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Nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafuta dziri kutengeswa dzemhando dzese dzinofungidzirwa uye magadzirirwo einjini, ungasarudza sei zvese izvi wosarudza rinopa mhedzisiro yaunoda?
Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yedu yemafuta John Martin (aimbove Lubrizol Scientist) muchidimbu: Mumakore ekuma60 nekuma70, mafuta aive nyore kushandisa. Mamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino akaoma.
Mafuta emota dzevatakurwi (PCMO) akachinja-chinja zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura. Zvisinei, kukanganisa kukuru pakushanda kwevagadziri veinjini kudzikiswa kusvika ku800 ppm kwechinosimudzira kusingapfeki chinozivikanwa seZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), nekuda kwemhedzisiro yaro yakaipa pama catalytic converters. Mafomula emafuta ekare aive neZDDP inosvika 1200-1500 ppm.
Mafomula matsva ePCMO akagadzirirwa kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inobuda uye kuvandudza mashandiro emafuta. Aifanirawo kuwedzera hupenyu hwecatalytic converter, izvo zvisiri dambudziko kune injini yekumhanya. Munenge muna 1996, maOEM mazhinji akatanga mainjini eOHV ane ma roller followers kuderedza kudiwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinodzivirira kupfekwa. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, mainjini anoshanda zvakanyanya kubva kuma90s aigona kushandisa mafuta akafanana neeinjini dzemumba pasina mhedzisiro. Nhasi, kana ukashandisa oiri yemumugwagwa (yakatenderwa neAPI) muzvishandiso zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvakanyanya, haizokwanisi kutakura mutoro, kunyanya kana flat tappet camshafts ikakundikana.
Nekuda kwekudzikira kweZDDP muPCMO, vamwe vanogadzira injini nevanofarira zvemitambo vakachinja kushandisa dhiziri rine huwandu hwakawanda hwekuwedzera. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinoyambira kuti 1,200 ppm (inowanikwa mumafuta edhiziri) inogona kunge iri pedyo nezvinodiwa nevagadziri veinjini. Vatambi vazhinji vemitambo vanogona kushandisa mafuta edhiziri mumichina isingashande zvakanaka. Asi kana uchida kushandisa simba rese, chinhu chakanakisa kushandisa mafuta akagadzirirwa izvozvo (ndipo panoshanda mafuta emujaho).
Zvimwe zvezvinowedzera mafuta edhiziri zvinobatsira kuchengetedza sosi mu suspension zvinogona kunge zvisina kukodzera mota dzemujaho uye zvinogona kusiya simba kana zvichienzaniswa nemafuta emujaho. Nyanzvi dzemafuta emujaho dzinoti mafuta avo anodzivirira kupfeka zviri nani kupfuura mafuta akagadzirwa neAPI uye anobatsira kuwedzera simba nekuti anoderedzawo kusimba kwemukati (friction).
Injini dzePetroline Direct Injection (GDI) neTurbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) dziri kukonzera kuti vagadziri vaomerwe nekuwana mhinduro dzeLSPI dzinokurumidza kupiswa. Makambani eOEM ari kushanda nevagadziri vemafuta (API neILSAC) kuti vagadzire mitemo mitsva yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Kurongwa kutsva kweAPI/ILSAC, kunonzi GF-6, kuchatangwa muna Chivabvu gore rino, asi kuchiri kure. Miedzo mitatu mitsva yeinjini yaifanira kugadzirwa uye miedzo yese yekare yakagadziridzwa. Injini yekuyedza yakashandiswa pamiedzo yekare yakagadziridzwa kuti imiririre zvimwe zviri kuitika nhasi.
Pamwe chete, kune bvunzo nomwe itsva dzinonangana neGF-6. Kune dzimwe nzira ina dzinoshandiswa pane bvunzo dzeASTM Series III, IV, V, uye VI dziripo pari zvino. Miedzo mitatu mitsva inosanganisira bvunzo yeSequence VI yakagadziriswazve yemafuta ane viscosity yakaderera uye bvunzo yeSequence IX chain wear yeLSPI neX.
