Me pēhea e kore ai e aroha ki te raumati? Ae, ka wera, engari ka tino kaha ake i te makariri, ā, he nui te wā e hiahiatia ana. I Engine Builder, i pukumahi tā mātou tīma ki te toro atu ki ngā huihuinga reihi, ki ngā whakaaturanga, ki te toro atu ki ngā kaihanga me ngā toa miihini, me ā mātou mahi ihirangi noa.
Mēnā kāore he pine kimi i roto i te taupoki wā, i te pouaka wā rānei, mēnā rānei kāore te kōhao pine kimi e piri pai ki te pine. Tangohia te damper tawhito ka orohia te waenganui kia taea ai te neke ki runga i te ihu porotaka. Whakamahia hei whakau i te taupoki mā te whakau i ngā pūtu.
Ahakoa he kaihanga mīhini ngaio koe, he mīhini, he kaihanga rānei, he tangata e aroha ana ki ngā mīhini, ki ngā waka reihi me ngā waka tere, kei a Engine Builder tētahi mea māu. Ka whakaratohia e ā mātou maheni tānga ngā taipitopito hangarau mō ngā mea katoa e hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio mō te umanga mīhini me ōna mākete rerekē, ā, mā ā mātou kōwhiringa pānui koe e whakamōhio ki ngā purongo me ngā hua hou, ngā mōhiohio hangarau me ngā tāngata o roto i te umanga. Heoi, ka taea e koe te whiwhi i ēnei mea katoa mā te ohaurunga anake. Ohauru inaianei ki te whiwhi i ngā putanga tānga me/ranei mamati o te Engine Builders Magazine ia marama, me tā mātou Pānui Engine Builders ia wiki, Pānui Engine ia Wiki, Pānui Diesel ia Wiki rānei i roto i tō pouakaroto. Ka kapi koe i te hōihopa i roto i te wā poto!
Ahakoa he kaihanga mīhini ngaio koe, he mīhini, he kaihanga rānei, he tangata e aroha ana ki ngā mīhini, ki ngā waka reihi me ngā waka tere, kei a Engine Builder tētahi mea māu. Ka whakaratohia e ā mātou maheni tānga ngā taipitopito hangarau mō ngā mea katoa e hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio mō te umanga mīhini me ōna mākete rerekē, ā, mā ā mātou kōwhiringa pānui koe e whakamōhio ki ngā purongo me ngā hua hou, ngā mōhiohio hangarau me ngā tāngata o roto i te umanga. Heoi, ka taea e koe te whiwhi i ēnei mea katoa mā te ohaurunga anake. Ohauru inaianei ki te whiwhi i ngā putanga tānga me/ranei mamati o te Engine Builders Magazine ia marama, me tā mātou Pānui Engine Builders ia wiki, Pānui Engine ia Wiki, Pānui Diesel ia Wiki rānei i roto i tō pouakaroto. Ka kapi koe i te hōihopa i roto i te wā poto!
I te mea he maha ngā momo hinu kei te mākete mō ngā momo miihini katoa, me pēhea te mārama ki ēnei mea katoa, me te whiriwhiri i tētahi hua e puta ai te hua e hiahiatia ana?
E ai ki te whakarāpopototanga a tā mātou tohunga hinu o reira, a John Martin (Kaipūtaiao o mua o Lubrizol): I ngā tau 60 me 70, he tino ngāwari te whiwhi hinu. He uaua te āhuatanga ināianei.
He maha ngā panonitanga kua pā ki ngā hinu motuka waka pāhihi (PCMO) i roto i ngā tau. Heoi, ko te pānga nui ki te mahi a ngā kaihanga miihini ko te whakahekenga ki te 800 ppm o te tāpiringa ārai-kākahu e mōhiotia ana ko te ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), nā tōna pānga kino ki ngā kaitahuri catalytic. Ko ngā hinu o mua kua mau ki te 1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Ko ngā whakatakotoranga PCMO hou kua hangaia hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wahie. I hiahiatia hoki kia roa ake te ora o te kaitahuri catalytic, ehara i te mea he raruraru mō te mīhini reihi. I te tau 1996 pea, he maha ngā OEM i whakauru i ngā mīhini OHV me ngā roera hei whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā taumata teitei o ngā tāpiringa ārai-kakahu. Tae noa ki taua wā, ka taea e ngā mīhini mahi teitei mai i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau 90 te whakamahi i te hinu kotahi me ngā mīhini taketake me te kore he pānga. I ēnei rā, ki te whakamahi koe i te hinu tiriti (kua whakaaetia e te API) i roto i te maha o ngā tono mahi teitei, e kore e taea te whakahaere i te kawenga, inā koa ka pakaru ngā porowhita camshaft papatahi.
Nā te iti o te ZDDP i roto i te PCMO, kua huri ētahi kaihanga mīhini me ngā kaiwhaiwhai ki te hinu tīhi me ngā kukū tāpiri teitei ake. Heoi, e whakatūpato ana ngā tohunga ko te 1,200 ppm (kei roto i te hinu tīhi) kei te tata pea ki te mea e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihanga mīhini. He maha ngā kaiwhakataetae rongonui ka whakamahi pea i te hinu tīhi i roto i ngā mīhini mahi iti. Engari ki te hiahia koe ki te whakapau i te katoa o te mana, ko te mea pai ko te whakamahi i te hinu i hangaia mō taua kaupapa (koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai te hinu reihi).
