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Gutunganya inyongeramusaruro (AM) bikubiyemo gukora ibintu bya 3D, urwego rumwe ruciriritse icyarimwe, bigatuma bihenda kurusha gutunganya bisanzwe. Ariko, igice gito cy'ifu ni cyo gishongeshwa ku gice cy'ingenzi mu gihe cyo guteranya. Ibisigaye ntibihuza, bityo bishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Mu buryo bunyuranye, iyo ikintu cyaremwe mu buryo bwa kera, akenshi bisaba gusya no gutunganya kugira ngo gikureho ibikoresho.
Imiterere y'ifu ni yo igena ibipimo by'imashini kandi igomba kwitabwaho mbere na mbere. Ikiguzi cya AM ntabwo cyaba gihendutse bitewe nuko ifu idashongeshejwe yanduye kandi idashobora kongera gukoreshwa. Kwangirika kw'ifu bivamo ibintu bibiri: guhindura ibinyabutabire by'ibicuruzwa n'impinduka mu miterere ya mashini nko mu miterere no gukwirakwira kw'ibice.
Mu rubanza rwa mbere, inshingano nyamukuru ni ukurema imiterere ikomeye irimo aloyide zisanzwe, bityo tugomba kwirinda kwanduza ifu, urugero, na okiside cyangwa nitrides. Muri iki gihe cya nyuma, ibi bipimo bifitanye isano no gukwirakwira no gukwirakwira. Kubwibyo, impinduka iyo ari yo yose mu miterere y'ifu ishobora gutuma umusaruro ukwirakwira mu buryo butari bumwe.
Amakuru aherutse gusohoka agaragaza ko ibipimo by’amazi bya kera bidashobora gutanga amakuru ahagije ku bijyanye n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ifu muri AM hashingiwe ku gipimo cy’ifu. Ku bijyanye n’imiterere y’ibikoresho fatizo (cyangwa ifu), hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima ku isoko bushobora guhaza iki gisabwa. Imiterere y’umuvuduko n’aho ifu itembera bigomba kuba bimwe mu gupima no mu gihe cyo kuyipima. Kuba hari imizigo igabanya umuvuduko ntabwo bihuye n’umuvuduko w’ubuso wigenga ukoreshwa mu bikoresho bya IM mu bikoresho bipima shear na rheometer za kera.
GranuTools yateguye uburyo bwo kugaragaza ifu ya AM. Intego yacu nyamukuru ni ugushyira buri jometri igikoresho cyo kwigana inzira neza, kandi ubu buryo bukoreshwa mu gusobanukirwa no gukurikirana iterambere ry'ubwiza bw'ifu mu buryo butandukanye bwo gucapa. Ibyuma byinshi bisanzwe bya aluminiyumu (AlSi10Mg) byatoranijwe mu gihe gitandukanye ku bushyuhe butandukanye (kuva kuri 100 kugeza kuri 200 °C).
Kwangirika k'ubushyuhe bishobora kugenzurwa hakoreshejwe isesengura ry'ubushobozi bw'ifu yo gukusanya umuriro w'amashanyarazi. Ifu zasesenguwe kugira ngo harebwe uburyo ifu ishobora gutemba (GranuDrum instrument), uburyo ipakiye (GranuPack instrument) n'uburyo ikora (GranuCharge instrument). Ibipimo by'uburyo ifu ihagaze n'uburyo ipakiye birakwiriye mu gukurikirana ubwiza bw'ifu.
Ifu yoroshye gukoresha izagaragaza ibipimo byo guhuza bidahagije, mu gihe ifu ifite imiterere yihuse yo kuzuza izatanga ibice bya mekanike bifite imiterere mike ugereranije n'ibicuruzwa bigoye kuzuza.
