Tinoshandisa makuki kuti tivandudze ruzivo rwenyu. Nekuramba muchitsvaga saiti ino, munobvuma kushandisa kwedu makuki. Ruzivo Rwakawedzerwa.
Kugadzira zvinhu zvinowedzerwa (AM) kunosanganisira kugadzira zvinhu zve3D, jira rimwe chete rakatetepa panguva imwe chete, zvichiita kuti zvidhure kupfuura kugadzirwa kwechinyakare. Zvisinei, chikamu chidiki cheupfu chinosungirirwa kuchikamu panguva yekubatanidza. Zvimwe hazvisanganisike, saka zvinogona kushandiswazve. Kusiyana neizvi, kana chinhu chacho chakagadzirwa nenzira yekare, chinowanzo da kugayiwa nekugadzirwa kuti chibvise zvinhu zvacho.
Hunhu hweupfu hunosarudza parameters yemuchina uye hunofanira kutariswa pakutanga. Mutengo weAM hauzove wakachipa tichifunga kuti upfu husina kunyungudutswa hwakasvibiswa uye haugone kudzokororwa. Kuora kweupfu kunoguma nezvinhu zviviri: kuchinjwa kwemakemikari kwechigadzirwa uye shanduko muhunhu hwemakanika senge morphology uye kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvikamu.
Muchiitiko chekutanga, basa guru nderekugadzira zvivakwa zvakasimba zvine alloys yakachena, saka tinofanira kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwehupfu, semuenzaniso, nema oxides kana nitrides. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, ma parameter aya ane chekuita nekuyerera uye kupararira. Nokudaro, chero shanduko muhunhu hwehupfu inogona kutungamira mukupararira kusina kufanana kwechigadzirwa.
Data kubva mumabhuku achangoburwa anoratidza kuti mafambiro emvura ekare haakwanise kupa ruzivo rwakakwana nezvekugoverwa kwehupfu muAM zvichibva pamubhedha wehupfu. Nezvekutsanangurwa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa (kana hupfu), kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuyera dzakakodzera pamusika dzinogona kuzadzisa chinodiwa ichi. Mamiriro ekumanikidzwa uye nzvimbo yekuyerera kwehupfu inofanira kunge yakafanana mukuyera uye mukuita. Kuvapo kwemitoro yekumanikidza hakuenderane nekuyerera kwemvura pamusoro pemvura kunoshandiswa mumidziyo yeIM mu shear testers uye classical rheometers.
GranuTools yakagadzira nzira yekushanda yekutarisa hupfu hweAM. Chinangwa chedu chikuru ndechekupa geometry yega yega chishandiso chekufananidzira maitiro chakarurama, uye nzira iyi yekushanda inoshandiswa kunzwisisa nekutevera kushanduka kwehunhu hwehupfu mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekudhinda. Ma alloys akati wandei e aluminium alloys (AlSi10Mg) akasarudzwa kwenguva dzakasiyana pamafuta akasiyana (kubva pa100 kusvika 200 °C).
Kuora kwekupisa kunogona kudzorwa nekuongorora kugona kwehupfu kuunganidza chaji yemagetsi. Hupfu hwakaongororwa kuti huenderane nekuyerera kwemvura (GranuDrum instrument), kinetics yekuisa package (GranuPack instrument) uye electrostatic behavior (GranuCharge instrument). Kuyerwa kwe cohesion uye kinetics yekuisa package kwakakodzera kutevedzera hunhu hwehupfu.
Upfu huri nyore kushandisa hunoratidza kusabatana kwakaderera, nepo hupfu hune simba rekuzadza nekukurumidza huchigadzira zvikamu zvemakanika zvine porosity shoma zvichienzaniswa nezvigadzirwa zvakaoma kuzadza.
Mushure memwedzi yakati wandei yekuchengetwa murabhoritari yedu, hupfu hutatu hwealuminium alloy hwakasiyana hwakagoverwa nehukuru hwezvikamu (AlSi10Mg) uye imwe sampuro yesimbi isina tsvina ye316L yakasarudzwa, pano inonzi sampuro A, B naC. Hunhu hwemasampuro hunogona kusiyana nehwevamwe vagadziri. Kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvikamu zvesampuro kwakayerwa nekuongorora kwelaser diffraction/ISO 13320.
Nekuti ndivo vanodzora maparamita emuchina, hunhu hweupfu hunofanira kutanga hwatariswa, uye kana hupfu husina kunyungudutswa huchionekwa sehwakasviba uye husingadzokororwe, saka kugadzirwa kwekuwedzera hakudhuri zvakanyanya sezvaungatarisira. Saka, maparamita matatu achaongororwa: kuyerera kweupfu, kurongedza zvinhu uye electrostatics.
