Isu tinoshandisa makuki kuvandudza ruzivo rwako.Nekuramba uchitsvaga saiti ino, unobvuma kushandisa kwedu makuki.Mamwe Mashoko.
Kuwedzera kugadzira (AM) kunosanganisira kugadzira 3D zvinhu, imwe yekupedzisira-yakatetepa layer panguva, zvichiita kuti idhure pane yechinyakare kugadzirisa.Zvisinei, chikamu chiduku chehupfu chinosungirirwa kune chikamu panguva yegungano.Mamwe ese haasanganise, saka anogona kushandiswa zvakare.Kusiyana neizvi, kana chinhu chacho chakasikwa nenzira yekare, zvinowanzoda kugaya uye kugadzira kubvisa zvinhu.
Izvo zvimiro zvehupfu zvinotarisa maparameter emuchina uye anofanirwa kuverengerwa pakutanga.Mutengo we AM haungave wehupfumi zvichipihwa kuti hupfu husina kunyungudutswa hwakasvibiswa uye haugone kudzokororwa.Kushatisa kwehupfu kunokonzeresa zviitiko zviviri: kugadziridzwa kwekemikari yechigadzirwa uye shanduko mune zvemakanika zvinhu senge morphology uye particle size distribution.
Muchiitiko chekutanga, basa guru nderokugadzira zvivako zvakasimba zvine alloys yakachena, saka tinofanira kudzivisa kusvibiswa kwehupfu, semuenzaniso, neoxides kana nitrides.Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, aya ma parameter anobatanidzwa nekuyerera uye kupararira.Nokudaro, chero shanduko muhutano hwehupfu hunogona kutungamirira kune kugoverwa kusina kufanana kwechigadzirwa.
Dhiyabhorosi kubva kuzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zvinoratidza kuti classical flowmeters haigoni kupa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pekugoverwa kwehupfu mu AM zvichienderana nemubhedha wehupfu.Nezve kuratidzwa kweiyo mbishi (kana hupfu), kune akati wandei akakodzera nzira dzekuyera pamusika dzinogona kugutsa ichi chinodiwa.Mamiriro ekudzvinyirira uye poda inoyerera munda inofanira kunge yakafanana mukuyeresa setup uye mukuita.Kuvapo kwekumanikidza mitoro haienderane neyemahara yepasi inoyerera inoshandiswa muIM zvishandiso mune shear testers uye classical rheometers.
GranuTools yakagadzira mafambiro ekuratidzira AM poda.Chinangwa chedu chikuru ndechekushongedza yega yega geometry nechaiyo process simulation turusi, uye iyi mafambiro ebasa inoshandiswa kunzwisisa uye kuteedzera shanduko yehupfu hwemhando mumatanho akasiyana ekudhinda.Anoverengeka akajairwa aruminiyamu alloys (AlSi10Mg) akasarudzwa kwenguva dzakasiyana pamhando dzakasiyana dzekupisa (kubva pa100 kusvika 200 ° C).
Thermal degradation inogona kudzorwa nekuongorora kukwanisa kwehupfu kuunganidza magetsi emagetsi.Iyo poda yakaongororwa kuyerera (GranuDrum chiridzwa), kurongedza kinetics (GranuPack chiridzwa) uye electrostatic maitiro (GranuCharge chiridzwa).Kubatana uye kurongedza kinetics kuyerwa kwakakodzera kuteedzera hupfu hwemhando.
Hupfu huri nyore kuisa hunoratidza yakaderera cohesion indices, nepo hupfu hune kukurumidza kuzadza dynamics huchagadzira ma mechanic parts ane yakaderera porosity zvichienzaniswa nekunyanya kuoma kuzadza zvigadzirwa.
Mushure memwedzi yakati wandei yekuchengetedza murabhoritari yedu, matatu aruminiyamu alloy poda ane akasiyana particle size distributions (AlSi10Mg) uye imwe 316L Stainless steel sampu yakasarudzwa, pano inonzi sampuli A, B uye C. Zvinhu zvemasampuli zvinogona kusiyana kubva kune vamwe vanogadzira.Sample particle size distribution yakayerwa nelaser diffraction analysis/ISO 13320.
Nekuti ivo vanodzora paramita yemuchina, zvimiro zvehupfu zvinofanirwa kutariswa pekutanga, uye kana hupfu husina kunyunguduka hunoonekwa sehusina kuchena uye husingadzokerike, saka kuwedzera kwekugadzira hakuna hupfumi sezvaungatarisira.Naizvozvo, maparamita matatu achaongororwa: kuyerera kwehupfu, kurongedza masimba uye electrostatics.
