Timagwiritsa ntchito makeke kuti tiwongolere luso lanu.Mukapitiliza kusakatula tsamba ili, mukuvomera kugwiritsa ntchito ma cookie.Zina Zowonjezera.
Kupanga zowonjezera (AM) kumaphatikizapo kupanga zinthu za 3D, zosanjikiza zowonda kwambiri panthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodula kuposa kukonza kwachikhalidwe.Komabe, gawo laling'ono lokha la ufa limawotchedwa ku chigawocho panthawi ya msonkhano.Zina zonse siziphatikizana, kotero zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati chinthucho chimapangidwa mwachikale, nthawi zambiri chimafuna mphero ndi makina kuti achotse zinthu.
The katundu ufa kudziwa magawo makina ndipo ayenera kuganiziridwa mu malo oyamba.Mtengo wa AM sungakhale wachuma chifukwa ufa wosasungunuka ndi woipitsidwa komanso wosasinthika.Kuwonongeka kwa ufa kumabweretsa zochitika ziwiri: kusintha kwa mankhwala a mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa makina monga morphology ndi kugawa kwa tinthu.
Pachiyambi choyamba, ntchito yaikulu ndiyo kupanga mapangidwe olimba omwe ali ndi ma alloys oyera, choncho tiyenera kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi ufa, mwachitsanzo, ndi oxides kapena nitrides.Muzochitika zomaliza, magawowa amagwirizanitsidwa ndi fluidity ndi kufalikira.Choncho, kusintha kulikonse muzinthu za ufa kungayambitse kugawa kosafanana kwa mankhwala.
Deta kuchokera ku zofalitsa zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti ma flowmeter akale sangathe kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza kugawa ufa mu AM pogwiritsa ntchito bedi la ufa.Ponena za mawonekedwe a zopangira (kapena ufa), pali njira zingapo zoyenera zoyezera pamsika zomwe zingakwaniritse izi.Mkhalidwe wopanikizika ndi gawo la ufa liyenera kukhala lofanana pakuyimitsa komanso pokonzekera.Kukhalapo kwa katundu wopondereza sikumagwirizana ndi kutuluka kwaufulu pamwamba komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za IM mu oyesa shear ndi ma rheometers akale.
GranuTools yapanga kayendedwe ka ntchito kozindikiritsa ufa wa AM.Cholinga chathu chachikulu ndikukonzekeretsa jiometri iliyonse ndi chida cholondola chofananira, ndipo kayendedwe ka ntchito kameneka kamagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa ndikutsata kusinthika kwaubwino wa ufa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zosindikizira.Ma aloyi angapo a aluminiyamu (AlSi10Mg) adasankhidwa kwa nthawi yayitali pamatenthedwe osiyanasiyana (kuyambira 100 mpaka 200 ° C).
Kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kumatha kuwongoleredwa pofufuza kuthekera kwa ufa kuti upeze ndalama zamagetsi.Mafutawa adawunikidwa kuti azitha kuyenda (chida cha GranuDrum), kulongedza kinetics (chida cha GranuPack) ndi khalidwe la electrostatic (chida cha GranuCharge).Miyezo ya mgwirizano ndi kulongedza kinetics ndi yoyenera kutsatira mtundu wa ufa.
Maufa omwe ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito amawonetsa ma indices ogwirizana, pomwe ufa wokhala ndi mphamvu zodzaza mwachangu udzatulutsa zida zamakina zomwe zimakhala ndi porosity yotsika poyerekeza ndi zovuta kudzaza zinthu.
Pambuyo pa miyezi ingapo yosungirako mu labotale yathu, ma aluminium alloy powders atatu okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a tinthu tating'onoting'ono (AlSi10Mg) ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha 316L chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri adasankhidwa, chomwe chimatchedwa zitsanzo A, B ndi C. The katundu wa zitsanzo akhoza kusiyana ndi opanga ena.Kugawa kwa tinthu kakang'ono kuyesedwa ndi kusanthula kwa laser diffraction/ISO 13320.
Chifukwa chakuti amawongolera magawo a makina, katundu wa ufa ayenera kuganiziridwa poyamba, ndipo ngati ufa wosasungunuka umatengedwa kuti ndi woipitsidwa komanso wosasinthika, ndiye kuti kupanga zowonjezera sikuli kopanda ndalama monga momwe munthu angayembekezere.Choncho, magawo atatu adzafufuzidwa: kutuluka kwa ufa, kunyamula mphamvu ndi electrostatics.