Ko ētahi o ngā tāpiringa wahie tīhi e pupuri ana i te pungarehu i roto i te whakatārewatanga, kāore pea i te pai mō ngā waka reihi, ā, ka waiho pea he mana ki te whakataurite ki ngā hinu reihi. E ai ki ngā tohunga hinu reihi, he pai ake te tiaki i te pakaru o ā rātou hinu i ngā hinu i hangaia e te API, ā, ka āwhina hoki ki te whakanui ake i te mana nā te mea ka whakaitihia hoki e rātou te ātete ā-roto (te waku).
Ko ngā miihini Werohanga Tika Penehīni (GDI) me te Werohanga Tika Turbocharged (TGDI) kei te uaua ki ngā kaihanga te kimi i ngā otinga mura tere iti (LSPI). Kei te mahi tahi ngā OEM me ngā kaihanga hinu (API me ILSAC) ki te whakawhanake i ngā paerewa hou hei whakatika i tēnei take. Ka whakarewahia te whakarōpūtanga API/ILSAC hou, e kiia nei ko GF-6, i te marama o Mei o tēnei tau, engari he roa tonu te wā. E toru ngā whakamātautau miihini hou i whakawhanakehia, ā, i whakahoutia ngā whakamātautau tawhito katoa. Kua whakahoutia te miihini whakamātautau i whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau tawhito hei whakaatu i ngā mea e tupu ana i ēnei rā.
E whitu ngā whakamātautau hou e aro ana ki te GF-6. E whā ngā huarahi kē atu ki ngā whakamātautau ASTM Series III, IV, V, me VI o nāianei. Ko ngā whakamātautau hou e toru ko te whakamātautau Sequence VI kua whakahoutia mō ngā hinu matotoru iti kua tohua me te whakamātautau kakahu mekameka Sequence IX mō te LSPI me te X.
E ai ki te API, kua mutu te maha o ngā whakamātautau GF-5. He maha ngā wāhanga e toe ana mō te mīhini tawhito. Nō reira, me whakamātautau anō hoki te API me ētahi atu whakamātautau hou. I whakakapia te raupapa IIIH e te raupapa IIIG, ā, he whakamātautau waikura me te whakapūmau. Kua whakahoutia tēnei whakamātautau kia whakamahia te mīhini werohanga wahie tauranga FCA 3.6L (PFI) o te tau 2012. I whakamahia e te whakamātautau IIIG he mīhini GM 3800 V6 i mutu i te tau 1996.
Ko te whakamātautau VH te whakakapi i te VG, ā, ko tētahi o ngā whakamātautau tawhito rawa atu e whakamahi ana i te Ford 4.6L V8 o te tau 1994 i raro i te GF-5. Kei te whakamahi te whakamātautau whakakapinga i te Ford 4.6L o te tau 2013 hei aromatawai i tōna kaha ki te tiaki i ngā wāhanga miihini mai i te paru me te wanihi. Ko te Sequence IVB he whakamātautau cam me te kakahu i runga i te miihini 1.6L 4-cylinder a Toyota. He rerekē tēnei whakamātautau ki te whakamātautau IVA o nāianei.
He whakamātautau LSPI hou mā te whakamahi i te miihini Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, he whakamātautau kakahu mekameka wā hou. Mā te whakamātautau kakahu mekameka ka whakatauhia te kaha o te kakahu mekameka nā te waimeha o te wahie me te poke o te hinu. Ka whakamahia hoki te miihini Ford 2.0-rita mō te whakamātautau.
Ko te whakamātautau penapena wahie a Sequence VIE e whakamahi ana i tētahi miihini GM 3.6L o te tau 2012, kaua i tētahi Cadillac 2.6L o te tau 2008. E ine ana tēnei whakamātautau i te whakapai ake i te penapena wahie. Ko tētahi atu putanga o tēnei whakamātautau (Sequence VIF) e ine ana i te penapena wahie ina whakamahia ngā hinu matotoru iti.
Hei tāpiri atu ki te pōhēhētanga, kua wehea e API/ILSAC te GF-6 kia rua ngā whakatakotoranga: GF-6A me GF-6B. E hototahi ana te GF-6A ki ngā waka e whakamahi ana i te SN PLUS, i te Resource Conserving SN rānei i tēnei wā. Ko te matotoru o aua hinu he 0W-20 anake. Ka arotahi ki te whakakore i te kakahu o te mekameka me te LSPI, tae atu ki ngā miihini GDI me GTDI hou.
Ka nui ake te kaha o te miihini hou, me 0W-16 (arā, ko Toyota me Honda o nāianei). Me tino tupato ngā kaiwhakarewa miihini nā te mea ka raru pea te whakamahi i te hinu hē i te wā roa. Ka whakamahia te tohu API hou hei tohu i te GF-6B. He rite te tapanga ki te whakangungu rakau, kaua ki te whetu API tuku iho, ā, ka noho ki mua o te pounamu hinu.
