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Ama-biofilms ayisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke amadivayisi ezokwelapha. Le nkinga ibeka inselele enkulu emphakathini wezokwelapha, njengoba ama-antibiotic ajwayelekile angaqeda ama-biofilms kuphela ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ezahlukene zokumboza nezinto ezintsha. Lezi zindlela zihlose ukumboza izindawo ngendlela evimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ama-alloy ensimbi anjengengilazi, ikakhulukazi lawo aqukethe insimbi yethusi ne-titanium, avele njengezingubo ezifanelekile zokulwa namagciwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokufafaza okubandayo kukhuphukile njengoba kuyindlela efanelekile yokucubungula izinto ezizwela ukushisa. Ingxenye yenhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthuthukisa ingilazi entsha yensimbi yefilimu yokulwa namagciwane eyakhiwe yi-Cu-Zr-Ni ye-ternary kusetshenziswa amasu okuhlanganisa ngomshini. Impuphu eyindilinga eyakha umkhiqizo wokugcina isetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza yokuhlanganisa okubandayo kwezindawo zensimbi engagqwali emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ama-substrate ambozwe ngengilazi yensimbi akwazile ukunciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-biofilm okungenani ngogodo olulodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali.
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, noma yimuphi umphakathi ukwazile ukuklama nokukhuthaza ukwethulwa kwezinto ezintsha ezihlangabezana nezidingo zawo ezithile, okuye kwaholela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokubekwa ezingeni emnothweni womhlaba wonke1. Bekulokhu kubangelwa ikhono lomuntu lokuthuthukisa izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza kanye nemiklamo yokukhiqiza izinto zokwakha kanye nokuchaza ukuze kuzuzwe izinzuzo kwezempilo, imfundo, imboni, ezomnotho, isiko kanye neminye imikhakha kusuka kwelinye izwe noma isifunda kuya kwelinye Intuthuko ilinganiswa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi izwe noma isifunda. 2 Sekuyiminyaka engama-60, ososayensi bezinto zokwakha bezinikele isikhathi sabo esiningi ekugxileni ekukhathazekeni okukodwa okukhulu: ukuphishekela izinto ezintsha nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ucwaningo lwamuva lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhona, kanye nokuhlanganisa nokusungula izinhlobo ezintsha ngokuphelele zezinto zokwakha.
Ukwengezwa kwezinto ezixubayo, ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo esincane sezinto, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu okucubungula okushisa, okusebenza ngomshini noma okusebenza ngomshini kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kwezakhiwo zemishini, zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezinto ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali angakazwakali kuze kube manje akhiqizwe ngempumelelo kuleli qophelo. Le mizamo eqhubekayo iveze umndeni omusha wezinto ezintsha, ezaziwa ngokuthi Izinto Ezithuthukisiwe2. Ama-Nanocrystals, ama-nanoparticles, ama-nanotubes, ama-quantum dots, izibuko zensimbi ezingenasici, ezingabonakali, kanye nama-alloy aphezulu ayizibonelo zezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezethulwe emhlabeni kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Lapho kukhiqizwa futhi kukhuliswa ama-alloy amasha anezakhiwo eziphakeme, kungaba kumkhiqizo wokugcina noma ezigabeni eziphakathi zokukhiqizwa kwawo, inkinga yokungalingani ivame ukungezwa. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa amasu amasha okukhiqiza ukuze kuphambukiswe kakhulu ekubalweni, kutholakale uhlobo olusha lwe-alloy ezihlanganisiwe, ezaziwa ngokuthi izibuko zensimbi.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 waletha inguquko emcabangweni wezinsimbi zensimbi lapho ehlanganisa izinsimbi ze-Au-25 at.% Si ezifana nengilazi ngokuqinisa uketshezi ngokushesha cishe ngama-degree ayisigidi ngomzuzwana. 4. Umcimbi wokutholwa kukaProfesa Pol Duwezs awuzange nje umemezele ukuqala komlando wezibuko zensimbi (MG), kodwa futhi waholela ekushintsheni kwendlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngezinsimbi zensimbi. Kusukela ocwaningweni lokuqala lokusungula izinto zokwenziwa kwezinsimbi ze-MG, cishe zonke izibuko zensimbi zikhiqizwe ngokuphelele ngokusebenzisa enye yezindlela ezilandelayo; (i) ukuqina okusheshayo kokuncibilika noma umusi, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-athomu kwe-lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid-state amorphization phakathi kwezinto zensimbi ezihlanzekile, kanye (iv) ukuguquka kwesimo esiqinile kwezigaba ezizinzile.