Kufalikira kumagwirizana ndi kufanana ndi "kusalala" kwa ufa wosanjikiza pambuyo pa ntchito yokonzanso.Izi ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa malo osalala ndi osavuta kusindikiza ndipo amatha kufufuzidwa ndi chida cha GranuDrum chokhala ndi miyeso yolumikizira.
Chifukwa pores ndi mfundo zofooka muzinthu, zimatha kuyambitsa ming'alu.Kudzaza mphamvu ndiye gawo lachiwiri lofunikira popeza ufa wodzaza mwachangu umapereka porosity yotsika.Khalidweli limayesedwa ndi GranuPack yokhala ndi mtengo wa n1/2.
Kukhalapo kwa magetsi mu ufa kumapanga mphamvu zogwirizanitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma agglomerates.GranuCharge imayesa kuthekera kwa ufa kuti upange chiwongolero cha electrostatic mukakumana ndi zida zosankhidwa panthawi yoyenda.
Panthawi yokonza, GranuCharge imatha kuneneratu kuwonongeka kwa kuyenda, mwachitsanzo, popanga wosanjikiza mu AM.Choncho, miyeso yopezedwa imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mkhalidwe wa tirigu (oxidation, kuipitsidwa ndi roughness).Kukalamba kwa ufa wopezekanso kumatha kuwerengedwa molondola (± 0.5 nC).
GranuDrum ndi njira yoyezera ufa yokhazikika yotengera mfundo yozungulira ya ng'oma.Theka la ufa wa zitsanzo uli mu yamphamvu yopingasa ndi mandala mbali makoma.Ng'oma imazungulira mozungulira pamtunda wake pamtunda wa 2 mpaka 60 rpm, ndipo kamera ya CCD imatenga zithunzi (kuchokera pa 30 mpaka 100 zithunzi pa 1 mphindi).Mawonekedwe a mpweya/ufa amadziwika pachithunzi chilichonse pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwira m'mphepete.
Werengetsani avareji malo a mawonekedwe ndi ma oscillations mozungulira malo awa apakatikati.Pa liwiro lililonse lozungulira, ngodya yotuluka (kapena "dynamic angle of repose") αf imawerengeredwa kuchokera pomwe pali mawonekedwe, ndi dynamic cohesion factor σf yolumikizidwa ndi intergrain bonding imawunikidwa kuchokera kukusintha kwa mawonekedwe.
Njira yothamanga imakhudzidwa ndi magawo angapo: kukangana, mawonekedwe ndi mgwirizano pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (van der Waals, electrostatic ndi capillary forces).Kuphatikizika kwa ufa kumabweretsa kutuluka kwapang'onopang'ono, pomwe ufa wopanda viscous umapangitsa kuyenda pafupipafupi.Makhalidwe otsika a angle yotuluka αf amafanana ndi kuyenda bwino.Chizindikiro chokhazikika chokhazikika pafupi ndi zero chimagwirizana ndi ufa wosagwirizanitsa, kotero kuti kuphatikizika kwa ufa kumawonjezeka, ndondomeko yowonjezera imakula molingana.
GranuDrum imakulolani kuti muyese ngodya yoyamba ya chigumukire ndi mpweya wa ufa panthawi yothamanga, komanso kuyeza ndondomeko yomatira σf ndi kayendedwe ka αf malingana ndi liwiro lozungulira.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa GranuPack, kachulukidwe kachulukidwe ndi miyeso ya Hausner (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "mayeso ogonja") ndi yabwino kwa mawonekedwe a ufa chifukwa chosavuta komanso kuthamanga kwake.Kachulukidwe wa ufa ndi kuthekera kuonjezera kachulukidwe ake magawo zofunika pa yosungirako, mayendedwe, agglomeration, etc. Analimbikitsa njira zafotokozedwa mu Pharmacopoeia.
Mayeso osavutawa ali ndi zovuta zazikulu zitatu.Kuyeza kumadalira wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo njira yodzaza imakhudza kuchuluka kwa ufa.Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa voliyumu kungayambitse zolakwika zazikulu pazotsatira.Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa kuyesera, sitinaganizire za compaction dynamics pakati pa miyeso yoyamba ndi yomaliza.
Khalidwe la ufa wodyetsedwa m'malo otuluka mosalekeza adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi.Yezerani molondola coefficient ya Hausner Hr, kachulukidwe koyambirira ρ(0) ndi kachulukidwe komaliza ρ(n) pambuyo pa kudina kwa n.