Nyuma y'amezi menshi tubitse muri laboratwari yacu, hatoranijwe ifu eshatu za aluminiyumu zifite ingano zitandukanye z'ibice (AlSi10Mg) n'icyitegererezo kimwe cya 316L cy'icyuma kidashonga, aha havugwa ingero A, B na C. Imiterere y'ibice ishobora gutandukana n'iy'abandi bakora. Ingano y'ibice by'icyitegererezo yapimwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya laser diffraction / ISO 13320.
Kubera ko ari byo bigenzura ibipimo by'imashini, imiterere y'ifu igomba kubanza gusuzumwa, kandi niba ifu idashongeshejwe ifatwa nk'iyanduye kandi idashobora kongera gukoreshwa, icyo gihe gukora inyongeramusaruro ntabwo bihendutse nk'uko umuntu yabyifuza. Kubwibyo, hazasuzumwa ibipimo bitatu: urujya n'uruza rw'ifu, imiterere yo gupakira n'amashanyarazi.
Gukwirakwira bifitanye isano n'uburyo urwego rw'ifu rungana kandi "rusa neza" nyuma yo kongera gusiga. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane kuko ubuso bworoshye bworoshye gucapa kandi bushobora gusuzumwa hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya GranuDrum hamwe n'igipimo cy'uburemere.
Kubera ko imyenge ari ahantu hadakomeye mu kintu, ishobora gutera imiturire. Uburyo bwo kuzuza ni bwo buryo bwa kabiri bw'ingenzi kuko ifu zuzuza vuba zitanga imyenge mike. Iyi myitwarire ipimwa na GranuPack ifite agaciro ka n1/2.
Kuba hari ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu ifu bitera imbaraga zihuza zituma habaho agglomerate. GranuCharge ipima ubushobozi bw'ifu bwo gukora amashanyarazi ahoraho iyo ihuye n'ibikoresho byatoranijwe mu gihe cy'amazi atemba.
Mu gihe cyo gutunganya, GranuCharge ishobora guhanura kwangirika kw'amazi, urugero, iyo ikoze urwego muri AM. Bityo, ibipimo byabonetse bireba cyane imiterere y'ubuso bw'ingano (oxidation, ihumana n'ubukana). Gusaza kw'ifu yasubiwemo bishobora gupimwa neza (± 0.5 nC).
GranuDrum ni uburyo bwo gupima urujya n'uruza rw'ifu bushingiye ku ihame ry'ingoma izenguruka. Kimwe cya kabiri cy'icyitegererezo cy'ifu kiri mu cyuma kitambitse gifite inkuta zo ku ruhande zibonerana. Ingoma izenguruka impande zayo ku muvuduko wa 2 kugeza kuri 60 rpm, kandi kamera ya CCD ifata amafoto (kuva ku mashusho 30 kugeza ku 100 mu gihe cy'isegonda 1). Uburyo umwuka/ifu bugaragara kuri buri shusho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kumenya impande.
Barura impuzandengo y'aho umurongo uherereye n'ihindagurika ry'aho umurongo uherereye. Kuri buri muvuduko wo kuzenguruka, inguni y'umuvuduko (cyangwa "inguni y'umuvuduko uhinduka") αf ibarwa uhereye ku mwanya w'impuzandengo, naho dynamic cohesion factor σf ijyanye no guhuza hagati y'ibice irasesengurwa uhereye ku ihindagurika ry'imiterere y'umurongo.
Inguni y'umuvuduko w'amazi iterwa n'ibipimo byinshi: gukururana, imiterere n'imikoranire hagati y'uduce (van der Waals, imbaraga za electrostatic na capillary). Ifu zihuza zituma habaho urujya n'uruza rw'amazi mu buryo butunguranye, mu gihe ifu zitari viscous zituma habaho urujya n'uruza ruhoraho. Agaciro gato k'inguni y'umuvuduko w'amazi αf gahuye n'uruza rwiza. Igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'amazi kiri hafi ya zeru gihuye n'ifu idahuza, bityo uko umuvuduko w'amazi wiyongera, igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'amazi kiriyongera uko bikwiye.
