Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā pihikete hei whakapai ake i tō wheako. Mā te tirotiro tonu i tēnei pae, e whakaae ana koe ki tā mātou whakamahinga o ngā pihikete. Ngā Mōhiotanga Tāpiri.
Ko te hanga tāpiri (AM) he hanga i ngā mea 3D, kotahi te paparanga tino angiangi i ia wā, ā, he nui ake te utu i te tukatuka tuku iho. Heoi, he iti noa te wāhanga o te paura ka whakapirihia ki te wāhanga i te wā o te tukanga huihuinga. Kāore e hanumi ngā toenga, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi anō. He rerekē, ki te hangaia te mea i te huarahi tawhito, me huri me te miihini hei tango i te rauemi.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te paura te mea e whakatau ana i ngā tawhā o te mīhini, ā, me whai whakaaro tuatahi ki tēnei. Kāore e whai hua te utu o te AM i te mea kua poke te paura kāore anō kia rewa, ā, kāore e taea te hangarua. E rua ngā āhuatanga ka puta mai i te pirau o te paura: te whakarerekētanga matū o te hua me ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga miihini pēnei i te āhua me te tohatoha rahi o te matūriki.
I te tuatahi, ko te mahi matua ko te waihanga i ngā hanganga totoka kei roto ngā koranu parakore, nō reira me karo tātou i te poke o te paura, hei tauira, ki ngā waikura, ki ngā nitride rānei. I te tuarua, e pā ana ēnei tawhā ki te rere me te horapa. Nō reira, ko tētahi huringa o ngā āhuatanga o te paura ka arahi pea ki te tohatoha kore-ōrite o te hua.
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga mai i ngā whakaputanga hou kāore e taea e ngā mita rere matarohia te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio e tika ana mō te tohatoha o te paura i roto i te AM i runga i te moenga paura. Mō te whakaahuatanga o te rauemi mata (te paura rānei), he maha ngā tikanga ine e tika ana kei te mākete ka taea te whakatutuki i tēnei whakaritenga. Me rite te āhua ahotea me te mara rere paura i roto i te whakatakotoranga ine me te tukanga. Kāore te noho o ngā kawenga pēhi e hototahi ki te rere mata kore utu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu IM i roto i ngā whakamātautau kutikuti me ngā rheometer matarohia.
Kua whakawhanakehia e GranuTools tētahi tukanga mahi hei whakaahua i te paura AM. Ko tā mātou whāinga matua he whakarato i ia āhuahanga ki tētahi taputapu whakatauira tukanga tika, ā, ka whakamahia tēnei tukanga mahi hei mārama me te whai i te whanaketanga o te kounga paura i roto i ngā tukanga tā. He maha ngā koranu konumohe paerewa (AlSi10Mg) i tīpakohia mō ngā roanga rerekē i ngā kawenga wera rerekē (mai i te 100 ki te 200 °C).
Ka taea te whakahaere i te pirau wera mā te tātari i te kaha o te paura ki te kohikohi i tētahi utu hiko. I tātarihia ngā paura mō te rere o te wai (te taputapu GranuDrum), te kaha tākai (te taputapu GranuPack) me te whanonga hiko-pūmau (te taputapu GranuCharge). He pai ngā inenga o te piripono me te kaha tākai hei aroturuki i te kounga o te paura.
Ko ngā paura ngāwari ki te pani ka iti te taupū piripono, ko ngā paura he tere te whakakī ka puta he wāhanga mīhini he iti ake te porosity ki te whakataurite ki ngā hua uaua ake ki te whakakī.
I muri i ētahi marama o te rokiroki i roto i tā mātou taiwhanga, e toru ngā paura konumohe me ngā tohatoha rahi matūriki rerekē (AlSi10Mg) me tētahi tauira maitai kore waikura 316L i tīpakohia, e kiia nei ko ngā tauira A, B me C. Tērā pea he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā tauira i ērā atu kaihanga. I inehia te tohatoha rahi matūriki tauira mā te tātaritanga diffraction laser/ISO 13320.
Nā te mea ko rātou te kaiwhakahaere o ngā tawhā o te mīhini, me whai whakaaro tuatahi ki ngā āhuatanga o te paura, ā, ki te kiia he poke, he kore e taea te hangarua ngā paura kāore anō kia rewa, kāore e tino whai hua te hanga tāpiringa pērā i te tumanako. Nō reira, e toru ngā tawhā ka tirotirohia: te rere o te paura, te hihiri tākai me te hiko pūmau.
