Dukoresha kuki kugirango tunoze uburambe.Mugukomeza gushakisha kururu rubuga, wemera gukoresha kuki.Amakuru yinyongera.
Gukora inyongeramusaruro (AM) bikubiyemo gukora ibintu bya 3D, urwego rumwe ultra-thin icyarimwe, bigatuma bihenze kuruta gutunganya gakondo.Nyamara, agace gato gusa ka poro karasudira mubice mugihe cyo guterana.Ibisigaye ntibishobora guhuzwa, birashobora rero gukoreshwa.Ibinyuranye, niba ikintu cyarakozwe muburyo bwa kera, mubisanzwe bisaba gusya no gutunganya kugirango bikuremo ibikoresho.
Ibiranga ifu bigena ibipimo byimashini kandi bigomba kwitabwaho mbere.Igiciro cya AM nticyaba cyubukungu bitewe nuko ifu idashongeshejwe yanduye kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa.Kwangirika kw'ifu bivamo ibintu bibiri: guhindura imiti yibicuruzwa no guhindura imiterere ya mashini nka morphologie no gukwirakwiza ingano.
Mugihe cyambere, umurimo wingenzi nugushiraho ibintu bikomeye birimo amavuta meza, bityo rero tugomba kwirinda kwanduza ifu, kurugero, hamwe na oxyde cyangwa nitride.Mugihe cyanyuma, ibipimo bifitanye isano no gutembera no gukwirakwira.Kubwibyo, impinduka iyo ari yo yose mu miterere yifu irashobora kuganisha ku kugabana ibicuruzwa bimwe.
Imibare yavuye mubitabo biheruka kwerekana ko imashini ya classique idashobora gutanga amakuru ahagije kubyerekeye ikwirakwizwa ryifu muri AM hashingiwe ku buriri bwifu.Kubijyanye no kuranga ibikoresho fatizo (cyangwa ifu), hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima ku isoko bushobora guhaza iki cyifuzo.Imiterere ihangayikishije hamwe nifu ya puderi igomba kuba imwe murwego rwo gupima no mubikorwa.Kuba hari imitwaro ikomeretsa ntishobora kubangikanya nubuso bwubusa bukoreshwa mubikoresho bya IM mubipimisha bogosha na rheometero ya kera.
GranuTools yateje imbere akazi ko kuranga ifu ya AM.Intego nyamukuru yacu ni uguhuza buri geometrike nigikoresho nyacyo cyo kwigana, kandi iyi mirimo ikoreshwa mugusobanukirwa no gukurikirana ihindagurika ryubwiza bwifu muburyo butandukanye bwo gucapa.Amavuta menshi ya aluminiyumu (AlSi10Mg) yatoranijwe mu gihe gitandukanye ku mizigo itandukanye (kuva 100 kugeza 200 ° C).
Kwangirika kwubushyuhe birashobora kugenzurwa no gusesengura ubushobozi bwifu yo kwegeranya amashanyarazi.Ifu yasesenguwe kugirango itembane (igikoresho cya GranuDrum), gupakira kinetics (igikoresho cya GranuPack) hamwe nimyitwarire ya electrostatike (igikoresho cya GranuCharge).Ibipimo byo guhuriza hamwe no gupakira kinetics birakwiriye gukurikirana ubuziranenge bwifu.
Ifu yoroshye kuyikoresha izerekana indangagaciro zifatika, mugihe ifu ifite imbaraga zuzura byihuse bizatanga ibice byubukanishi bifite ububobere buke ugereranije no kuzuza ibicuruzwa.
Nyuma y'amezi atari make yo kubika muri laboratoire yacu, ifu ya aluminiyumu itatu ivanze nubunini butandukanye bwagabanijwe (AlSi10Mg) hamwe nicyitegererezo kimwe 316L cyuma kitagira ingese, hano twavuze nkicyitegererezo A, B na C. Imiterere yintangarugero irashobora gutandukana nabandi bakora.Ingero zingero zagabanijwe zapimwe nisesengura rya laser / ISO 13320.
Kuberako bagenzura ibipimo byimashini, imiterere yifu igomba kubanza gusuzumwa, kandi niba ifu idashongeshejwe ifatwa nkaho yanduye kandi idashobora gukoreshwa, noneho gukora inyongeramusaruro ntabwo ari ubukungu nkuko umuntu yabitekereza.Kubwibyo, ibipimo bitatu bizakurikiranwa: gutembera kw'ifu, gupakira imbaraga hamwe na electrostatike.