Kupararira kwacho kwakabatana nekufanana uye "kutsvedzerera" kwechikamu cheupfu mushure mekushanda kwekudzoreredza. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru sezvo nzvimbo dzakatsetseka dziri nyore kudhinda uye dzinogona kuongororwa neGranuDrum tool ine chiyero chekunamatira.
Nekuti maburi haana kusimba muchinhu, anogona kukonzera kutsemuka. Kuzadza simba ndiyo parameter yechipiri yakakosha sezvo hupfu hwekuzadza hunokurumidza huchipa porosity shoma. Maitiro aya anoyerwa neGranuPack ine kukosha kwe n1/2.
Kuvapo kwemagetsi anochaja muupfu kunoita kuti pave nemasimba akabatana anotungamira pakuumbwa kwema agglomerates. GranuCharge inoyera kugona kwehupfu kugadzira electrostatic charge kana yakabatana nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa panguva yekuyerera.
Munguva yekugadzirisa, GranuCharge inogona kufanotaura kuora kwekuyerera, semuenzaniso, pakugadzira layer mu AM. Saka, zviyero zvinowanikwa zvinonyatsoenderana nemamiriro epamusoro pegorosi (oxidation, kusvibiswa uye kuomarara). Kukwegura kwehupfu hwadzoserwa kunogona kuverengerwa nemazvo (± 0.5 nC).
GranuDrum inzira yekuyera kuyerera kwehupfu yakarongwa yakavakirwa papfungwa yekutenderera kwedhiramu. Hafu yemuenzaniso wehupfu iri mu cylinder yakatambanuka ine madziro emativi akajeka. Dhiramu rinotenderera rakatenderedza axis yaro nekumhanya kwe 2 kusvika 60 rpm, uye kamera yeCCD inotora mifananidzo (kubva pamifananidzo 30 kusvika 100 pasekondi imwe chete). Chimiro chemhepo/hupfu chinowanikwa pamufananidzo wega wega uchishandisa algorithm yekuona edge.
Verenga avhareji yenzvimbo yeinterface uye kutenderera kwakatenderedza nzvimbo iyi yepakati. Pakumhanya kwega kwega kwekutenderera, angle yekuyerera (kana "dynamic angle of repose") αf inoverengerwa kubva panzvimbo yepakati yeinterface, uye dynamic cohesion factor σf yakabatana neintergrain bonding inoongororwa kubva pakuchinja kweinterface.
Kona yekuyerera inokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: kukweshana, chimiro uye kubatana pakati pezvikamu (van der Waals, electrostatic uye capillary forces). Upfu hwakabatana hunokonzera kuyerera kwepakati nepakati, nepo upfu husina viscous hunokonzera kuyerera kwakajairika. Makoshero akaderera ekona yekuyerera αf anoenderana nekuyerera kwakanaka. Dhizaini yekunamatira inoshanduka iri pedyo ne zero inoenderana neupfu husina kubatanidza, saka sezvo kunamira kweupfu kuchiwedzera, indekisi yekunamatira inowedzera zvinoenderana.
GranuDrum inokutendera kuti uverenge kona yekutanga yeavalanche uye kufefetera kwehupfu panguva yekuyerera, pamwe nekuyera indekisi yekunamatira σf uye kona yekuyerera αf zvichienderana nekumhanya kwekutenderera.
Kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hweGranuPack, huwandu hwetapping uye chiyero cheHausner (chinozivikanwawo se "tapping tests") zvakanaka pakuongorora hupfu nekuda kwekureruka kwavo uye kumhanya kwekuyera. Hunhu hwehupfu uye kugona kuwedzera huwandu hwahwo zvinhu zvakakosha panguva yekuchengetera, kutakurwa, kuunganidzwa, nezvimwewo. Maitiro anokurudzirwa anotsanangurwa muPharmacopoeia.
Bvunzo iri nyore rine matambudziko matatu makuru. Kuyera kunoenderana nemushandisi, uye nzira yekuzadza inokanganisa huwandu hwekutanga hwehupfu. Kuyera huwandu hwese kunogona kukonzera zvikanganiso zvakakomba mumhedzisiro. Nekuda kwekureruka kwekuyedza, hatina kufunga nezvesimba rekubatana pakati pekuyera kwekutanga nekwekupedzisira.
