Iyi mashini ikora automatic tube ihuza inzira zo hejuru n’izo hasi, ihuza uburyo bwo gutunganya vuba, nta makosa, gusubiramo no gucunga umutekano. Nubwo iyi gahunda ishobora gufasha uruganda urwo ari rwo rwose, irakurura cyane cyane abakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ariko zigahangana.
Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EVs) si nshya. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1900, ubwo habonekaga imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, umwuka ushyushye na lisansi, ikoranabuhanga ry'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ryari isoko ridasanzwe. Nubwo moteri zikoresha lisansi zatsinze iki cyiciro, ikoranabuhanga rya bateri ryagarutse kandi rirahari. Kubera ko imijyi myinshi hirya no hino ku isi yatangaje ko hazabaho guhagarika imodoka zikoresha lisansi mu gihe kizaza ndetse n'ibihugu byinshi bitangaza ko bigamije guhagarika igurishwa ry'izo modoka, izi modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zizaganza inganda z'imodoka. Ni ikibazo cy'igihe gusa.
Imibare y’ibicuruzwa igaragaza ko imodoka zishingiye ku bikomoka ku mavuta y’inyongera zimaze imyaka myinshi zitera imbere. Nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije kibitangaza, isoko rya Amerika ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zivanze (PHEVs), imodoka zikoresha lisansi, n’izindi zitari PHEV zari 7% by’ibicuruzwa byose mu 2020. Iri soko ryari ritarabaho mu myaka 20 ishize. Imibare y’Ikigo cy’Ubudage gishinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu irabivuga: Igice cy’imodoka zifite amashanyarazi y’inyongera ku modoka zose nshya zanditswe mu Budage hagati ya Mutarama 2021 na Ugushyingo 2021 kiri hafi ya 35%. Muri iki gihe, igice cy’imodoka nshya zanditswe cyari hafi 11%. Ukurikije uko imodoka zitwara abagenzi zigenda, ukwiyongera kw’imodoka nshya zikoresha amashanyarazi mu Budage ni ko kugaragara cyane. Muri iki gice, igice cy’imodoka nshya zikoresha amashanyarazi mu mwaka wose wa 2020 cyari 6.7%. Kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Ugushyingo 2021, uyu mugabane wazamutse cyane ugera ku kigero kirenga 25%.
Iri hinduka rizana impinduka zikomeye ku bakora imodoka n'uruhererekane rwabo rwose rw'ibikoresho. Kubaka byoroheje ni insanganyamatsiko - uko imodoka yoroheje, ni ko ingufu nke zikenerwa. Ibi kandi byongera uburebure, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Iyi nzira yatumye habaho impinduka mu bisabwa mu kugonga imiyoboro, aho hakenewe ibice bito kandi bikora neza, cyane cyane imiyoboro ifite inkuta ntoya ikozwe mu bikoresho bikomeye. Ariko, ibikoresho byoroheje nka plastike ikoreshwa na aluminiyumu na fibre ya karuboni akenshi birahenda kandi biragoye kubitunganya kurusha ibyuma bisanzwe. Bijyanye n'iyi nzira ni ukwiyongera gukomeye mu ikoreshwa ry'ibindi bipimo bitari uruziga. Inyubako zoroheje zigenda zikenera imiterere igoye kandi idahuje hamwe ifite ibice bitandukanye.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora imodoka ni ukugonda imiyoboro izengurutse hanyuma ukayihindura imiterere yayo ya nyuma. Ibi bikora ku byuma bikozwe mu cyuma, ariko bishobora guteza ikibazo iyo ukoresheje ibindi bikoresho. Urugero, pulasitiki ikoreshwa mu byuma bya karuboni ntishobora gupfukama iyo hakonje. Ikintu kigoye ni uburyo aluminiyumu ikomera uko ishaje. Ibi bivuze ko imiyoboro cyangwa imiterere ya aluminiyumu bigorana cyangwa bidashoboka gupfukama nyuma y'amezi make gusa ikozwe. Nanone, niba igice cyifuzwa kidakora nk'uruziga, biragoye cyane gukurikiza amabwiriza yagenwe mbere, cyane cyane iyo ukoresha aluminiyumu. Amaherezo, gusimbuza insinga z'umuringa zisanzwe n'imiterere ya aluminiyumu n'inkoni zo gutwara umuriro ni ikintu gikomeje kwiyongera kandi ni ikibazo gishya cyo gupfukama, kuko ibice bifite ubushyuhe butazangirika mu gihe cyo gupfukama.
