Ka whakakotahi te waeine piko ngongo aunoa katoa i ngā tukanga whakarunga me ngā tukanga whakararo, ka whakakotahi i te tukatuka tere, kore hapa, te auautanga me te haumaru. Ahakoa he painga tēnei whakaurunga ki tētahi kaihanga, he tino ātaahua ki te hunga kei roto i te mara hou engari whakataetae o te hanga waka hiko.
Ehara i te mea hou ngā waka hiko (EV). I ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 1900, me te taenga mai o ngā waka hiko, mamaoa, me te penehīni, ehara i te mea he mākete motuhake noa iho te hangarau waka hiko. Ahakoa kua toa ngā miihini penehīni i tēnei wāhanga, kua hoki mai te hangarau pākahiko, ā, kei konei tonu. I te mea he maha ngā tāone huri noa i te ao e pānui ana i ngā aukati ā-muri mō ngā waka wahie pūmua, me te maha o ngā whenua e pānui ana i tā rātou hiahia ki te aukati i te hoko o aua waka, ka noho ko ngā pūnaha hiko rerekē te rangatira o te umanga motuka. He mea noa iho te wā.
E whakaatu ana ngā tatauranga hoko kua piki haere te rongonui o ngā waka e ahu mai ana i ngā wahie rerekē mō ngā tau. E ai ki te Environmental Protection Agency, ko te mākete o Amerika mō ngā waka hiko, ngā waka hiko ranu mono-mai (PHEV), ngā waka pūtau wahie, me ngā ranu ehara i te PHEV, e 7% o te katoa i te tau 2020. Kāore i te tino kitea tēnei mākete i ngā tau 20 ki muri. Ko ngā tatauranga mai i te German Federal Motor Transport Authority e kōrero ana mō rātou anō: Ko te wāhi o ngā waka me ngā powertrain rerekē o ngā waka hou katoa kua rēhitatia i Tiamana i waenga i a Hanuere 2021 me Noema 2021 e tata ana ki te 35%. I roto i tēnei wā, ko te wāhi o ngā BEV hou kua rēhitatia he tata ki te 11%. Mai i te tirohanga a ngā waka pāhihi, he tino kitea te tipu o ngā waka hiko hou i Tiamana. I roto i tēnei wāhanga, ko te wāhi EV o ngā waka pāhihi hou katoa kua rēhitatia mō te tau katoa 2020 he 6.7%. Mai i Hanuere ki Noema 2021, kua piki ake tēnei wāhi ki te neke atu i te 25%.
Ka kawea mai e tēnei panonitanga he huringa nui ki ngā kaihanga motuka me ā rātou mekameka tuku katoa. Ko te hanganga māmā te kaupapa – ko te māmā ake o te waka, ko te iti ake o te pūngao e hiahiatia ana. Ka whakanui ake hoki tēnei i te whānuitanga, he mea nui mō ngā waka hiko. Kua arahina hoki e tēnei ia ki ngā huringa o ngā whakaritenga piko paipa, me te piki haere o te hiahia mō ngā wāhanga kiato me te mahi teitei, inā koa ngā paipa angiangi i hangaia ki ngā rauemi kaha teitei. Heoi, ko ngā rauemi māmā pēnei i te konumohe me ngā kirihou whakakaha muka waro he maha ake te utu me te uaua ki te tukatuka i te maitai tuku iho. E pā ana ki tēnei ia ko te pikinga nui o te whakamahinga o ngā āhua ehara i te porowhita. Ko ngā hanganga māmā e hiahia ana ki ngā āhua uaua, kore-taurite me ngā momo whakawhiti-wāhanga rerekē.
Ko tētahi mahi hanga waka noa ko te whakapiko i ngā ngongo porowhita me te hanga wai kia rite ki tō rātou āhua whakamutunga. Ka mahi tēnei mō ngā koranu maitai, engari ka raru pea ina whakamahia ētahi atu rauemi. Hei tauira, kāore e taea e te kirihou kua whakapakarihia ki te muka waro te piko ina makariri. Ko te mea e uaua ai te take ko te kaha o te konumohe ki te whakapakeke i te pakeketanga. Ko te tikanga he uaua, he kore rānei e taea te piko i ngā ngongo konumohe, i ngā kōtaha rānei i roto i ētahi marama noa iho i muri i te hanganga. Waihoki, ki te kore te wāhanga whakawhiti e hiahiatia ana e porowhita, he tino uaua ake te piri ki ngā manawanui kua tautuhia, inā koa ka whakamahia te konumohe. Hei whakamutunga, ko te whakakapi i ngā taura parahi tuku iho ki ngā kōtaha konumohe me ngā tokotoko hei kawe i te iahiko he ia e tipu haere ana, he wero piko hou hoki, nā te mea he whakamarumaru ngā wāhanga e kore e pakaru i te wā e piko ana.
