Siyabonga ngokuvakashela i-Nature.com.Inguqulo yesiphequluli oyisebenzisayo inokusekelwa okulinganiselwe kwe-CSS.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi usebenzise isiphequluli esibuyekeziwe (noma uvale imodi yokuhambisana ku-Internet Explorer).Okwamanje, ukuze siqinisekise ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo, sizobonisa isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela ne-JavaScript.
Amafilimu e-biofilm ayingxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ezingelapheki, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke amathuluzi ezokwelapha.Le nkinga ibeka inselele enkulu emphakathini wezokwelapha, njengoba ama-antibiotic ajwayelekile angaqeda ama-biofilm ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu.Ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezindlela zokumboza ezihlukahlukene nezinto ezintsha.Lezi zindlela zihlose ukumboza indawo engaphezulu ngendlela evimbela ukwakheka kwe-Melloystalm kanye ne-cooltanium ikakhulukazi lezo zengilazi ze-cool. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo kunyukile njengoba kuyindlela efanelekile yokucubungula izinto ezingezwani nokushisa.Ingxenye yenhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukusungula inoveli ifilimu elwa namagciwane ingilazi yensimbi eyakhiwe nge-ternary Cu-Zr-Ni isebenzisa amasu omshini wengxubevange. izindawo zensimbi emazingeni okushisa aphansi.Ama-substrate ambozwe ngengilazi yensimbi akwazile ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-biofilm okungenani ngelogi elingu-1 uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali.
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, noma yimuphi umphakathi ukwazile ukuklama nokukhuthaza ukwethulwa kwezincwadi zenoveli ezihlangabezana nezidingo zawo ezithile, okuholele ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezinga emnothweni womhlaba wonke1. Bekulokhu kuthiwa kungenxa yekhono lomuntu lokuthuthukisa izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini yokwakha kanye nemiklamo yokwenziwa kwezinto kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ukuze kuzuzwe izinzuzo kwezempilo, imfundo, imboni, ezomnotho, amasiko kanye neminye imikhakha kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwe noma isifunda esithile sithuthuka kanjani. 2 Iminyaka engu-60, ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo baye banikela isikhathi sabo esiningi ekugxileni kokukodwa okukhulu okukhathazayo: ukuphishekela amanoveli nezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lugxile ekuthuthukiseni izinga nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhona, kanye nokuhlanganisa nokusungula izinhlobo ezintsha ngokuphelele zezinto zokwakha.
Ukwengezwa kwezakhi ze-alloying, ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure yezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokucubungula ezishisayo, zemishini noma ze-thermo-mechanical kuye kwaphumela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kwezakhiwo zemishini, zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene. Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, and high-entropy alloys yizibonelo nje zezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezethulwe emhlabeni kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.Lapho kukhiqizwa futhi kwakhiwa ama-alloys amasha anezakhiwo eziphakeme, kungaba esigabeni sokugcina noma senkinga yokukhiqiza okuphakathi, umphumela ophakathi nendawo uvame ukuvela. wokusebenzisa amasu amasha okwenziwa ukuze aphambuke kakhulu ekulinganeni, kutholwe isigaba esisha sama-alloys athambileyo, aziwa ngokuthi izingilazi zensimbi.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 waletha uguquko emqondweni wezingxube zensimbi lapho ehlanganisa ingilazi engu-Au-25 ku-%.% Ama-Si alloys ngokuqinisa ngokushesha uketshezi cishe ngamadigri ayisigidi ngomzuzwana izifundo zokuqala zokuphayona ekuhlanganisweni kwe-MG alloys, cishe zonke izingilazi zensimbi zenziwe ngokuphelele ngokusebenzisa enye yalezi zindlela ezilandelayo; (i) ukuqina okusheshayo kokuncibilika noma umusi, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-athomu ye-lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid state amorphization phakathi kwama-elementi ensimbi emsulwa, kanye (iv) noguquko lwesimo esiqinile sezigaba ze-metastable.