Chiwerengero cha matepi nthawi zambiri chimakhazikika pa n=500.GranuPack ndi muyeso wodziyimira pawokha komanso wotsogola wa kachulukidwe kutengera kafukufuku waposachedwa.
Ma index ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma sanaperekedwe pano.Ufawo umayikidwa mu chubu chachitsulo kudzera munjira yoyambira yokha.The extrapolation of the dynamic parameter n1/2 and the maximum density ρ(∞) zachotsedwa pa compaction curve.
Silinda yopepuka yopepuka imakhala pamwamba pa bedi la ufa kuti isunge mawonekedwe a ufa/mpweya panthawi yophatikizika.Chubu chomwe chili ndi chitsanzo cha ufa chimakwera kufika pamtunda wokhazikika ΔZ ndipo imagwera momasuka pamtunda womwe nthawi zambiri umakhazikika pa ΔZ = 1 mm kapena ΔZ = 3 mm, yomwe imayesedwa pokhapokha mutakhudza.Werengani voliyumu V ya mulu kuchokera kutalika.
Kachulukidwe ndi chiŵerengero cha misa m kwa voliyumu ya ufa wosanjikiza V. Unyinji wa ufa m umadziwika, kachulukidwe ρ amagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa zotsatira zilizonse.
Coefficient ya Hausner Hr imagwirizana ndi compaction factor ndipo imawunikidwa ndi equation Hr = ρ(500) / ρ(0), pomwe ρ(0) ndiye kachulukidwe koyambirira ndipo ρ(500) ndiye kuwerengera pambuyo pa mizungu 500.Density tap.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira ya GranuPack, zotsatira zimabwerezedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito ufa wochepa (nthawi zambiri 35 ml).
Makhalidwe a ufa ndi katundu wa zinthu zomwe chipangizocho chimapangidwira ndizofunika kwambiri.Pa otaya, milandu electrostatic kwaiye mkati ufa chifukwa cha zotsatira triboelectric, umene ndi kuwombola milandu pamene zolimba ziwiri kukumana.
Pamene ufa umayenda mkati mwa chipangizocho, mphamvu ya triboelectric imapezeka pa kukhudzana pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kukhudzana pakati pa particles ndi chipangizo.
Mukakumana ndi zinthu zomwe zasankhidwa, GranuCharge imadziyesa yokha kuchuluka kwa electrostatic charge yopangidwa mkati mwa ufa pakuyenda.Chitsanzo cha ufa chimayenda mkati mwa V-chubu chogwedezeka ndikugwera mu chikho cha Faraday cholumikizidwa ndi electrometer yomwe imayesa mtengo womwe umapezeka pamene ufa ukuyenda mkati mwa V-chubu.Kuti mupeze zotsatira zobwezerezedwanso, gwiritsani ntchito chipangizo chozungulira kapena chonjenjemera kuti mudyetse ma V-chubu pafupipafupi.
Mphamvu ya triboelectric imapangitsa chinthu chimodzi kupeza ma elekitironi pamwamba pake ndipo motero chimakhala choyipa, pomwe chinthu china chimataya ma elekitironi motero chimakhala chabwino.Zida zina zimapeza ma elekitironi mosavuta kuposa zina, ndipo chimodzimodzi, zida zina zimataya ma elekitironi mosavuta.
Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhala zoipa ndipo zomwe zimakhala zabwino zimatengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa kuti zipeze kapena kutaya ma elekitironi.Kuyimira izi, mndandanda wa triboelectric womwe ukuwonetsedwa mu Table 1 unapangidwa.Zida zokhala ndi chiwongolero chabwino ndi zina zomwe zili ndi chiwongolero choyipa zidalembedwa, ndipo njira zakuthupi zomwe sizikuwonetsa machitidwe aliwonse zalembedwa pakati pa tebulo.
Kumbali inayi, tebuloli limangopereka chidziwitso pazomwe zimayendera pakulipiritsa kwazinthu, kotero GranuCharge idapangidwa kuti ipereke manambala olondola pamachitidwe amalipiritsa a ufa.
Kuyesera kangapo kunachitika kuti aunike kuwonongeka kwa kutentha.Zitsanzozo zinayikidwa pa 200 ° C kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri.Kenako ufawo umawunikidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi GranuDrum (dzina lotentha).Kenako ufawo unkayikidwa mu chidebe mpaka kufika kutentha kozungulira kenako ndikuwunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito GranuDrum, GranuPack ndi GranuCharge (ie “kuzizira”).