Nā te nekehanga ki ngā waka hiko, kua rerekē te hoahoa o ngā mīhini piko ngongo. Ko ngā mīhini piko ngongo paerewa tuku iho me ngā tawhā mahi kua tautuhia kētia kei te tuku i te ara ki ngā mīhini motuhake ki te hua ka taea te whakarite kia rite ki ngā hiahia o ngā kaihanga. Ko te mahi piko, ngā ine āhuahanga (pēnei i te radius piko me te roa ngongo), te wāhi taputapu me te pūmanawa katoa kua whakatikatikaina kia pai ake ai te ōrite ki ngā whakaritenga tukanga me te hua motuhake a te kaihanga.
Kei te haere tonu tēnei panonitanga, ā, ka kaha haere tonu. Kia tutuki ai ēnei kaupapa, me whiwhi te kaiwhakarato pūnaha i te tohungatanga e tika ana mō te hangarau piko me te mōhiotanga me te wheako e tika ana mō te hoahoa taputapu me te tukanga, me whakauru mai i te tīmatanga o te wāhanga hoahoa mīhini. Hei tauira, me whai āhua taputapu uaua hei whakaputa i ngā kōtaha konumohe me ngā momo whakawhiti-wāhanga. Nō reira, ka nui haere te hiranga o te whakawhanake me te hoahoa pai o aua taputapu. Hei tāpiri, me whai tikanga te piko CFRP e whakamahi ana i te iti o te wera.
Kei te kitea hoki te pikinga o ngā pēhanga utu e horapa ana i te umanga motuka puta noa i te mekameka tuku. He mea nui ake i mua ngā wā huringa poto me te tino tika. Me whakamahi pai ngā rauemi e ngā kamupene e whai ana kia noho whakataetae tonu. Ehara i te mea ko te wā me ngā rauemi rauemi anake tēnei, engari ko ngā rauemi tangata anō hoki, inā koa ko ngā kaimahi matua i roto i te hanga. I roto i tēnei mara, ko ngā tukanga ngāwari ki te whakamahi me te pono he mea nui ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te utu.
Ko ngā kaihanga ngongo me ngā OEM e whakahaere ana i te hanga ngongo i roto i te whare, ka aro pea ki ngā pēhanga utu mutunga kore me ētahi atu pēhanga mā te rapu mīhini mahi teitei e tutuki tika ana i ā rātou hiahia. Me whakamahi ngā parai pēhi hou i tētahi rautaki hangarau maha-wāhanga e whakauru ana i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā taputapu piko maha-radius ka taea te whakarite kia ngāwari ai te piko me te tika me ngā ngongo poto rawa i waenga i ngā piko. Ko tēnei whanaketanga i roto i te hangarau piko e tiaho ana i roto i te hanga o ngā wāhanga ngongo me ngā radius maha, i roto i te hanga o ngā pūnaha piko-i-roto-piko, i roto rānei i te hanga o ētahi atu pūnaha ngongo uaua. Ka taea e ngā mīhini hei whakahaere i ngā piko uaua te whakaiti i ngā wā huringa; mō ngā kaihanga nui-rahi, ahakoa he torutoru hēkona e penapenahia ana mō ia wāhanga ka nui te pānga pai ki te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.
Ko tētahi atu wāhanga matua ko te taunekeneke i waenga i te kaiwhakahaere me te mīhini. Me tautoko te hangarau i ngā kaiwhakamahi i te mea ka taea. Hei tauira, ko te whakaurunga o te piko o te mate – he āhuatanga e mahi motuhake ana te mate piko me te ringa hurihuri – ka taea e te mīhini te whakarite me te whakanoho i ngā momo āhuahanga ngongo i te wā e piko ana. Ka tīmata tētahi atu ariā hōtaka me te whakahaere ki te whakarite i te rakau mō te piko e whai ake nei, i te mea kei te haere tonu te piko o nāianei. Ahakoa e hiahiatia ana he kaiwhakahaere hei aroturuki tonu me te aunoa i te taunekeneke o ngā toki hei whakarite i ā rātou nekehanga, ka puta he hua nui mai i te mahi hōtaka, ka whakaiti i ngā wā huringa mā te 20 ki te 40 ōrau i runga i ngā wāhanga me te āhuahanga ngongo e hiahiatia ana.