E pā ana te ngāwari o te horapa ki te ōritetanga me te "maeneene" o te paparanga paura i muri i te mahi paninga anō. He mea tino nui tēnei nā te mea he māmā ake te tā i ngā mata maeneene, ā, ka taea te tirotiro mā te taputapu GranuDrum me te ine i te taupū piri.
Nā te mea he ngoikore ngā pūwero i roto i tētahi rauemi, ka taea e rātou te arahi ki ngā kapiti. Ko te whakakīnga whakakī te tuarua o ngā tawhā matua nā te mea he iti te pūwero o ngā paura whakakī tere. Ka inehia tēnei whanonga ki te GranuPack me te uara n1/2.
Ko te noho mai o ngā utu hiko i roto i te paura ka hanga i ngā kaha piripono e arahi ana ki te hanganga o ngā mea whakaemi. Ka ine a GranuCharge i te kaha o ngā paura ki te whakaputa i tētahi utu hiko pūmau ina pa atu ki ngā rauemi kua tohua i te wā e rere ana.
I te wā e tukatukahia ana, ka taea e GranuCharge te matapae i te hekenga o te rere, hei tauira, i te wā e hanga ana i tētahi paparanga i roto i te AM. Nō reira, he tino pārekareka ngā inenga kua riro mai ki te āhua o te mata o te witi (te waikura, te poke me te taratara). Kātahi ka taea te ine tika i te koroheketanga o te paura kua kohia (±0.5 nC).
Ko te GranuDrum he tikanga ine rere paura kua whakaritea i runga i te kaupapa o te pahu hurihuri. Ko te haurua o te tauira paura kei roto i tētahi rango whakapae me ngā pakitara taha mārama. Ka hurihuri te pahu huri noa i tōna tuaka i te tere koki o te 2 ki te 60 rpm, ā, ka tango pikitia te kāmera CCD (mai i te 30 ki te 100 whakaahua i ia hēkona). Ka tautuhia te atanga hau/paura i runga i ia whakaahua mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha kimi taha.
Tātaihia te tūranga toharite o te atanga me ngā wiri huri noa i tēnei tūranga toharite. Mō ia tere hurihuri, ka tātaihia te koki rere (te "koki okioki hihiri" rānei) αf mai i te tūranga atanga toharite, ā, ka tātarihia te tauwehenga piri hihiri σf e pā ana ki te hononga waenga-kiko mai i ngā huringa atanga.
He maha ngā tawhā e pāngia ana te koki rere: te waku, te āhua me te piripono i waenga i ngā matūriki (ngā kaha van der Waals, te hikohiko me te kaha capillary). Ka puta he rere pōturi mai i ngā paura piripono, ko ngā paura kore-mataku ka puta he rere auau. Ko ngā uara iti o te koki rere αf e rite ana ki te rere pai. Ko te taupū piripono hihiri e tata ana ki te kore e rite ana ki te paura kore-piripono, nō reira, i te pikinga o te piripono o te paura, ka piki ake te taupū piripono.
Mā GranuDrum ka taea e koe te ine i te koki tuatahi o te horonga me te hau o te paura i te wā e rere ana, me te ine anō hoki i te taupū piri σf me te koki rere αf i runga i te tere hurihuri.
He pai rawa ngā inenga o te mātotoru papatipu, te mātotoru patopato me te ōwehenga Hausner (e mōhiotia ana ko ngā "whakamātautau patopato") mō te whakaahuatanga paura nā te ngāwari me te tere o te ine. Ko te mātotoru o te paura me te kaha ki te whakanui ake i tōna mātotoru he tawhā nui i te wā e rokiroki ana, e kawe ana, e kohikohi ana, me ētahi atu. Kei roto i te Pharmacopoeia ngā tikanga kua tūtohutia.
E toru ngā ngoikoretanga nui o tēnei whakamātautau māmā. Kei te kaiwhakahaere te ine, ā, ka pā te tikanga whakakī ki te rōrahi tīmatanga o te paura. Ka taea e te ine i te rōrahi katoa te arahi ki ngā hapa nui i roto i ngā hua. Nā te māmā o te whakamātautau, kāore mātou i whai whakaaro ki ngā nekehanga whakakī i waenga i ngā inenga tīmatanga me ngā inenga whakamutunga.
I tātarihia te whanonga o te paura i whāngaihia ki te putanga tonu mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu aunoa. Ine tika i te tauwehenga Hausner Hr, te mātotoru tīmatanga ρ(0) me te mātotoru whakamutunga ρ(n) i muri i ngā pāwhiri n.
