Kodi mungatani kuti musachite izi? Inde, kutentha kumakhala kotentha, koma kumapitirira kuzizira ndipo mumapeza nthawi yanu yambiri. Ku Engine Builder, gulu lathu linali lotanganidwa kupita ku zochitika za mpikisano, ziwonetsero, kupita ku opanga injini ndi masitolo, komanso ntchito yathu yanthawi zonse yokhudza zinthu.
Ngati palibe pini yopezera malo mu chivundikiro cha nthawi kapena chosungira nthawi, kapena ngati dzenje la pini yopezera malo silikugwirizana bwino ndi pini, tengani chopondera chakale ndikuchipukuta pakati kuti chizitha kutsetsereka pamwamba pa mphuno ya crank. Gwiritsani ntchito kulimbitsa chivundikirocho pomangirira mabotolo.
Kaya ndinu katswiri wopanga injini, makanika kapena wopanga, kapena wokonda magalimoto amene amakonda mainjini, magalimoto othamanga ndi magalimoto othamanga, Engine Builder ali ndi china chake kwa inu. Magazini athu osindikizidwa amapereka tsatanetsatane waukadaulo pa chilichonse chomwe muyenera kudziwa chokhudza makampani opanga injini ndi misika yake yosiyanasiyana, pomwe njira zathu zamakalata zimakusungani kuti mudziwe nkhani ndi zinthu zaposachedwa, zambiri zaukadaulo ndi zamkati mwa makampani. Komabe, mutha kupeza zonsezi pokhapokha polembetsa. Lembetsani tsopano kuti mulandire magazini yosindikizidwa ndi/kapena ya digito ya Engine Builders Magazine pamwezi, komanso Newsletter yathu ya Engine Builders Newsletter ya sabata iliyonse, Weekly Engine Newsletter kapena Weekly Diesel Newsletter mwachindunji mu inbox yanu. Mudzadzazidwa ndi mphamvu zamphamvu posachedwa!
Kaya ndinu katswiri wopanga injini, makanika kapena wopanga, kapena wokonda magalimoto amene amakonda mainjini, magalimoto othamanga ndi magalimoto othamanga, Engine Builder ali ndi china chake kwa inu. Magazini athu osindikizidwa amapereka tsatanetsatane waukadaulo pa chilichonse chomwe muyenera kudziwa chokhudza makampani opanga injini ndi misika yake yosiyanasiyana, pomwe njira zathu zamakalata zimakusungani kuti mudziwe nkhani ndi zinthu zaposachedwa, zambiri zaukadaulo ndi zamkati mwa makampani. Komabe, mutha kupeza zonsezi pokhapokha polembetsa. Lembetsani tsopano kuti mulandire magazini yosindikizidwa ndi/kapena ya digito ya Engine Builders Magazine pamwezi, komanso Newsletter yathu ya Engine Builders Newsletter ya sabata iliyonse, Weekly Engine Newsletter kapena Weekly Diesel Newsletter mwachindunji mu inbox yanu. Mudzadzazidwa ndi mphamvu zamphamvu posachedwa!
Popeza pali mitundu yonse ya mafuta pamsika wa mitundu yonse yomwe ingaganizidwe komanso momwe injini zimakhalira, mungasankhire bwanji zonsezi ndikusankha yomwe ikupereka zotsatira zomwe mukufuna?
Monga momwe katswiri wathu wa mafuta wokhala kudziko lino, John Martin (yemwe kale anali Lubrizol Scientist) adafotokozera mwachidule: M'zaka za m'ma 60 ndi 70, mafuta anali ovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Zinthu tsopano n'zovuta.
Mafuta a galimoto zonyamula anthu (PCMO) asintha kwambiri pazaka zambiri. Komabe, chomwe chakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a opanga injini ndi kuchepa kwa 800 ppm kwa chowonjezera choletsa kuzizira chotchedwa ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zoyipa pa ma catalytic converters. Ma formula amafuta am'mbuyomu anali ndi 1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Ma PCMO aposachedwapa apangidwa kuti achepetse kutulutsa utsi ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta. Anayeneranso kukulitsa moyo wa catalytic converter, zomwe sizili vuto pa injini yothamanga. Cha m'ma 1996, ma OEM ambiri adayambitsa mainjini a OHV okhala ndi ma roller followers kuti achepetse kufunikira kwa zowonjezera zambiri zotsutsana ndi kusweka. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mainjini ogwira ntchito kwambiri kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90 angagwiritse ntchito mafuta omwewo monga mainjini ogulitsa popanda zotsatirapo zilizonse. Masiku ano, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mafuta amsewu (ovomerezedwa ndi API) m'magwiritsidwe ambiri ogwira ntchito kwambiri, sadzatha kuthana ndi katunduyo, makamaka pamene ma camshaft a flat tappet alephera.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ZDDP mu PCMO, opanga injini ena ndi okonda zosangalatsa asintha kugwiritsa ntchito dizilo yokhala ndi zowonjezera zambiri. Komabe, akatswiri akuchenjeza kuti 1,200 ppm (yomwe imapezeka mu mafuta a dizilo) ikhoza kukhala pafupi ndi zomwe opanga injini amafunikira. Ochita masewera ambiri othamanga angagwiritse ntchito mafuta a dizilo m'makina osagwira ntchito bwino. Koma ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse, njira yabwino kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwira cholinga chimenecho (ndipo mafuta othamanga amayamba kugwira ntchito).