Ama-MG ahlukaniswa ngokuntula kwawo uhlelo olude lwe-athomu oluhlotshaniswa namakristalu, okuyisici esichazayo samakristalu.Ezweni lanamuhla, kuye kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili enkulu emkhakheni wengilazi yensimbi.Ziyizinto ezintsha ezinezici ezithakazelisayo ezingathakazelisi kuphela ku-solid state physics, kodwa nakwezensimbi, i-surface chemistry, ubuchwepheshe, i-biology yohlobo olusha oluhlukanisa izici eziningi zensimbi. iyikhandidethi elithakaselayo lezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukene.Banezinto ezithile ezibalulekile; (i) i-ductility ephezulu yemishini namandla esivuno, (ii) amandla kazibuthe aphezulu, (iii) ukucindezelwa okuphansi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungavamile, (v) ukuzimela kwezinga lokushisa I-conductivity ye-6,7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 iyindlela entsha uma kuqhathaniswa, eyethulwa okokuqala ngo-19839 nguProf. CC Kock kanye nozakwabo.Balungisa izimpushana ze-amorphous Ni60Nb40 ngokugaya ingxube yezinto ezihlanzekile emazingeni okushisa aseduze kakhulu negumbi lokushisa. Ngokuvamile, ukusabela kwe-MA kwenziwa phakathi kokuhlanganisa okusabalalisayo kwezimpushana zezinto ezisabelayo ku-reactor, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ibe yibhola lokugaya 10 (Fig. 1a, b). izigayo11,12,13,14,15 , 16.Ikakhulukazi, le ndlela isetshenziselwe ukulungisa amasistimu angenakulinganiswa afana ne-Cu-Ta17, kanye nama-alloys aphezulu ancibilika njengezinhlelo ze-Al-transition metal (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb kanye ne-Ta) 18,19 kanye ne-Fe-W20, enye i-Fe-W20 enamandla kakhulu, engakwazi ukutholwa umzila ovamile we-MAF, ongenakutholwa umzila ovamile we-MAF. Amathuluzi e-nanotechnology okulungiswa kwezinhlayiya zesikali sezimboni ze-nanocrystalline kanye ne-nanocomposite powder yama-oxide ensimbi, ama-carbides, ama-nitrides, ama-hydrides, ama-carbon nanotubes, ama-nanodiamonds, Kanye nokuzinza okubanzi ngendlela yoku-1 eya phezulu phansi kanye nezigaba ze-metastable.
I-Schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenziwa esetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 kulolu cwaningo.(a) Ukulungiswa kwezimpushana ze-MG alloy ezine-Ni concentrations ehlukene x (x; 10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 at.%) kusetshenziswa ibhola elinamandla aphansi libe yithuluzi lokugaya insimbi ithuluzi lokugaya i-cynder. amabhola, futhi (b) ivalwe ebhokisini legilavu ​​eligcwele i-He atmosphere.(c) Imodeli ekhanyelayo yomkhumbi wokugaya ebonisa ukunyakaza kwebhola ngesikhathi sokugaya.Umkhiqizo wokugcina wempushana otholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 wasetshenziselwa ukumboza i-substrate ye-SUS 304 kusetshenziswa indlela yesifutho esibandayo (d).
Uma kuziwa endabeni yobuningi bezinto ezibonakalayo (ama-substrates), ubunjiniyela bangaphezulu bubandakanya ukuklanywa nokuguqulwa kwezindawo (ama-substrates) ukuze kuhlinzekwe izimfanelo ezithile zomzimba, zamakhemikhali nezobuchwephesha ezingaqukethwe kumpahla eyinqwaba yasekuqaleni.Ezinye izakhiwo ezingathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngokwelashwa okungaphezulu zifaka ukumelana nemihuzuko, ukumelana ne-oxidation nokugqwala, i-coefficient yokungqubuzana, i-bio-inertness kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi ezingase zibe ngcono, i-bio-inertness kanye ne-insulation ye-ubuso ingaba ngcono. ngokusebenzisa amasu e-metallurgical, mechanical noma amakhemikhali.Njengenqubo eyaziwayo, ukunamathela kuchazwa njengendawo eyodwa noma izingqimba eziningi zezinto ezibekwe ngokuzenzela phezu kwento eningi (i-substrate) eyenziwe ngenye impahla.Ngakho, okokunamathela kusetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ukuze kuzuzwe izici ezithile zobuchwepheshe ezifiselekayo noma zokuhlobisa, kanye nokuvikela izinto ezibonakalayo ekusebenzelaneni kwamakhemikhali okulindelekile nendawo ezungezile23.
Ukuze ubeke izendlalelo ezifanele zokuvikela indawo ezinogqinsi olusuka kuma-micrometer ambalwa (ngaphansi kwama-micrometer angu-10-20) kuya kuma-micrometer angaphezu kuka-30 noma amamilimitha ambalwa, kungasetshenziswa izindlela nezindlela eziningi. Ngokuvamile, izinqubo zokumboza zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: (i) izindlela zokumboza ezimanzi, okuhlanganisa i-electroplating, i-electroless plating, kanye nezindlela zokugqoka ezishisayo, i-galvan-coding, izindlela zokomisa, i-galvan-dip ukuphakama, ukufakwa komhwamuko obonakalayo (PVD), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), izindlela zokufutha ezishisayo kanye nezindlela zakamuva zokufutha ezibandayo 24 (Fig. 1d).