Ama-MG ahlukaniswa ngokuntuleka kwawo kwe-athomu ende ehambisana namakristalu, okuyisici esichaza amakristalu. Ezweni lanamuhla, kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wengilazi yensimbi. Ziyizinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezithakazelisayo ezingabalulekile kuphela kwi-physics yesimo esiqinile, kodwa futhi nakwi-metallurgy, i-surface chemistry, ubuchwepheshe, i-biology kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Lolu hlobo olusha lwezinto lubonisa izakhiwo ezihlukile kwezinsimbi eziqinile, okwenza kube yinto ethakazelisayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene. Zinezakhiwo ezibalulekile; (i) ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwemishini kanye namandla okukhiqiza, (ii) ukuvuleka okuphezulu kwamagnetic, (iii) ukuphoqelelwa okuphansi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungavamile, (v) ukuzimela kokushisa Ukuqhuba kwe-6,7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 iyindlela entsha, eyaqala ukwethulwa ngo-19839 nguSolwazi CC Kock kanye nozakwabo. Balungisa izimpushana ze-Ni60Nb40 ezingenasimo ngokugaya ingxube yezinto ezimsulwa emazingeni okushisa aseduze kakhulu nokushisa kwegumbi. Ngokuvamile, ukusabela kwe-MA kwenziwa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa okusabalalayo kwama-powder ezinto ezisabelayo ku-reactor, ngokuvamile enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ibe yi-ball mill 10 (Isithombe 1a, b). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ndlela yokusabela eqinile ebangelwa ngomshini isetshenziswe ukulungisa ama-powder amasha e-alloy engilazi angenawo ukwakheka/ensimbi kusetshenziswa ama-ball mill aphansi (Isithombe 1c) kanye nama-ball mill anamandla aphezulu, kanye nama-rod mills11,12,13,14,15, 16. Ikakhulukazi, le ndlela isetshenziswe ukulungiselela izinhlelo ezingaxubeki njenge-Cu-Ta17, kanye nama-alloy aphezulu okuncibilika njengezinhlelo zensimbi ze-Al-transition (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb kanye ne-Ta)18,19 kanye ne-Fe-W20, ezingatholakali kusetshenziswa izindlela zokulungiselela ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MA ibhekwa njengenye yamathuluzi e-nanotechnology anamandla kakhulu okulungiselela izinhlayiya ze-nanocrystalline kanye ne-nanocomposite powder ze-metal oxides, ama-carbide, ama-nitride, ama-hydride, ama-carbon nanotubes, ama-nanodiamonds, kanye nokuzinza okubanzi ngendlela yokusuka phezulu uye phansi 1 kanye nezigaba ezizinzile.
I-schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenza esetshenziswa ukulungiselela i-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 kulolu cwaningo.(a) Ukulungiswa kwama-MG alloy powders ane-Ni concentrations ehlukene x (x; 10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 at.%) kusetshenziswa indlela yokugaya ibhola enamandla aphansi.(a) Izinto zokuqala zifakwa ku-tool cylinder kanye namabhola ensimbi yamathuluzi, futhi (b) zivaliwe ebhokisini legilavu ​​eligcwele umoya we-He.(c) Imodeli ecacile yesitsha sokugaya esibonisa ukunyakaza kwebhola ngesikhathi sokugaya. Umkhiqizo wokugcina we-powder otholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 wasetshenziselwa ukumboza i-SUS 304 substrate kusetshenziswa indlela yokufafaza ebandayo (d).
Uma kukhulunywa ngezindawo ezinkulu (ama-substrate), ubunjiniyela bomphezulu buhilela ukuklama nokuguqulwa kwezindawo ezinkulu (ama-substrate) ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngezimfanelo ezithile zomzimba, zamakhemikhali kanye nezobuchwepheshe ezingekho ezintweni ezinkulu zokuqala. Ezinye izakhiwo ezingathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngokwelashwa komphezulu zifaka phakathi ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala nokubola, i-coefficient of friction, i-bio-inertness, izakhiwo zikagesi, kanye nokushisa, ukubala ezimbalwa. Ikhwalithi yomphezulu ingathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa amasu e-metallurgical, mechanical noma amakhemikhali. Njengenqubo eyaziwayo, ukugqoka kuchazwa nje njengengqimba eyodwa noma eziningi zezinto ezibekwe ngokwenziwa phezu kobuso bento enkulu (i-substrate) eyenziwe ngenye into. Ngakho-ke, ukugqoka kusetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ukufeza ezinye izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe noma zokuhlobisa ezifiselekayo, kanye nokuvikela izinto ekusebenzelaneni okulindelekile kwamakhemikhali kanye nomzimba nendawo ezungezile23.
Ukuze kufakwe izendlalelo zokuvikela ubuso ezifanele ezinobukhulu obusukela kuma-micrometer ambalwa (ngaphansi kwama-micrometer ayi-10-20) kuya kuma-micrometer angaphezu kwama-30 noma ngisho nama-millimeter ambalwa, kungasetshenziswa izindlela eziningi namasu. Ngokuvamile, izinqubo zokumboza zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: (i) izindlela zokumboza ezimanzi, okuhlanganisa i-electroplating, i-electroless plating, kanye nezindlela ze-hot-dip galvanizing, kanye (ii) izindlela zokumboza ezomile, okuhlanganisa i-brazing, i-surfacing, i-physical vapor deposition (PVD), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), amasu okufutha okushisa kanye namasu okufutha abandayo asanda kuba khona 24 (Isithombe 1d).