Zina mwa zowonjezera mafuta a dizilo zomwe zimathandiza kusunga dothi mu suspension sizingakhale zoyenera magalimoto othamanga ndipo zingasiye mphamvu zina poyerekeza ndi mafuta othamanga. Akatswiri a mafuta othamanga amati mafuta awo amapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri kuposa mafuta opangidwa ndi API ndipo amathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu chifukwa amachepetsanso kukana kwamkati (kukangana).
Injini za Petroli Direct Injection (GDI) ndi Turbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) zikupangitsa opanga kuvutika kupeza mayankho otsika liwiro pre-ignition (LSPI). Ma OEM akugwira ntchito ndi opanga mafuta (API ndi ILSAC) kuti apange miyezo yatsopano yothetsera vutoli. Gulu latsopano la API/ILSAC, lotchedwa GF-6, lidzayambitsidwa mu Meyi chaka chino, koma likadali kutali. Mayeso atatu atsopano a injini adayenera kupangidwa ndipo mayeso onse akale adasinthidwa. Injini yoyesera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayeso akale yasinthidwa kuti iwonetse zambiri zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano.
Zonse pamodzi, pali mayeso atsopano asanu ndi awiri omwe akuyang'ana GF-6. Pali njira zinayi zosinthira mayeso a ASTM Series III, IV, V, ndi VI omwe alipo pano. Mayeso atsopano atatu akuphatikizapo mayeso a Sequence VI osinthidwa a mafuta oyenerera otsika kukhuthala ndi mayeso a Sequence IX chain wear a LSPI ndi X.
Malinga ndi API, mayeso ambiri a GF-5 atha. Pali zida zingapo zosinthira injini yakale. Chifukwa chake, API iyeneranso kuyesedwa ndi mayeso ena atsopano. Mndandanda wa IIIH unalowa m'malo mwa mndandanda wa IIIG ndipo ndi mayeso a okosijeni ndi mvula. Mayeso awa asinthidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito injini ya 2012 FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI). Mayeso a IIIG adagwiritsa ntchito injini ya GM 3800 V6 yomwe idasiyidwa mu 1996.
Mayeso a VH amalowa m'malo mwa VG ndipo ndi amodzi mwa mayeso akale kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito Ford 4.6L V8 ya 1994 pansi pa GF-5. Mayeso osinthira pakadali pano akugwiritsa ntchito Ford 4.6L ya 2013 kuti awone momwe ingatetezere zigawo za injini ku matope ndi varnish. Sequence IVB ndi mayeso a kamera ndi kuyera pa injini ya Toyota ya 1.6L 4-cylinder. Mayeso awa ndi njira ina yoyesera IVA yomwe ilipo pano.
Mayeso atsopano a LSPI pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, yomwe ndi mayeso atsopano okhudza kutayika kwa unyolo. Mayeso a kutayika kwa unyolo amatsimikiza momwe kutayika kwa unyolo chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa mafuta ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta kungapangire kuti unyolo uwonongeke kwambiri. Injini ya Ford ya malita 2.0 idzagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyesa.
Mayeso a Sequence VIE osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito injini ya GM 3.6L ya 2012 m'malo mwa Cadillac ya 2008 2.6L. Mayesowa amayesa momwe mafuta angasamalire bwino. Mtundu wina wa mayesowa (Sequence VIF) umayesa mafuta osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta otsika mphamvu.
Kuwonjezera chisokonezo, API/ILSAC yagawa GF-6 m'magawo awiri: GF-6A ndi GF-6B. GF-6A imagwirizana ndi magalimoto omwe akugwiritsa ntchito SN PLUS kapena Resource Conserving SN. Kukhuthala kwa mafuta otere ndi 0W-20 yokha. Idzayang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa kuwonongeka kwa unyolo ndi LSPI, komanso injini zaposachedwa za GDI ndi GTDI.
