Chipangizo chopindika cha chubu chodzipangira chokha chimaphatikiza njira zopita kumtunda ndi kumunsi, kuphatikiza kukonza mwachangu, kopanda zolakwika, kubwerezabwereza komanso chitetezo. Ngakhale kuphatikiza kumeneku kungapindulitse wopanga aliyense, ndikokongola makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali m'munda watsopano koma wopikisana pakupanga magalimoto amagetsi.
Magalimoto amagetsi (EV) si atsopano. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chifukwa cha kubwera kwa magalimoto amagetsi, nthunzi, ndi mafuta, ukadaulo wamagalimoto amagetsi sunali msika wamba. Ngakhale kuti injini zamagetsi zapambana mpikisano uwu, ukadaulo wamabatire wabwerera ndipo ulipobe. Popeza mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi yalengeza zoletsa mtsogolo magalimoto oyendetsa mafuta ndi maiko ambiri akulengeza cholinga chawo choletsa kugulitsa magalimoto otere, magalimoto ena amphamvu adzalamulira makampani opanga magalimoto. Ndi nkhani ya nthawi yokha.
Ziwerengero zogulitsa zikusonyeza kuti magalimoto opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ena akhala akukula kwa zaka zambiri. Malinga ndi bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency, msika wa magalimoto amagetsi ku US, magalimoto amagetsi ophatikizana (PHEVs), magalimoto amafuta, ndi ma hybrids ena kupatula PHEVs anali 7% ya zonse mu 2020. Msika uwu unalipo zaka 20 zapitazo. Ziwerengero kuchokera ku bungwe la German Federal Motor Transport Authority zimadzinenera zokha: Gawo la magalimoto okhala ndi ma powertrains ena a magalimoto onse atsopano olembetsedwa ku Germany pakati pa Januware 2021 ndi Novembala 2021 lili pafupi ndi 35%. Pa nthawiyi, gawo la ma BEV atsopano olembetsedwa linali pafupifupi 11%. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a magalimoto apaulendo, kukula kwa magalimoto atsopano amagetsi ku Germany kuli kwakukulu kwambiri. Mu gawoli, gawo la magalimoto onse atsopano olembetsedwa a EV chaka chonse cha 2020 linali 6.7%. Kuyambira Januware mpaka Novembala 2021, gawoli lakwera kwambiri kufika pa 25%.
Kusintha kumeneku kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa opanga magalimoto ndi unyolo wawo wonse woperekera zinthu. Kapangidwe kopepuka ndi mutu - galimoto ikapepuka, mphamvu zimachepa. Izi zimawonjezeranso malo ogwirira ntchito, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi. Izi zapangitsanso kusintha kwa zofunikira pakupindika kwa mapaipi, ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zida zazing'ono komanso zogwira ntchito bwino, makamaka mapaipi opyapyala opangidwa ndi zipangizo zolimba kwambiri. Komabe, zipangizo zopepuka monga aluminiyamu ndi pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodula komanso zovuta kuzikonza kuposa chitsulo chachikhalidwe. Chogwirizana ndi izi ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ena osati ozungulira. Kapangidwe kopepuka kakufunika kwambiri mawonekedwe ovuta, osafanana okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.
Njira yodziwika bwino yopangira magalimoto ndi kupindika machubu ozungulira ndikuwapanga kukhala mawonekedwe awo omaliza. Izi zimagwira ntchito pa zitsulo zotayidwa, koma zingakhale zovuta pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina. Mwachitsanzo, pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni singathe kupindika ikazizira. Zinthu zovuta ndi chizolowezi cha aluminiyamu kuuma ndi ukalamba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti machubu a aluminiyamu kapena ma profiles ndi ovuta kapena osatheka kupindika miyezi ingapo atapangidwa. Komanso, ngati gawo lofunikira silili lozungulira, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kutsatira zolekerera zomwe zafotokozedwa kale, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu. Pomaliza, kusintha zingwe zamkuwa zachikhalidwe ndi ma profiles a aluminiyamu ndi ndodo kuti zinyamule magetsi ndi chizolowezi chomwe chikukula komanso vuto latsopano lopindika, chifukwa zigawo zimakhala ndi zotetezera zomwe sizingawonongeke pakupindika.
Kusintha kwa magalimoto amagetsi kukubweretsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka chubu chopindika. Makina opindika achikhalidwe okhala ndi magawo ogwirira ntchito omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale akupereka m'malo mwa makina enieni a chinthu omwe angakonzedwe kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa za wopanga. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito kopindika, miyeso ya geometric (monga radius yopindika ndi kutalika kwa chubu), malo ogwiritsira ntchito zida ndi mapulogalamu onse asinthidwa kuti agwirizane bwino ndi njira yeniyeni ya wopanga komanso zofunikira za chinthucho.
Kusintha kumeneku kwayamba kale ndipo kudzangokulirakulira. Kuti mapulojekitiwa agwire ntchito, wogulitsa makina amafunika ukatswiri wofunikira paukadaulo wopindika komanso chidziwitso ndi luso lofunikira pakupanga zida ndi njira, zomwe ziyenera kuphatikizidwa kuyambira pachiyambi cha gawo lopanga makina. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe ovuta a zida amafunika kuti apange ma profiles a aluminiyamu okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, kupanga ndi kukonza bwino zida zotere kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kupindika kwa CFRP kumafuna njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha pang'ono.
