Ni gute wakwishimira impeshyi? Nibyo koko, ishyushye cyane, ariko rwose iratsinda ubukonje kandi ukeneye umwanya munini. Muri Engine Builder, itsinda ryacu ryari rihugiye mu gusura ibirori by'amasiganwa, imurikagurisha, gusura abakora moteri n'amaduka, ndetse n'akazi gasanzwe ko kwamamaza.
Iyo nta gapini kari mu gipfundikizo cy'igihe cyangwa mu gasanduku k'igihe cyangwa iyo umwobo w'agapini kari mu gipfundikizo udahuye neza n'agapini, fata agapini gashaje hanyuma ukarisukure hagati kugira ngo gashobore kumanuka hejuru y'izuru rya crank. Kakoreshe kugira ngo ufunge igipfundikizo ukoresheje ibyuma bifunga.
Waba uri umuhanga mu kubaka moteri, umukanishi cyangwa uruganda, cyangwa ukunda imodoka ukunda moteri, imodoka zisiganwa n'imodoka zihuta, Engine Builder ifite icyo igufitiye akamaro. Ibinyamakuru byacu bisohora amakuru arambuye ku byo ukeneye kumenya byose ku nganda za moteri n'amasoko yazo atandukanye, mu gihe amahitamo yacu y'amakuru agufasha kumenya amakuru agezweho n'ibicuruzwa, amakuru ya tekiniki n'abashinzwe inganda. Ariko, ushobora kubona ibi byose ukoresheje iyandikisha gusa. Iyandikishe ubu kugira ngo ubone ibinyamakuru bya Engine Builders byacapwe buri kwezi cyangwa bya elegitoroniki, ndetse n'ikinyamakuru cyacu cya buri cyumweru cya Engine Builders, Ikinyamakuru cya buri cyumweru cya Engine cyangwa Ikinyamakuru cya Mazutu cya buri cyumweru mu gasanduku kawe. Uzaba ufite imbaraga zo gukoresha imbaraga mu gihe gito!
Waba uri umuhanga mu kubaka moteri, umukanishi cyangwa uruganda, cyangwa ukunda imodoka ukunda moteri, imodoka zisiganwa n'imodoka zihuta, Engine Builder ifite icyo igufitiye akamaro. Ibinyamakuru byacu bisohora amakuru arambuye ku byo ukeneye kumenya byose ku nganda za moteri n'amasoko yazo atandukanye, mu gihe amahitamo yacu y'amakuru agufasha kumenya amakuru agezweho n'ibicuruzwa, amakuru ya tekiniki n'abashinzwe inganda. Ariko, ushobora kubona ibi byose ukoresheje iyandikisha gusa. Iyandikishe ubu kugira ngo ubone ibinyamakuru bya Engine Builders byacapwe buri kwezi cyangwa bya elegitoroniki, ndetse n'ikinyamakuru cyacu cya buri cyumweru cya Engine Builders, Ikinyamakuru cya buri cyumweru cya Engine cyangwa Ikinyamakuru cya Mazutu cya buri cyumweru mu gasanduku kawe. Uzaba ufite imbaraga zo gukoresha imbaraga mu gihe gito!
Hamwe n'ubwoko bwose bw'amavuta ku isoko ku bwoko bwose bushoboka ndetse n'imiterere ya moteri, ni gute umuntu yabyumva byose agahitamo ibicuruzwa bitanga umusaruro wifuza?
Nk’uko impuguke yacu mu bya peteroli John Martin (wahoze ari umuhanga mu bya peteroli muri Lubrizol) yabisobanuye muri make: Mu myaka ya za 60 na 70, peteroli yari ikintu cyoroshye kwibasirwa. Ubu ibintu biragoye.
Amavuta yo mu modoka zitwara abagenzi (PCMO) yagiye ahinduka cyane mu myaka yashize. Ariko, ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y’abakora moteri ni ukugabanuka kuri 800 ppm kw’inyongeramusaruro izwi nka ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), bitewe n’ingaruka mbi zayo ku byuma bihindura ingufu. Amavuta yakoreshejwe mbere yari afite 1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Uburyo bushya bwa PCMO bwagenewe kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kunoza imikorere myiza ya lisansi. Byagombaga kandi kongera igihe cy'imashini ihindura amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba atari ikibazo kuri moteri yo gusiganwa. Ahagana mu 1996, moteri nyinshi za OEM zashyizeho moteri za OHV zifite ibyuma bizikurikira kugira ngo bigabanye urwego rwo hejuru rw'inyongera zirwanya kwangirika. Kugeza icyo gihe, moteri zifite imikorere myiza cyane zo mu ntangiriro ya za 90 zashoboraga gukoresha amavuta amwe na moteri zisanzwe nta ngaruka. Muri iki gihe, niba ukoresha amavuta yo mu muhanda (yemewe na API) mu bintu byinshi bifite imikorere myiza, ntabwo izashobora kwihanganira umutwaro, cyane cyane iyo imiyoboro y'amazi idakora neza yananiwe.