GranuDrum igufasha gupima inguni ya mbere y'inkangu n'uburyo ifu ihumeka mu gihe cy'amazi, ndetse no gupima igipimo cy'ubufatanye σf n'inguni y'amazi αf bitewe n'umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka.
Ubucucike bw'ifu, ubucucike bw'ifu hamwe n'ibipimo bya Hausner (bizwi kandi nka "ibizamini byo gupima") ni byiza cyane mu gupima ifu bitewe nuko byoroshye kandi byihuse mu kuyipima. Ubucucike bw'ifu n'ubushobozi bwo kongera ubucucike bwayo ni ibipimo by'ingenzi mu gihe cyo kubika, gutwara, guteranya, nibindi. Uburyo busabwa busobanurwa muri Pharmacopoeia.
Iki kizamini cyoroshye gifite imbogamizi eshatu zikomeye. Igipimo giterwa n'umukoresha, kandi uburyo bwo kucyuzuza bugira ingaruka ku bunini bw'ifu ya mbere. Gupima ingano yose bishobora gutera amakosa akomeye mu bisubizo. Bitewe n'uburyo bworoshye bw'igerageza, ntitwitaye ku miterere y'ingufu hagati y'ibipimo bya mbere n'ibya nyuma.
Imyitwarire y'ifu ishyirwa mu mwobo usohokamo yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byikora. Pima neza igipimo cya Hausner Hr, ubucucike bw'ibanze ρ(0) na final density ρ(n) nyuma yo gukanda kuri n.
Umubare w'amatapi akenshi uba uhagaze kuri n = 500. GranuPack ni igipimo cy'ubucucike bw'amatapi cyikora kandi giteye imbere gishingiye ku bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa.
Hari izindi indexes zishobora gukoreshwa, ariko ntabwo zitangwa hano. Ifu ishyirwa mu muyoboro w'icyuma binyuze mu buryo bukomeye bwo gutangiza. Gukuramo parametre n1/2 ihindagurika n'ubucucike ntarengwa ρ (∞) byakuwe mu murongo wo gufunga.
Akazu koroheje gafite ubugari gafite ifu kugira ngo gakomeze kugira aho umwuka uhurira n’ifu/umwuka mu gihe cyo gupfunyika. Umuyoboro urimo icyitegererezo cy’ifu uzamuka ukagera ku burebure buhamye ΔZ kandi ukagwa neza ku burebure busanzwe buhagaze kuri ΔZ = 1 mm cyangwa ΔZ = 3 mm, bipimwa mu buryo bwikora nyuma yo gukoraho buri gihe. Gerageza kubara ingano ya V y’ikirundo uhereye ku burebure.
Ubucucike ni igipimo cy'uburemere m n'ingano y'urwego rw'ifu V. Uburemere bw'ifu m burazwi, ubucucike ρ bushyirwamo nyuma ya buri ngaruka.
Igipimo cya Hausner Hr gifitanye isano n'igipimo cyo gufungana kandi gisesengurwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo Hr = ρ(500) / ρ(0), aho ρ(0) ari ubucucike bw'ibanze na ρ(500) ari amazi abarwa nyuma y'amasaha 500. Ubucucike bukabije. Mu gukoresha uburyo bwa GranuPack, ibisubizo bishobora kongera gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe ifu nke (ubusanzwe 35 ml).
Imiterere y'ifu n'imiterere y'ibikoresho byakozwemo igikoresho ni ibipimo by'ingenzi. Mu gihe cyo gutemba, ingufu za electrostatic zikorwa imbere muri iyo fu bitewe n'ingaruka za triboelectric, ari nabyo bihinduranya ingufu iyo ibintu bibiri bikomeye bihuye.