Ikwirakwizwa rifitanye isano nuburinganire n '“ubworoherane” bwifu yifu nyuma yigikorwa cyo kwisubiramo.Ibi nibyingenzi cyane kuko isura yoroshye yoroshye kuyisohora kandi irashobora gusuzumwa nigikoresho cya GranuDrum hamwe no gupima indangagaciro.
Kuberako imyenge ari ingingo zintege nke mubikoresho, zirashobora gushikana.Uzuza imbaraga ningingo ya kabiri yingenzi nkibintu byuzuza ifu byihuse bitanga ububobere buke.Iyi myitwarire ipimwa na GranuPack ifite agaciro ka n1 / 2.
Kuba hari amashanyarazi yumuriro muri poro bitera imbaraga zifatika ziganisha kumikorere ya agglomerates.GranuCharge ipima ubushobozi bwifu yokubyara amashanyarazi mugihe uhuye nibikoresho byatoranijwe mugihe cyo gutemba.
Mugihe cyo gutunganya, GranuCharge irashobora guhanura kwangirika kwimigezi, kurugero, mugihe ikora urwego muri AM.Rero, ibipimo byabonetse byunvikana cyane kumiterere yubuso bwimbuto (okiside, kwanduza no gukomera).Gusaza kw'ifu yagaruwe birashobora kugereranywa neza (± 0.5 nC).
GranuDrum nuburyo bwateguwe bwa porojeri yuburyo bwo gupima bishingiye kumahame yingoma.Kimwe cya kabiri cyifu yicyitegererezo kirimo silindiri itambitse hamwe nurukuta rwuruhande rweruye.Ingoma izenguruka umurongo wacyo ku muvuduko wa 2 kugeza kuri 60 rpm, kandi kamera ya CCD ifata amashusho (kuva amashusho 30 kugeza 100 mumasegonda 1).Imigaragarire yumwuka / ifu yamenyekanye kuri buri shusho ukoresheje algorithm yo kumenya.
Kubara impuzandengo yimyanya yimbere hamwe no kunyeganyega hafi yiyi myanya.Kuri buri muvuduko wo kuzunguruka, inguni itembera (cyangwa “dinamike inguni ya repose”) αf ibarwa uhereye hagati yimiterere yimbere, kandi ibintu bihuza imbaraga σf bifitanye isano no guhuza intera byasesenguwe bivuye kumihindagurikire yimbere.
Inguni itemba yibasiwe nibintu byinshi: guterana, imiterere no guhuza ibice (van der Waals, electrostatike na capillary imbaraga).Ifu ifatanye itera umuvuduko mugihe, mugihe ifu itagaragara neza itera gutemba bisanzwe.Indangagaciro zo hasi zinguni αf zihuye neza.Igipimo gifatika gifatika hafi ya zeru gihuye nifu idahuye, nkuko rero ifu yifu yiyongera, indangagaciro zifatika ziyongera uko bikwiye.
GranuDrum igufasha gupima inguni yambere ya avalanche hamwe no guhinduranya ifu mugihe cyo gutemba, ndetse no gupima indangagaciro ya adhesion σf hamwe nu mfuruka αf ukurikije umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka.
Ubwinshi bwa GranuPack, ubwinshi bwo gukanda no gupima igipimo cya Hausner (bizwi kandi nka "gukubita ibizamini") nibyiza kuranga ifu kubera ubworoherane n'umuvuduko wo gupima.Ubucucike bwifu nubushobozi bwo kongera ubucucike nibintu byingenzi mugihe cyo kubika, gutwara, guhuriza hamwe, nibindi. Uburyo bwasabwe bwerekanwe muri Pharmacopoeia.
Iki kizamini cyoroshye gifite ibibi bitatu byingenzi.Ibipimo biterwa nuwabikoresheje, kandi uburyo bwo kuzuza bugira ingaruka kumubare wambere wifu.Gupima ingano yose irashobora gukurura amakosa akomeye mubisubizo.Bitewe n'ubworoherane bw'igerageza, ntabwo twazirikanye imbaraga zo guhuza hagati y'ibipimo byambere nibisoza.
Imyitwarire ya poro yagaburiwe mumasoko ahoraho yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byikora.Gupima neza coefficient ya Hausner Hr, ubucucike bwambere ρ (0) nubucucike bwa nyuma ρ (n) nyuma yo gukanda.