Maitiro ehupfu hunopinzwa mudura rinobuda mvura akaongororwa uchishandisa michina inongoerekana yagadzirwa. Yera Hausner coefficient Hr nemazvo, density yekutanga ρ(0) uye density yekupedzisira ρ(n) mushure mekudzvanya n.
Huwandu hwemapombi hunowanzo gadziriswa pa n=500. GranuPack chiyero chekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemapombi chinoshandiswa otomatiki zvichibva pakutsvagurudza kwazvino uno.
Mamwe ma indexes anogona kushandiswa, asi haana kupihwa pano. Upfu hunoiswa muchubhu yesimbi kuburikidza nemaitiro akaomarara ekutanga otomatiki. Kuwedzerwa kwe dynamic parameter n1/2 uye maximum density ρ(∞) zvabviswa kubva mu compaction curve.
Silinda ine huremu hwakareruka inogara pamusoro pemubhedha weupfu kuti ichengetedze hupfu/mhepo panguva yekumanikidzwa. Chubhu ine sample yeupfu inokwira kusvika pakukwirira kwakatarwa ΔZ uye inodonha zvakasununguka pakukwirira kunowanzo gara pa ΔZ = 1 mm kana ΔZ = 3 mm, izvo zvinoyerwa otomatiki mushure mekubatwa kwega kwega. Verenga vhoriyamu V yemurwi kubva pakukwirira.
Kuwanda kwehuwandu (density) zvinoreva chiyero chehukuru hwem kusvika pahuwandu hwehupfu hweV. Huremu hwehupfu hwem hunozivikanwa, huwandu hwehupfu hweρ hunoiswa mushure mekudonha kwega kwega.
Hausner coefficient Hr ine chekuita ne compaction factor uye inoongororwa ne equation Hr = ρ(500) / ρ(0), apo ρ(0) iri initial bulk density uye ρ(500) iri calculated flow mushure mema 500 cycles. Density tap. Paunoshandisa GranuPack method, mhedzisiro inogona kudzokororwa uchishandisa hupfu hushoma (kazhinji 35 ml).
Hunhu hwehupfu uye hunhu hwechinhu chakagadzirwa nemudziyo ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha. Munguva yekuyerera, machaji emagetsi anogadzirwa mukati mehupfu nekuda kwemhedzisiro yetriboelectric, inova kuchinjana kwechaji kana zvinhu zviviri zvakasimba zvasangana.
Kana upfu hwacho hwayerera mukati memudziyo, mhedzisiro yetriboelectric inoitika pakubatana pakati pezvikamu uye pakubatana pakati pezvikamu nemudziyo.
Kana yabata chinhu chakasarudzwa, GranuCharge inoyera yega huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi inogadzirwa mukati meupfu panguva yekuyerera. Sampuro yeupfu inoyerera mukati meV-tube inodedera yowira mukapu yeFaraday yakabatana neelectrometer inoyera chaji inowanikwa sezvo upfu huchifamba mukati meV-tube. Kuti uwane mhedzisiro inodzokororwa, shandisa mudziyo unotenderera kana unodedera kuti upe maV-tubes nguva nenguva.
Mhedzisiro yetriboelectric inoita kuti chinhu chimwe chiwane maerekitironi pamusoro pacho uye nokudaro chive negative charge, nepo chimwe chinhu chichirasikirwa nemaerekitironi uye nokudaro chichava positive charge. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinowana maerekitironi zviri nyore kupfuura zvimwe, uye saizvozvo, zvimwe zvinhu zvinorasikirwa nemaerekitironi zviri nyore.
Kuti ndechipi chinhu chinova negative uye kuti ndechipi chinova chakanaka zvinoenderana nekuti zvinhu zvirimo zvinowana kana kurasikirwa nemaerekitironi zvakadii. Kuti zvimiririre maitiro aya, triboelectric series inoratidzwa muTafura 1 yakagadzirwa. Zvinhu zvine positive charge trend nezvimwe zvine negative charge trend zvakanyorwa, uye nzira dzezvinhu dzisingaratidze maitiro ekuita dzakanyorwa pakati petafura.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tafura iyi inongopa ruzivo nezvemafambiro ekushandisa zvinhu pakuchaja, saka GranuCharge yakagadzirwa kuti ipe nhamba dzakarurama dzemaitiro ekuchaja ehupfu.
Kuedza kwakawanda kwakaitwa kuti vaongorore kuora kwekupisa. Mienzaniso yacho yakaiswa pa200°C kweawa imwe kusvika mbiri. Upfu hunozoongororwa nekukasika neGranuDrum (zita rinopisa). Upfu hwacho hwakazoiswa mumudziyo kusvika hwasvika pakupisa kwekunze uye hwozoongororwa uchishandisa GranuDrum, GranuPack neGranuCharge (kureva "inotonhora").