Ama-biofilm achazwa njengemiphakathi yama-microbial enamathele ngokungenakulungiseka ezindaweni futhi ezungezwe ama-polymer angaphandle akhiqizwayo (i-EPS). Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm evuthiwe ngaphezu kwesilinganiso kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, okuhlanganisa imboni yokudla, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nezindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Kubantu, lapho ama-biofilm eba khona, amacala angaphezu kuka-80% okutheleleka kwama-microbial (kufaka phakathi i-Enterobacteriaceae kanye ne-Staphylococci) kunzima ukuwaphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biofilm avuthiwe kubikwe ukuthi amelana kakhulu nokwelashwa ngama-antibiotic ngokuphindwe kayi-1000 uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli ama-bacterial e-planktonic, okubhekwa njengenselele enkulu yokwelapha. Izinto zokugqoka ubuso ezilwa namagciwane ezithathwe kuma-organic compounds avamile bezisetshenziswa emlandweni. Nakuba izinto ezinjalo zivame ukuqukatha izingxenye ezinobuthi ezingaba yingozi kubantu,25,26 kungasiza ekugwemeni ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane kanye nokubhujiswa kwezinto.
Ukumelana okubanzi kwamagciwane ekwelashweni ngama-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuholele esidingweni sokuthuthukisa indawo embozwe nge-membrane ephumelelayo engasetshenziswa ngokuphephile27. Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo engokoqobo noma yamakhemikhali elwa nokunamathela lapho amangqamuzana amabhaktheriya evinjelwa khona ukubopha nokwakha ama-biofilms ngenxa yokunamathela kuyindlela yokuqala kule nqubo27. Ubuchwepheshe besibili ukuthuthukisa ukumbozwa okuvumela amakhemikhali alwa namagciwane ukuthi alethwe lapho edingeka khona, ngamanani agxile kakhulu futhi alungiselelwe. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuthuthukisa izinto zokumboza ezihlukile njenge-graphene/germanium28, i-black diamond29 kanye ne-ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 ezimelana namagciwane, ubuchwepheshe obukhulisa ubuthi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm buncishiswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbozwa okuhlanganisa amakhemikhali abulala amagciwane ezindaweni ukuze kuhlinzekwe isivikelo sesikhathi eside ekungcolisweni kwamagciwane kuya ngokuya kuthandwa kakhulu.Nakuba zonke izinqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukukhiqiza imiphumela yokulwa namagciwane ezindaweni ezimbozwe, ngayinye inemikhawulo yayo okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kuthuthukiswa amasu okusebenzisa.
Imikhiqizo esemakethe njengamanje iphazanyiswa isikhathi esanele sokuhlaziya nokuhlola izembozo zokuvikela izithako ezisebenzayo ngokwezinto eziphilayo. Izinkampani zithi imikhiqizo yazo izohlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezici zokusebenza ezifiselekayo; Nokho, lokhu kube yisithiyo empumelelweni yemikhiqizo esemakethe njengamanje. Izinhlanganisela ezitholakala ngesiliva zisetshenziswa ekwelashweni okuningi okulwa namagciwane manje okutholakala kubathengi. Le mikhiqizo yakhelwe ukuvikela abasebenzisi emiphumeleni engaba yingozi yamagciwane. Umphumela wokubambezeleka kwamagciwane kanye nobuthi obuhambisanayo bamakhemikhali esiliva kwandisa ingcindezi kubacwaningi ukuthi bathuthukise enye indlela engeyona ingozi36,37. Ukudala isembozo somhlaba wonke sokulwa namagciwane esisebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kusabonakala kuwumsebenzi onzima. Lokhu kungenxa yezingozi ezihlobene nempilo nokuphepha. Ukuthola i-ejenti yokulwa namagciwane engeyona ingozi kakhulu kubantu nokuthola ukuthi ungayifaka kanjani ezisekelweni zokumboza isikhathi eside kuyinjongo efunwa kakhulu38. Izinto zakamuva zokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-anti-biofilm zenzelwe ukubulala amagciwane eduze, kungaba ngokuxhumana ngqo noma ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-ejenti esebenzayo. Zingakwenza lokhu ngokuvimbela ukunamathela kokuqala kwamagciwane (kufaka phakathi ukulwa nokwakheka kwengqimba yephrotheni ebusweni) noma ngokubulala amagciwane ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukumbozwa kobuso kuyinqubo yokubeka olunye ungqimba ebusweni bengxenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimfanelo ezihlobene nobuso. Umgomo wokumbozwa kobuso ukwenza ngokwezifiso isakhiwo esincane kanye/noma ukwakheka kwendawo eseduze nobuso bengxenye39. Amasu okumbozwa kobuso angahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ezifingqiwe ku-Fig. 2a. Ukumbozwa kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba zokushisa, zamakhemikhali, ezingokwenyama, kanye nezamakhemikhali kagesi, kuye ngendlela esetshenzisiwe ukudala ukumbozwa.