Guhindura imikorere y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi biri gutera impinduka mu miterere y’imashini zikoresha imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi. Imashini zikoresha imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi zisanzwe zifite ibipimo by’imikorere byagenwe mbere zirimo gusimburwa n’imashini zikoresha ibicuruzwa byazo zishobora guhindurwa hakurikijwe ibyo abakora ibikoresho bakeneye. Imikorere y’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi bahinduye, ibipimo bya geometrike (nk’uburebure bw’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi n’uburebure bw’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi), umwanya w’ibikoresho na porogaramu byose birahindurwa kugira ngo bihuze neza n’uburyo bwihariye abakora ibikoresho bakeneye n’ibyo bakeneye.
Iri hinduka rimaze gutangira kandi rizarushaho gukomera. Kugira ngo iyi mishinga igere ku ntego, utanga sisitemu akeneye ubumenyi bukenewe mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kugonda ndetse n'ubumenyi n'uburambe bukenewe mu gushushanya ibikoresho n'imikorere, bigomba guhuzwa kuva mu ntangiriro y'icyiciro cyo gushushanya imashini. Urugero, imiterere y'ibikoresho bigoye irakenewe kugira ngo hakorwe imiterere ya aluminiyumu ifite ibice bitandukanye. Kubwibyo, guteza imbere no kunoza imiterere y'ibyo bikoresho birarushaho kuba ingenzi. Byongeye kandi, kugonda CFRP bisaba uburyo bukoresha ubushyuhe buke.
Ibiciro byiyongera mu nganda z'imodoka nabyo biri kwiyongera mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Igihe gito n'ubuhanga buhanitse ubu ni ingenzi cyane kurusha mbere hose. Amasosiyete agamije gukomeza guhatana akeneye gukoresha umutungo neza. Ibi birimo atari igihe n'ibikoresho gusa, ahubwo harimo n'abakozi, cyane cyane abakozi b'ingenzi mu nganda. Muri uru rwego, inzira zoroshye kandi zizewe zo gukoresha ni ingenzi mu kunoza igiciro.
Inganda zikora imiyoboro n'ibigo bicuruza imiyoboro bicunga imiyoboro mu rugo bishobora guhangana n'ibiciro bidashira n'ibindi bibazo binyuze mu gushaka imashini zikora neza zihuye neza n'ibyo bakeneye. Feri zigezweho zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zigomba gukoresha ingamba z'ikoranabuhanga ry'ibice byinshi zirimo ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bifite imiyoboro myinshi bihindura uburyo bworoshye kandi bunoze bwo gupfunyika hamwe n'imiyoboro migufi cyane hagati y'imiyoboro. Iri terambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika riragaragara mu gukora ibice by'imiyoboro bifite imiyoboro myinshi, mu gukora sisitemu zo gupfunyika, cyangwa mu gukora izindi sisitemu zikomeye z'imiyoboro. Imashini zo gucunga imiyoboro ikomeye zishobora kugabanya igihe cyo gupfunyika; ku bakora ubwinshi, ndetse n'amasegonda make kuri buri gice bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku musaruro.
Ikindi gice cy'ingenzi ni imikoranire hagati y'umukoresha n'imashini. Ikoranabuhanga rigomba gushyigikira abakoresha uko bishoboka kose. Urugero, guhuza uburyo bwo gukurura icyuma cyo gufunga - aho icyuma cyo gufunga n'ukuboko gufunga bikora ukwabyo - bituma imashini ihindura no gushyira mu mwanya imiterere y'imiyoboro itandukanye mu gihe cyo gufunga. Indi gahunda n'igitekerezo cyo kugenzura bitangira gutegura umugozi wo gufunga gukurikiraho, mu gihe icyuma cyo gufunga kigikomeje. Nubwo ibi bisaba umugenzuzi ugenzura buri gihe kandi mu buryo bwikora imikorere y'imirongo kugira ngo ahuze ingendo zayo, imbaraga zo gukora porogaramu zitanga inyungu nini, zigabanya igihe cyo gufunga kuva kuri 20 kugeza kuri 40 ku ijana bitewe n'ibice n'imiterere y'imiyoboro wifuza.