Umubare wa kanseri usanzwe ushyirwa kuri n = 500.GranuPack ni igipimo cyikora kandi cyateye imbere cyo gupima ubucucike bushingiye ku bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa.
Ibindi bipimo birashobora gukoreshwa, ariko ntibitangwa hano.Ifu ishyirwa mumiyoboro yicyuma binyuze muburyo bukomeye bwo gutangiza.Extrapolation ya dinamike ibipimo n1 / 2 hamwe nubucucike ntarengwa ρ (∞) byavanyweho muguhuza umurongo.
Silinderi yoroheje yoroheje yicaye hejuru yigitanda cyifu kugirango igumane ifu / ikirere cyurwego mugihe cyo guhuza.Umuyoboro urimo ifu yintangarugero uzamuka muburebure butajegajega ΔZ hanyuma ugwa mubwisanzure muburebure busanzwe bugenwa kuri ΔZ = 1 mm cyangwa ΔZ = mm 3, bihita bipimwa nyuma yo gukoraho.Kubara ingano V yikirundo kuva murwego rwo hejuru.
Ubucucike ni igipimo cya misa m nubunini bwifu ya poro V. Ubwinshi bwifu ya m irazwi, ubucucike ρ bukoreshwa nyuma ya buri ngaruka.
Coefficient ya Hausner Hr ifitanye isano nimpamvu yo guhuzagurika kandi isesengurwa nuburinganire bwa Hr = ρ (500) / ρ (0), aho ρ (0) aribwo bwambere ubwinshi bwimbitse kandi ρ (500) nigitemba kibarwa nyuma yinzinguzingo 500.Kanda.Iyo ukoresheje uburyo bwa GranuPack, ibisubizo byororoka ukoresheje ifu nkeya (mubisanzwe ml 35).
Ibiranga ifu nibiranga ibikoresho bivamo igikoresho nibikoresho byingenzi.Mugihe cyo gutembera, amashanyarazi ya electrostatike atangwa imbere yifu kubera ingaruka za triboelectric, aribwo guhana amafaranga mugihe ibintu bibiri bihuye.
Iyo ifu itembera imbere mubikoresho, ingaruka ya triboelectric ibaho muguhuza ibice no guhuza hagati yibice nigikoresho.
Iyo uhuye nibikoresho byatoranijwe, GranuCharge ihita ipima ingano yumuriro wa electrostatike ikomoka mumashanyarazi mugihe cyo gutemba.Ifu yicyitegererezo itemba imbere muri V-tube yinyeganyeza hanyuma igwa mu gikombe cya Faraday ihujwe na electrometero ipima amafaranga yabonetse mugihe ifu igenda imbere muri V-tube.Kubisubizo byororoka, koresha igikoresho kizunguruka cyangwa kinyeganyeza kugirango ugaburire V-tubes kenshi.
Ingaruka ya triboelectric itera ikintu kimwe kubona electron hejuru yacyo bityo kigahinduka nabi, mugihe ikindi kintu kibura electroni bityo kigahinduka neza.Ibikoresho bimwe byunguka electron byoroshye kurenza ibindi, kandi, kimwe, ibindi bikoresho bitakaza electron byoroshye.
Nibihe bintu biba bibi kandi bigahinduka byiza biterwa nuburinganire bwibikoresho birimo kugirango umuntu yunguke cyangwa atakaza electron.Kugirango uhagararire iyi nzira, urukurikirane rwa triboelectric rwerekanwe kumeza 1 rwateguwe.Ibikoresho bifite uburyo bwiza bwo kwishyuza hamwe nabandi bafite uburyo bwo kwishyuza nabi barashyizwe ku rutonde, kandi uburyo bwibintu butagaragaza imyitwarire iyo ari yo yose bwerekanwe hagati yimeza.
Kurundi ruhande, imbonerahamwe itanga gusa amakuru kubyerekeranye nuburyo bwo kwishyuza ibikoresho, bityo GranuCharge yashizweho kugirango itange agaciro nyako kerekana imibare yo kwishyuza ifu.
Hakozwe ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwo gusesengura kubora.Ingero zashyizwe kuri 200 ° C mu isaha imwe cyangwa ibiri.Ifu ihita isesengurwa hamwe na GranuDrum (izina rishyushye).Ifu yahise ishyirwa muri kontineri kugeza igeze ku bushyuhe bw’ibidukikije hanyuma isesengurwa ukoresheje GranuDrum, GranuPack na GranuCharge (ni ukuvuga “ubukonje”).
