Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ungabi not00e0mm0? Impela, kuyashisa, kodwa ngokuqinisekile kuyanqoba ukubanda futhi wenza isikhathi sakho esiningi. Kwa-Engine Builder, ithimba lethu belimatasa livakashela imicimbi yomjaho, imibukiso, livakashela abakhiqizi bezinjini nezitolo, kanye nomsebenzi wethu ojwayelekile wokuqukethwe.
Uma kungekho phini lokuthola indawo esivalweni sesikhathi noma esivalweni sesikhathi, noma lapho imbobo yephini lokuthola indawo ingangeni kahle ephinini. Thatha i-damper endala bese uyihlikihla phakathi nendawo ukuze manje ikwazi ukushelela phezu kwekhala le-crank. Yisebenzise ukuqinisa isivalo ngokuqinisa amabhawodi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumakhi wezinjini ochwepheshe, umakhenikha noma umenzi, noma umthandi wezimoto othanda izinjini, izimoto zomjaho nezimoto ezisheshayo, i-Engine Builder inokuthile okukulungele. Omagazini bethu abaphrintiwe banikeza imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kukho konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nemboni yezinjini kanye nezimakethe zayo ezahlukahlukene, kuyilapho izinketho zethu zezindaba zikugcina usesikhathini ngezindaba zakamuva nemikhiqizo, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nabantu abangaphakathi embonini. Kodwa-ke, ungakuthola konke lokhu ngokubhalisa kuphela. Bhalisa manje ukuze uthole izinhlelo eziphrintiwe njalo ngenyanga kanye/noma zedijithali ze-Engine Builders Magazine, kanye ne-Engine Builders Newsletter yethu yamasonto onke, i-Weekly Engine Newsletter noma i-Weekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo. Uzombozwa ngamahhashi ngokushesha!
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumakhi wezinjini ochwepheshe, umakhenikha noma umenzi, noma umthandi wezimoto othanda izinjini, izimoto zomjaho nezimoto ezisheshayo, i-Engine Builder inokuthile okukulungele. Omagazini bethu abaphrintiwe banikeza imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kukho konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nemboni yezinjini kanye nezimakethe zayo ezahlukahlukene, kuyilapho izinketho zethu zezindaba zikugcina usesikhathini ngezindaba zakamuva nemikhiqizo, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nabantu abangaphakathi embonini. Kodwa-ke, ungakuthola konke lokhu ngokubhalisa kuphela. Bhalisa manje ukuze uthole izinhlelo eziphrintiwe njalo ngenyanga kanye/noma zedijithali ze-Engine Builders Magazine, kanye ne-Engine Builders Newsletter yethu yamasonto onke, i-Weekly Engine Newsletter noma i-Weekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo. Uzombozwa ngamahhashi ngokushesha!
Njengoba kunawo wonke amafutha ahlukahlukene emakethe azo zonke izinhlobo ezingacatshangwa kanye nokucushwa kwezinjini, ungakuhlunga kanjani konke lokhu bese ukhetha okunikeza umphumela ofiselekayo?
Njengoba isazi sethu sikawoyela esihlala khona uJohn Martin (owayengusosayensi weLubrizol) efingqa: Ngawo-1960 no-1970, uwoyela wawuyisisulu esilula. Isimo manje sinzima.
Amafutha ezimoto zabagibeli (i-PCMO) ashintshe kakhulu eminyakeni edlule. Kodwa-ke, umthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwabakhiqizi bezinjini ukwehla kube ngu-800 ppm kwesithasiselo esilwa nokuguguleka esaziwa ngokuthi i-ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), ngenxa yomphumela waso omubi kuma-catalytic converters. Ama-formulations kawoyela wangaphambilini aqukethe kufika ku-1200-1500 ppm i-ZDDP.
Izinhlobo zakamuva ze-PCMO zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Kwadingeka futhi kwandise impilo ye-catalytic converter, okungeyona inkinga yenjini yomjaho. Cishe ngo-1996, ama-OEM amaningi aletha izinjini ze-OHV ezinama-roller followers ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo samazinga aphezulu ezithasiselo zokulwa nokuguguleka. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izinjini ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-90 zazingasebenzisa uwoyela ofanayo nezinjini zesitoko ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Namuhla, uma usebenzisa uwoyela wasemgwaqweni (ovunyelwe yi-API) ezicelweni eziningi zokusebenza okuphezulu, ngeke ukwazi ukusingatha umthwalo, ikakhulukazi lapho ama-camshaft e-tappet ayisicaba ehluleka.
Ngenxa ye-ZDDP ephansi ku-PCMO, abanye abakhi bezinjini kanye nabantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa bashintshele kudizili enezinga eliphezulu lokwengeza. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi i-1,200 ppm (etholakala kudizili) ingaba seduze nalokho abakhiqizi bezinjini abakudingayo. Abagibeli abaningi abajwayelekile bangase basebenzise udizili emishinini esebenza kancane. Kodwa uma ufuna ukukhipha wonke amandla, okungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa uwoyela owenzelwe leyo njongo (yilapho uwoyela wokugijima uqala khona ukusebenza).