Bitewe n’impinduka mu gukoresha izindi mashini zikoresha ingufu, ikoranabuhanga ni ingenzi kurusha mbere hose. Abakora ibikoresho byo gushushanya imiyoboro ya tube bagomba kwibanda ku buryo bwagutse bwo gukora ibintu no gushyira hamwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibintu burenze uburyo bwo gushushanya. Ibi ntibireba gusa imiyoboro yo gushushanya imiyoboro mu gukora imiyoboro minini, ahubwo binareba no mu gukora imiyoboro mito cyane.
Feri zigezweho zo gukanda ku nganda zikora ibikoresho byinshi, nka CNC 80 E TB MR yo muri Schwarze-Robitec, ni nziza cyane ku bakinnyi bo mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa by'imodoka. Ibintu nk'igihe gito n'ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukoresha ni ingenzi cyane, kandi abakora benshi bishingikiriza ku mahitamo nko kugenzura imashini, gukata ibikoresho byubatswemo n'aho bihurira na roboti.
Mu gutunganya imiyoboro y'amazi mu buryo bwikora, ibyiciro bitandukanye by'igikorwa bigomba kuba byizewe, bidafite amakosa, bishobora gusubirwamo kandi byihuse kugira ngo habeho ireme rihoraho ry'ibisubizo byo guhindagura. Intambwe zo gutunganya imiyoboro zizamuka n'izimanuka zigomba gushyirwa muri icyo gice cyo guhindagura, harimo gusukura, guhindagura, guteranya, gushushanya no gupima.
Ibikoresho byo gukoresha nk'amarobo n'ibindi bikoresho nk'ibikoresho byo gufata imiyoboro nabyo bigomba guhuzwa. Inshingano nyamukuru ni ukumenya inzira zikwiriye gukoreshwa. Urugero, bitewe n'ibyo uruganda rusaba, ububiko bw'imikandara, ububiko bw'iminyururu, ububiko bw'ibikoresho birekura cyangwa ububiko bw'ibikoresho byinshi bishobora kuba sisitemu ikwiye yo gukoresha icyuma gitanga umuriro. Bamwe mu bakora feri zo gukanda bakora uburyo bworoshye bwo guhuza ibikoresho binyuze mu gutanga sisitemu zo kugenzura zikorana na sisitemu yo guteganya umutungo w'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi cya OEM.
Nubwo buri ntambwe y'inyongera ituma urunigi rw'ibikorwa ruramba, umukoresha ntatinda kubona kuko igihe cy'uruziga muri rusange gikomeza kuba kimwe. Itandukaniro rikomeye mu buryo bugoye bw'iyi sisitemu y'imikorere ni ibisabwa bikomeye byo kugenzura bisabwa kugira ngo hubakwe igice cyo gufunga mu runigi rusanzwe rw'umusaruro n'umuyoboro w'ikigo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiyoboro yo gufunga igomba kuba yiteguye Industry 4.0.
Muri rusange, guhuza ni ingenzi cyane. Ni ngombwa ko abakora imashini bakorana n'abubatsi b'imashini bafite uburambe bwinshi mu gukora imashini zijyanye n'uburyo butandukanye mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga.
Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe Journal cyabaye ikinyamakuru cya mbere cyihaye inshingano zo gukorera inganda z'imiyoboro y'ibyuma mu 1990. Ubu, ni cyo kinyamakuru cyonyine muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru cyihariye inganda kandi cyabaye isoko ryizewe cyane ry'amakuru ku bakora mu by'imiyoboro.
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Ubu dufite uburenganzira bwose bwo kubona igitabo cy’ikoranabuhanga cyitwa The Fabricator en Español, kandi byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by’agaciro by’inganda.