Ingero nto zasesenguwe hakoreshejwe GranuPack, GranuDrum na GranuCharge mucyumba kimwe cy'ubushyuhe / ubushyuhe (ni ukuvuga 35.0 ± 1.5% RH na 21.0 ± 1.0 ° C).
Igipimo cohesion kibara urujya n'uruza rw'ifu kandi bifitanye isano nimpinduka zumwanya wimiterere (ifu / umwuka), nimbaraga eshatu gusa zo guhuza (van der Waals, capillary na electrostatique).Mbere yubushakashatsi, ubushyuhe bwikirere bugereranije (RH,%) nubushyuhe (° C) byanditswe.Hanyuma ifu yasutswe mu ngoma, maze ubushakashatsi buratangira.
Twanzuye ko ibyo bicuruzwa bidashobora guhurira hamwe mugihe dusuzumye ibipimo bya thixotropique.Igishimishije, guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe byahinduye imyitwarire ya rheologiya ya poro yintangarugero A na B kuva mubyimbye byogosha bikamera.Ku rundi ruhande, Ingero C na SS 316L ntabwo zatewe nubushyuhe kandi zerekanaga gusa umubyimba.Buri fu yari ifite gukwirakwizwa neza (ni ukuvuga indangagaciro yo hasi) nyuma yo gushyushya no gukonja.
Ingaruka yubushyuhe nayo iterwa nubuso bwihariye bwibice.Iyo hejuru yubushyuhe bwibikoresho, niko ingaruka nyinshi ku bushyuhe (urugero ??? 225 °? = 250?.? - 1.?-1) na ??? 316?.225 °? = 19?.? - 1.?-1) Iyo ntoya, ningaruka zubushyuhe ninshi.Ifu ya aluminiyumu ni nziza cyane kubushyuhe bwo hejuru bitewe no kwiyongera kwayo, ndetse no gukonjesha bigera ku ntera nziza kurusha ifu yumwimerere.
Kuri buri igeragezwa rya GranuPack, ubwinshi bwifu yanditswe mbere ya buri bushakashatsi, kandi icyitegererezo cyakubiswe inshuro 500 hamwe ninshuro zingana na 1 Hz hamwe no kugwa kubusa kwa mm 1 muri selile yo gupima (ingufu zingaruka ∝).Icyitegererezo gitangwa muri selile yo gupima ukurikije amabwiriza ya software yigenga.Hanyuma ibipimo byasubiwemo kabiri kugirango bisuzume imyororokere kandi bigenzure uburyo bwo gutandukana.
Isesengura rya GranuPack rirangiye, ubwinshi bwambere (ρ (0)), ubwinshi bwanyuma (kuri kanda nyinshi, n = 500, ni ukuvuga ρ (500)), igipimo cya Hausner / Carr index (Hr / Cr) hamwe nibintu bibiri byo kwiyandikisha (n1 / 2 na τ) bijyanye no guhuza ibikorwa.Ubucucike bwiza ρ (∞) nabwo burerekanwa (reba Umugereka 1).Imbonerahamwe ikurikira iravugurura amakuru yubushakashatsi.
Igishushanyo cya 6 nicya 7 byerekana guhuza umurongo rusange (ubwinshi bwumubare numubare wingaruka) hamwe nikigereranyo cya n1 / 2 / Hausner.Utubari twibeshya twabaze dukoresheje uburyo bwerekanwe kuri buri murongo, kandi gutandukana bisanzwe byabazwe no kugerageza gusubiramo.
Ibicuruzwa 316L bidafite ibyuma byari ibicuruzwa biremereye (ρ (0) = 4.554 g / mL).Kubijyanye no gukanda ubucucike, SS 316L ikomeza kuba ifu iremereye (ρ (n) = 5.044 g / mL), ikurikirwa na Sample A (ρ (n) = 1,668 g / mL), ikurikiwe na Sample B (ρ (n) = 1,668 g / ml)./ ml) (n) = 1,645 g / ml).Icyitegererezo C cyari cyo hasi cyane (ρ (n) = 1.581 g / mL).Ukurikije ubwinshi bwifu yifu yambere, tubona ko icyitegererezo A aricyo cyoroshye, kandi urebye amakosa (1.380 g / ml), ingero B na C zifite agaciro kamwe.
