Ungalithandi njani ihlobo? Ngokuqinisekileyo kuyatshisa, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kuyawunqoba umkhuhlane kwaye udinga ixesha elininzi. Kwi-Engine Builder, iqela lethu belixakekile lityelela imicimbi yemidyarho, imiboniso, lityelela abavelisi beenjini kunye neevenkile, kunye nomsebenzi wethu wesiqhelo womxholo.
Xa kungekho phini lokufumana kwindawo yokugcina ixesha okanye kwindawo yokugcina ixesha okanye xa umngxuma wephini lokufumana ungangeni kakuhle kwiphini, thatha i-damper endala uze uyihlambe embindini ukuze ngoku ikwazi ukutyibilika phezu kwempumlo ye-crank. Yisebenzisele ukuqinisa isigqubuthelo ngokuqinisa iibholithi.
Nokuba ungumakhi weenjini ochwephesha, umkhandi okanye umenzi, okanye ungumthandi weemoto othanda iinjini, iimoto zomdyarho kunye neemoto ezikhawulezayo, i-Engine Builder inento ethile kuwe. Iimagazini zethu eziprintiweyo zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zobugcisa kuyo yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nomzi-mveliso weenjini kunye neemarike zayo ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa ukhetho lwethu lweendaba lukugcina usesikhathini ngeendaba zamva nje kunye neemveliso, ulwazi lobuchwephesha kunye nabantu abangaphakathi kumzi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ungakufumana konke oku ngokubhalisa kuphela. Bhalisa ngoku ukuze ufumane ushicilelo lwenyanga kunye/okanye lwedijithali lweMagazini ye-Engine Builders, kunye neNewsletter yethu yeveki nganye ye-Engine Builders, iWeekly Engine Newsletter okanye iWeekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo kwi-inbox yakho. Uza kugubungela amandla ehashe kungekudala!
Nokuba ungumakhi weenjini ochwephesha, umkhandi okanye umenzi, okanye ungumthandi weemoto othanda iinjini, iimoto zomdyarho kunye neemoto ezikhawulezayo, i-Engine Builder inento ethile kuwe. Iimagazini zethu eziprintiweyo zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zobugcisa kuyo yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nomzi-mveliso weenjini kunye neemarike zayo ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa ukhetho lwethu lweendaba lukugcina usesikhathini ngeendaba zamva nje kunye neemveliso, ulwazi lobuchwephesha kunye nabantu abangaphakathi kumzi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ungakufumana konke oku ngokubhalisa kuphela. Bhalisa ngoku ukuze ufumane ushicilelo lwenyanga kunye/okanye lwedijithali lweMagazini ye-Engine Builders, kunye neNewsletter yethu yeveki nganye ye-Engine Builders, iWeekly Engine Newsletter okanye iWeekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo kwi-inbox yakho. Uza kugubungela amandla ehashe kungekudala!
Ngenxa yokuba kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeoyile ezithengiswayo kuzo zonke iintlobo zeenjini kunye nohlobo lwazo, umntu angakuqonda njani konke oku aze akhethe imveliso enika isiphumo esifunekayo?
Njengoko ingcali yethu yeoli ehlala apho uJohn Martin (owayesakuba yiLubrizol Scientist) eyishwankathele: Ngeminyaka yoo-1960 noo-1970, ioli yayilula ukuyihlasela. Imeko ngoku inzima.
Iioyile zeemoto zabakhweli (i-PCMO) ziye zatshintsha kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, eyona mpembelelo inkulu ekusebenzeni kwabavelisi beenjini kukuncipha ukuya kwi-800 ppm kwe-anti-wear additive eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), ngenxa yempembelelo yayo embi kwii-catalytic converters. Iifomyula zeoyile zangaphambili bezine-ZDDP efikelela kwi-1200-1500 ppm.
Iifomyula zamva nje ze-PCMO zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ophumayo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli. Kwakufuneka kwandiswe ubomi be-catalytic converter, nto leyo engeyongxaki kwinjini yokubaleka. Malunga nowe-1996, ii-OEM ezininzi zazisa ii-OHV iinjini ezinee-roller followers ukunciphisa imfuneko yamanqanaba aphezulu ezongezo ezichasene nokuguguleka. Kude kube ngoko, ii-injini ezisebenza kakhulu ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-90 zazinokusebenzisa ioyile efanayo neenjini zesitokhwe ngaphandle kwemiphumo. Namhlanje, ukuba usebenzisa ioyile yasesitalatweni (evunyiweyo yi-API) kwizicelo ezininzi zokusebenza okuphezulu, ayizukukwazi ukusingatha umthwalo, ingakumbi xa ii-camshafts ze-tappet ezisilele.
Ngenxa ye-ZDDP ephantsi kwi-PCMO, abanye abakhi beenjini kunye nabantu abathanda ukuzonwabisa baye batshintshela kwidizili enezinga eliphezulu lokongeza. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zilumkisa ukuba i-1,200 ppm (efumaneka kwidizili) inokuba semngciphekweni wento efunekayo kubavelisi beenjini. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beemoto abaqhelekileyo banokusebenzisa idizili kwimishini esebenza kancinci. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukukhupha yonke i-ounce yamandla, eyona nto ingcono kukusebenzisa ioyile eyenzelwe loo njongo (kulapho ke ioyile yokugijima iqala khona).