Kupararira kunoenderana nekufanana uye "kupfava" kwehupfu hwehupfu mushure mekugadzirisa kushanda.Izvi zvakanyanya kukosha sezvo nzvimbo dzakatsetseka dziri nyore kudhinda uye dzinogona kuongororwa neGranuDrum chishandiso chine adhesion index kuyerwa.
Nekuti pores inzvimbo dzisina kusimba mune chinhu, dzinogona kutungamirira mukutsemuka.Zadza dynamics ndiyo yechipiri kiyi parameter sezvo inokurumidza kuzadza poda inopa yakaderera porosity.Maitiro aya anoyerwa neGranuPack ine kukosha kwen1/2.
Kuvapo kwemagetsi emagetsi muupfu kunogadzira masimba akabatana anotungamirira pakuumbwa kweagglomerates.GranuCharge inoyera kugona kwehupfu kugadzira electrostatic charge kana yasangana nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa panguva yekuyerera.
Panguva yekugadzirisa, GranuCharge inogona kufanotaura kuderera kwekuyerera, semuenzaniso, kana uchigadzira dhizaini mu AM.Nokudaro, zviyero zvakawanikwa zvinonyanya kukoshesa mamiriro ezviyo (oxidation, kusvibiswa uye roughness).Kuchembera kwehupfu hwakadzoserwa hunogona kuverengerwa nemazvo (± 0.5 nC).
Iyo GranuDrum inzira yakarongwa yehupfu yekuyerera yakavakirwa pane inotenderera dhiramu musimboti.Hafu yemuenzaniso wehupfu inowanikwa muhumburumbira yakachinjika ine madziro emadziro akajeka.Iyo dhiramu inotenderera yakapoteredza axis yayo paangular speed ye 2 kusvika 60 rpm, uye CCD kamera inotora mifananidzo (kubva pa30 kusvika ku100 mifananidzo pa1 second intervals).Iyo mhepo / hupfu interface inotaridzwa pamufananidzo wega wega uchishandisa edge yekuona algorithm.
Verenga avhareji chinzvimbo cheiyo interface uye maoscillations akatenderedza iyi avhareji chinzvimbo.Pakumhanya kwega kwega kutenderera, kona yekuyerera (kana "dynamic angle yekuzorora") αf inoverengerwa kubva painorehwa chinzvimbo, uye iyo dynamic cohesion factor σf ine chekuita neintergrain bonding inoongororwa kubva mukushanduka kwechimiro.
Kuyerera kwekona kunokanganiswa nehuwandu hwema parameters: friction, chimiro uye kubatana pakati pezvikamu (van der Waals, electrostatic uye capillary forces).Hupfu hwakabatana hunokonzera kuyerera kwepakati, nepo hupfu husina-viscous hunokonzera kuyerera nguva dzose.Yakaderera kukosha kweyekuyerera angle αf inoenderana nekuyerera kwakanaka.A dynamic adhesion index pedyo ne zero inopindirana nehupfu husina kubatana, kuitira kuti kusungirirwa kwehupfu kunowedzera, nhamba yekunamatira inowedzera maererano.
GranuDrum inokubvumira kuyera kona yekutanga yeavalanche uye aeration yehupfu panguva yekuyerera, pamwe nekuyera iyo adhesion index σf uye kuyerera kwekona αf zvichienderana nekutenderera kwekutenderera.
Iyo GranuPack's yakawanda density, tapping density uye Hausner chiyero zviyero (inozivikanwawo se "tapping bvunzo") yakanakira chimiro chehupfu nekuda kwekureruka kwavo uye nekumhanya kwekuyerwa.Kuwanda kwehupfu uye kukwanisa kuwedzera kuwanda kwayo zvakakosha parameters panguva yekuchengetedza, kutakura, agglomeration, etc. Maitiro anokurudzirwa anotsanangurwa muPharmacopoeia.
Uyu muedzo uri nyore une zvipingamupinyi zvitatu zvikuru.Chiyero chinoenderana nemushandi, uye nzira yekuzadza inobata huwandu hwekutanga hwehupfu.Kuyera huwandu hwehuwandu hunogona kutungamirira kuzvikanganiso zvakakomba mumigumisiro.Nekuda kwekureruka kwekuyedza, isu hatina kufunga nezve compaction dynamics pakati pekutanga uye yekupedzisira kuyerwa.
Hunhu hwehupfu hwakadyiswa mudura rinoenderera hwakaongororwa uchishandisa otomatiki michina.Nyatsoyera iyo Hausner coefficient Hr, density yekutanga ρ(0) uye density yekupedzisira ρ(n) mushure mekudzvanya n.