Bitewe n’uko ZDDP iri hasi muri PCMO, bamwe mu bubaka moteri n’abakunda gukoresha moteri bahinduye bagakora mazutu ifite inyongera nyinshi. Ariko, impuguke ziburira ko 1.200 ppm (iboneka muri mazutu) ishobora kuba iri hafi yo kugera ku byo abakora moteri bakeneye. Abakinnyi benshi bakomeye bashobora gukoresha mazutu mu mashini zidakora neza. Ariko niba ushaka gukoresha ingufu zose, icyiza ni ugukoresha amavuta yagenewe iyo ntego (niho amavuta yo gusiganwa agaragara).
Zimwe mu nyongeramusaruro za mazutu zifasha mu kugumisha ivu mu cyuma gishobora kuba kidakwiye imodoka zisiganwa kandi gishobora gusiga ingufu zimwe ugereranije n'amavuta yo gusiganwa. Impuguke mu mavuta yo gusiganwa zivuga ko amavuta yazo akingira kwangirika neza kurusha amavuta yakozwe na API kandi agafasha kongera imbaraga kuko anagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ivu (friction) imbere mu mubiri.
Moteri za lisansi zikoresha lisansi (GDI) na Turbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) zirimo gutuma abakora lisansi bagorwa no kubona ibisubizo byihuse byo gutangira gutwika (LSPI). Abakora lisansi bakoranye n'abakora peteroli (API na ILSAC) kugira ngo bateze imbere amahame mashya yo gukemura iki kibazo. Icyiciro gishya cya API/ILSAC, cyitwa GF-6, kizatangizwa muri Gicurasi uyu mwaka, ariko kiracyari kure. Hagombaga gukorwa ibizamini bitatu bishya bya moteri kandi ibizamini byose bya kera bivugururwa. Moteri y'ibizamini yakoreshejwe mu ibizamini bya kera yavuguruwe kugira ngo igaragaze byinshi mu biri kuba muri iki gihe.
Muri rusange, hari ibizamini birindwi bishya bigamije GF-6. Hari ubundi buryo bune bwo gusimbura ibizamini bya ASTM Series III, IV, V, na VI. Ibizamini bitatu bishya birimo ikizamini cya Sequence VI cyavuguruwe ku mavuta yujuje ubuziranenge afite ubukana buke n'ikizamini cya Sequence IX cyo kwambara imigozi kuri LSPI na X.
Dukurikije API, ibizamini byinshi bya GF-5 byararangiye. Hari ibice byinshi bya moteri ishaje. Kubwibyo, API nayo igomba kugeragezwa hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo bushya. Urukurikirane rwa IIIH rwasimbuye urukurikirane rwa IIIG kandi ni ikizamini cyo gupima ubushyuhe n'imvura. Iki kizamini cyavuguruwe kugira ngo gikoreshe moteri ya FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI) yo mu 2012. Ikizamini cya IIIG cyakoresheje moteri ya GM 3800 V6 yahagaritswe mu 1996.
Ikizamini cya VH gisimbura VG kandi ni kimwe mu bizamini bya kera cyane hakoreshejwe Ford 4.6L V8 yo mu 1994 munsi ya GF-5. Ikizamini cyo gusimbuza ubu kirimo gukoresha Ford 4.6L yo mu 2013 kugira ngo isuzume ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurinda ibice bya moteri umwanda na varnish. Sequence IVB ni ikizamini cya kamera n'impinduka kuri moteri ya Toyota ya 1.6L 4-silinda. Iki kizamini ni ubundi buryo bwo gupima IVA ubu.
Ikizamini gishya cya LSPI gikoresheje moteri ya Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, kikaba ari ikizamini gishya cyo kwangirika k'umunyururu. Ikizamini cyo kwangirika k'umunyururu kigena uburyo kwangirika bitewe no gushonga kw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli n'ubwandu bw'amavuta bishobora gutuma umunyururu wiyongera. Moteri ya Ford ya litiro 2.0 izakoreshwa mu igerageza.
Ikizamini cya Sequence VIE cyo gukoresha lisansi hakoreshejwe moteri ya GM 3.6L yo mu 2012 aho gukoresha Cadillac ya 2.6L yo mu 2008. Iki kizamini gipima uburyo lisansi ishobora kongerwa. Indi verisiyo y'iki kizamini (Sequence VIF) ipima lisansi yo gukoresha iyo hakoreshejwe amavuta make.
Kugira ngo byongere urujijo, API/ILSAC yagabanyijemo GF-6 mo ibintu bibiri: GF-6A na GF-6B. GF-6A irahuye n'imodoka zikoresha SN PLUS cyangwa Resource Conservation SN. Uburemere bw'amavuta nk'ayo ni 0W-20 gusa. Izibanda ku gukuraho kwangirika kw'iminyururu n'ibinyabiziga bya LSPI, ndetse na moteri za GDI na GTDI zigezweho.