Kukwera kwa mavuto amitengo omwe akukhudza makampani opanga magalimoto kukumvekanso m'makampani ogulitsa. Nthawi yochepa komanso kulondola kwambiri tsopano ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Makampani omwe akufuna kukhalabe opikisana amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. Izi sizikuphatikizapo nthawi ndi zinthu zakuthupi zokha, komanso anthu, makamaka antchito ofunikira pantchito yopanga zinthu. M'munda uno, njira zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso zodalirika ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukweza mtengo.
Opanga machubu ndi ma OEM omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga machubu mkati mwa nyumba angayankhe ku zovuta zosalekeza komanso zovuta zina pofunafuna makina ogwira ntchito bwino omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa zawo. Mabuleki amakono osindikizira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yaukadaulo ya magawo ambiri yomwe imaphatikizapo zinthu monga zida zopindika zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasinthasintha zomwe zimathandiza kupindika kosavuta komanso kolondola ndi machubu afupiafupi pakati pa kupindika. Kukula kumeneku muukadaulo wopindika kumaonekera popanga zigawo za machubu okhala ndi ma radii angapo, popanga machitidwe opindika, kapena popanga machitidwe ena ovuta a machubu. Makina ogwirira mapini ovuta amatha kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira; kwa opanga okwera kwambiri, ngakhale masekondi ochepa osungidwa pa gawo lililonse akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakupanga bwino.
Gawo lina lofunika kwambiri ndi kuyanjana pakati pa wogwiritsa ntchito ndi makina. Ukadaulowu uyenera kuthandiza ogwiritsa ntchito momwe angathere. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kwa kubweza kwa die yopindika - mkhalidwe womwe die yopindika ndi mkono wopindika zimagwira ntchito padera - kumalola makinawo kusintha ndikuyika ma geometries osiyanasiyana a chubu panthawi yopindika. Lingaliro lina la mapulogalamu ndi kulamulira limayamba kukonzekera shaft ya kupindika kwina, pomwe kupindika kwamakono kukuchitikabe. Ngakhale izi zimafuna wowongolera kuti aziyang'anira mosalekeza komanso modzidzimutsa kuyanjana kwa ma axes kuti agwirizane ndi mayendedwe awo, khama la mapulogalamu limapereka zabwino zazikulu, kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira ndi 20 mpaka 40 peresenti kutengera zigawo ndi mawonekedwe a chubu omwe mukufuna.
Popeza kusintha kwa magetsi atsopano, makina odzipangira okha ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Opanga makina odzipangira okha ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa makina odzipangira okha komanso kuthekera kophatikiza njira zogwirira ntchito kupitirira kupindika. Izi sizikugwira ntchito kokha pa mapipe opindika popanga makina akuluakulu, komanso kwambiri pakupanga makina ochepa kwambiri.
Mabuleki amakono osindikizira a opanga magalimoto ambiri, monga CNC 80 E TB MR ochokera ku Schwarze-Robitec, ndi abwino kwambiri kwa opanga magalimoto. Zinthu monga nthawi yochepa yoyendera magalimoto komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zambiri ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndipo opanga ambiri amadalira njira zina monga kuyang'anira weld, cut-off yomangidwa mkati ndi malo olumikizirana a robotic.
Mu kukonza machubu odzipangira okha, magawo osiyanasiyana a ndondomekoyi ayenera kukhala odalirika, opanda zolakwika, obwerezabwereza komanso achangu kuti zitsimikizire kuti zotsatira zake zikupindika bwino. Njira zoyendetsera zinthu m'mwamba ndi pansi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa mu chipangizo chopindika chotere, kuphatikizapo kuyeretsa, kupindika, kusonkhanitsa, kupanga malekezero ndi kuyeza.
Zipangizo zoyendetsera monga maloboti ndi zida zina monga zogwirira mapaipi ziyeneranso kuphatikizidwa. Ntchito yayikulu ndikusankha njira zomwe zili zoyenera kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito koyenera. Mwachitsanzo, kutengera zomwe wopanga akufuna, sitolo yosungiramo katundu wa lamba, sitolo yosungiramo unyolo, chonyamulira chokweza kapena chonyamulira zinthu zambiri chingakhale njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito chodyetsa machubu. Opanga mabuleki ena osindikizira amapangitsa kuphatikiza kukhala kosavuta momwe angathere popereka njira zowongolera zomwe zimagwira ntchito limodzi ndi dongosolo lokonzekera zinthu zamabizinesi la OEM.
Ngakhale kuti gawo lililonse lowonjezera limapangitsa kuti unyolo wa ndondomeko ukhale wautali, wogwiritsa ntchito sakumana ndi kuchedwa kulikonse chifukwa nthawi yozungulira nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zovuta za makina odzipangira okha ndi zofunikira zowongolera zomwe zimafunikira kuti ziphatikize gawo lopindika mu unyolo wopanga womwe ulipo komanso netiweki ya kampani. Pachifukwa ichi, zopindika mapaipi ziyenera kukhala zokonzeka ku Industry 4.0.
Ponseponse, kuphatikiza ndiye kofunika kwambiri. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti opanga makina agwire ntchito ndi opanga makina omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chambiri pakupanga makina omwe amagwirizana ndi ma subsystem osiyanasiyana munjira yopanga yokha.
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