Nhamba yematepi inowanzogadziriswa pa n = 500.Iyo GranuPack ndeye otomatiki uye yepamberi yekubatisa density kuyerwa kwakavakirwa patsvagiridzo ine simba yazvino.
Mamwe ma index anogona kushandiswa, asi haana kupihwa pano.Iyo hupfu inoiswa muchubhu yesimbi kuburikidza neyakaomesesa otomatiki yekutanga maitiro.Kuwedzeredza kweiyo dynamic parameter n1/2 uye iyo yakanyanya density ρ(∞) yakabviswa kubva pa compaction curve.
Silinda isina kuremerwa inogara pamusoro pemubhedha wehupfu kuchengetedza hupfu / mhepo yekubatanidza nhanho panguva yekubatana.Iyo chubhu ine sampuli yeupfu inokwira kusvika pakakwirira yakagadziriswa ΔZ uye inowira zvakasununguka pahurefu inowanzogadziriswa pa ΔZ = 1 mm kana ΔZ = 3 mm, iyo inongoyerwa mushure mekubata kwega kwega.Verenga vhoriyamu V yemurwi kubva pakakwirira.
Density ireshiyo yehuwandu m kusvika kuhuwandu hwehupfu layer V. Huru hwehupfu m hunozivikanwa, density ρ inoshandiswa mushure mekuita kwega kwega.
Iyo Hausner coefficient Hr ine hukama neiyo compaction factor uye inoongororwa neiyo equation Hr = ρ(500) / ρ(0), apo ρ(0) ndiyo yekutanga kuwanda density uye ρ(500) ndiyo yakaverengerwa kuyerera mushure me500 cycles.Density tap.Paunenge uchishandisa nzira yeGranuPack, mhedzisiro inodzokororwa uchishandisa hupfu hushoma (kazhinji 35 ml).
Izvo zvinhu zvehupfu uye zvinhu zvezvinhu izvo chigadzirwa chacho chinogadzirwa ndizvo zvinokosha parameters.Munguva yekuyerera, machaji emagetsi anogadzirwa mukati mehupfu nekuda kweiyo triboelectric athari, inova kuchinjana kwechaji kana maonda maviri asangana.
Kana hupfu huchiyerera mukati memudziyo, triboelectric mhedzisiro inoitika pakusangana pakati pezvimedu uye pakubata pakati pezvimedu uye mudziyo.
Paunosangana nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa, GranuCharge inoyera yega huwandu hwemagetsi emagetsi anogadzirwa mukati mehupfu panguva yekuyerera.Sampu yehupfu inoyerera mukati meV-chubhu inozunguza uye inowira mukapu yeFaraday yakabatana neelectrometer inoyera mutero wakawanikwa sezvo hupfu hunofamba mukati meV-tube.Kuti uwanezve mhinduro, shandisa chinotenderera kana kuzunguza kudyisa V-chubhu nguva zhinji.
The triboelectric effect inoita kuti chimwe chinhu chiwane maerekitironi pamusoro payo uye nokudaro chinova chaji isina kunaka, nepo chimwe chinhu chinorasa maerekitironi uye nokudaro chinova chakanaka chaji.Zvimwe zvinhu zvinowana maerekitironi zviri nyore kupfuura zvimwe, uye zvimwe chetezvo, zvimwe zvinhu zvinorasikirwa nemaerekitironi zviri nyore.
Ndechipi chinyorwa chinova chisina kunaka uye chinova chakanaka zvinoenderana nehukama hwezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa kuwana kana kurasikirwa maerekitironi.Kumiririra aya maitiro, iyo triboelectric yakatevedzana inoratidzwa muTafura 1 yakagadzirwa.Zvishandiso zvine maitiro akanaka ekuchajisa uye zvimwe zvine maitiro akashata echaji zvakanyorwa, uye nzira dzenyama dzisingaratidzi maitiro ehutsika dzakanyorwa pakati petafura.
Kune rimwe divi, tafura inongopa ruzivo rwemaitiro ekuchaja hunhu hwezvinhu, saka GranuCharge yakagadzirwa kuti ipe chaiyo manhamba kukosha kwechaji hunhu hwehupfu.
Kuedza kwakawanda kwakaitwa kuongorora kuora kwekupisa.Mienzaniso yakaiswa pa200 ° C kweawa imwe kusvika maviri.Iyo poda inobva yaongororwa pakarepo neGranuDrum (zita rinopisa).Hupfu hwaibva hwaiswa mugaba kusvika hwasvika paambient tembiricha yozoongororwa pachishandiswa GranuDrum, GranuPack neGranuCharge (kureva “kutonhora”).