Injini yatsopano idzapita patsogolo kwambiri, ikufunika 0W-16 (monga Toyota ndi Honda omwe alipo panopa). Ochita reenactor ayenera kusamala kwambiri chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta olakwika kungayambitse mavuto pakapita nthawi. Chizindikiro chatsopano cha API chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza GF-6B. Chizindikirocho, chomwe chimawoneka ngati chishango kuposa Starburst API yachikhalidwe, chidzakhala kutsogolo kwa botolo la mafuta.
Chimodzi mwa zovuta zomwe zimakumana nazo pa momwe mafuta othamanga amagulitsidwira masiku ano ndichakuti opanga injini ndi oyendetsa magalimoto ayenera kusankha makampani amafuta omwe angawadalire chifukwa palibe zinthu zina zofanana nazo. Izi sizingasinthe posachedwa chifukwa mafuta othamanga ndi msika wochepa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa msika wamagalimoto okwera. Mayeso a labotale amafunika kuti afotokozedwe ngati gulu. Izi zokha sizingatheke kwa makampani ambiri amafuta amtundu. Ngati agwira ntchito limodzi ngati API/ILSAC mwina angachite? Oganiza bwino.
Akatswiri akuchenjeza kuti musatsatire mafuta okwera kwambiri ngati kuti ndi mafuta oyera, chifukwa amatanthauza zambiri. Kuchuluka kwa sopo wogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera zoteteza ku dzuwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mafuta othamanga ndi mafuta amsewu. Zotsukira zimatsuka injini kuchotsa kaboni, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa injini zamsewu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi jakisoni waufupi komanso kutentha kochepa. Koma injini zothamanga sizifuna zotsukira zambiri chifukwa zimaphulika pafupipafupi.
Pafupifupi 85% ya mafuta a injini amapangidwa kuchokera ku gulu limodzi kapena kusakaniza kwa magulu asanu a mafuta oyambira. Mafuta oyambira a Gulu I ndi omwe sakonzedwa bwino ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta olemera okhazikika. Gulu lachiwiri limakhala ndi zodetsa zochepa ndipo ndi loyeretsedwa kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta okhazikika amitundu yambiri. Mafuta oyambira a Gulu III amagawidwa m'magulu opanga chifukwa amakonzedwanso kwambiri. Mafuta oyambira a Gulu IV ndi mankhwala a PAO (polyalphaolefin), pomwe gulu V kwenikweni ndi chilichonse chomwe sichili m'magulu anayi oyamba.
Mafuta ambiri othamanga ali ndi mafuta oyambira kapena osakaniza opangidwa, koma mafuta ena amchere abwino kwambiri amagwiritsidwanso ntchito masiku ano. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwa sikuti kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito, koma sikumakhudza kutentha kwenikweni. Komabe, mafuta oyambira opangidwa asintha kukhala mafuta otsika mphamvu kuti achepetse kutaya mphamvu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pamasewera.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zowonjezera ndi kapangidwe kake konse n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta oyambira. Simungathe kuweruza mafuta mopanda tsankho kutengera chosakaniza chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Zipangizo zopangira zimalola injini kuyenda kutentha kwambiri ndikuwonjezera nthawi yosinthira mafuta, koma mafuta amchere angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pothamanga. Mafuta oyambira amchere apambana kwambiri m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Mafuta opangira amaposa mafuta amchere m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso ozizira, koma nthawi zina si abwino kwambiri. Mafuta amchere nthawi zambiri ndi njira yotsika mtengo, makamaka ngati mumawatulutsa pafupipafupi.
Monga okwera magalimoto ndi opanga injini, nthawi zonse timafunafuna njira zowonjezera mphamvu ndi ma revs. Komabe, kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi rpm kumawonjezeranso katundu pa filimu yopaka mafuta yomwe mafuta ayenera kusunga pakati pa zigawo zachitsulo. Makampani opanga mafuta othamanga akupanga mafuta opaka mafuta omwe amatha kunyamula katundu wambiri pa mafilimu opyapyala amafuta kuposa kale lonse. Amapangidwira kuti azigwira ntchito yonyamula katundu wambiri popanda kuwonongeka kwambiri, lomwe ndi vuto lalikulu. Sitikuvomereza mtundu wina kapena wina pano, koma makampani omwe amachita bwino kwambiri ali ndi chidziwitso ndi mayeso kuti atsimikizire kuti akuchita zomwe akuyenera kuchita.
Makampani opanga magalimoto ndi magalimoto akadali kutali kwambiri ndi zaka za m'ma 60 ndi 70 (zomwe ambiri amazitcha masiku awo aulemerero). Pamene chilichonse kuyambira maburashi athu a mano mpaka mafoni chikuvuta kwambiri, mafuta a injini samabwera ndi pulogalamu panobe. EB