Amafilimu e-Biofilm achazwa njengemiphakathi ye-microbial enamathele ngendlela engenakuhlehliswa endaweni futhi ezungezwe ama-polymers angaphandle (EPS) azikhiqizela wona.Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm evuthiwe kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, okuhlanganisa imboni yokudla, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nezindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Kubantu, lapho ama-biofilms enza, ngaphezu kwe-80% ye-microbiclueding infections of infections of microbicluebles I-Staphylococci) kunzima ukuyelapha.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwabikwa ukuthi ama-biofilm avuthiwe aphikisana ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1000 ekwelapheni ama-antibiotic uma kuqhathaniswa namangqamuzana ebhaktheriya e-planktonic, abhekwa njengenselele enkulu yokwelapha.Izinto zokumboza izinto ezithinta i-antimicrobial ezitholakala kumakhompiyutha avamile ziye zasetshenziswa ngokomlando. ukudluliswa kwamagciwane kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezinto.
Ukumelana okubanzi kwama-bacterium ekwelashweni kwama-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwaholela esidingweni sokwakha indawo esebenza kahle ye-antimicrobial membrane-coated engasetshenziswa ngokuphepha27.Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo ebambekayo yomzimba noma yekhemikhali lapho amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya evinjelwa khona ukuhlanganisa nokwakha amafilimu e-biofilm ngenxa yokunamathela kuyindlela yokuqala kule nqubo eyenza ubuchwepheshe be-antimicrobial bulethwe 27. ngokuqondile lapho zidingeka khona, ngamanani agxiliswe kakhulu futhi ahambisanayo.Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokwakha izinto zokunamathela eziyingqayizivele ezifana ne-graphene/germanium28, idayimane elimnyama29 kanye ne-ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 ezimelana namagciwane, ubuchwepheshe okukhulisa Ubuthi nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm okuhlanganisa amakhemikhali ancishisiwe kakhulu. izindawo ezingaphezulu ukuze zinikeze ukuvikeleka kwesikhathi eside ekungcoleni kwamagciwane ziya zithandwa kakhulu.Nakuba zontathu izinqubo zikwazi ukukhiqiza imiphumela elwa namagciwane ezindaweni ezimboziwe, ngayinye inesethi yayo yemikhawulo okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa amasu okufaka isicelo.
Imikhiqizo okwamanje emakethe ithikamezwa isikhathi esinganele sokuhlaziya kanye nokuhlola okokuvikela okuvikelayo kwezithako ezisebenza ngebhayoloji.Izinkampani zithi imikhiqizo yazo izohlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezici zokusebenza ezifiselekayo; kodwa-ke, lokhu kube isithiyo empumelelweni yemikhiqizo ekhona njengamanje emakethe.Izinhlanganisela ezithathwe esiliva zisetshenziswa eningini elikhulu lemithi yokwelapha elwa namagciwane manje etholakala kubathengi.Le mikhiqizo yenzelwe ukuvikela abasebenzisi emiphumeleni engaba yingozi yama-microorganisms.Umphumela obambezelekile we-antimicrobial kanye nobuthi obuhambisanayo bezinhlanganisela zesiliva kwandisa ingcindezi kubacwaningi ukuthi bathuthukise i-antimicrobi6 engaphansi kwe-37 imisebenzi eyingozi emhlabeni jikelele. ngaphakathi nangaphandle kusabonakala kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu.Lokhu kungenxa yezingozi ezihambisana nakho kokubili impilo nokuphepha.Ukuthola i-ejenti elwa namagciwane engaba yingozi kangako kubantu nokuthola ukuthi ingasihlanganisa kanjani nama-substrates anamathelayo ahlala isikhathi eside kuwumgomo ofunwa kakhulu38.Izinto zakamuva ezilwa namagciwane kanye ne-anti-biogent eziklanyelwe ukuthintana ngemva kwefilimu, i-anti-biogent yakamuva iyakhululwa.Bangakwenza lokhu ngokuvimbela ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kokuqala (okuhlanganisa ukumelana nokwakheka kongqimba lweprotheyini phezulu) noma ngokubulala amagciwane ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukumboza okungaphezulu kuyinqubo yokubeka olunye ungqimba ebusweni bengxenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimfanelo ezihlobene nendawo.Umgomo wokumboza ingaphezulu uwukuhlanganisa i-microstructure kanye/noma ukwakheka kwesifunda esiseduze nendawo engaphansi kwengxenye39.Izindlela zokumboza ezingaphezulu zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ezifingqiwe ku-Fig. indlela esetshenziselwa ukwakha i-coating.