Mienzaniso isina kubikwa yakaongororwa uchishandisa GranuPack, GranuDrum neGranuCharge pahunyoro/tembiricha yemukamuri imwe chete (kureva 35.0 ± 1.5% RH uye tembiricha ye21.0 ± 1.0 °C).
Iyo cohesion index inoverenga kufamba kwehupfu uye inoenderana nekuchinja kwenzvimbo ye interface (hupfu/mhepo), inova masimba matatu chete ekubatana (van der Waals, capillary uye electrostatic forces). Pamberi pekuyedza, hunyoro hwemhepo (RH, %) uye tembiricha (°C) zvakanyorwa. Ipapo hupfu hwakadururwa mudhiramu, uye kuyedza kwakatanga.
Takagumisa kuti zvigadzirwa izvi hazviwanzobatanidzwa kana tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa. Zvinofadza kuti, kushushikana kwekupisa kwakachinja maitiro e rheological eupfu hwemasampule A neB kubva pakukora kusvika pakutetepa kwekucheka. Kune rumwe rutivi, Samples C neSS 316L hazvina kukanganiswa nekupisa uye zvakaratidza chete kukora kwekucheka. Upfu hwega hwega hwaive nekupararira kuri nani (kureva kuti kuenzana kwakaderera) mushure mekudziya nekutonhodza.
Kupisa kunoenderanawo nenzvimbo chaiyo yezvikamu zvacho. Kana kupisa kuchikwira, kunopisa kunowedzera (kureva ???225°?=250?.?-1.?-1) uye ???316?. 225°?=19?.?-1.?-1) Kana zvikamu zvidiki, kudziya kunowedzerawo. Upfu hwealuminium alloy hwakanaka pakushandiswa pakupisa kwakanyanya nekuda kwekupararira kwahwo, uye kunyange sampuli dzakatonhodzwa dzinokwanisa kuyerera zviri nani kupfuura upfu hwepakutanga.
Pakuyedza kwega kwega kweGranuPack, huremu hwehupfu hwakanyorwa pamberi pekuyedza kwega kwega, uye sampuro yakarohwa ka500 nefrequency yeimpact ye1 Hz ne free fall ye1 mm musero rekuyera (impact energy ∝). Sampuro inoendeswa musero rekuyera zvichienderana nemirairo yesoftware isingashandisirwe nemushandisi. Zvadaro zviyero zvakadzokororwa kaviri kuti zviongorore reproducibility uye kuongorora avhareji uye standard deviation.
Mushure mekunge GranuPack yaongororwa, huwandu hwekutanga hwehuwandu (ρ(0)), huwandu hwekupedzisira hwehuwandu (pamapombi akawanda, n = 500, kureva ρ(500)), Hausner ratio/Carr index (Hr/Cr) uye maparamita maviri ekunyoresa (n1/2 uye τ) ane chekuita ne compaction kinetics. Huwandu hwakanyanya hwehuwandu ρ(∞) hunoratidzwawo (ona Appendix 1). Tafura iri pazasi inogadzirisa data rekuyedza.
Mifananidzo 6 ne7 inoratidza curve yekubatanidza (huwandu hwakawanda hwehuwandu hwezvinhu) uye chiyero cheparameter n1/2/Hausner. Mitsetse yekukanganisa yakaverengerwa uchishandisa avhareji inoratidzwa pacurve yega yega, uye kutsauka kwakajairwa kwakaverengerwa nekuyedzwa kwekudzokorora.
Chigadzirwa chesimbi isina ngura che316L ndicho chaive chakanyanya kurema (ρ(0) = 4.554 g/mL). Panyaya yehuwandu hwetapping, SS 316L inoramba iri hupfu hwakanyanya kurema (ρ(n) = 5.044 g/mL), ichiteverwa neSample A (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/mL), ichiteverwa neSample B (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/ml). /ml) (n) = 1.645 g/ml). Sample C yaive yakaderera (ρ(n) = 1.581 g/mL). Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwehupfu hwekutanga, tinoona kuti sample A ndiyo yakareruka, uye tichifunga nezvezvikanganiso (1.380 g / ml), samples B naC dzine kukosha kwakafanana.