(a) Isithombe esingaphakathi esibonisa amasu okukhiqiza ayinhloko asetshenziswa ebusweni, kanye (b) izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi okukhethiwe kwendlela yokufutha ebandayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo bufana kakhulu nezindlela ezivamile zokufutha okushisayo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izici ezibalulekile eziyisisekelo ezenza inqubo yokufutha okubandayo kanye nezinto zokufutha okubandayo zihluke kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo busesencane, kodwa bunekusasa eliqhakazile. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, izakhiwo ezihlukile zesifutho esibandayo zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, zinqoba imikhawulo engokwemvelo yezindlela ezivamile zokufutha okushisayo. Bunikeza indlela yokunqoba imikhawulo ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bokufutha okushisayo obujwayelekile, lapho impuphu kumele incibilikiswe khona ukuze ifakwe ku-substrate. Ngokusobala, le nqubo yokufutha yendabuko ayifanele izinto ezithinta kakhulu izinga lokushisa njenge-nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous kanye nezibuko zensimbi40, 41, 42. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokufutha okufutha okushisayo zihlala zibonisa amazinga aphezulu e-porosity kanye nama-oxide. Ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo bunezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile kunobuchwepheshe bokufutha okushisayo, njengokuthi (i) ukufaka okuncane kokushisa ku-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhetheni kokufutha okungaphansi, (iii) ukungabikho kokuguqulwa kwesigaba nokukhula kokusanhlamvu, (iv) amandla aphezulu esibopho1,39 (Isithombe 2b). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokufutha okufutha okubandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu kanye nobunzima, ugesi ophezulu kanye nokuqina okuphezulu41. Ngokuphambene nezinzuzo zenqubo yokufafaza ebandayo, kusenezinye izinkinga zokusebenzisa le ndlela, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b. Lapho ufaka izimpushana ze-ceramic ezihlanzekile njenge-Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, njll., indlela yokufafaza ebandayo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpushana ze-ceramic/metal ezihlanganisiwe zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokufafaza. Okufanayo kuya kwezinye izindlela zokufafaza ezishisayo. Izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezindawo zangaphakathi zamapayipi kusenzima ukuzifafaza.
Njengoba umsebenzi wamanje uhlose ukusebenzisa izimpushana zengilazi zensimbi njengezinto zokugqoka ezingavuthiwe, kusobala ukuthi ukufutha okuvamile okushisa akukwazi ukusetshenziselwa le njongo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimpushana zengilazi zensimbi ziyakhazimula emazingeni okushisa aphezulu1.
Iningi lamathuluzi asetshenziswa embonini yezokwelapha nokudla enziwe ngama-alloy ensimbi engagqwali e-austenitic (SUS316 kanye ne-SUS304) anokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okuphakathi kuka-12 no-20 wt% ekukhiqizweni kwezinsimbi zokuhlinza. Ngokuvamile kuyamukelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-chromium njengento yokuhlanganisa kuma-alloy ensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-alloy ensimbi ajwayelekile. Ama-alloy ensimbi engagqwali, naphezu kokumelana kwawo nokugqwala okuphezulu, awabonisi izakhiwo ezibalulekile zokulwa namagciwane38,39. Lokhu kuyahluka ekumelaneni kwawo nokugqwala okuphezulu. Ngemuva kwalokhu, ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka nokuvuvukala kungabikezelwa, okubangelwa kakhulu ukunamathela kwamagciwane kanye nokuhlangana kwawo ebusweni bezinto eziphilayo zensimbi engagqwali. Ubunzima obukhulu bungavela ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu obuhambisana nokunamathela kwamagciwane kanye nezindlela zokwakheka kwe-biofilm, okungaholela ekuwohlokeni kwempilo, okungaba nemiphumela eminingi engathinta ngqo noma ngokungaqondile impilo yabantu.
Lolu cwaningo luyisigaba sokuqala sephrojekthi exhaswe yi-Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), iNkontileka No. 2010-550401, ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhiqiza izimpushana ze-Cu-Zr-Ni zengilazi zensimbi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-MA (Ithebula 1) zokukhiqiza ifilimu elwa namagciwane/i-SUS304 surface protection coating. Isigaba sesibili sephrojekthi, okufanele siqale ngoJanuwari 2023, sizohlola izici zokugqwala kwe-electrochemical kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zesistimu ngokuningiliziwe. Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-microbiological kuzokwenziwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamagciwane.
Kuleli phepha, umphumela wokuqukethwe kwe-Zr alloying element kukhono lokwakha ingilazi (i-GFA) kuxoxwa ngawo ngokusekelwe ezicini zesimo kanye nesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuxoxwe ngezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane ze-coated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwe umsebenzi wamanje wokuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kwe-metallic glass powders okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokufafaza okubandayo ngaphakathi kwesifunda soketshezi esipholile sezinhlelo ze-metallic glass ezenziwe. Njengezibonelo ezimele, kusetshenziswe i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys kulolu cwaningo.
Kulesi sigaba, izinguquko zesimo se-elemental Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni powders ekugayweni kwebhola okunamandla aphansi ziyavezwa. Njengezibonelo ezibonisayo, izinhlelo ezimbili ezahlukene ezihlanganisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizosetshenziswa njengezibonelo ezimele. Inqubo ye-MA ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, njengoba kuboniswe ngokuchazwa kwe-metallographic kwempuphu ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sesigaba sokugaya (Isithombe 3).