(a) Isethaphu esibonisa izindlela zokwenziwa eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa indawo ephezulu, kanye (b) nezinzuzo ezikhethiwe kanye nokubi zendlela yesifutho esibandayo.
Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo buhlanganyela okuningi ngokufana nezindlela ezivamile zesifutho esishisayo. Nokho, kukhona nezinye izici ezibalulekile ezenza inqubo yesifutho esibandayo kanye nezinto zokufutha ezibandayo zihluke ngokukhethekile. Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo busencane, kodwa bunekusasa eliqhakazile. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, izici eziyingqayizivele zesifutho esibandayo zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, ukweqa imikhawulo yemvelo yendlela yesifutho esibandayo esivamile, lapho isifutho sempushana sinikeza indlela ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe besifutho esishisayo. kuncibilikisiwe ukuze kufakwe ku-substrate. Ngokusobala, le nqubo yokumboza yendabuko ayifanele izinto ezizwela ukushisa kakhulu njengama-nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous and metallic glasses40, 41, 42. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza ezishisayo zihlala zibonisa amazinga aphezulu e-porosity nama-oxides. i-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhethweni kokugqoka kwe-substrate, (iii) ukungabikho kokuguqulwa kwesigaba kanye nokukhula okusanhlamvu , (iv) amandla esibopho esiphezulu1,39 (Fig. 2b) .Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza ezibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu nobulukhuni, ukuqhutshwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kanye nokuminyana okuphezulu41.Ngokuphambene nezinzuzo zalolu hlelo lokusebenza, ukuchithwa kusekhona ukufutha okusetshenziselwa ukucubungula, kusekhona ukukhwabanisa okuboniswayo okusetshenziselwa ukufutha. Umfanekiso 2b.Lapho umboza izimpushana ze-ceramic ezihlanzekile ezifana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-ZrO2, i-WC, njll., indlela yokufuthwa okubandayo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpushana ze-ceramic/metal composite zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokugqoka.Okufanayo kuya kwezinye izindlela zokufutha ezishisayo.Izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezindawo zamapayipi zangaphakathi kusenzima ukufutha.
Njengoba umsebenzi wamanje uhlose ukusebenzisa izimpushana eziyingilazi ezisansimbi njengezinto zokumboza ezingavuthiwe, kuyacaca ukuthi ukufuthwa okujwayelekile okushisayo ngeke kusetshenziselwe le njongo.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimpushana eziyingilazi ezisansimbi ziyacwebezela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu1.
Amathuluzi amaningi asetshenziswa ezimbonini zezokwelapha nezokudla enziwe ngama-alloys ensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic (SUS316 kanye ne-SUS304) anokuqukethwe kwe-chromium phakathi kuka-12 no-20 wt% wokukhiqiza amathuluzi okuhlinza. Kuyavunywa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-chromium njengengxube yensimbi engamelana nensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nensimbi engenasici. ama-alloys ensimbi, naphezu kokuphikiswa kwawo okuphezulu kokugqwala, akubonisi izici ezibalulekile ze-antimicrobial38,39.Lokhu kuphambene nokumelana kwabo okuphezulu kokugqwala.Ngemva kwalokhu, ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka nokuvuvukala kungabikezelwa, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kanye nekoloni ebusweni bezinto eziphilayo zensimbi engagqwali.Izinkinga ezibalulekile ezingase ziphakame ngenxa yobunzima obubalulekile obuhambisana ne-biofilm ehambisana ne-biofilm, okungase kuvele ubunzima obubalulekile obuhambisana ne-biofilm kungase kubangele ukuwohloka kwezempilo, okungase kube nemiphumela eminingi engase ibe nomthelela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile empilweni yomuntu.
Lolu cwaningo luyisigaba sokuqala sephrojekthi exhaswe yi-Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Inkontileka No. 2010-550401, ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhiqiza i-metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-MA (Ithebula 1 ) ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu ye-antibacterial / SUS304 ukuqala kwesigaba sesibili sokuvikela iphrojekthi engaphansi kukaJanuwari. 2023, izohlola izici zokugqwala kwe-electrochemical kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zesistimu ngokuningiliziwe.Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-microbiological kuzokwenziwa ezinhlotsheni zamagciwane ahlukene.
Kuleli phepha, kuxoxiwe ngomthelela we-Zr alloying element ekhonweni lokwenza ingilazi (GFA) kuxoxwa ngakho ngokusekelwe ezicini ze-morphological and structural. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane ze-coated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite nazo zaxoxwa. amasistimu engilazi enziwe ngensimbi.Njengezibonelo ezimele, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 ingxube yengilazi yensimbi isetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo.