I te mea kua nekehia ki ngā pūnaha hiko rerekē, he mea nui ake te aunoatanga i ngā wā katoa. Me arotahi ngā kaihanga piko ngongo ki te aunoatanga whānui me te kaha ki te whakauru i ngā rerengamahi ki tua atu i te piko. Kāore tēnei e pā ana ki ngā piko paipa i roto i te hanga raupapa nui, engari ki te hanga raupapa iti rawa hoki.
He pai rawa ngā pēhi pēhi hou mō ngā kaihanga nui-rahi, pērā i te CNC 80 E TB MR mai i Schwarze-Robitec, mō ngā whakaritenga a ngā kaihanga i roto i te mekameka tuku waka. He mea nui ngā āhuatanga pērā i te wā huringa poto me te whai huatanga rauemi teitei, ā, he maha ngā kaihanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kōwhiringa pērā i te tirotiro whakarewa, te tapahi-ā-roto me ngā atanga karetao.
I roto i te tukatuka ngongo tino aunoa, me pono, me kore hapa, me taea te tukurua, me tere hoki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tukanga kia rite ai te kounga o ngā hua piko. Me whakauru ngā mahi tukatuka o runga me raro ki roto i taua wae piko, tae atu ki te horoi, te piko, te huihuinga, te hanga pito me te ine.
Me whakauru hoki ngā taputapu whakahaere pēnei i ngā karetao me ngā wāhanga tāpiri pēnei i ngā kaiwhakahaere paipa. Ko te mahi matua ko te whakatau ko ēhea ngā tukanga e tino tika ana mō te tono e tika ana. Hei tauira, i runga i ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga, ko te toa uta whitiki, ko te toa mekameka, ko te kaikawe hiki, ko te kaikawe rauemi papatipu rānei te pūnaha tika mō te whāngai ngongo. Mā ētahi kaihanga pēhi pēhi ka ngāwari ake te whakauru mā te tuku i ngā pūnaha whakahaere motuhake e mahi tahi ana me te pūnaha whakamahere rauemi hinonga a te OEM.
Ahakoa ka roa ake te mekameka tukanga i ia taahiraa tāpiri, kāore te kaiwhakamahi e pāngia e te whakaroa nā te mea he rite tonu te wā huringa. Ko te rerekētanga nui rawa atu i roto i te uauatanga o tēnei pūnaha aunoatanga ko ngā whakaritenga whakahaere pakari e hiahiatia ana hei whakauru i te wae piko ki roto i te mekameka whakaputa o nāianei me te whatunga kamupene. Mō tēnei take, me rite ngā piko paipa mō te Ahumahi 4.0.
Ko te whakaurunga te mea tino nui. He mea nui kia mahi tahi ngā OEM me ngā kaihanga mīhini he nui ō rātou wheako ki te whakawhanake i ngā mīhini e hototahi ana ki ngā pūnaha iti rerekē i roto i tētahi tukanga hanga aunoa katoa.
I te tau 1990, ko Tube & Pipe Journal te maheni tuatahi i whakatapua ki te mahi ki te umanga paipa whakarewa. I ēnei rā, koinei anake te pukapuka i Amerika Te Raki i whakatapua ki te umanga, ā, kua noho hei puna mōhiohio tino pono mō ngā tohunga paipa.
Nā te urunga katoa ki te putanga mamati o The FABRICATOR, he māmā noa iho te uru atu ki ngā rauemi whai hua o te ahumahi.
Kua taea te uru atu ki te putanga mamati o The Tube & Pipe Journal, e whakarato ana i te urunga māmā ki ngā rauemi whai hua o te ahumahi.
Kia pai te urunga katoa ki te putanga matihiko o STAMPING Journal, e whakarato ana i ngā whanaketanga hangarau hou, ngā mahi pai me ngā purongo ahumahi mō te mākete tā whakarewa.
Inaianei kua uru katoa ki te putanga mamati o The Fabricator en Español, he māmā noa iho te uru atu ki ngā rauemi ahumahi whai hua.