Ezinye zezongezo zedizili ezinceda ukugcina umsi kwi-suspension zisenokungafaneleki kwiimoto zomdyarho kwaye zinokushiya amandla athile xa kuthelekiswa neeoyile zomdyarho. Iingcali zeoyile yomdyarho zithi iioyile zazo zibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono lokuguguleka kuneoyile ezenzelwe i-API kwaye zinceda ukonyusa amandla kuba zikwanciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi (ukungqubana).
Iinjini zeGasoline Direct Injection (GDI) kunye neTurbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) zibangela ukuba abavelisi basokole ekufumaneni izisombululo ze-LSPI ezikhawulezayo. Ii-OEM zisebenzisana nabavelisi beoyile (API kunye ne-ILSAC) ukuphuhlisa imigangatho emitsha yokujongana nale ngxaki. Udidi olutsha lwe-API/ILSAC, olubizwa ngokuba yi-GF-6, luza kuqaliswa ngoMeyi kulo nyaka, kodwa lusekude kakhulu. Uvavanyo olutsha lweenjini ezintathu bekufuneka luphuhliswe kwaye zonke iimvavanyo ezindala zihlaziywe. Injini yovavanyo esetyenziselwa iimvavanyo ezindala ihlaziywe ukuze imele okungakumbi okwenzekayo namhlanje.
Lilonke, kukho iimvavanyo ezintsha ezisixhenxe ezijolise kwi-GF-6. Kukho iindlela ezine ezingasetyenziswayo kunovavanyo lwangoku lwe-ASTM Series III, IV, V, kunye ne-VI. Uvavanyo olutsha oluthathu luquka uvavanyo oluhlaziyiweyo lwe-Sequence VI lweeoyile ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunye novavanyo lokunxiba lwe-Sequence IX lwe-LSPI kunye ne-X.
Ngokwe-API, uvavanyo oluninzi lwe-GF-5 luphelile. Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezingasetyenziswayo zenjini endala. Ke ngoko, i-API nayo kufuneka ivavanywe ngovavanyo olutsha olungezinye iindlela. Ulandelelwano lwe-IIIH luthathe indawo yolandelelwano lwe-IIIG kwaye luvavanyo lwe-oxidation kunye ne-precipitation. Olu vavanyo luhlaziyiwe ukuze lusebenzise injini ye-2012 FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI). Uvavanyo lwe-IIIG lusebenzise injini ye-GM 3800 V6 eyayekiswa ngo-1996.
Uvavanyo lwe-VH luthatha indawo ye-VG kwaye lolunye lolona vavanyo ludala kakhulu olusebenzisa iFord 4.6L V8 ka-1994 phantsi kweGF-5. Uvavanyo lokutshintshwa okwangoku lusebenzisa iFord 4.6L ka-2013 ukuvavanya amandla ayo okukhusela iinxalenye zenjini kwinkunkuma kunye nevanishi. I-Sequence IVB luvavanyo lwekhamera kunye nokuguguleka kwinjini yeToyota ye-1.6L 4-cylinder. Olu vavanyo lolunye uvavanyo lwe-IVA lwangoku.
Uvavanyo olutsha lwe-LSPI lusebenzisa injini yeFord 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, oluvavanyo olutsha lokunxiba ngexesha leetsheyini. Uvavanyo lokunxiba kwetsheyini luchaza indlela ukutyibilika ngenxa yokuxutywa kwepetroli kunye nongcoliseko lweoyile okunokubangela ngayo ukutyibilika kwetsheyini okwandileyo. Injini yeFord ye-2.0-litre iya kusetyenziselwa uvavanyo.
Uvavanyo lweSequence VIE olusebenzisa uqoqosho lwamafutha lusebenzisa injini yeGM 3.6L ka-2012 endaweni yeCadillac ka-2008 2.6L. Olu vavanyo lulinganisa indlela uqoqosho lwamafutha olunokuphuculwa ngayo. Olunye uhlobo lolu vavanyo (iSequence VIF) lulinganisa uqoqosho lwamafutha xa kusetyenziswa iioyile ezithambileyo.
Ukongeza ekubhidekeni, i-API/ILSAC yahlule i-GF-6 yaba ziimpawu ezimbini: i-GF-6A kunye ne-GF-6B. I-GF-6A iyahambelana nezithuthi ezisebenzisa i-SN PLUS okanye i-Resource Conserving SN ngoku. Ubuninzi be-oyile ezinjalo yi-0W-20 kuphela. Iza kugxila ekupheliseni ukuguguleka kwetyathanga kunye ne-LSPI, kunye neenjini zamva nje ze-GDI kunye ne-GTDI.
Injini yamva nje iza kuqhubeka isiya phambili, ifuna i-0W-16 (oko kukuthi iToyota kunye neHonda zangoku). Abadlali beReenactor kuya kufuneka banikele ingqalelo engakumbi kuba ukusebenzisa ioyile engalunganga kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ekuhambeni kwexesha. Uphawu olutsha lwe-API luya kusetyenziselwa ukuchaza i-GF-6B. Ileyibhile ijongeka njengekhaka kuneenkwenkwezi ze-API zemveli kwaye iya kuba ngaphambili kwibhotile yeoyile.