Kulesi sigaba, izinguquko ze-morphological of elemental Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni powders ekugayweni kwebhola lamandla aphansi ziyavezwa.Njengezibonelo ezibonisayo, izinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene ezihlanganisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizosetshenziswa njengezibonelo ezimele.Inqubo ye-MA ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, njengoba kuboniswa yisiteji sokugaya i-metallographic ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwe-metallographic .
Izici ze-Metallographic ze-mechanical alloy (MA) izimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwezigaba ezihlukene zesikhathi sokugaya ibhola.Izithombe ze-electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ze-MA kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezitholwe ngemva kwezikhathi zokugaya ibhola zamandla aphansi ze-3, 12 kanye ne-50 h ziboniswa ku-(a), (c) ku-Cu0, i-M20 yesistimu efanayo (e) kanye ne-(e) Izithombe ezihambelanayo zohlelo lwe-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezithathwe ngemva kwesikhathi ziboniswa ku-(b), (d) kanye no-(f).
Ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo angadluliselwa ku-powder yensimbi athintwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemingcele, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1a.Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamabhola nezimpushana, ukugunda okucindezelayo kwe-powder okunamathele phakathi noma phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, umthelela wamabhola awayo, ukugunda nokuguga ngenxa yokudonsa kwempushana phakathi kwebhola elinyakazayo lokugaya lisakaza imidiya ye-Fall. I-1a) .Izimpushana ze-Elemental Cu, Zr, ne-Ni zazikhubazekile kakhulu ngenxa yokushisela okubandayo ekuqaleni kwe-MA (3 h), okuholela ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu zempushana (>1 mm ububanzi) .Lezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyinhlanganisela zibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezingqimba eziwugqinsi zezakhi ze-alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. kubangele ukwanda kwamandla e-kinetic omshini wokugaya ibhola, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwempushana eyinhlanganisela ibe izimpushana ezicolekile (ngaphansi kuka-200 µm), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, d.Kulesi sigaba, amandla okugunda asetshenzisiwe aholela ekwakhiweni kwendawo entsha yensimbi enezingqimba ezinhle ze-Cu, Zr, Ni hint, njengoba kuboniswe ungqimba oluqinile lwe-3c, i-fig ye-fig. ukusabela kwenzeka esibonakalayo of the flakes ukukhiqiza izigaba ezintsha.
Emvuthwandaba wenqubo ye-MA (ngemuva kwamahora angu-50), i-metallography ephukile yayibonakala kancane (Fig. 3e, f), kodwa indawo epholile ye-powder yabonisa isibuko se-metallography.Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo ye-MA isiqediwe futhi ukwakhiwa kwesigaba esisodwa sokusabela sekwenzekile.Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwezifunda ezikhonjiswe ku-Fig. 3e (I, i-v, i-elektroni); i-microscopy (FE-SEM) ehlanganiswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Kuthebula lesi-2, ukugxiliswa kwe-elemental kwezakhi ze-alloying kuboniswa njengephesenti lesisindo esiphelele sesifunda ngasinye esikhethwe ku-Fig. 3e,f.Lapho uqhathanisa le miphumela neziqalo eziqanjiwe ze-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezisohlwini lweThebula 1, kungabonakala ukuthi ukwakheka kwalawa manani ahlobene nawo amabili ahlobene kakhulu nemikhiqizo ehambisanayo neyokugcina. amanani ezingxenye ezifundeni ezisohlwini lwe-Fig. 3e,f awasho ukuwohloka okukhulu noma ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekubunjweni kwesampula ngayinye ukusuka kwesinye isifunda ukuya kwesinye.Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi alukho ushintsho ekubunjweni kwesifunda ukusuka kwesinye kuya kwesinye.Lokhu kukhomba ukukhiqizwa kwezimpushana zengxubevange efanayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula lesi-2.
Ama-micrographs e-FE-SEM omkhiqizo wokugcina we-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) powder atholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ezingu-50 MA, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4a–d, lapho u-x engu-10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 ku-.%. izinhlayiya ze-ultrafine ezinobubanzi obusuka ku-73 kuya ku-126 nm, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.
Izici ze-morphological ze-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) izimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50.Okwe-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, izinhlelo ze-Cu50Zr10Ni40, izithombe ze-FE-SEM zezimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kuka-50 MA), (izikhathi ezingu-50 MA), (izikhathi ezingu-50 MA) ngokulandelana.
Ngaphambi kokulayisha ama-powder ku-feeder yesifutho esibandayo, aqale afakwa ku-ethanol ebangeni lokuhlaziya imizuzu engu-15 bese omiswa ku-150 ° C amahora angu-2. Lesi sinyathelo kufanele sithathwe ukuze silwe ngokuphumelelayo ne-agglomeration evame ukudala izinkinga eziningi ezibalulekile kulo lonke inqubo yokugqoka. Ama-micrographs e-FE-SEM kanye nemifanekiso ehambisanayo ye-EDS yezakhi ze-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ye-alloying ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ingxubevange etholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 wesikhathi esingu-M, ngokulandelanayo.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-alloy powders akhiqizwa ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo ayafana njengoba engabonisi noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kokuqamba ngale kweleveli engaphansi kwe-Finanometer.