Sezvo hupfu huchidziiswa, chiyero chayo cheHausner chinoderera, uye izvi zvinoitika chete nemasamples B, C, uye SS 316L. Pamuenzaniso A, zvaisakwanisika kuita nekuda kwehukuru hwema error bars. Pana n1/2, parametric trend iri pasi pemutsara yakaoma zvikuru. Pamuenzaniso A neSS 316L, kukosha kwe n1/2 kwakaderera mushure memaawa maviri pa 200°C, nepo pahupfu B neC kwakawedzera mushure mekuiswa kwekupisa.
Chinodzungudza chekudya chakashandiswa pakuedza kwega kwega kweGranuCharge (ona Mufananidzo 8). Shandisa chubhu yesimbi isingatsvi ye316L. Kuyera kwakadzokororwa katatu kuti uone kugona kudzokororwa. Kurema kwechigadzirwa chakashandiswa pakuyera kwega kwega kwaive kunenge 40 ml uye hapana hupfu hwakatorwa mushure mekuyera.
Pamberi pekuyedza, huremu hwehupfu (mp, g), hunyoro hwemhepo (RH, %), uye tembiricha (°C) zvakanyorwa. Pakutanga kwekuyedza, huwandu hwechaji yehupfu hwekutanga (q0 mu µC/kg) hwakayerwa nekuisa hupfu mukapu yeFaraday. Pakupedzisira, huwandu hwehupfu hwakagadziriswa uye huwandu hwechaji yekupedzisira (qf, µC/kg) uye Δq (Δq = qf – q0) pakupera kwekuyedza zvakaverengerwa.
Data reGranuCharge rakagadzirwa rinoratidzwa muTafura 2 neMufananidzo 9 (σ ndiyo standard deviation yakaverengerwa kubva mumhedzisiro yebvunzo yekudzokororwa), uye mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa sehistogram (q0 naΔq chete ndizvo zvinoratidzwa). SS 316L ine initial charge yakaderera; izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti chigadzirwa ichi chine PSD yakakwira. Kana zvasvika pakuiswa kwekutanga kweprimary alloy powder, hapana mhedziso dzinogona kutorwa nekuda kwehukuru hwezvikanganiso.
Mushure mekusangana nepombi yesimbi isina ngura ye316L, sample A yaiwana chaji shoma, nepo hupfu B naC hwakaratidza chaji yakafanana, kana hupfu hweSS 316L hwakakwizwa paSS 316L, huwandu hwechaji hwakawanikwa huri pedyo ne0 (ona triboelectric series). Chigadzirwa B chichiri kuchajiwa kupfuura A. Kune sample C, chaji inoenderera mberi (chaji yekutanga yakanaka uye chaji yekupedzisira mushure mekubuda kwemvura), asi huwandu hwechaji hunowedzera mushure mekuora kwekupisa.
Mushure memaawa maviri ekumanikidzwa kwekupisa pa200 °C, maitiro ehupfu anova anonakidza zvikuru. Mumienzaniso A naB, chaji yekutanga yakaderera uye chaji yekupedzisira yakachinja kubva panenge iri negative kuenda kune yakanaka. SS 316L powder ndiyo yaive nechaji yekutanga yepamusoro uye shanduko yayo yechaji yakava yakanaka asi yakaramba yakaderera (kureva 0.033 nC/g).
Takaongorora mhedzisiro yekuora kwekupisa pakubatanidzwa kwearuminiyamu alloy (AlSi10Mg) uye 316L stainless steel powders, nepo mapoda ekutanga akaongororwa mushure memaawa maviri pa200°C mumhepo.
Kushandiswa kwehupfu pakupisa kwakakwira kunogona kuvandudza kufamba kwechinhu, izvo zvinoita sekunge zvakakosha kune hupfu hune nzvimbo chaiyo uye zvinhu zvine thermal conductivity yakanyanya. GranuDrum yakashandiswa kuongorora kuyerera kwemvura, GranuPack yakashandiswa pakuongorora kurongedza kwakasimba, uye GranuCharge yakashandiswa kuongorora triboelectricity yehupfu hunosangana ne316L stainless steel pipe.
Mhedzisiro iyi yakaongororwa uchishandisa GranuPack, iyo yakaratidza kuvandudzika muHausner coefficient yehupfu hwega hwega (kunze kwemuenzaniso A, nekuda kwehukuru hwezvikanganiso) mushure mekuita kwekumanikidzwa kwekupisa. Hapana mafambiro akajeka akawanikwa eparameter yekurongedza (n1/2) sezvo zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakaratidza kuwedzera kwekumhanya kwekurongedza nepo zvimwe zvaive nemhedzisiro yakasiyana (semuenzaniso Samples B naC).