Iyo ifu itemba imbere mu gikoresho, ingaruka ya triboelectric ibaho iyo utwo duce duhuye no iyo utwo duce duhuye n'igikoresho.
Iyo ikoze ku bikoresho byatoranijwe, GranuCharge ipima mu buryo bwikora ingano y'amashanyarazi aturuka mu ifu mu gihe cyo gutemba. Ifu itembera mu muyoboro wa V utemba hanyuma ikagwa mu gikombe cya Faraday gihujwe na electrometer ipima umuriro wabonetse uko ifu igenda imbere mu muyoboro wa V. Kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo bisubirwamo, koresha igikoresho kizunguruka cyangwa kinyeganyega kugira ngo uhe imiyoboro ya V kenshi.
Ingaruka za triboelectric zituma ikintu kimwe kibona electron hejuru yacyo bityo kikaba gifite charge mbi, mu gihe ikindi kintu kibura electron bityo kikaba gifite charge nziza. Hari ibikoresho bibona electron byoroshye kurusha ibindi, kandi mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibindi bikoresho bitakaza electron byoroshye.
Ibikoresho biba bibi n'ibiba byiza biterwa n'uburyo ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kubona cyangwa gutakaza electron. Kugira ngo hagaragare iyi miterere, hakozwe urutonde rw'amashanyarazi ya triboelectric rugaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Ibikoresho bifite imigendekere myiza y'ishari n'ibindi bifite imigendekere mibi y'ishari, kandi uburyo bw'ibikoresho butagaragaza imigendekere iyo ari yo yose y'imyitwarire bwanditswe hagati mu mbonerahamwe.
Ku rundi ruhande, imbonerahamwe itanga gusa amakuru ku bijyanye n'imyitwarire yo gushyushya ibikoresho, bityo GranuCharge yakozwe kugira ngo itange agaciro nyako k'imibare ku imyitwarire yo gushyushya ifu.
Hakozwe igerageza ritandukanye kugira ngo hasesengurwe uburyo ubushyuhe bushonga. Ingero zashyizwe kuri dogere selisiyusi 200 mu gihe cy'isaha imwe cyangwa ebyiri. Hanyuma ifu ihita isuzumwa hifashishijwe GranuDrum (izina rishyushye). Hanyuma ifu yashyizwe mu gikoresho kugeza igeze ku bushyuhe bw'ikirere hanyuma igasesengurwa hifashishijwe GranuDrum, GranuPack na GranuCharge (ni ukuvuga "ubukonje").
Ingero mbisi zasesenguwe hakoreshejwe GranuPack, GranuDrum na GranuCharge ku bushyuhe/ubukonje bw'icyumba kimwe (ni ukuvuga 35.0 ± 1.5% RH na 21.0 ± 1.0 °C).
Igipimo cy’ubumwe bw’ingufu kibara ubushobozi bwo gutembera kw’ifu kandi gifitanye isano n’impinduka mu mwanya w’aho ihuzwa (ifu/umwuka), ari zo mbaraga eshatu gusa zo gukoraho (van der Waals, imbaraga za capillary na electrostatic). Mbere y’igerageza, handitswe ubushuhe bw’umwuka (RH, %) n’ubushyuhe (°C). Hanyuma ifu yasutswe mu ngoma, maze igerageza riratangira.
Twasanze ibi bicuruzwa bidakunze kwibasirwa no gukururana iyo dutekereje ku bipimo bya thixotropic. Igishimishije ni uko ubushyuhe bwahinduye imikorere y’ifu y’ibipimo A na B kuva ku gukururana kugeza ku gukururana. Ku rundi ruhande, Ibipimo C na SS 316L ntibyagizweho ingaruka n’ubushyuhe ahubwo byagaragaje gusa gukururana. Buri fu yari ifite ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira neza (ni ukuvuga igipimo cyo hasi cy’ubukonje) nyuma yo gushyushya no gukonjesha.