I-Morphology kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-elemental kwasendaweni kwe-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ezingu-50 MA nge-FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) I-SEM ne-X-ray EDS yokwenza imephu (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα kanye (d) nezithombe ze-Ni-Kα.
Amaphethini e-XRD wezimpushana ezixutshwe ngomshini Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 ezitholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 aboniswa ku-Fig. 6a–d, ngokulandelana. kuboniswe kumfanekiso wesi-6.
Amaphethini e-XRD (a) e-Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (d) nama-Cu50Zr20Ni30 wezimpushana ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Wonke amasampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha abonise iphethini yokusabalalisa kwe-halo, okusho ukwakheka kwesigaba se-amorphous.
I-Field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yasetshenziselwa ukubuka izinguquko zesakhiwo nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo sezimpushana ezivela ekugayweni kwebhola ngezikhathi ezihlukene ze-MA.Izithombe ze-FE-HRTEM zezimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwezigaba zakuqala (ezingu-6 h) neziphakathi (18 h) zokugaya i-Cu50ZrNi00020 yempushana ekhonjiswe ku-Fix. 7a,c, ngokulandelana.Ngokwesithombe sensimu ekhanyayo (i-BFI) yempushana ekhiqizwa ngemva kwe-MA​ 6 h, impushana yenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu ezinemingcele echazwe kahle yezakhi fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr kanye ne-fcc-Ni, futhi akukho sibonakaliso sokuthi isigaba sokusabela senziwe, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Figurlated ngaphezulu kwephethini ekhethiwe, i-DPraff. kusukela endaweni ephakathi nendawo (a) yembula iphethini ye-cusp diffraction (Fig. 7b), ebonisa ukuba khona kwamakristalu amakhulu kanye nokungabikho kwesigaba esisebenzayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo sendawo yempushana ye-MA etholwe ngemva kwezigaba zangaphambi kwesikhathi (amahora angu-6) nezimaphakathi (amahora angu-18).(a) I-electron microscopy ekhishwa endaweni ephakeme ngokulungiswa okuphezulu kwe-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), kanye (b) nephethini yendawo ekhethiwe yokuhlukanisa ehambisanayo (i-SADP) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MA kwe-6 h.The 4 h. 18 h ikhonjiswe ku-(c).
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7c, ukwandisa ubude be-MA kuya ku-18 h kubangele ukukhubazeka okunzima kwe-lattice kuhlanganiswe nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki.Ngalesi sigaba esiphakathi senqubo ye-MA, i-powder ibonisa ukukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amaphutha e-stacking, ukukhubazeka kwe-lattice, nokukhubazeka kwamaphuzu (Umfanekiso 7) .Lezi ziphambeko zibangela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ezincane kunezinhlamvu ezincane ze-20 ukuze zihlukanise okusanhlamvu okungaphansi kwe-20. nm (Umdwebo 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo se-Cu50Z30Ni20 powder egayiwe isikhathi se-36 h MA sinokubunjwa kwe-ultrafine nanograins efakwe ku-matrix emihle ye-amorphous, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8a.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDS yendawo kubonise ukuthi lawo ma-nanocluster aboniswe ku-Fig. iguquguquka isuka ku ~ 32 at.% (indawo enciphile) yaya ku- ~74 at.% (indawo ecebile), ebonisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SADP ahambisanayo wezimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kokugaya kulesi sigaba abonisa izindandatho eziyinhloko ze-halo-diffusing zesigaba se-amorphous, ezigqagqana ngamaphuzu abukhali ahlotshaniswa nalezo zici ze-8bying eluhlaza.
Ngalé kuka-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 izici zesakhiwo sendawo ye-powder nanoscale.(a) Isithombe senkundla esikhanyayo (BFI) nesihambisanayo (b) ne-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemva kokugaya isikhathi esingu-36 h MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenqubo ye-MA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; I-10, 20, 30 kanye ne-40 ku-.% izimpushana ngokungaguquki zine-labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 9a-d .Ku-SADP ehambisanayo yokubunjwa ngakunye, akukho ukuhluka okufana nephuzu noma amaphethini abukhali e-annular ayengatholwa.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ayikho i-crystalline amorphous ye-powder ekhona kodwa i-amorphous ye-crystalline powder ekhona. Ama-SADP abonisa amaphethini okusabalalisa i-halo nawo asetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ze-amorphous kumpahla yokugcina yomkhiqizo.