Enye yeengxaki kwindlela ethengiswa ngayo iioyile zomdyarho namhlanje kukuba abavelisi beenjini kunye nabagijimi kufuneka bagqibe ukuba zeziphi iinkampani zeoyile abanokuzithemba kuba akukho migaqo ifanayo. Oku kusenokungatshintshi kungekudala njengoko iioyile zomdyarho ziyimarike ekhethekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nemarike yeemoto zabakhweli. Uvavanyo lwelabhoratri luyafuneka ukuze luchazwe njengoluhlu. Oku ngokwako akunakwenzeka kwiinkampani ezininzi zeoyile zohlanga. Ukuba basebenzisana njenge-API/ILSAC mhlawumbi bangakwenza oko? Ucinga kakuhle.
Iingcali zilumkisa ngokusukela ioyile ephezulu ye-ppm ngokungathi yi-holy grail, kuba ithetha okungaphezulu kakhulu. Ubungakanani besepha esetyenzisiweyo kunye nokulinganisela kwezongezo ze-antiwear ngomnye umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweeoyile zomdyarho kunye neeoyile zasesitalatweni. Iisepha zicoca iidipozithi kunye needipozithi zenjini, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwiinjini zasesitalatweni ezisebenzisa iinaliti ezimfutshane kunye nobushushu obuphantsi bokusebenza. Kodwa iinjini zomdyarho azidingi zicoceko zingako kuba ziqhuma rhoqo.
Malunga ne-85% yeoyile yenjini yenziwa ngeqela elinye okanye umxube weqela ezintlanu leoyile zesiseko. Iioyile zesiseko zeQela loku-1 azicocwanga kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiioyile zobunzima obuqhelekileyo obuthe tye. Iqela lesibini linokungcola okuncinci kwaye licociwe ngakumbi. Lisetyenziswa kwiioyile zesiqhelo ze-multigrade. Iioyile zesiseko zeQela lesi-3 zihlelwa njengezokwenziwa kuba zicocwa ngakumbi. Iioyile zesiseko zeQela lesi-IV ziikhompawundi ze-PAO (polyalphaolefin), ngelixa iqela lesi-V ngokusisiseko liyiyo nayiphi na into engangeni kumaqela amane okuqala.
Uninzi lweeoyile zomdyarho zineoyile zesiseko ezenziweyo okanye ezixutyiweyo, kodwa ezinye iioyile zeminerali ezisemgangathweni ophezulu nazo ziyasetyenziswa namhlanje. Ukusebenzisa iioyile zomdyarho akuyi kuyiphucula indlela ezisebenza ngayo, kodwa azinangxaki kangako nobushushu. Nangona kunjalo, iioyile zesiseko ezenziweyo ziye zatshintshela kwiioyile ze-viscosity ezisezantsi ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla e-parasitic, nto leyo eluncedo kakhulu ekubalekeni.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zezongezo kunye nokwakheka kwazo zibaluleke ngakumbi kuneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeoyile ezisisiseko. Awunakugweba ioyile ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngokusekelwe kwizithako esinye okanye ezibini. Izinto ezenziweyo zivumela injini ukuba isebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye zandise amaxesha okutshintsha kweoyile, kodwa iioyile zeminerali zingasetyenziswa nakwimidlalo. Iioyile zeminerali ziye zaphumelela kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Iioyile ezenziweyo ziphumelela kakhulu kuneeoyile zeminerali kwiimeko zobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye neemeko ezibandayo, kodwa azisoloko ziyindlela engcono. Ioyile yeminerali idla ngokuba lolona khetho lufikelelekayo, ngakumbi ukuba uyikhupha rhoqo.
Njengabakhweli kunye nabakhi beenjini, sisoloko sifuna iindlela zokwandisa amandla kunye neerevs. Nangona kunjalo, ukonyusa amandla kunye ne-rpm kwandisa umthwalo kwifilimu yokuthambisa ekufuneka igcinwe yioyile phakathi kweendawo zesinyithi. Iinkampani zeoyile zomdyarho ziphuhlisa ii-lubricants ezinokusingatha imithwalo ephezulu kwiifilimu zeoyile ezincinci kunangaphambili. Zenzelwe ukusingatha imithwalo ephezulu ngaphandle kokunyuka kokuguguleka, eyona ngxaki inkulu. Asikhuthazi uphawu olunye okanye olunye apha, kodwa iimpawu ezisebenza kakuhle zinamava kunye novavanyo lokubonisa ukuba zenza oko kufanele ukuba zikwenze.
Imizi-mveliso yeemoto neemoto isekude kakhulu kwiminyaka yoo-60 noo-70 (abaninzi abathi yimihla yozuko lwabo). Njengoko yonke into ukusuka kwiibrashi zethu zamazinyo ukuya kwiifowuni iba nzima ngakumbi, ubuncinci ioyile yemoto ayikabikho ne-app okwangoku.