Sekureva kweAPI, bvunzo dzakawanda dzeGF-5 dzapera. Kune zvikamu zvakati wandei zveinjini yekare. Saka, API inofanirawo kuyedzwa nemiedzo mitsva. IIIH sequence yakatsiva IIIG sequence uye itest ye oxidation ne precipitation. Iyi bvunzo yakagadziridzwa kuti ishandise injini ye2012 FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI). IIIG test yakashandisa injini yeGM 3800 V6 yakamiswa muna 1996.
Bvunzo yeVH inotsiva VG uye ndeimwe yebvunzo dzekare zvikuru ichishandisa Ford 4.6L V8 ya1994 pasi peGF-5. Bvunzo yekutsiva pari zvino iri kushandisa Ford 4.6L ya2013 kuongorora kugona kwayo kuchengetedza zvikamu zveinjini kubva mutsvina nevharnish. Sequence IVB ibvunzo yekuyedza cam nekupfeka painjini yeToyota ye1.6L 4-cylinder. Bvunzo iyi imwe nzira yebvunzo yeIVA iripo.
Bvunzo itsva yeLSPI inoshandisa injini yeFord 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, inova bvunzo itsva yekupfeka cheni yenguva. Bvunzo yekupfeka cheni inoona kuti kukanganiswa kwemotokari nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwemafuta uye kusvibiswa kwemafuta kunogona kukonzera sei kushatirwa kwecheni. Injini yeFord ye2.0-liter ichashandiswawo pakuedza.
Kuyedzwa kweSequence VIE kwekushandisa mafuta kunoshandisa injini yeGM 3.6L ya2012 pachinzvimbo cheCadillac ye2008 2.6L. Kuyedzwa uku kunoyera kuti kushandiswa kwemafuta kungave kwakanatswa sei. Imwe shanduro yekuyedzwa uku (Sequence VIF) inoyera kushandiswa kwemafuta pakushandisa mafuta asina kusimba zvakanyanya.
Kuwedzera kuvhiringidzika, API/ILSAC yakakamura GF-6 kuita zvinhu zviviri: GF-6A neGF-6B. GF-6A inoenderana nemotokari dziri kushandisa SN PLUS kana Resource Conserving SN parizvino. Kusimba kwemafuta akadaro i0W-20 chete. Ichanyanya kutarisa pakubvisa cheni neLSPI, pamwe neinjini dzeGDI neGTDI dzemazuva ano.
Injini itsva ichatowedzera kuenderera mberi, ichida 0W-16 (kureva Toyota neHonda zviripo). Vagadziri vemotokari vachafanira kunyatsoteerera sezvo kushandisa mafuta asiri iwo kunogona kukonzera matambudziko kwenguva refu. Chiratidzo chitsva cheAPI chichashandiswa kuratidza GF-6B. Chiratidzo ichi, icho chinoita sechishongo kupfuura Starburst API yechinyakare, chichava pamberi pebhodhoro remafuta.
Chimwe chezvinetso pakutengeswa kwemafuta emujaho nhasi ndechekuti vagadziri vemainjini nevatyairi vemamota vanofanira kusarudza kuti ndeapi makambani emafuta ekuvimba nawo nekuti hapana zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Izvi zvingasazochinja chero nguva munguva pfupi iri kutevera sezvo mafuta emujaho ari musika wepamusoro kana tichienzanisa nehukuru hwemusika wemotokari dzevatakuri. Kuongororwa kwemurabhoritari kunodiwa kuti kutsanangurwe sechikamu. Izvi hazvigoneke kumakambani mazhinji emafuta emarudzi. Kana vakashanda pamwe chete seAPI/ILSAC pamwe vanogona kuzviita? Vanofunga.