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe kandi ziterwa n'agace runaka k'uduce. Uko ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bugenda bwiyongera, ni ko ingaruka ku bushyuhe ziba nyinshi (ni ukuvuga ???225°?=250?.?-1.?-1) na ???316?. 225°?=19?.?-1.?-1) Uko agace kaba gato, ni ko ubushyuhe buba bwinshi. Ifu ya aluminiyumu ni nziza cyane mu gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi bitewe n'uko ikwirakwira ryayo ryiyongera, kandi ndetse n'ibipimo bikonjesha bigira ubushobozi bwo gutemba neza kurusha ifu y'umwimerere.
Kuri buri gerageza rya GranuPack, uburemere bw'ifu bwafatwaga mbere ya buri gerageza, kandi icyitegererezo cyakubiswe inshuro 500 hamwe n'umuvuduko w'ingaruka wa 1 Hz hamwe n'igabanuka ry'ubuntu rya mm 1 mu gasanduku gapima (ingufu z'ingaruka ∝). Icyitegererezo gishyirwa mu gasanduku gapima hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya porogaramu idashingiye ku mukoresha. Hanyuma ibipimo byasubiwemo kabiri kugira ngo harebwe uko bizongera kumera kandi harebwe impuzandengo n'itandukaniro risanzwe.
Nyuma y'uko isesengura rya GranuPack rirangiye, ubucucike bw'ibanze (ρ(0)), ubucucike bwa nyuma bw'ubucucike (kuri taps nyinshi, n = 500, ni ukuvuga ρ(500)), igipimo cya Hausner/Carr (Hr/Cr) n'ibipimo bibiri byo kwiyandikisha (n1/2 na τ) bifitanye isano na kinetics yo gufunga. Ubucucike bwiza bwa ρ(∞) nabwo buragaragazwa (reba Umugereka wa 1). Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo ivugurura amakuru y'igerageza.
Ishusho ya 6 na 7 zigaragaza umurongo rusange w’ingufu (ubucucike bw’ingano ugereranyije n’umubare w’ingaruka) hamwe n’igipimo cya n1/2/Hausner. Uturongo tw’amakosa twabazwe hakoreshejwe impuzandengo tugaragara kuri buri murongo, kandi ibinyuranyo bisanzwe byabazwe hakoreshejwe isuzuma ryo gusubiramo.
Igicuruzwa cya 316L cy'icyuma kitagira umugese ni cyo cyari gifite uburemere kurusha ibindi byose (ρ(0) = 4.554 g/mL). Ku bijyanye n'ubucucike bw'ibinyabiziga, SS 316L ikomeje kuba ifu iremereye cyane (ρ(n) = 5.044 g/mL), hagakurikiraho Icyitegererezo A (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/mL), hagakurikiraho Icyitegererezo B (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/ml). /ml) (n) = 1.645 g/ml). Icyitegererezo C cyari gito cyane (ρ(n) = 1.581 g/mL). Dukurikije ubucucike bw'ifu ya mbere, tubona ko icyitegererezo A ari cyo cyoroheje cyane, kandi dukurikije amakosa (1.380 g / ml), icyitegererezo B na C bifite agaciro kangana.
Uko ifu ishyushye, igipimo cyayo cya Hausner kiragabanuka, kandi ibi bibaho gusa ku bipimo B, C, na SS 316L. Ku gipimo A, ntibyashobotse gukorwa bitewe n'ingano y'imirongo y'ikosa. Kuri n1/2, icyerekezo cy'ibipimo kiragoye cyane. Ku gipimo A na SS 316L, agaciro ka n1/2 karagabanutse nyuma y'amasaha 2 kuri 200°C, mu gihe ku ifu B na C byiyongereye nyuma yo gushyuha.