Izici ze-Metallographic zama-powder e-mechanical alloy (MA) atholakala ngemuva kwezigaba ezahlukene zesikhathi sokugaya ibhola. Izithombe ze-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) zama-powder e-MA kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 atholakala ngemuva kwezikhathi zokugaya ibhola ezinamandla aphansi zamahora angu-3, ​​12 kanye nama-50 ziboniswa ku-(a), (c) kanye no-(e) ohlelweni lwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30, kuyilapho ku-MA efanayo Izithombe ezifanayo zesistimu ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezithathwe ngemuva kwesikhathi ziboniswa ku-(b), (d) kanye no-(f).
Ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo angadluliselwa ku-powder yensimbi athintwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamapharamitha, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1a. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukushayisana phakathi kwamabhola nezimpuphu, ukugunda okucindezelwe kwempuphu okunamathele phakathi noma phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, umthelela wamabhola awelayo, ukugunda nokuguguleka ngenxa yokuhudula kwempuphu phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya ibhola ehambayo, kanye negagasi lokushaqeka elidlulayo. Amabhola awelayo asakazeka emithwalweni yezitshalo (Fig. 1a). Izimpuphu ze-Elemental Cu, Zr, kanye ne-Ni zaphazamiseka kakhulu ngenxa yokushisela okubandayo esigabeni sokuqala se-MA (amahora ama-3), okwaholela ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu zempuphu (>1 mm ububanzi). Lezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe zibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezingqimba ezijiyile zezinto ezixubile (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3a, b. Ukwandisa isikhathi se-MA sibe amahora ayi-12 (isigaba esiphakathi) kwaholela ekwandeni kwamandla e-kinetic e-ball mill, okwaholela ekuqhekekeni kwempuphu ehlanganisiwe ibe yizimpuphu ezincane (ngaphansi kuka-200 µm), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, d. Kulokhu isigaba, amandla okusika asetshenziswayo aholela ekwakhekeni kobuso obusha bensimbi obunezendlalelo ezincane ze-Cu, Zr, Ni, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, d. Ngenxa yokucwengwa kwezendlalelo, ukusabela kwesigaba esiqinile kwenzeka endaweni yokuhlangana kwama-flakes ukuze kukhiqizwe izigaba ezintsha.
Emvuthwandaba wenqubo ye-MA (ngemuva kwamahora angu-50), i-metallography eqhekekile yayibonakala kancane (Isithombe 3e, f), kodwa ubuso obucwebezelisiwe bempuphu bubonise i-mirror metallography. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo ye-MA isiqediwe futhi sekuvele ukudalwa kwesigaba esisodwa sokusabela. Ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo zezifunda ezikhonjiswe ku-Fig. 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) kunqunywe ngokusebenzisa i-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ehlanganiswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
KuThebula 2, ukugcwala kwezinto eziyisisekelo zezinto ezihlanganisiwe kuboniswa njengephesenti lesisindo esiphelele sesifunda ngasinye esikhethiwe ku-Fig. 3e, f. Uma kuqhathaniswa le miphumela nokwakheka kokuqala kwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 okubalwe kuThebula 1, kungabonakala ukuthi ukwakheka kwale mikhiqizo emibili yokugcina kunamanani afana kakhulu nokwakheka okulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani ezingxenye ezihlobene zezifunda ezibalwe ku-Fig. 3e, f awasho ukuwohloka okukhulu noma ukuguquguquka kokwakheka kwesampula ngayinye kusuka esifundeni esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi akukho shintsho ekubunjweni kusuka esifundeni esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kukhomba ekukhiqizweni kwama-powder e-alloy afanayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2.
Ama-micrograph e-FE-SEM omkhiqizo wokugcina wempuphu ye-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) atholakale ngemuva kwezikhathi ezingama-50 ze-MA, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4a–d, lapho u-x engu-10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 ku-.%, ngokulandelana. Ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo sokugaya, impuphu iyahlangana ngenxa yomphumela we-van der Waals, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-aggregate amakhulu aqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezinobubanzi obusukela ku-73 kuya ku-126 nm, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 4.
Izici zesimo sempuphu ye-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) etholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Ngezinhlelo ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, izithombe ze-FE-SEM zamampuphu etholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ze-MA ezingu-50 ziboniswe ku-(a), (b), (c) kanye no-(d), ngokulandelana.
Ngaphambi kokufaka ama-powders ku-cold spray feeder, aqale afakwa ku-analytical grade ethanol imizuzu eyi-15 bese omiswa ku-150°C amahora ama-2. Lesi sinyathelo kumele sithathwe ukuze kulwiwe ngempumelelo i-agglomeration evame ukubangela izinkinga eziningi ezibalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokumboza. Ngemva kokuba inqubo ye-MA isiqediwe, kwenziwa ezinye izinkomba ukuze kuhlolwe ukulingana kwama-powders e-alloy.Isithombe 5a–d sibonisa ama-micrographs e-FE-SEM kanye nezithombe ze-EDS ezihambisanayo zezinto ze-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ze-alloy ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ezitholwe ngemuva kwamahora angama-50 esikhathi se-M, ngokulandelana.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-powders e-alloy akhiqizwa ngemuva kwalesi sinyathelo afanayo njengoba engabonisi ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo ngale kwezinga le-sub-nanometer, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5.