Zitsanzo zaiwisi zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito GranuPack, GranuDrum ndi GranuCharge m'chipinda chimodzi chinyezi / kutentha (ie 35.0 ± 1.5% RH ndi 21.0 ± 1.0 °C kutentha).
The cohesion index kuwerengetsera flowability ufa ndi correlates ndi kusintha malo mawonekedwe (ufa / mpweya), amene ali atatu okha kukhudzana mphamvu (van der Waals, capillary ndi electrostatic mphamvu).Kuyesera kusanachitike, chinyezi cha mpweya (RH, %) ndi kutentha (° C) zinalembedwa.Kenako ufawo unatsanuliridwa m’ng’oma, ndipo kuyesako kunayamba.
Tinaganiza kuti mankhwalawa sakhala okhudzidwa ndi agglomeration poganizira za thixotropic.Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kupsinjika kwa kutentha kunasintha khalidwe la rheological la ufa wa zitsanzo A ndi B kuchoka ku kumeta ubweya wa ubweya mpaka kumeta ubweya wa ubweya.Kumbali ina, Zitsanzo C ndi SS 316L sizinakhudzidwe ndi kutentha ndipo zimangosonyeza kumeta ubweya wa ubweya.Ufa uliwonse umakhala ndi kufalikira kwabwinoko (mwachitsanzo, mlozera wocheperako) ukatenthetsa ndi kuziziritsa.
Kutentha kwake kumadaliranso malo enieni a particles.Kukwera kwa kutentha kwa zinthuzo kumakhudzanso kutentha (ie ???225°?=250?.?-1.?-1) ndi ???316?.225°?=19?.?-1.?-1) Kanthu kakang'ono, kumapangitsanso kutentha kwambiri.Aluminiyamu aloyi ufa ndi abwino kwambiri pa kutentha kwakukulu chifukwa cha kufalikira kwawo, ndipo ngakhale zitsanzo zoziziritsa zimatuluka bwino kuposa ufa woyambirira.
Pakuyesa kulikonse kwa GranuPack, kuchuluka kwa ufa kunalembedwa musanayambe kuyesa kulikonse, ndipo chitsanzocho chinagunda nthawi za 500 ndi mphamvu yafupipafupi ya 1 Hz ndi kugwa kwaulere kwa 1 mm mu selo yoyezera (mphamvu ya mphamvu ∝).Chitsanzocho chimaperekedwa mu selo yoyezera molingana ndi malangizo a mapulogalamu odziimira okha.Kenako miyesoyo idabwerezedwa kawiri kuti awone kuberekanso ndikufufuza tanthauzo ndi kupotoza koyenera.
Kusanthula kwa GranuPack kumalizidwa, kachulukidwe koyambirira kochuluka (ρ(0)), kachulukidwe komaliza (pa matepi angapo, n = 500, ie ρ(500)), Hausner ratio/Carr index (Hr/Cr) ndi magawo awiri olembetsa (n1/2 ndi τ) okhudzana ndi compaction kinetics.Kachulukidwe koyenera ρ(∞) akuwonetsedwanso (onani Zowonjezera 1).Tebulo ili m'munsiyi ikukonzekera deta yoyesera.
Zithunzi 6 ndi 7 zikuwonetsa curve yonse yophatikizika (kachulukidwe kachulukidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zotsatira) ndi n1/2/Hausner parameter ratio.Mipiringidzo yolakwika yowerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo imawonetsedwa pamapindikira aliwonse, ndipo zopatuka zokhazikika zidawerengedwa poyesa kubwereza.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L chinali cholemera kwambiri (ρ(0) = 4.554 g/mL).Pankhani ya kachulukidwe ka kugogoda, SS 316L imakhalabe ufa wolemera kwambiri (ρ(n) = 5.044 g/mL), kutsatiridwa ndi Chitsanzo A (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/mL), kutsatiridwa ndi Chitsanzo B (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/ml)./ml) (n) = 1.645 g/ml).Chitsanzo C chinali chotsikitsitsa (ρ(n) = 1.581 g/mL).Malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ufa woyambirira, tikuwona kuti chitsanzo A ndi chopepuka kwambiri, ndipo poganizira zolakwika (1.380 g / ml), zitsanzo za B ndi C zili ndi mtengo wofanana.