Iyo ifu ishyushye, igipimo cyayo cya Hausner kiragabanuka, kandi ibi bibaho gusa hamwe na B, C, na SS 316L.Kuri sample A, ntabwo byashobokaga gukora bitewe nubunini bwamakosa.Kuri n1 / 2, ibipimo byerekana umurongo birarenze.Kuri sample A na SS 316L, agaciro ka n1 / 2 kagabanutse nyuma ya 2 h kuri 200 ° C, mugihe ifu B na C yiyongereye nyuma yo gupakira ubushyuhe.
Ibiryo byinyeganyeza byakoreshejwe kuri buri igeragezwa rya GranuCharge (reba Ishusho 8).Koresha 316L idafite ibyuma.Ibipimo byasubiwemo inshuro 3 kugirango bisuzume imyororokere.Uburemere bwibicuruzwa byakoreshejwe kuri buri gupima byari hafi 40 ml kandi nta fu yagaruwe nyuma yo gupimwa.
Mbere yubushakashatsi, uburemere bwifu yifu (mp, g), ubushyuhe bwikirere bugereranije (RH,%), nubushyuhe (° C) byanditswe.Mugitangira ikizamini, ubwinshi bwamafaranga yifu yambere (q0 muri µC / kg) yapimwe ashyira ifu mugikombe cya Faraday.Hanyuma, ifu yifu yarakosowe hanyuma ubwinshi bwamafaranga yanyuma (qf, µC / kg) na Δq (Δq = qf - q0) barangije igeragezwa barabaze.
Ibyibanze bya GranuCharge byerekanwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 2 n’ishusho ya 9 (σ ni itandukaniro risanzwe ribarwa uhereye ku bisubizo by’ikizamini cy’imyororokere), kandi ibisubizo byerekanwe nka histogramu (herekanwa gusa q0 na Δq).SS 316L ifite amafaranga yo hasi yambere;ibi birashobora guterwa nuko iki gicuruzwa gifite PSD yo hejuru.Iyo bigeze kubanza gupakira ifu ya aluminiyumu yambere, nta mwanzuro ushobora gufatwa bitewe nubunini bwamakosa.
Nyuma yo guhura numuyoboro wicyuma wa 316L, icyitegererezo A cyakiriye amafaranga make, mugihe ifu B na C yerekanaga ibintu bisa, niba ifu ya SS 316L yakubiswe kuri SS 316L, habonetse ubwinshi bwumuriro hafi 0 (reba urukurikirane rwa triboelectric).Igicuruzwa B kiracyishyurwa cyane kuruta A. Kuburugero C, icyerekezo kirakomeza (kwishyurwa kwambere kwambere no kwishyurwa nyuma nyuma yo kumeneka), ariko umubare wamafaranga wiyongera nyuma yubushyuhe bwumuriro.
Nyuma yamasaha 2 yumuriro wa 200 ° C, imyitwarire yifu iba ishimishije cyane.Mu ngero A na B, amafaranga yambere yagabanutse kandi amafaranga yanyuma yavuye mubintu bibi.Ifu ya SS 316L yari ifite amafaranga yambere yambere kandi ihinduka ryubwinshi bwumuriro ryabaye ryiza ariko rikomeza kuba rito (ni ukuvuga 0.033 nC / g).
Twakoze iperereza ku ngaruka ziterwa n’ubushyuhe ku myitwarire ihuriweho na aluminiyumu (AlSi10Mg) na 316L ifu y’icyuma, mu gihe ifu yumwimerere yasesenguwe nyuma yamasaha 2 kuri 200 ° C mu kirere.
Gukoresha ifu yubushyuhe bwo hejuru irashobora kunoza ibicuruzwa bitembera, ingaruka igaragara nkibyingenzi kuri poro zifite ahantu hanini cyane hamwe nibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi.GranuDrum yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma imigendere, GranuPack yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura ibintu bipfunyitse, naho GranuCharge yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura triboelectricity ya poro ihura numuyoboro wibyuma 316L.
Ibisubizo byagenwe hakoreshejwe GranuPack, yerekanaga iterambere muri coefficient ya Hausner kuri buri fu (usibye icyitegererezo A, bitewe nubunini bwamakosa) nyuma yubushyuhe bwumuriro.Nta cyerekezo gisobanutse cyabonetse kubintu byo gupakira (n1 / 2) kuko ibicuruzwa bimwe byerekanaga kwiyongera k'umuvuduko wo gupakira mugihe ibindi byagize ingaruka zinyuranye (urugero: B na C).