Isakhiwo sendawo somkhiqizo wokugcina wohlelo lwe-MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix).FE-HRTEM kanye namaphethini ahlotshaniswayo we-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ye-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (d) etholwe ngemva kwe-MA50Ni30 ye-MA50Zr kanye (d) ne-10 Cu5Ni30 Zr (d)
Ukuzinza okushisayo kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), indawo ewuketshezi engaphansi (ΔTx) kanye nezinga lokushisa elicwebezelayo (Tx) njengomsebenzi wokuqukethwe kwe-Ni (x) yohlelo lwe-amorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) kuphenywe kusetshenziswa ukuskena okuhlukile kweCalorimetry (DSC) yezakhiwo ezingaphansi kokugeleza kwe-He gas of the Cu50DSC traces of the Cu50D. I-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 i-amorphous alloy powders etholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 ikhonjiswe ku-Fig. 10a, b, e, ngokulandelana.Ngenkathi ijika le-DSC le-amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 liboniswa ngokwehlukana ku-Fig. 10c. °C ku-DSC kukhonjiswe ku-Fig. 10d.
Ukuzinza okushisayo kwezimpushana ze-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) MG ezitholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50, njengoba kukhonjiswe ngezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), izinga lokushisa elicwebezelayo (Tx), nendawo ewuketshezi epholile (ΔTx).I-Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms of (a) Cu5050Zr30Zr,4000Zr,400,4000Zr,400,400,4000Zr. (c) I-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (e) nama-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Iphethini ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiselwe ku-~700 °C ku-DSC iboniswa ku-(d).
Njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso we-10, amajika e-DSC azo zonke izingoma ezinezingxube ze-Ni ezihlukene (x) abonisa izimo ezimbili ezihlukene, enye i-endothermic kanye nenye i-exothermic.Isenzakalo sokuqala se-endothermic sihambisana ne-Tg, kuyilapho okwesibili sihlobene ne-Tx.Isifunda se-span esivundlile esikhona phakathi kwe-Tg ne-Tx sibizwa ngokuthi i-subcooled liquid region kanye ne-Tg ye-Tx ye-Tx ibonisa ukuthi i-Tx yesifunda se-liquid (ΔTx) Isampula ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (I-Fig. 10a), ebekwe ku-526°C naku-612°C, hambisa okuqukethwe (x) kuya ku-20 at.% kuya ohlangothini lwezinga lokushisa eliphansi lika-482°C no-563°C ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ni okwandayo (x), ngokulandelana , njengoba kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10b.Ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla kwe-Cuba Δ06 ukusuka ku-5 Δ06 °C (Fig. 10a) ukuya ku-81 °C ku-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Ku-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 ingxubevange, kuphinde kwaqashelwa ukuthi amanani e-Tg, Tx kanye ne-ΔTx ehle aze afike ezingeni lika-447°C, 526°C s0b (i-Fig.7) kuholela ekwehleni kokuqina kokushisa kwe-alloy ye-MG.Ngokuphambene, inani le-Tg (507 °C) le-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphansi kune-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; noma kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa inani eliqhathaniswa nelokuqala (612 ° C). Ngakho-ke, i-ΔTx ibonisa inani eliphakeme (87 ° C), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 10c.
Uhlelo lwe-MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), oluthatha ingxubevange ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo, lucwebezela ngokuphakama okubukhali kwe-exothermic lungene ezigabeni zekristalu ze-fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 kanye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi30 ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi30 isiqinisekiso se-amorphous phase10 (Fig. I-XRD yesampula ye-MG (Fig. 10d), eyashisisa yaba ngu-700 °C ku-DSC.
Umfanekiso we-11 ubonisa izithombe ezithathwe ngesikhathi senqubo yesifutho esibandayo esiqhutshwa emsebenzini wamanje.Kulolu cwaningo, izinhlayiya zensimbi ezifana nengilazi ye-powder ezihlanganiswe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 (kuthatha i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo) zasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezilwa namagciwane, kanye nepuleti lensimbi engagqwali (SUS304) lagcotshwa ngochungechunge olubandayo lokufutha ngobuchwepheshe bokufutha ngenxa yokubanda kobuchwepheshe bokufutha. iyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu ochungechungeni lwesifutho esishisayo futhi ingasetshenziselwa izinto ezizwelayo zensimbi ze-metastable ezifana nezimpushana ze-amorphous kanye ne-nanocrystalline, ezingekho ngaphansi koshintsho lwesigaba .Lesi isici esiyinhloko ekukhetheni le ndlela.Inqubo yesifutho esibandayo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinhlayiya zesivinini esiphezulu eziguqula amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiyana zibe yi-deformation ye-substrate ye-subtrain noma igalelo ngaphambilini i-substrate ye-substrate.