Ko te maha o ngā pato he mea pumau ki te n=500. He ine matatau, he ine mātotoru hoki te GranuPack, i runga i ngā rangahau hihiri o nāianei.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi atu taupū, engari kāore i te whakaratohia i konei. Ka whakanohoia te paura ki roto i tētahi ngongo whakarewa mā te tukanga tīmatanga aunoa pakari. Kua tangohia te whakawhānui o te tawhā hihiri n1/2 me te kiato mōrahi ρ(∞) mai i te pihi whakakīkī.
Kei runga i te moenga paura he rango kōwhao māmā hei pupuri i te taumata o te atanga paura/hau i te wā e whakakīkītia ana. Ka piki te ngongo kei roto te tauira paura ki tētahi teitei pumau ΔZ, ka taka noa i tētahi teitei e pumau ana i te ΔZ = 1 mm, ΔZ rānei = 3 mm, ka ine aunoa i muri i ia pā. Tātaihia te rōrahi V o te puranga mai i te teitei.
Ko te mātotoru te ōwehenga o te papatipu m ki te rōrahi o te paparanga paura V. E mōhiotia ana te papatipu o te paura m, ka pāngia te mātotoru ρ i muri i ia pānga.
E pā ana te tauwehenga Hausner Hr ki te tauwehenga whakakīkī, ā, ka tātarihia mā te whārite Hr = ρ(500) / ρ(0), ko ρ(0) te kiato papatipu tīmatanga, ā, ko ρ(500) te rere i tatauhia i muri i te 500 huringa. Te tātaritanga kiato. Ina whakamahia te tikanga GranuPack, ka taea te whakaputa anō i ngā hua mā te whakamahi i tētahi paura iti (te nuinga o te wā he 35 ml).
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te paura me ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi i hangaia ai te taputapu he tawhā matua. I te wā e rere ana, ka puta he utu hiko i roto i te paura nā te pānga triboelectric, arā, ko te whakawhitiwhiti utu ina pa ana ngā mea totoka e rua.
Ina rere te paura ki roto i te pūrere, ka puta he pānga triboelectric i te pānga i waenga i ngā matūriki, me te pānga hoki i waenga i ngā matūriki me te pūrere.
Ina pā atu ki te rauemi kua tīpakohia, ka ine aunoa te GranuCharge i te nui o te utu hiko e puta ana i roto i te paura i te wā e rere ana. Ka rere te tauira paura i roto i te ngongo-V e wiri ana, ka taka ki roto i te kapu Faraday e hono ana ki te ine hiko e ine ana i te utu e riro mai ana i te nekehanga o te paura i roto i te ngongo-V. Mō ngā hua ka taea te whakaputa anō, whakamahia he taputapu hurihuri, he taputapu wiri rānei hei whāngai i ngā ngongo-V i ngā wā katoa.
Nā te pānga triboelectric ka whiwhi i ngā irahiko i runga i te mata o tētahi mea, ā, ka puta he utu kino, ka ngaro i te mea ka ngaro i te irahiko tētahi atu mea, ā, ka puta he utu pai. He ngāwari ake te whiwhi irahiko i ētahi rauemi i ētahi atu, ā, he rite tonu, he ngāwari ake te ngaro irahiko i ētahi atu rauemi.
Ko tēhea rauemi ka huri hei kino, ko tēhea ka huri hei pai, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua o te whiwhi, te ngaro rānei o ngā irahiko o ngā rauemi e whai wāhi ana. Hei whakaatu i ēnei au, i whakawhanakehia te raupapa triboelectric e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 1. Kua whakarārangihia ngā rauemi he au utu pai, me ētahi atu he au utu kino, ā, kua whakarārangihia ngā tikanga rauemi kāore e whakaatu i tētahi au whanonga ki waenganui o te ripanga.
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā kōrero anake e whakaratohia ana e te ripanga mō ngā ia o te whanonga utu o ngā rauemi, nō reira i hangaia ai a GranuCharge hei whakarato i ngā uara tau tika mō te whanonga utu o ngā paura.
He maha ngā whakamātautau i whakahaerehia hei tātari i te pirau wera. I whakanohoia ngā tauira ki te 200°C mō te kotahi ki te rua hāora. Kātahi ka tātarihia tonutia te paura ki te GranuDrum (ingoa wera). Kātahi ka whakanohoia te paura ki roto i tētahi ipu kia tae rā anō ki te pāmahana taiao, kātahi ka tātarihia mā te whakamahi i te GranuDrum, GranuPack me te GranuCharge (arā, "mātao").