Ko tētahi o ngā uauatanga o te hokohoko hinu reihi i ēnei rā ko te whakatau a ngā kaihanga miihini me ngā kaiwhakataetae ko ēhea kamupene hinu hei whakawhirinaki atu nā te mea kāore he whakaritenga rite. Tērā pea kāore tēnei e rerekē i roto i ngā wā tata nei nā te mea he mākete motuhake ngā hinu reihi ki te mākete motuka pāhihi. Me whai whakamātautau taiwhanga hei tautuhi i tēnei hei kāwai. Kāore tēnei e taea e te nuinga o ngā kamupene hinu ā-iwi. Mēnā ka mahi tahi rātou pērā i a API/ILSAC, tera pea ka taea e rātou? He whakaaro nui.
E whakatūpato ana ngā tohunga kia kaua e whai i te hinu ppm teitei rawa atu me te mea ko te mea tapu tēnei, nā te mea he nui ake te tikanga. Ko te nui o te hopi horoi e whakamahia ana me te taurite o ngā tāpiringa ārai-kākahu tētahi atu rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā hinu reihi me ngā hinu tiriti. Ka horoia e ngā hopi horoi te miihini i ngā paru me ngā paru, he mea tino nui tēnei mō ngā miihini tiriti e rere ana me ngā werohanga poto me ngā pāmahana whakahaere iti iho. Engari kāore e hiahiatia ana e ngā miihini reihi he nui ake te horoi nā te mea he maha ake te pupuhi.
Tata ki te 85% o te hinu miihini i hangaia mai i te kotahi, i te ranunga rānei o ngā rōpū hinu turanga e rima. Ko ngā hinu turanga Rōpū I ngā mea kāore i te tino whakapaia, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hinu taumaha tika noa. He iti ake ngā poke o te rōpū tuarua, ā, he parakore ake. E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hinu maha-papa tikanga. Ka whakarōpūtia ngā hinu turanga Rōpū III hei hinu hangai nā te mea kua whakapaia anōtia. Ko ngā hinu turanga Rōpū IV he matū PAO (polyalphaolefin), ko te rōpū V ia ko ngā mea katoa kāore e taka ki ngā rōpū tuatahi e whā.
He hinu turanga hangai, he ranunga rānei kei te nuinga o ngā hinu reihi, engari kei te whakamahia anō hoki ētahi hinu kohuke kounga teitei i ēnei rā. Kāore e pai ake te mahi mā te whakamahi i ngā hinu hangai, engari he iti ake te pānga ki te wera. Heoi anō, kua huri ngā hinu turanga hangai ki ngā hinu matotoru iti hei whakaiti i te ngaronga mana pirinoa, he mea tino whai hua tēnei i roto i te reihi.
He mea nui ake te hanganga matū o ngā tāpiringa me te hanganga whānui i ngā momo hinu turanga takitahi. Kāore e taea te whakatau tika i tētahi hinu i runga i te kotahi, i ngā kai rānei e rua. Mā ngā rauemi hangai ka taea e te miihini te oma i ngā pāmahana teitei ake, ā, ka roa ake te wā whakawhiti hinu, engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā hinu kohuke i roto i te reihi. Kua kitea te angitu nui ake o ngā hinu turanga kohuke i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei. He pai ake ngā hinu hangai i ngā hinu kohuke i roto i ngā āhuatanga wera nui me te makariri, engari ehara i te mea ko te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu i ngā wā katoa. Ko te hinu kohuke te kōwhiringa utu nui ake, inā koa mēnā ka ringihia pinepinetia.
Hei kaieke me te kaihanga mīhini, kei te rapu tonu mātou i ngā huarahi hei whakanui ake i te mana me ngā tere o te motuka. Heoi, mā te whakanui ake i te mana me te rpm ka piki ake te kawenga ki runga i te kiriata hinu e pupurihia ana e te hinu i waenga i ngā wāhanga whakarewa. Kei te whakawhanake ngā kamupene hinu reihi i ngā hinu ka taea te whakahaere i ngā kawenga teitei ake i runga i ngā kiriata hinu angiangi atu i mua. Kua hangaia ēnei hei whakahaere i ngā kawenga teitei ake me te kore e whakanui ake i te kakahu, koinei te raruraru nui rawa atu. Kāore mātou e tautoko ana i tētahi waitohu, i tētahi atu rānei i konei, engari ko ngā waitohu e tino pai ana te mahi, kei a rātou te wheako me te whakamātautau hei whakaatu kei te mahi rātou i tā rātou e tika ana kia mahia.
He tawhiti tonu te ao reihi me te ao motuka i ngā tau 60 me 70 (e kīia nei e te tini ko ō rātou rā kororia). I te mea ka uaua haere ngā mea katoa mai i ā tātou paraihe niho ki ngā waea pūkoro, kāore anō kia tae mai he taupānga mō te hinu motuka. EB