina osindikizira kungapangitse kuti zida zogwirira ntchito zikhale zenizeni mu dipatimenti ya zida. Pakuyika kwachizolowezi, wopanga amaonetsetsa kuti mbaleyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zazikulu zokha, kenako amaika zida zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'mabotolo okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana pafupi ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Ogwiritsa ntchito akatenga gawo lomwe limafuna zida zambiri, amayamba kulilumikiza mwa kumvetsera kulira kwa makinawo (kusonyeza kuti nthawi yakwana ya zida zatsopano), kuzungulira turntable ya anvil, kuwona chithunzi cha 3D cha gawolo pa chowongolera, kenako ndikuyika gawo lotsatira la zida.
Tangoganizirani za chochitika chomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amaika chipangizo chimodzi chimodzi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodzipangira yokha ndikutembenuza turntable ya anvil ngati pakufunika. Kenako imayima chida chapamwamba chikagwira chomangira chodzipangira chokha kuchokera ku shuttle ndikugwera pa workpiece pa anvil. Wowongolerayo adzachenjeza wogwiritsa ntchitoyo kuti zomangirazo ndi zazitali zolakwika.
Monga momwe Boggs akufotokozera, "Mu njira yokhazikitsira, makina osindikizira amatsitsa pang'onopang'ono chotsetsereka ndikulemba malo ake. Chifukwa chake chikagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri ndipo chogwiriracho chikakhudza chida, makinawo amaonetsetsa kuti kutalika kwa chogwiriracho kukugwirizana ndi [[Kulekerera] Miyeso yomwe yatchulidwa kutali, yayitali kwambiri, kapena yayifupi kwambiri, imayambitsa cholakwika cha kutalika kwa chogwirira Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuzindikira chogwirira (palibe vacuum mu chida chapamwamba, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zolakwika za hardware feed) ndi kuyang'anira ndi kukonza mawindo a tonnage (m'malo mwa woyendetsa kukonza valavu pamanja) amapanga makina odalirika odziyimira okha.
“Makina osindikizira a hardware omwe amadziyesa okha akhoza kukhala phindu lalikulu pa ma module a robotic,” anatero Boggs. “Mu makina okhazikika okha, loboti imasuntha pepalalo pamalo oyenera ndikutumiza chizindikiro kwa atolankhani, makamaka ponena kuti, ‘Ndili pamalo oyenera, pitirizani ndikuyamba kusindikiza.’
Makina osindikizira a hardware amasunga mapini a anvil (omwe amaikidwa m'mabowo mu sheet metal workpiece) oyera. Vacuum yomwe ili pamwamba pa punch ndi yachibadwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali zomangira. Podziwa zonsezi, makinawo adatumiza chizindikiro ku bot.
Monga momwe Boggs akunenera, “Makina osindikizira amayang'ana chilichonse ndipo amauza loboti kuti, ‘Chabwino, ndili bwino.’ Imayamba kuzungulira kosindikiza, kuyang'ana ngati pali zomangira ndi kutalika kwake kolondola. Ngati kuzungulirako kwatha, onetsetsani kuti mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika zidazo ndi yolondola, kenako tumizani chizindikiro kwa loboti kuti kuzungulira kosindikiza kwatha. Lobotiyo imalandira izi ndipo imadziwa kuti chilichonse chili choyera ndipo imatha kusuntha chogwirira ntchito kupita ku dzenje lotsatira.”
Kufufuza konseku kwa makina, komwe poyamba kunkapangidwira ogwiritsa ntchito pamanja, kumapereka maziko abwino owonjezera zochita zokha. Boggs ndi van de Boor akufotokoza kusintha kwina monga mapangidwe ena omwe amathandiza kuti mapepala asamamatire ku chitoliro. "Nthawi zina zomangira zimamatira pambuyo poponda," adatero Boggs. "Ndi vuto lenileni mukakanikiza zinthu. Zikamatirira mu chida chapansi, wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amatha kutembenuza chidutswa chogwirira ntchito pang'ono kuti chituluke."
Chithunzi 4. Bolodi ya shuttle yokhala ndi pini ya dowel. Ikayikidwa, shuttle imapatsa zidazo ku chida chapamwamba, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya vacuum kuti zidazo zikhoze kumangidwa ndikunyamulidwa kupita ku workpiece. Chitsulo (pansi kumanzere) chili pa imodzi mwa ma turrets anayi.
Mwatsoka, maloboti alibe luso lofanana ndi la munthu. "Tsopano pali mapangidwe a makina osindikizira omwe amathandiza kuchotsa zida zogwirira ntchito, kuthandiza kukankhira zomangira kunja kwa chida, kotero palibe kumamatira pambuyo pa makina osindikizira."
Makina ena ali ndi kuya kosiyana kwa pakhosi kuti athandize loboti kuyendetsa chogwirira ntchito mkati ndi kunja kwa malo ogwirira ntchito. Makina osindikizira amathanso kukhala ndi zothandizira zomwe zimathandiza maloboti (ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pamanja) kukhazikitsa bwino ntchito zawo.
Pomaliza, kudalirika ndikofunikira kwambiri. Maloboti ndi ma cobot akhoza kukhala gawo la yankho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzigwirizanitsa. "Pankhani ya maloboti ogwirizana, ogulitsa apita patsogolo kwambiri pakupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzigwirizanitsa ndi makina," adatero Boggs, "ndipo opanga atolankhani achita ntchito zambiri zopanga kuti atsimikizire kuti njira yoyenera yolankhulirana ikugwiritsidwa ntchito."
Koma njira zosindikizira ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo chithandizo cha workpiece, malangizo omveka bwino (ndi olembedwa), ndi maphunziro oyenera nawonso amachita gawo. Boggs adawonjezera kuti amalandirabe mafoni okhudza zomangira zomwe zikusowa ndi mavuto ena mu dipatimenti ya zida, zomwe zambiri zimagwira ntchito ndi makina odalirika koma akale kwambiri.
Makina awa akhoza kukhala odalirika, koma kukhazikitsa zida si kwa anthu osadziwa bwino ntchito komanso osadziwa bwino ntchito. Kumbukirani makina omwe adapeza kutalika kolakwika. Kuwunika kosavuta kumeneku kumateteza cholakwika chaching'ono kuti chisanduke vuto lalikulu.
Chithunzi 5. Chosindikizira cha hardware ichi chili ndi turntable yokhala ndi malo oimika ndi malo anayi. Dongosololi lilinso ndi chida chapadera chothandizira woyendetsa kuti afike pamalo ovuta kufikako. Apa zolumikizirazo zimayikidwa pansi pa flange yakumbuyo.
Tim Heston, Mkonzi Wamkulu wa The FABRICATOR, wakhala akugwira ntchito yopanga zitsulo kuyambira mu 1998, ndipo anayamba ntchito yake ndi American Welding Society's Welding Magazine. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, yakhala ikulemba njira zonse zopangira zitsulo kuyambira kuponda, kupindika ndi kudula mpaka kuperera ndi kupukuta. Analowa nawo The FABRICATOR mu Okutobala 2007.
FABRICATOR ndi magazini yotsogola yopanga ndi kupanga zitsulo ku North America. Magaziniyi imafalitsa nkhani, nkhani zaukadaulo ndi nkhani zopambana zomwe zimathandiza opanga kuti agwire ntchito yawo bwino kwambiri. FABRICATOR yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira mu 1970.
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