Ezinye zezithasiselo zikaphethiloli ezisiza ukugcina i-soot isesimweni sokumiswa zingase zingafaneleki ezimotweni zomjaho futhi zingase zishiye amandla athile uma kuqhathaniswa namafutha omjaho. Ochwepheshe bakaphethiloli bomjaho bathi amafutha abo ahlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okungcono kokuguguleka kunamafutha aklanywe yi-API futhi asiza ekwandiseni amandla ngoba anciphisa nokumelana kwangaphakathi (ukungqubuzana).
Izinjini ze-Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) kanye ne-Turbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) zibangela abakhiqizi ukuthi babhekane nobunzima bokuthola izixazululo ze-pre-ignition (LSPI) ezisheshayo. Ama-OEM asebenzisana nabakhiqizi bakawoyela (API kanye ne-ILSAC) ukuthuthukisa amazinga amasha okubhekana nale nkinga. Ukuhlukaniswa okusha kwe-API/ILSAC, okubizwa nge-GF-6, kuzoqalwa ngoMeyi kulo nyaka, kodwa kusesekude. Kwadingeka kuthuthukiswe izivivinyo ezintathu ezintsha zenjini futhi zonke izivivinyo ezindala zibuyekezwe. Injini yokuhlola esetshenziselwa izivivinyo ezindala ibuyekeziwe ukuze imele okunye okwenzekayo namuhla.
Sekukonke, kunezivivinyo ezintsha eziyisikhombisa ezihlose i-GF-6. Kunezindlela ezine zokuhlola zamanje ze-ASTM Series III, IV, V, kanye ne-VI. Izivivinyo ezintsha ezintathu zifaka phakathi isivivinyo se-Sequence VI esibuyekeziwe samafutha afanelekile ane-viscosity ephansi kanye nesivivinyo sokugqokwa kweketanga le-Sequence IX se-LSPI kanye ne-X.
Ngokusho kwe-API, izivivinyo eziningi ze-GF-5 seziphelile. Kunezingxenye eziningana ezisele zenjini endala. Ngakho-ke, i-API idinga nokuhlolwa ngezivivinyo ezintsha ezihlukile. Uchungechunge lwe-IIIH luthathe indawo yochungechunge lwe-IIIG futhi luwuvivinyo lwe-oxidation kanye ne-precipitation. Lolu vivinyo lubuyekeziwe ukuze lusebenzise injini ye-FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI) ka-2012. Uhlolo lwe-IIIG lusebenzise injini ye-GM 3800 V6 eyamiswa ngo-1996.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-VH kuthatha indawo ye-VG futhi kungenye yezivivinyo ezindala kakhulu ezisebenzisa i-Ford 4.6L V8 ka-1994 ngaphansi kwe-GF-5. Ukuhlolwa kokufaka esikhundleni okwamanje kusetshenziswa i-Ford 4.6L ka-2013 ukuhlola ikhono layo lokuvikela izingxenye zenjini odakeni kanye ne-varnish. I-Sequence IVB iyisivivinyo se-cam and wear enjinini yeToyota engu-1.6L engu-4-cylinder. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuyindlela ehlukile yokuhlolwa kwe-IVA kwamanje.
Ukuhlolwa okusha sha kwe-LSPI kusetshenziswa injini ye-Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, okuwukuhlolwa okusha kokuguga kweketanga lesikhathi. Ukuhlolwa kokuguga kweketanga kunquma ukuthi ukuphambuka ngenxa yokuxuba uphethiloli kanye nokungcola kukawoyela kungaholela kanjani ekugugeni okukhulu kweketanga. Injini ye-Ford engu-2.0-litre izosetshenziselwa nokuhlolwa.
Ukuhlolwa kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwe-Sequence VIE kusebenzisa injini ye-GM 3.6L ka-2012 esikhundleni se-Cadillac ka-2008 2.6L. Lokhu kuhlolwa kulinganisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kungathuthukiswa kanjani. Enye inguqulo yalolu vivinyo (i-Sequence VIF) ilinganisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli lapho kusetshenziswa uwoyela onciphile.
Ukwengeza ekudidekeni, i-API/ILSAC ihlukanise i-GF-6 yaba yizincazelo ezimbili: i-GF-6A kanye ne-GF-6B. I-GF-6A iyahambisana nezimoto ezisebenzisa i-SN PLUS noma i-Resource Conserving SN njengamanje. Ubuningi bamafutha anjalo buyi-0W-20 kuphela. Izogxila ekuqedeni ukuguguleka kweketanga kanye ne-LSPI, kanye nezinjini zakamuva ze-GDI kanye ne-GTDI.