I-Mofology kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto zasendaweni kwempuphu ye-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 etholwe ngemuva kwezikhathi ezingama-50 ze-MA nge-FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) Ukumakwa kwe-SEM kanye ne-X-ray EDS kwezithombe ze-(b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα kanye (d) Ni-Kα.
Amaphethini e-XRD empuphu ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 exutshwe ngomshini etholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 aboniswe ku-Fig. 6a–d, ngokulandelana. Ngemva kwalesi sigaba sokugaya, wonke amasampula anamazinga ahlukene e-Zr abonise izakhiwo ezingafani namaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-halo ahlukile aboniswe ku-Fig. 6.
Amaphethini e-XRD ka-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Wonke amasampula ngaphandle kokukhetha abonise iphethini yokusabalalisa kwe-halo, okusho ukwakheka kwesigaba esingenasimo.
I-field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yasetshenziswa ukubona izinguquko zesakhiwo nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo sama-powder avela ekugayweni kwebhola ngezikhathi ezahlukene ze-MA. Izithombe ze-FE-HRTEM zama-powder atholwe ngemuva kwezigaba zokuqala (amahora angu-6) kanye neziphakathi (amahora angu-18) zokugaya ama-powder e-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziboniswe ku-Fig. 7a, c, ngokulandelana. Ngokusho kwesithombe sensimu esikhanyayo (BFI) se-powder ekhiqizwe ngemuva kwamahora angu-6 e-MA, i-powder yakhiwe ngama-grain amakhulu anemingcele echazwe kahle yezakhi ze-fcc-Cu, i-hcp-Zr kanye ne-fcc-Ni, futhi akukho sibonakaliso sokuthi isigaba sokusabela sesivele sakhiwe, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7a. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphethini ye-diffraction yendawo ekhethiwe ehlobene (i-SADP) ethathwe esifundeni esiphakathi se-(a) yembule iphethini ye-cusp diffraction (Fig. 7b), ekhombisa ukuba khona kwama-crystallites amakhulu kanye nokungabikho kwesigaba esiphendulayo.
Ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo sendawo sempuphu ye-MA etholwe ngemuva kwezigaba zakuqala (amahora ayi-6) kanye neziphakathi (amahora ayi-18).(a) I-field emission high resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), kanye (b) iphethini ekhethiwe yendawo yokusabalalisa (SADP) yempuphu ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MA amahora ayi-6. Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM se-Cu50Zr40Ni10 esitholwe ngemuva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora ayi-18 siboniswe ku-(c).
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7c, ukwelula isikhathi se-MA sibe amahora angu-18 kuholele ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu kwe-lattice kuhlanganiswe nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki. Phakathi nalesi sigaba esiphakathi senqubo ye-MA, i-powder ikhombisa amaphutha ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amaphutha okuhlanganisa, amaphutha e-lattice, kanye namaphutha ephuzu (Isithombe 7). La maphutha abangela ukuthi izinhlamvu ezinkulu zihlukane eceleni kwemingcele yazo yezinhlamvu zibe yizinhlamvu ezincane ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kwama-20 nm (Isithombe 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo sempuphu ye-Cu50Z30Ni20 esigaywe amahora angu-36 isikhathi se-MA sinokwakheka kwama-nanograin e-ultrafine afakwe ku-matrix e-amorphous fine, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8a. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDS yendawo kubonise ukuthi lawo ma-nanoclusters aboniswe ku-Fig. 8a ahlotshaniswa nezinto ezingacutshungulwanga ze-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni powder alloying. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe kwe-Cu kwe-matrix kwashintsha kusuka ku-~32 at.% (indawo ethambile) kuya ku-~74 at.% (indawo ecebile), okubonisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engafani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SADP ahambisanayo wama-powder atholwe ngemuva kokugaya kulesi sigaba abonisa izindandatho eziyinhloko nezesibili ze-halo-diffusing zesigaba se-amorphous, ezihambisana namaphuzu abukhali ahlotshaniswa nalezo zinto ze-alloying eluhlaza, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8b.
Izici zesakhiwo sendawo ezingale kuka-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder nanoscale.(a) Isithombe sensimu ekhanyayo (BFI) kanye (b) ne-SADP yempuphu ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 etholwe ngemuva kokugaywa amahora angu-36 isikhathi se-MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenqubo ye-MA (amahora angu-50), ama-powder e-Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 at.% ahlala enesimo sesigaba esingaguquki se-labyrinthine njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 9a–d. Ku-SADP ehambisanayo yokwakheka ngakunye, akukho ukuphambuka okufana namaphuzu noma amaphethini abukhali e-annular angatholakalanga. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi akukho metal crystalline engacutshungulwanga ekhona, kodwa kwakheka i-powder ye-alloy engaguquki. Lawa ma-SADP ahlobene abonisa amaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-halo nawo asetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezingaguquki ezintweni zomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Isakhiwo sendawo somkhiqizo wokugcina wohlelo lwe-MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix). Amaphethini e-FE-HRTEM kanye ne-nanobeam diffraction diffraction (NBDP) ahlobene (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 atholwe ngemuva kwamahora angama-50 e-MA.