Sampuli mbishi dzakaongororwa pachishandiswa GranuPack, GranuDrum uye GranuCharge pakamuri imwe chete humidity/tembiricha (kureva 35.0 ± 1.5% RH uye 21.0 ± 1.0 °C tembiricha).
Indekisi yekubatana inoverengera kuyerera kwehupfu uye inopindirana nekuchinja kwechinzvimbo cheiyo interface (hupfu / mhepo), iyo inongova matatu masimba ekusangana (van der Waals, capillary uye electrostatic forces).Pamberi pekuedza, hunyoro hwemhepo (RH, %) uye tembiricha (° C) zvakanyorwa.Ipapo hupfu hwakadirwa mudhiramu, uye kuedza kwakatanga.
Isu takagumisa kuti zvigadzirwa izvi hazvikanganisike kune agglomeration kana tichifunga nezve thixotropic paramita.Sezvineiwo, kushushikana kwekushisa kwakashandura rheological maitiro ehupfu hwemasamples A uye B kubva pakuveura kukora kusvika pakuveura kutetepa.Kune rimwe divi, maSamples C uye SS 316L haana kukanganiswa nekupisa uye aingoratidza kukora kweshear.Hupfu hwega hwega hwaive nekupararira kuri nani (kureva kuti yakaderera cohesion index) mushure mekudziya nekutonhodza.
Iyo tembiricha mhedzisiro zvakare inoenderana nenzvimbo chaiyo yezvimedu.Iyo yakakwirira yekupisa kwekushisa kwezvinhu, iyo inowedzera kukanganisa kwekushisa (kureva ???225 °?=250?.?-1.?-1) uye ???316?.225°?=19?.?-1.?-1) Kana chidimbu chacho chiri chidiki, chinoita kuti tembiricha iwedzere.Aluminium alloy poda yakanakira kushandiswa kwekushisa kwepamusoro nekuda kwekuwedzera kupararira, uye kunyange zvienzaniso zvakatonhodzwa zvinokwanisa kuyerera zviri nani pane yekutanga hupfu.
Kune yega yega GranuPack yekuedza, kuwanda kwehupfu kwakanyorwa kusati kwaedzwa, uye sampu yakarohwa 500 nguva nemhedzisiro frequency ye1 Hz nekudonha kwemahara kwe1 mm musero rekuyera (impact simba ∝).Sample inopihwa musero rekuyeresa zvinoenderana nemushandisi-yakazvimirira software mirayiridzo.Ipapo zviyero zvakadzokororwa kaviri kuti zviongorore kubereka uye kuongorora zvinoreva uye kutsauka kwakajairwa.
Mushure mekunge GranuPack ongororo yapedzwa, yekutanga kuwanda kwehuwandu (ρ (0)), yekupedzisira kuwanda kwehuwandu (pamapombi akawanda, n = 500, kureva ρ (500)), Hausner ratio / Carr index (Hr / Cr) uye maviri ekunyoresa paramita (n1/2 uye τ) ane chekuita ne compaction kinetics.The optimal density ρ(∞) inoratidzwawo (ona Appendikisi 1).Tafura iri pazasi inogadziridza data rekuyedza.
Mifananidzo 6 uye 7 inoratidza iyo yakazara compaction curve (yakawanda density inopesana nenhamba yezvinokanganisa) uye n1/2/Hausner parameter ratio.Mabhawa emhosho akaverengerwa pachishandiswa chirevo anoratidzwa pane yega yega curve, uye mitsetse yakajairwa yakaverengerwa nekudzokorora kuyedzwa.
The 316L Stainless simbi chigadzirwa ndicho chakanyanya kurema (ρ(0) = 4.554 g/mL).Panyaya yedensity yekubata, SS 316L inoramba iri hupfu hunorema zvikuru (ρ(n) = 5.044 g/mL), ichiteverwa neSample A (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/mL), ichiteverwa neSample B (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/ml)./ml) (n) = 1.645 g/ml).Sample C ndiyo yaive yakadzikira (ρ(n) = 1.581 g/mL).Maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehupfu hwekutanga, tinoona kuti sampuli A ndiyo yakareruka, uye tichifunga nezvezvikanganiso (1.380 g / ml), sampuli B neC dzine huto hwakafanana.