I tātarihia ngā tauira mata mā te whakamahi i a GranuPack, GranuDrum me GranuCharge i te haumākū/pāmahana rūma kotahi (arā, 35.0 ± 1.5% RH me te pāmahana 21.0 ± 1.0 °C).
Ka tatau te taupū piripono i te rere o ngā paura, ā, ka hono atu ki ngā panonitanga o te tūranga o te atanga (paura/hau), arā, e toru noa iho ngā kaha whakapā (van der Waals, ngā kaha capillary me ngā kaha hiko). I mua i te whakamātautau, i tuhia te haumākū hau whanaunga (RH, %) me te pāmahana (°C). Kātahi ka ringihia te paura ki roto i te pahu, ā, ka tīmata te whakamātautau.
I whakatau mātou kāore ēnei hua e ngāwari ki te whakaemi ina whakaarohia ngā tawhā thixotropic. He mea whakamīharo, i whakarerekē te ahotea wera i te whanonga rheological o ngā paura o ngā tauira A me B mai i te matotoru kutikuti ki te angiangi kutikuti. I tētahi atu taha, kāore ngā Tauira C me SS 316L i pāngia e te pāmahana, ā, i whakaatu noa i te matotoru kutikuti. He pai ake te horapa o ia paura (arā, he iti ake te taupū piripono) i muri i te whakamahana me te whakamatao.
Ko te pānga pāmahana hoki e whakawhirinaki ana ki te horahanga motuhake o ngā matūriki. Ko te teitei ake o te kawe wera o te rauemi, ko te nui ake o te pānga ki te pāmahana (arā, ???225°?=250?.?-1.?-1) me ???316?. 225°?=19?.?-1.?-1) Ko te iti ake o te matūriki, ko te nui ake o te pānga o te pāmahana. He tino pai ngā paura konumohe mō ngā tono pāmahana teitei nā te mea he nui ake te horapa, ā, ahakoa ngā tauira kua whakamataohia, ka pai ake te rere o te wai i ngā paura taketake.
Mō ia whakamātautau GranuPack, i tuhia te papatipu o te paura i mua i ia whakamātautau, ā, i whiua te tauira kia 500 ngā wā me te auau pānga o te 1 Hz me te hinganga kore utu o te 1 mm ki roto i te pūtau ine (pūngao pānga ∝). Ka tukuna te tauira ki roto i te pūtau ine e ai ki ngā tohutohu pūmanawa motuhake a te kaiwhakamahi. Kātahi ka tuaruatia ngā inenga kia rua ngā wā hei aromatawai i te āheinga tāruarua, ā, ka tirotirohia te toharite me te paerewa rerekētanga.
I muri i te otinga o te tātaritanga GranuPack, ko te kiato papatipu tuatahi (ρ(0)), te kiato papatipu whakamutunga (i ngā tap maha, n = 500, arā, ρ(500)), te ōwehenga Hausner/taupū Carr (Hr/Cr) me ngā tawhā rēhita e rua (n1/2 me τ) e pā ana ki te kinetics whakakīkī. Ka whakaaturia hoki te kiato tino pai ρ(∞) (tirohia te Tāpiritanga 1). Ka hurihia e te ripanga i raro nei ngā raraunga whakamātautau.
E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 6 me te 7 i te pihi whakakīkī whānui (te kiato papatipu me te maha o ngā pānga) me te ōwehenga tawhā n1/2/Hausner. Ko ngā pae hapa i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te toharite ka whakaaturia ki ia pihi, ā, i tatauhia ngā paerewa rerekētanga mā te whakamātautau auau.
Ko te hua maitai kore waikura 316L te hua taumaha rawa (ρ(0) = 4.554 g/mL). Mō te mātotoru o te tā, ko te SS 316L tonu te paura taumaha rawa (ρ(n) = 5.044 g/mL), ā, muri iho ko te Tauira A (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/mL), ā, muri iho ko te Tauira B (ρ(n) = 1.668 g/ml). /ml) (n) = 1.645 g/ml). Ko te Tauira C te iti rawa (ρ(n) = 1.581 g/mL). E ai ki te mātotoru o te paura tuatahi, ka kite tātou ko te tauira A te mea māmā rawa, ā, i runga i ngā hapa (1.380 g/ml), he tata rite te uara o ngā tauira B me C.