Moteri igezweho izarushaho gukora, ikenera 0W-16 (ni ukuvuga Toyota na Honda bigezweho). Abakora Reenactors bazagomba kwitondera cyane kuko gukoresha amavuta atari yo bishobora guteza ibibazo mu gihe kirekire. Ikimenyetso gishya cya API kizakoreshwa mu kwerekana GF-6B. Ikirango gisa n'ingabo kuruta inyenyeri gakondo ya API kandi kizaba kiri imbere y'icupa ry'amavuta.
Kimwe mu bibazo bibangamira uburyo amavuta yo gusiganwa acuruzwa muri iki gihe ni uko abakora moteri n'abasiganwa bagomba guhitamo amasosiyete ya peteroli yo kwizera kuko nta bipimo bisa. Ibi bishobora kudahinduka vuba kuko amavuta yo gusiganwa ari isoko ryihariye ugereranyije n'isoko ry'imodoka zitwara abagenzi. Hakenewe ibizamini bya laboratwari kugira ngo bisobanurwe nk'icyiciro. Ibi ubwabyo ntibishoboka ku masosiyete menshi ya peteroli yo mu bwoko butandukanye. Niba bakorana nka API/ILSAC wenda bashobora kubikora? Bitekerejweho.
Impuguke ziburira abantu kwirinda gukurikirana amavuta menshi ya ppm nk'aho ari yo akoreshwa mu buryo bw'umwuka, kuko bivuze byinshi cyane. Ingano y'isabune ikoreshwa hamwe n'ingano y'amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa antiwear ni irindi tandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa siporo n'ayo mu bwoko bwa siporo. Amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa detergents asukura moteri, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane kuri moteri zo mu bwoko bwa detergents zikora vuba kandi zikagira ubushyuhe buke. Ariko moteri zo mu bwoko bwa siporo ntizikenera isuku cyane kuko zihita ziguruka kenshi.
Hafi 85% by'amavuta ya moteri akorwa mu matsinda atanu y'amavuta y'ibanze cyangwa uruvange. Amavuta y'ibanze yo mu itsinda rya mbere ni yo asukurwa cyane kandi akoreshwa mu mavuta asanzwe apima uburemere. Itsinda rya kabiri rifite imyanda mike kandi risukurwa cyane. Akoreshwa mu mavuta asanzwe yo mu byiciro byinshi. Amavuta y'ibanze yo mu itsinda rya gatatu ashyirwa mu byiciro by'ibikomoka ku mavuta kuko asukurwa cyane. Amavuta y'ibanze yo mu itsinda rya kane ni ibinyabutabire bya PAO (polyalphaolefin), mu gihe itsinda rya kane ari ikintu cyose kitari mu matsinda ane ya mbere.
Amavuta menshi yo gusiganwa afite amavuta y’ibanze cyangwa uruvange rw’ibikoresho, ariko hari amavuta y’ubutare meza cyane akoreshwa muri iki gihe. Gukoresha amavuta y’ibanze ntabwo bizamura imikorere, ariko ntibitera ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ariko, amavuta y’ibanze y’ibikoresho yahinduye amavuta y’ubushyuhe buke kugira ngo agabanye ibura ry’imbaraga za parasite, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro cyane mu gusiganwa.
Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'inyongeramusaruro n'imiterere yabyo muri rusange ni ingenzi cyane kuruta ubwoko bw'amavuta y'ibanze. Ntushobora gucira amavuta mu buryo buboneye ukurikije ikintu kimwe cyangwa bibiri. Ibikoresho by'ubukorikori byemerera moteri gukora ku bushyuhe bwinshi no kongera igihe cyo guhindura amavuta, ariko amavuta y'ubukorikori ashobora no gukoreshwa mu kwiruka. Amavuta y'ubukorikori yagize icyo ageraho mu myaka mike ishize. Amavuta y'ubukorikori arusha amavuta y'ubukorikori mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubukonje, ariko si ko buri gihe aba ari amahitamo meza. Amavuta y'ubukorikori akenshi ni yo mahitamo ahendutse, cyane cyane iyo uyakuyemo kenshi.
Nk’abatwara ibinyabiziga n’abubatsi ba moteri, duhora dushaka uburyo bwo kongera ingufu n’umuvuduko. Ariko, kongera ingufu na rpm byongera umutwaro ku gipfunyika gisiga amavuta amavuta agomba kuba afite hagati y’ibice by’icyuma. Amasosiyete acuruza amavuta yo gusiganwa arimo gukora amavuta ashobora gutwara imizigo myinshi ku gipfunyika cy’amavuta gito kurusha mbere hose. Yagenewe gutwara imizigo myinshi idasaza cyane, ari na cyo kibazo gikomeye. Ntabwo twemera ikirango kimwe cyangwa ikindi hano, ariko ikirango gikora neza gifite uburambe n’ibizamini kugira ngo gigaragaze ko gikora ibyo kigomba gukora.
Inganda zikora amasiganwa n'imodoka ziracyari kure cyane ugereranyije n'imyaka ya za 60 na 70 (abenshi bita iminsi y'icyubahiro cyazo). Uko ibintu byose kuva ku bwoya bw'amenyo kugeza kuri telefoni birushaho kuba ingorabahizi, nibura amavuta ya moteri ntabwo aza hamwe na porogaramu. EB