Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zofanana. Ndikofunikira kudziwa zomwe izi ndi zomwe zimamaliza komanso chifukwa chake ndizofunikira. Zatsopano zaposachedwa muukadaulo wokoka zitha kuchepetsa njira zogwirira ntchito kuti zikwaniritse zomwe mukufuna, kuphatikizapo kuwala kwa pamwamba komwe kumafunidwa.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingakhale chovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma chinthu chomalizidwacho chimapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri ndipo chimapangitsa ntchito yonse kukhala yoyenera. Kawirikawiri anthu amavomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito grit wochepa mu sanding sequence kungachotse mapangidwe akale ndikukonza mapeto, koma pali njira zambiri zomwe muyenera kuzidziwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito grit sequences zambiri kuti mukwaniritse mapeto omwe mukufuna.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zofanana. Ndikofunikira kudziwa zomwe izi ndi zomwe zimamaliza komanso chifukwa chake ndizofunikira. Zatsopano zaposachedwa muukadaulo wokoka zitha kuchepetsa njira zogwirira ntchito kuti zikwaniritse zomwe mukufuna, kuphatikizapo kuwala kwa pamwamba komwe kumafunidwa.
Kampani ya Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA) imafotokoza miyezo yamakampani ndi komwe zinthu zimagwiritsa ntchito manambala osiyanasiyana omalizira.
Nambala 1 yatha. Kukonza pamwamba kumeneku kumapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chotenthedwa (chotentha) chomwe chatenthedwa chisanagwedezedwe. Kumaliza kochepa kwambiri sikufunika, ndichifukwa chake chimaonedwa kuti ndi cholimba. Zinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zili ndi malo oyamba ndi zotenthetsera mpweya, mabokosi ophikira, ma boiler baffles, zigawo zosiyanasiyana za uvuni, ndi ma turbine a gasi, kungotchulapo zochepa.
Nambala 2B yatha. Malo owala awa ozungulira ozizira ali ngati galasi lopanda mitambo ndipo safuna njira zomaliza. Zigawo zokhala ndi 2B zomaliza zikuphatikizapo mapani ozungulira, zida za zomera za mankhwala, zipilala, zida zopangira mapepala ndi zida za mapaipi.
Palinso mapeto a 2D mu gulu lachiwiri. Mapeto awa ndi ofanana, asiliva imvi wosawoneka bwino wa ma coils owonda, omwe makulidwe ake achepetsedwa ndi njira yozizira yomaliza yochepa chifukwa nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapeto a fakitale. Kuchotsa pickling kapena kuchotsa chivundikiro kumafunika pambuyo pa kutentha kuti muchotse chromium. Kuchotsa pickling kungakhale gawo lomaliza la kukonza pamwamba pa izi. Pakufunika kupukuta utoto, mapeto a 2D amasankhidwa ngati gawo lapansi chifukwa amapereka utoto wabwino kwambiri.
Chipolishi Nambala 3 chimadziwika ndi mizere yaifupi, yokhuthala, komanso yofanana yopukutira. Chimapezeka popukutira makina pogwiritsa ntchito zopukutira pang'onopang'ono kapena podutsa ma coil kudzera m'ma rollers apadera omwe amakanikiza mapangidwe pamwamba, kutsanzira mawonekedwe a kutopa kwa makina. Ndi mapeto owunikira pang'ono.
Popukuta makina, grit 50 kapena 80 nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba, ndipo grit 100 kapena 120 nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta komaliza. Kuuma kwa pamwamba nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi kuuma kwapakati (Ra) kwa mainchesi 40 kapena kuchepera. Ngati wopanga akufuna ma welds osakanikirana kapena kudula kwina, mzere wopukuta womwe umachokera nthawi zambiri umakhala wautali kuposa chinthu chomwe chimapukutidwa ndi wopanga kapena roll polisher. Chodziwika kwambiri mu zida zopangira mowa, zida zopangira chakudya, zida za kukhitchini, ndi zida zasayansi ndi kumaliza kwa nambala 3.
Kumaliza kwa nambala 4 ndikofala kwambiri ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a zida zamagetsi ndi chakudya. Mawonekedwe ake amadziwika ndi mizere yayifupi yopukutidwa yofanana yomwe imatambalala mofanana kutalika kwa coil. Imapezeka popukuta ndi makina kumaliza nambala 3 ndi zopukutira pang'onopang'ono. Kutengera ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito, kumaliza komaliza kumatha kukhala pakati pa grit 120 ndi 320. Kupukuta kwapamwamba kumapanga mizere yopukutidwa bwino komanso kumaliza kowala kwambiri.