Izithombe zasensimini zibonisa inqubo yesifutho esibandayo esisetshenziselwa amalungiselelo amahlanu alandelanayo we-MG coating/SUS 304 ku-550 °C.
Amandla we-kinetic wezinhlayiya, futhi ngaleyo ndlela umfutho wezinhlayiyana ngayinye ekubunjweni kokugqoka, kufanele uguqulwe ube ezinye izinhlobo zamandla ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-plastic deformation (i-particle yokuqala kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana ku-substrate kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana), i-voids Consolidation, i-particle-particle rotation, i-strain futhi ekugcineni iguqule ukushisa ku-39. ubunzima bamandla, umphumela uwukungqubuzana okunwebekayo, okusho ukuthi izinhlayiya zimane zihlehle emuva ngemva komthelela.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi u-90% wamandla omthelela asetshenziswa entweni eyizinhlayiyana/engaphansi iguqulelwa ekushiseni kwendawo 40 .Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kusetshenziswa ukucindezeleka komthelela, amazinga aphezulu e-plastic strain afinyelelwa endaweni yezinhlayiya/isikhathi esifushane42 esifundeni esifushane kakhulu41.
Ukuguqulwa kwePlastiki ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengenqubo yokuchithwa kwamandla, noma ikakhulukazi, umthombo wokushisa endaweni ye-interfacial.Nokho, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa endaweni ehlangene ngokuvamile akwanele ukukhiqiza ukuncibilika kobuso noma ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukuxubana kwe-athomu.Akukho ukushicilelwa okwaziwa abalobi okuphenya umphumela wezakhiwo zalezi zimpushana zengilazi zensimbi ezisetshenziswayo lapho kusetshenziswa i-powder ukunamathela.
I-BFI ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy powder ingabonakala ku-Fig. 12a, eyayiboshwe ku-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Fig. 11, 12b) .Njengoba kungabonwa emfanekisweni, ama-powders aboshwe agcina isakhiwo sawo sokuqala se-amorphous njengoba anesakhiwo esibucayi se-labyrinth noma i-latti defect i-crystal defect isici se-crystal yesandla. ukuba khona kwesigaba esingaphandle, njengoba kuphakanyiswe ama-nanoparticles afakwe ku-MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a) .Umfanekiso we-12c ubonisa iphethini ye-nanobeam diffraction enenkomba (NBDP) ehlotshaniswa nesifunda I (Figure 12a) .Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 12c, i-NBDP ikhombisa i-haex diffusion iphethini ebuthakathaka ikhombisa isakhiwo se-haex esicijile esine-copenic ebukhali kanye ne-NBDP. okuhambisana ne-crystalline cubic enkulu ye-Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO phase. Ukwakheka kwe-CuO kungase kubangelwe ukuxutshwa kwempushana lapho uhamba usuka emlonyeni wesibhamu sokufutha uya ku-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekile ngaphansi kokugeleza okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-metallic ye-spray eyimpushana eyi-5 ebandayo kufinyelela i-metallic glassy powders 5 °C imizuzu engama-30.
(a) Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM se-MG powder esifakwe ku-(b) SUS 304 substrate (inset of figure).Inkomba ye-NBDP yophawu oluyisiyingi oluboniswe ku-(a) iboniswa ku-(c).
Ukuqinisekisa le ndlela engase ibe khona yokwakhiwa kwe-cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles enkulu, ukuhlolwa okuzimele kwenziwa.Kulolu cwaningo, ama-powders afuthwe kusuka kusibhamu se-spray ku-550 ° C ekuqondeni kwe-substrate ye-SUS 304; noma kunjalo, ukuze kucaciswe umphumela wokukhipha ama-powders, asuswa emgqeni we-SUS304 ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka (cishe imizuzwana engu-60).Enye isethi yokuhlola yenziwa lapho impushana ikhishwe ku-substrate cishe imizuzwana engu-180 ngemva kokufakwa.
Izibalo 13a,b zibonisa izithombe zenkundla emnyama (DFI) ezitholwe ngokuskena i-electron microscopy (STEM) yezinto ezimbili ezifuthwe ezifakwe ku-SUS 304 substrates amasekhondi angu-60 kanye nama-180 s, ngokulandelana. Izimpushana zaziyi-amorphous, njengoba kuboniswa yi-diffraction maxima ebanzi eyisisekelo neyesibili eboniswe kuMfanekiso 14a.Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwemvula ye-metastable/mesophase, lapho impushana igcina khona isakhiwo sayo sokuqala se-amorphous. imicibisholo kuFig. 13b.