Muri buri gerageza rya GranuCharge hakoreshejwe icyuma gishyushya amazi (reba Ishusho ya 8). Koresha umuyoboro wa 316L w'icyuma kitagira umugese. Ibipimo byasubiwemo inshuro 3 kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kongera gupima. Uburemere bw'ibicuruzwa byakoreshejwe kuri buri gipimo bwari hafi mililitiro 40 kandi nta fu yabonetse nyuma yo gupima.
Mbere y’igerageza, uburemere bw’ifu (mp, g), ubushuhe bw’umwuka (RH, %), n’ubushyuhe (°C) byanditswe. Mu ntangiriro y’igerageza, ubucucike bw’ifu y’ibanze (q0 muri µC/kg) bwapimwe hashyirwa ifu mu gikombe cya Faraday. Amaherezo, uburemere bw’ifu bwarahamye maze ubucucike bwa nyuma bw’ifu (qf, µC/kg) na Δq (Δq = qf – q0) mu mpera y’igerageza byarabazwe.
Amakuru ya GranuCharge agaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 2 n'ishusho ya 9 (σ ni uguhindagurika gusanzwe kwabazwe uhereye ku bisubizo by'ikizamini cyo kongera gupima), kandi ibisubizo byerekanwe nk'ishusho ya histogram (q0 na Δq gusa ni byo byerekanwe). SS 316L ifite charge y'ibanze iri hasi cyane; ibi bishobora guterwa n'uko iki gicuruzwa gifite PSD iri hejuru cyane. Ku bijyanye no gushyira ifu y'ibanze ya aluminiyumu, nta mwanzuro ushobora gufatwa bitewe n'ingano y'amakosa.
Nyuma yo gukora ku muyoboro w'icyuma cya 316L, icyitegererezo A cyakiraga ingano ntoya y'amashanyarazi, mu gihe ifu B na C byagaragaje icyerekezo kimwe, iyo ifu ya SS 316L yasigwaga kuri SS 316L, habonetse ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi hafi ya 0 (reba urukurikirane rwa triboelectric). Umusaruro B uracyafite amashanyarazi menshi kurusha A. Ku cyitegererezo C, icyerekezo kirakomeza (charge y'ibanze nziza n'charge ya nyuma nyuma yo kuva), ariko umubare w'amashanyarazi uriyongera nyuma yo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe.
Nyuma y'amasaha 2 y'ubushyuhe kuri 200 °C, imyitwarire y'ifu irashimishije cyane. Mu ngero A na B, umuriro wa mbere waragabanutse maze umuriro wa nyuma uva kuri negatif ujya kuri positive. Ifu ya SS 316L niyo yari ifite umuriro wa mbere munini kandi ihinduka ry'ubucucike bwayo ryabaye positive ariko ikomeza kuba nto (ni ukuvuga 0.033 nC/g).
Twakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe ku mikorere ya aluminiyumu (AlSi10Mg) n'ifu y'icyuma kitagira umugese ya 316L, mu gihe ifu y'umwimerere yasesenguwe nyuma y'amasaha 2 kuri 200°C mu kirere.
Gukoresha ifu ku bushyuhe buri hejuru bishobora kunoza uburyo ibicuruzwa bitembera, ingaruka isa nkaho ari ingenzi cyane ku ifu ifite ubuso bwihariye n'ibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi. GranuDrum yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma uburyo amazi atembera, GranuPack yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu, naho GranuCharge yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'ifu ihuye n'umuyoboro w'icyuma cya 316L.
Ibi byagaragajwe hakoreshejwe GranuPack, byagaragaje iterambere mu gipimo cya Hausner kuri buri ifu (usibye icyitegererezo cya A, bitewe n'ingano y'amakosa) nyuma y'uburyo bwo gushyuha. Nta buryo busobanutse bwabonetse ku gipimo cyo gupakira (n1/2) kuko bimwe mu bicuruzwa byagaragaje ukwiyongera k'umuvuduko wo gupakira mu gihe ibindi bigira ingaruka zitandukanye (urugero: Icyitegererezo cya B na C).