Sezvo hupfu hunopisa, chiyero chayo cheHausner chinoderera, uye izvi zvinongoitika nemasampuli B, C, uye SS 316L.Kumuenzaniso A, hazvina kukwanisa kuita nekuda kwehukuru hwemabhawa ekukanganisa.Kune n1/2, iyo parametric maitiro ekusimbisa yakanyanya kuoma.Nokuda kwemuenzaniso A uye SS 316L, kukosha kwen1 / 2 kwakaderera mushure me2 h pa 200 ° C, nepo poda B neC yakawedzera mushure mekupisa kwekupisa.
A vibrating feeder akashandiswa kune yega yega GranuCharge kuyedza (ona Mufananidzo 8).Shandisa 316L Stainless simbi tubing.Zviyero zvakadzokororwa 3 nguva kuti zviongorore kuberekazve.Huremu hwechigadzirwa chaishandiswa pachiyero chega chega chaive 40 ml uye hapana hupfu hwakadzoserwa mushure mekuyerwa.
Pamberi pekuedza, huremu hwehupfu (mp, g), hunyoro hwemhepo (RH,%), uye tembiricha (° C) zvakanyorwa.Pakutanga kwekuedzwa, kuwanda kwehupfu hwehupfu hwekutanga (q0 muµC/kg) hwakayerwa nekuisa hupfu mukapu yeFaraday.Pakupedzisira, hupfu hwehupfu hwakagadziriswa uye iyo yekupedzisira yekuchaja density (qf, µC / kg) uye Δq (Δq = qf - q0) pamagumo ekuedza yakaverengwa.
Iyo yakasvibirira GranuCharge data inoratidzwa muTebhu 2 uye Mufananidzo 9 (σ ndiyo chiyero chakatsauka chakaverengerwa kubva pamhedzisiro yebvunzo yekuberekesa), uye mhedzisiro inoratidzwa se histogram (chete q0 uye Δq inoratidzwa).SS 316L ine yakaderera yekutanga charge;izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti chigadzirwa ichi chine yepamusoro PSD.Kana zvasvika pakurodha kwekutanga aluminium alloy poda, hapana mhedziso inogona kutorwa nekuda kwehukuru hwezvikanganiso.
Mushure mekusangana ne 316L Stainless simbi pombi, sampuli A yakagamuchira shoma shoma yekubhadhara, nepo hupfu B neC yakaratidza maitiro akafanana, kana SS 316L poda yakakwizwa kurwisana neSS 316L, kuvharwa kwechaji pedyo ne0 kwakawanikwa (ona triboelectric series) .Chigadzirwa B chichiri kubhadhariswa kupfuura A. Yemuenzaniso C, maitiro anoenderera mberi (yakanaka yekutanga kubhadharisa uye mutero wekupedzisira mushure mekudonha), asi nhamba yemhosva inowedzera mushure mekupisa kwekupisa.
Mushure memaawa maviri ekushushikana kwekushisa pa 200 ° C, maitiro ehupfu anova anofadza zvikuru.Mumienzaniso A uye B, mutero wekutanga wakadzikira uye mutero wekupedzisira wakabva kubva kune wakaipa kuenda wakanaka.SS 316L powder yaiva nepamusoro pekutanga kubhadharisa uye kuchinja kwayo kwehuwandu hwekutengesa kwakava kwakanaka asi yakaramba yakaderera (kureva 0.033 nC / g).
Takaongorora mhedzisiro yehupfu hwekupisa pamaitiro akabatanidzwa ealuminium alloy (AlSi10Mg) uye 316L simbi isina hupfu, nepo hupfu hwepakutanga hwakaongororwa mushure memaawa maviri pa200 ° C mumhepo.
Kushandiswa kwehupfu pamatembiricha akakwira kunogona kuvandudza kuyerera kwechigadzirwa, mhedzisiro inoita seyakanyanya kukosha kune hupfu ine yakakwirira chaiyo nzvimbo uye zvinhu zvine high thermal conductivity.GranuDrum yakashandiswa kuongorora kuyerera, GranuPack yakashandiswa kushandura kurongedza, uye GranuCharge yakashandiswa kuongorora triboelectricity yehupfu inosangana ne316L simbi isina tsvina pombi.
Izvi zvakagadziriswa kushandisa GranuPack, iyo yakaratidza kuvandudzwa kweHausner coefficient yehupfu imwe neimwe (kunze kwemuenzaniso weA, nekuda kwehukuru hwezvikanganiso) mushure mekugadzirisa kupisa kwekupisa.Hapana maitiro akajeka akawanikwa ekutakura parameter (n1 / 2) sezvo zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakaratidza kuwedzera kwekumhanya kwekutakura nepo vamwe vaine maitiro akasiyana (eg Samples B uye C).