Injini yakamuva izohamba ibanga elide, idinga i-0W-16 (okungukuthi iToyota neHonda zamanje). Abadlali be-Reenactor kuzodingeka banake kakhulu njengoba ukusebenzisa uwoyela ongalungile kungaholela ezinkingeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uphawu olusha lwe-API luzosetshenziselwa ukukhomba i-GF-6B. Uphawu, olubukeka njengesihlangu kune-Starburst API yendabuko, luzoba ngaphambili kwebhodlela likawoyela.
Enye yezinkinga ngendlela oyela bomjaho abathengiswa ngayo namuhla ukuthi abakhiqizi bezinjini kanye nabagijimi kufanele banqume ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani zikawoyela abazozethemba ngoba azikho izincazelo ezifanayo. Lokhu kungase kungashintsha maduze njengoba oyela bomjaho beyimakethe eyingqayizivele uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi wemakethe yezimoto zabagibeli. Kudingeka ukuhlolwa kwelebhu ukuze kuchazwe njengesigaba. Lokhu ngokwakho akunakwenzeka ezinkampanini eziningi zikawoyela zohlanga. Uma besebenzisana njenge-API/ILSAC mhlawumbe bangakwenza? Kucatshangelwe kahle.
Ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokujaha uwoyela we-ppm ophezulu njengokungathi uyi-holy grail, ngoba kusho okuningi kakhulu. Inani lensipho esetshenziswayo kanye nebhalansi yezithasiselo ze-antiwear ngomunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamafutha okugijima nawomgwaqo. Ama-detergent ahlanza injini ngokususa ama-carbon deposits kanye nama-deposits, okubaluleke kakhulu ezinjinini zasemgwaqweni ezisebenza ngemijovo emifushane kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi okusebenza. Kodwa izinjini zomjaho azidingi ukuhlanza okuningi ngoba ziqhuma kaningi kakhulu.
Cishe u-85% wamafutha enjini enziwa ngeqembu elilodwa noma ingxube yamafutha ayisisekelo amahlanu. Amafutha ayisisekelo eQembu I yiwona acwengekile kancane futhi asetshenziswa kumafutha anesisindo esiqondile ajwayelekile. Iqembu lesibili linokungcola okuncane futhi licwengekile kakhulu. Lisetshenziswa kumafutha avamile e-multigrade. Amafutha ayisisekelo eQembu III ahlukaniswa njengokwenziwa ngoba acwengekile kakhulu. Amafutha ayisisekelo eQembu IV ayizakhi ze-PAO (polyalphaolefin), kanti iqembu V empeleni liyinoma yini engangeni emaqenjini amane okuqala.
Iningi lamafutha okugijima linamafutha esisekelo noma izingxube zokwenziwa, kodwa amanye amafutha amaminerali asezingeni eliphezulu nawo asetshenziswa namuhla. Ukusebenzisa amafutha okwenziwa ngeke kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle, kodwa awazweli kakhulu ekushiseni. Kodwa-ke, amafutha esisekelo okwenziwa ashintshele kumafutha e-viscosity aphansi ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla ezinambuzane, okuwusizo kakhulu ekugijimeni.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezithasiselo kanye nokwakheka kwawo wonke kubaluleke kakhulu kunezinhlobo ngazinye zamafutha ayisisekelo. Awukwazi ukwahlulela uwoyela ngokungenaphutha ngokusekelwe esithakweni esisodwa noma ezimbili. Izinto zokwenziwa zivumela injini ukuthi isebenze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi zandise izikhawu zokushintsha uwoyela, kodwa uwoyela wamaminerali ungasetshenziswa nasekugijimeni. Uwoyela wamaminerali ube nempumelelo enkulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Uwoyela wokwenziwa udlula uwoyela wamaminerali ezimweni zokushisa okukhulu nezibandayo, kodwa akuzona njalo izinketho ezinhle kakhulu. Uwoyela wamaminerali ngokuvamile uyindlela engabizi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma uwukhipha njalo.
Njengabagibeli nabakhi bezinjini, sihlala sifuna izindlela zokwandisa amandla kanye nokujikeleza. Kodwa-ke, ukwandisa amandla kanye ne-rpm kwandisa nomthwalo efilimini yokugcoba okumele uwoyela uyibambe phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi. Izinkampani zikawoyela wokugijima zakha amafutha okugcoba angaphatha imithwalo ephezulu kumafilimu kawoyela amancane kunanini ngaphambili. Aklanyelwe ukusingatha imithwalo ephezulu ngaphandle kokuguga okwandayo, okuyinkinga enkulu. Asivumeli uhlobo oluthile noma olunye lapha, kodwa izinhlobo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zinolwazi kanye nokuhlolwa ukufakazela ukuthi zenza lokho okufanele zikwenze.
Izimboni zezimoto zomjaho kanye nezezimoto zisekude kakhulu kusukela eminyakeni yama-60 nama-70 (abaningi ababiza ngokuthi izinsuku zabo zenkazimulo). Njengoba konke kusukela kumabhulashi ethu amazinyo kuya kumafoni kuba nzima kakhulu, okungenani uwoyela wezimoto awukafiki nohlelo lokusebenza okwamanje. EB