Pamene ufa umatenthedwa, chiŵerengero chake cha Hausner chimachepa, ndipo izi zimachitika kokha ndi zitsanzo B, C, ndi SS 316L.Kwa chitsanzo A, sikunali kotheka kuchita chifukwa cha kukula kwa mipiringidzo yolakwika.Kwa n1/2, kutsindika kwa parametric kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.Kwa chitsanzo A ndi SS 316L, mtengo wa n1 / 2 unatsika pambuyo pa 2 h pa 200 ° C, pamene ufa wa B ndi C unawonjezeka pambuyo potengera kutentha.
Chodyetsa chogwedeza chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuyesa kulikonse kwa GranuCharge (onani Chithunzi 8).Gwiritsani ntchito chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L.Miyezo idabwerezedwa 3 nthawi kuti awone kuberekana.Kulemera kwa chinthu chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa muyeso uliwonse chinali pafupifupi 40 ml ndipo palibe ufa umene unapezedwa pambuyo poyeza.
Asanayambe kuyesa, kulemera kwa ufa (mp, g), chinyezi cha mpweya (RH, %), ndi kutentha (° C) zinalembedwa.Kumayambiriro kwa mayesero, kuchuluka kwa ndalama za ufa woyambirira (q0 mu µC / kg) kunayesedwa mwa kuika ufa mu kapu ya Faraday.Potsirizira pake, misa ya ufa inakhazikitsidwa ndipo kuchuluka kwa malipiro omaliza (qf, µC / kg) ndi Δq (Δq = qf - q0) kumapeto kwa kuyesera kunawerengedwa.
Deta ya GranuCharge yaiwisi yaiwisi ikuwonetsedwa mu Table 2 ndi Chithunzi 9 (σ ndiyo njira yowonongeka yowerengedwa kuchokera ku zotsatira za kuyesa kwa reproducibility), ndipo zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa ngati histogram (q0 ndi Δq okha akuwonetsedwa).SS 316L ili ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri;izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti mankhwalawa ali ndi PSD yapamwamba kwambiri.Zikafika pakukweza koyambirira kwa ufa wa aluminiyamu alloy, palibe malingaliro omwe angaganizidwe chifukwa cha kukula kwa zolakwikazo.
Pambuyo pokhudzana ndi chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L, chitsanzo A chinalandira ndalama zochepa kwambiri, pamene ufa B ndi C umasonyeza zofanana, ngati SS 316L ufa unaphwanyidwa ndi SS 316L, kachulukidwe kake pafupi ndi 0 anapezeka (onani mndandanda wa triboelectric).Chogulitsa B chidakali cholipiritsa kuposa A. Pachitsanzo C, zomwe zimachitika zimapitilira (malipiro abwino oyamba ndi mtengo womaliza pambuyo pa kutayikira), koma kuchuluka kwa zolipiritsa kumawonjezeka pambuyo pakuwonongeka kwamafuta.
Pambuyo pa maola a 2 akupsinjika kwa kutentha pa 200 ° C, khalidwe la ufa limakhala losangalatsa kwambiri.Mu zitsanzo A ndi B, mtengo woyamba unatsika ndipo mtengo womaliza unasintha kuchoka ku zoipa kupita ku zabwino.SS 316L ufa unali ndi malipiro apamwamba kwambiri ndipo kusintha kwa kachulukidwe kake kunakhala kolimbikitsa koma kunakhalabe kochepa (ie 0.033 nC / g).
Tinafufuza zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa kutentha pa khalidwe lophatikizana la aluminium alloy (AlSi10Mg) ndi 316L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, pamene zoyambazo zinayesedwa pambuyo pa maola 2 pa 200 ° C mumlengalenga.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ufa pa kutentha kwapamwamba kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kutuluka kwa mankhwala, zotsatira zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ufa wokhala ndi malo enieni komanso zipangizo zomwe zimakhala ndi matenthedwe apamwamba.GranuDrum idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika kuthamanga, GranuPack idagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula zonyamula, ndipo GranuCharge idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula triboelectricity ya ufa polumikizana ndi chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L.
Zotsatirazi zinatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito GranuPack, yomwe inasonyeza kusintha kwa Hausner coefficient pa ufa uliwonse (kupatulapo chitsanzo A, chifukwa cha kukula kwa zolakwika) pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya kutentha kwa kutentha.Palibe mayendedwe omveka bwino omwe adapezeka pakulongedza kwa parameter (n1/2) popeza zinthu zina zidawonetsa kuchuluka kwa liwiro lolongedza pomwe zina zinali ndi zotsatira zosiyana (mwachitsanzo Zitsanzo B ndi C).