Nyanzvi dzinoyambira kuti tisatevere mafuta ane ppm yakawanda sekunge ndiyo holy grail, nekuti zvinoreva zvakawanda. Huwandu hwesipo inoshandiswa uye chiyero chezvinowedzera zveantiwear chimwe musiyano mukuru pakati pemafuta emujaho neoiri yemumugwagwa. Madhishi anochenesa injini kubva mucarbon deposits nedeposits, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru kumainjini emumugwagwa anoshanda nejekiseni pfupi uye tembiricha shoma yekushanda. Asi mainjini emujaho haadi kucheneswa zvakanyanya nekuti anoputika kakawanda.
Oiri yeinjini inosvika 85% inogadzirwa kubva muboka rimwe chete kana musanganiswa wemafuta mashanu ebase oils. Oiri yebase yeGroup I ndiyo isinganyanyi kunatswa uye inoshandiswa mumafuta akajairwa anorema. Boka rechipiri rine tsvina shoma uye rakacheneswa zvakanyanya. Rinoshandiswa mumafuta emhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Oiri yebase yeGroup III inoiswa muzvikamu zvekugadzira nekuti inonatswa zvakanyanya. Oiri yebase yeGroup IV iPAO (polyalphaolefin), nepo boka V riri chero chinhu chisingawire mumapoka mana ekutanga.
Mafuta mazhinji ekumhanya ane mafuta ekugadzira kana kuti mablends ekugadzira, asi mamwe mafuta emhando yepamusoro emineral anoshandiswawo nhasi. Kushandisa mafuta ekugadzira hakuzoiti kuti basa rive nani, asi haanyanyi kukanganiswa nekupisa. Zvisinei, mafuta ekugadzira akachinja kuita mafuta ekudzikisa viscosity kuti aderedze kurasikirwa nesimba rezvipembenene, izvo zvinonyanya kubatsira mukumhanya.
Kuumbwa kwemakemikari ezvinowedzera uye kuumbwa kwacho kwakakosha kupfuura mhando dzakasiyana dzemafuta ebase. Haugone kutonga mafuta zvakananga zvichibva pane chimwe kana zviviri zviri muchinhu ichi. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemakemikari zvinobvumira injini kuti ishande pakupisa kwakanyanya uye kuwedzera nguva dzekuchinja mafuta, asi mafuta emineral anogonawo kushandiswa mukumhanya. Mafuta emineral base akabudirira zvakanyanya mumakore mashoma apfuura. Mafuta esynthetic anoita zvakanaka kupfuura mafuta emineral mumamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya uye ekutonhora, asi haasi nguva dzose sarudzo yakanakisa. Mafuta emineral anowanzo kuve sarudzo inodhura zvishoma, kunyanya kana uchiabvisa mvura kakawanda.
Sevatyairi vemota nevagadziri veinjini, tinogara tichitsvaga nzira dzekuwedzera simba uye marevs. Zvisinei, kuwedzera simba uye rpm kunowedzerawo mutoro pafirimu rekuzora iro mafuta anofanira kutakura pakati pezvikamu zvesimbi. Makambani emafuta ekumhanya ari kugadzira mafuta ekuzora anogona kutakura mutoro wakakwira pamafirimu emafuta akatetepa kupfuura kare. Akagadzirwa kuti agone kutakura mutoro wakakwira pasina kuwedzera kupera, iro ndiro dambudziko guru. Hatisi kutsigira rudzi rumwe kana rumwe pano, asi mhando dzinoshanda zvakanaka dzine ruzivo uye bvunzo kuratidza kuti dzinoita zvadzinofanira kuita.
Maindasitiri emotokari nemotokari achiri kure zvikuru kubva kuma60s nema70s (anonzi mazhinji mazuva avo ekubwinya). Sezvo zvese kubva kumabhurashi edu emazino kusvika kumafoni zvichiwedzera kuoma, mafuta emota haasati auya neapp parizvino. EB