Kuuma kwa pamwamba nthawi zambiri kumakhala Ra 25 µin. kapena kuchepera. Kumapeto kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malesitilanti ndi zida za kukhitchini, m'masitolo, pokonza chakudya ndi zida za mkaka. Monga momwe zilili ndi Finish No. 3, ngati wogwiritsa ntchito akufunika kusakaniza ma weld kapena kuchita zinthu zina zomaliza, mzere wopukutidwa womwe umachokera nthawi zambiri umakhala wautali kuposa mzere womwe uli pa chinthu chopukutidwa ndi wopanga kapena chopukutira ma roll. Madera ena omwe Finish 4 imapezeka ndi ma trailer a matanki amsewu, malo achipatala ndi zida, zida zogwiritsira ntchito kapena zowongolera, ndi zotulutsira madzi.
Chipolishi Nambala 3 chimadziwika ndi mizere yaifupi, yokhuthala, komanso yofanana yopukutira. Chimapezeka popukutira makina pogwiritsa ntchito zopukutira pang'onopang'ono kapena podutsa ma coil kudzera m'ma rollers apadera omwe amakanikiza mapangidwe pamwamba, kutsanzira mawonekedwe a kutopa kwa makina. Ndi mapeto owunikira pang'ono.
Chomaliza Nambala 7 chimawala kwambiri ndipo chimaoneka ngati galasi. Chopukutidwa mpaka 320 grit komanso chopukutidwa Nambala 7 nthawi zambiri chimapezeka m'mapiko a m'mizere, zokongoletsera zokongoletsera ndi mapanelo a pakhoma.
Pakhala kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakupanga zinthu zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitheke pamwamba pa zinthuzi, zomwe zathandiza opanga kupanga zinthu zambiri mosamala, mwachangu, komanso motsika mtengo. Miyala yatsopano, ulusi wolimba komanso makina oletsa kuipitsa zinthu zimathandiza kukonza bwino ntchito yomaliza.
Zotsukira izi zimathandiza kudula mwachangu, kukhala ndi moyo wautali, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa masitepe ofunikira kuti ntchitoyo ithe. Mwachitsanzo, chotchinga chokhala ndi mikwingwirima yaying'ono mu tinthu ta ceramic chimawonjezera moyo wake pang'onopang'ono ndipo chimapereka mapeto okhazikika.
Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wofanana ndi ma abrasives ophatikizana uli ndi tinthu tomwe timalumikizana kuti tidule mwachangu ndikupereka kumaliza bwino. Zimafunika masitepe ochepa komanso zinthu zochepa zogwirira ntchito kuti zigwire ntchitoyo, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amawona magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso ndalama zosungira.
Michael Radaelli is Product Manager at Norton|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, 1 New Bond St., Worcester, MA 01606, 508-795-5000, michael.a.radaelli@saint-gobain.com, www.nortonabrasives.com.
Opanga akukakamizidwa kuti amalize ngodya ndi ma radii a zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Kuti asakanize zotchingira zovuta kufikako ndikupanga malo, ili ndi njira ya magawo asanu yomwe imafuna gudumu lopera, malo okwana sikweya okhala ndi grits zingapo, ndi gudumu lopera lofanana.
Choyamba, ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito gudumu lopukusira kuti apange mikwingwirima yozama pazida zosapanga dzimbiri izi. Magudumu opukusira nthawi zambiri amakhala olimba komanso osalekerera, zomwe zimapangitsa wogwiritsa ntchitoyo kukhala pachiwopsezo poyamba. Gawo lopukusira linkatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo limasiya mikwingwirima yomwe inkayenera kuchotsedwa ndi masitepe atatu owonjezera otsiriza a kukula kosiyana kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Gawoli limatsatiridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magudumu ofanana kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe omwe akufunidwa.
Mwa kusintha gudumu lopukusira kukhala gudumu la ceramic lobe, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adatha kumaliza kupukuta mu gawo loyamba. Posunga ndondomeko yofanana ya grit monga mu gawo lachiwiri, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adasintha ma square pads ndi gudumu lopindika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nthawi ndi kutha kukhale bwino.
Kuchotsa pad ya sikweya ya magrit 80 ndikuyiyika m'malo mwake ndi mandrel yosalukidwa yokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi kutsatiridwa ndi mandrel yosalukidwa ya magrit 220 kumalola wogwiritsa ntchito kupanga kuwala kofunikira komanso kutsiriza konsekonse ndikuchotsa kufunikira kwa Gawo lomaliza ndi njira yoyambirira (gwiritsani ntchito gudumu la unition kuti mutseke sitepe).
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mawilo opindika ndi ukadaulo wosaluka, kuchuluka kwa masitepe kwachepetsedwa kuchoka pa asanu kufika pa anayi, zomwe zimachepetsa nthawi yomaliza ndi 40% ndikusunga ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi zinthu.
Pakhala kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitheke pamwamba pa zinthuzi, zomwe zathandiza opanga kupanga zida zambiri mosamala, mwachangu, komanso mopanda mtengo.
WELDER, yomwe kale inali Practical Welding Today, ikuwonetsa anthu enieni omwe amapanga zinthu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito komanso zomwe timagwira ntchito nazo tsiku lililonse. Magazini iyi yakhala ikutumikira anthu ogwiritsira ntchito welding ku North America kwa zaka zoposa 20.
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