Ukuqina kokushisa kokushisa kokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), indawo yoketshezi epholile (ΔTx) kanye nokushisa kwe-crystallization (Tx) njengomsebenzi wokuqukethwe kwe-Ni (x) kohlelo lwe-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) olungenasimo kuye kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) yezakhiwo ngaphansi kokugeleza kwegesi ye-He. Imikhondo ye-DSC yama-powder e-alloy amorphous e-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous atholakala ngemuva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 iboniswe ku-Fig. 10a, b, e, ngokulandelana. Ngenkathi ijika le-DSC le-Cu50Zr20Ni30 elingenasimo liboniswa ngokwehlukana ku-Fig. 10c. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiswe ku-~700 °C ku-DSC iboniswe ku-Fig. 10d.
Ukuqina kokushisa kwama-powder e-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) MG atholwe ngemuva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50, njengoba kuboniswe yizinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), izinga lokushisa le-crystallization (Tx), kanye nesifunda soketshezi esipholile (ΔTx). Ama-thermogram e-calorimeter yokuskena ehlukile (DSC) ka-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (e) nama-powder e-alloy e-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG ngemuva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Iphethini ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiswe ku-~700 °C ku-DSC iboniswe ku-(d).
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10, amajika e-DSC azo zonke izinhlanganisela ezinezinga elihlukile le-Ni (x) abonisa izimo ezimbili ezihlukene, elilodwa le-endothermic kanti elinye le-exothermic. Umcimbi wokuqala we-endothermic uhambelana ne-Tg, kanti owesibili uhlobene ne-Tx. Isifunda se-span esivundlile esikhona phakathi kwe-Tg ne-Tx sibizwa ngokuthi isifunda soketshezi esipholile (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-Tg ne-Tx yesampula ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Umfanekiso 10a), ebekwe ku-526°C kanye no-612°C, ishintsha okuqukethwe (x) kube ngu-20 at.% iye ohlangothini lokushisa oluphansi lwama-482°C kanye no-563°C ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ni okwandayo (x), ngokulandelana, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10b. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ΔTx ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 yehla kusuka ku-86 °C (Umfanekiso 10a) iye ku-81 °C ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Umfanekiso 10a). 10b).Ku-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, kwaphawulwa nokuthi amanani e-Tg, Tx kanye ne-ΔTx ehle afinyelela ezingeni lika-447°C, 526°C kanye no-79°C (Isithombe 10b). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-Ni kuholela ekunciphiseni ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-alloy ye-MG. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani le-Tg (507 °C) le-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphansi kunele-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; noma kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ikhombisa inani elifanayo nelokuqala (612 °C). Ngakho-ke, i-ΔTx ibonisa inani eliphakeme (87°C), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 10c.
Uhlelo lwe-MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), oluthatha i-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy njengesibonelo, luqina nge-exothermic peak ebukhali lungene ezigabeni zekristalu ze-fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 kanye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi (Isithombe 10c). Lokhu kuguquka kwesigaba esingaguquki kuya kwekristalu kuqinisekiswe yi-XRD yesampula ye-MG (Isithombe 10d), eyashiswa yaya ku-700 °C ku-DSC.
Isithombe 11 sibonisa izithombe ezithathwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokufutha okubandayo eyenziwa emsebenzini wamanje. Kulesi sifundo, izinhlayiya zempuphu zensimbi ezifana nengilazi ezenziwe ngemuva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 (ukuthatha i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo) zasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezilwa namagciwane, kanti ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali (i-SUS304) lambozwa ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo. Indlela yokufutha okubandayo yakhethwa ukuze imbozwe ochungechungeni lobuchwepheshe bokufutha okushisayo ngoba iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu ochungechungeni lokufutha okushisayo futhi ingasetshenziswa ezintweni ezithinta izinga lokushisa ezinamathelayo zensimbi njengempuphu ezi-amorphous kanye ne-nanocrystalline, ezingahambisani noshintsho lwesigaba. Lesi yisici esiyinhloko ekukhetheni le ndlela. Inqubo yokufutha okubandayo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinhlayiya ezinejubane eliphezulu eziguqula amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya zibe ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, ukucindezeleka nokushisa lapho kushayisana ne-substrate noma izinhlayiya ezibekwe ngaphambilini.
Izithombe zasensimini zibonisa inqubo yokufafaza ebandayo esetshenziswa kumalungiselelo amahlanu alandelanayo e-MG coating/SUS 304 ku-550 °C.
Amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya, kanye nomfutho wezinhlayiya ngayinye ekwakhekeni kwe-coating, kumele aguqulwe abe ezinye izinhlobo zamandla ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki (ukuxhumana kokuqala kwezinhlayiya nezinhlayiya nezinhlayiya ekuxhumaneni kwezinhlayiya kanye nezinhlayiya), i-voids Ukuhlanganiswa, ukujikeleza kwezinhlayiya nezinhlayiya, ukucindezeleka kanye nokushisa ekugcineni 39. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungewona wonke amandla e-kinetic angenayo aguqulwa abe amandla okushisa nokucindezeleka, umphumela uba ukushayisana okunwebekayo, okusho ukuthi izinhlayiya zimane zibuyele emuva ngemva kokushaya. Kuye kwavezwa ukuthi ama-90% wamandla okuthinta asetshenziswa ezintweni zezinhlayiya/i-substrate aguqulwa abe ukushisa kwendawo 40. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kusetshenziswa ukucindezeleka komthelela, amazinga aphezulu okucindezela kwepulasitiki atholakala esifundeni sezinhlayiya/i-substrate yokuxhumana ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu 41,42.
Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengenqubo yokushabalalisa amandla, noma ikakhulukazi, umthombo wokushisa esifundeni esihlanganayo. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa esifundeni esihlanganayo ngokuvamile akwanele ukukhiqiza ukuncibilika kwe-interfacial noma ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukusabalala kwe-athomu. Akukho ncwadi eyaziwa ngababhali ephenya ngomphumela wezakhiwo zalezi zimpushana zengilazi zensimbi ekunamatheleni kwempushana kanye nokufakwa kwayo okwenzeka lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zokufafaza ezibandayo.
I-BFI yempuphu ye-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ingabonakala ku-Fig. 12a, eyayimbozwe ku-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Izithombe 11, 12b). Njengoba kungabonakala esithombeni, ama-powder ambozwe agcina isakhiwo sawo sokuqala esingenawo ukwakheka njengoba enesakhiwo esithambile se-labyrinth ngaphandle kwezici zekristalu noma amaphutha e-lattice. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithombe sibonisa ukuba khona kwesigaba esingaphandle, njengoba kuphakanyiswe yizinhlayiya ezincane ezifakwe ku-matrix yempuphu embozwe yi-MG (Isithombe 12a). Isithombe 12c sibonisa iphethini ye-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ehambisana nesifunda I (Isithombe 12a). Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 12c, i-NBDP ibonisa iphethini yokusabalalisa ye-halo ebuthakathaka yesakhiwo esingenawo ukwakheka futhi ihambisana nama-patches abukhali ahambisana nesigaba se-CuO se-crystalline esikhulu se-cubic Zr2Ni metastable kanye ne-tetragonal. Ukwakheka kwe-CuO kungabangelwa ukushiswa kwempuphu lapho uhamba usuka embozweni wesibhamu sokufafaza uye ku-SUS. 304 emoyeni ovulekile ngaphansi kokugeleza kwe-supersonic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunikezwa kwe-devitrification kwezimpushana zengilazi zensimbi kwafeza ukwakheka kwezigaba ezinkulu ze-cubic ngemuva kokwelashwa ngokufafaza okubandayo ku-550 °C imizuzu engama-30.
(a) Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM sempuphu ye-MG embozwe ku-(b) i-SUS 304 substrate (isithombe esiseceleni). Inkomba ye-NBDP yophawu oluyindilinga oluboniswe ku-(a) iboniswe ku-(c).
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe le ndlela engaba khona yokwakheka kwama-nanoparticles amakhulu e-cubic Zr2Ni, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuzimele. Kulolu vivinyo, ama-powder afuthwa kusuka ku-spray gun ku-550 °C ngasendleleni ye-SUS 304 substrate; noma kunjalo, ukuze kucaciswe umphumela wokunamathela kwama-powder, asuswe ku-SUS304 strip ngokushesha okukhulu (cishe imizuzwana engama-60). Kwenziwa olunye uchungechunge lokuhlolwa lapho i-powder yasuswa khona ku-substrate cishe imizuzwana eyi-180 ngemva kokufakwa.
Izibalo 13a, b zibonisa izithombe zensimu emnyama (DFI) ezitholwe ngokuskena i-transmission electron microscopy (STEM) yezinto ezimbili ezifuthwe ezifakwe kuma-substrate e-SUS 304 imizuzwana engu-60 kanye nemizuzwana engu-180, ngokulandelana. Isithombe sempuphu esifakwe imizuzwana engu-60 asinazo imininingwane yesimo, esibonisa ukungabi nasici (Isithombe 13a). Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa futhi yi-XRD, ekhombisile ukuthi isakhiwo esijwayelekile salezi mpuphu sasingenasimo, njengoba kuboniswe yi-diffraction maxima ebanzi eyinhloko neyesibili ekhonjiswe ku-Isithombe 14a. Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwemvula eguquguqukayo/ye-mesophase, lapho impuphu igcina khona isakhiwo sayo sokuqala esingenasimo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, impuphu efuthwe ekushiseni okufanayo (550 °C), kodwa yashiywa ku-substrate imizuzwana engu-180, ibonise imvula yezinhlamvu ezincane, njengoba kuboniswe yimicibisholo ku-Isithombe 13b.