I te whakamahanatanga o te paura, ka heke te ōwehenga Hausner, ā, ka puta noa tēnei i ngā tauira B, C, me SS 316L. Mō te tauira A, kāore i taea te mahi nā te rahi o ngā pae hapa. Mō te n1/2, he uaua ake te ia tawhā e whakarārangihia ana. Mō te tauira A me te SS 316L, i heke te uara o te n1/2 i muri i te 2 hāora i te 200°C, engari mō ngā paura B me C i piki ake i muri i te uta wera.
I whakamahia he whāngai wiri mō ia whakamātautau GranuCharge (tirohia te Pikitia 8). Whakamahia he ngongo maitai kore waikura 316L. E toru ngā wā i inehia ai hei aromatawai i te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō. Ko te taumaha o te hua i whakamahia mō ia inenga he tata ki te 40 ml, ā, kāore i kitea he paura i muri i te inenga.
I mua i te whakamātautau, i tuhia te taumaha o te paura (mp, g), te haumākū hau whanaunga (RH, %), me te pāmahana (°C). I te tīmatanga o te whakamātautau, i inehia te mātotoru utu o te paura tuatahi (q0 i roto i te µC/kg) mā te whakanoho i te paura ki roto i te kapu Faraday. Hei whakamutunga, i whakaritea te papatipu paura, ā, i tatauhia te mātotoru utu whakamutunga (qf, µC/kg) me te Δq (Δq = qf – q0) i te mutunga o te whakamātautau.
Kei te Ripanga 2 me te Pikitia 9 ngā raraunga mata o GranuCharge (ko σ te paerewa rerekētanga i tatauhia mai i ngā hua o te whakamātautau tāruarua), ā, ka whakaaturia ngā hua hei histogram (ko te q0 me te Δq anake e whakaaturia ana). Ko te SS 316L te iti rawa o te utunga tīmatanga; tērā pea nā te mea ko tēnei hua te PSD teitei rawa. Mō te utaina tīmatanga o te paura konumohe tuatahi, kāore e taea te whakatau i ngā whakatau nā te rahi o ngā hapa.
I muri i te pānga ki tētahi paipa maitai kore waikura 316L, ko te tauira A te iti rawa o te utu, engari ko ngā paura B me C i whakaatu i tētahi ia rite tonu, mēnā i miria te paura SS 316L ki te SS 316L, i kitea he kiato utu tata ki te 0 (tirohia te raupapa triboelectric). He nui ake tonu te utu o te Hua B i a A. Mō te tauira C, ka haere tonu te ia (te utu tīmatanga pai me te utu whakamutunga i muri i te turuturu), engari ka piki ake te maha o ngā utu i muri i te whakahekenga wera.
I muri i te 2 hāora o te ahotea wera i te 200 °C, ka tino whakamīharo te whanonga o te paura. I roto i ngā tauira A me B, i heke te utu tuatahi, ā, i neke te utu whakamutunga mai i te kino ki te pai. Ko te paura SS 316L te mea i nui rawa te utu tuatahi, ā, i pai te huringa o tōna kiato utu engari i noho iti tonu (arā, 0.033 nC/g).
I rangahauhia e mātou te pānga o te pirau wera ki te whanonga whakakotahi o ngā paura konumohe (AlSi10Mg) me te 316L maitai kore waikura, ā, i tātarihia ngā paura taketake i muri i te 2 hāora i te 200°C i te hau.
Mā te whakamahinga o ngā paura i ngā pāmahana teitei ka pai ake te rere o te hua, he pānga e kitea ana he mea nui ake mō ngā paura he nui te horahanga motuhake me ngā rauemi he nui te kawe wera. I whakamahia a GranuDrum hei aromatawai i te rere, i whakamahia a GranuPack mō te tātaritanga tākai hihiri, ā, i whakamahia a GranuCharge hei tātari i te triboelectricity o te paura e pā ana ki te paipa maitai kore waikura 316L.
I whakatauhia ēnei hua mā te whakamahi i te GranuPack, i whakaatu i te whakapainga o te tauwehenga Hausner mō ia paura (haunga te tauira A, nā te rahi o ngā hapa) i muri i te tukanga ahotea wera. Kāore i kitea he ia mārama mō te tawhā tākai (n1/2) i te mea i whakaatu ētahi hua i te pikinga o te tere tākai, ko ētahi he pānga rerekē (hei tauira, Tauira B me C).