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Ii-biofilms ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezingapheliyo, ingakumbi xa kubandakanyeka izixhobo zonyango. Le ngxaki inika umngeni omkhulu kuluntu lwezonyango, njengoko ii-antibiotics eziqhelekileyo zinokuphelisa ii-biofilms kuphela ngomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo. Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kukhokelele ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugquma kunye nezinto ezintsha. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekugqumeni umphezulu ngendlela ethintela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ii-alloys zeglasi zesinyithi, ngakumbi ezo ziqulethe isinyithi se-copper kunye ne-titanium, ziye zavela njengeengubo ezifanelekileyo zokugquma iintsholongwane. Kwangaxeshanye, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo kuye kwanda njengoko kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokucubungula izinto ezinobushushu. Inxalenye yenjongo yolu phononongo yayikukuphuhlisa ifilimu entsha yesinyithi ye-antibacterial eyenziwe yi-ternary Cu-Zr-Ni kusetyenziswa iindlela zokudibanisa ngoomatshini. Umgubo ongqukuva owenza imveliso yokugqibela usetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza zokugquma ezibandayo zeendawo zentsimbi engagqwali kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ii-substrates ezigqunywe ngeglasi yesinyithi zikwazile ukunciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-biofilm ubuncinane nge-1 log xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi engagqwali.
Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, naluphi na uluntu luye lwakwazi ukuyila nokukhuthaza ukungeniswa kwezixhobo ezintsha ezihlangabezana neemfuno zalo ezithile, nto leyo eye yabangela ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kunye nokubekwa kwinqanaba kuqoqosho lwehlabathi1. Bekusoloko kubangelwa kukukwazi komntu ukuphuhlisa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokwenza kunye noyilo lokwenziwa kwezixhobo kunye nokuchazwa kwazo ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo kwimpilo, imfundo, ishishini, uqoqosho, inkcubeko kunye nezinye iinkalo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla ukuya kwelinye. Inkqubela ilinganiswa nokuba lilizwe okanye ummandla.2 Kangangeminyaka engama-60, izazinzulu zezinto zichithe ixesha elininzi zigxile kwinkxalabo enye enkulu: ukuphishekela izixhobo ezintsha neziphambili. Uphando lwakutshanje lugxile ekuphuculeni umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo ezikhoyo, kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokuyila iintlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo zezinto.
Ukongezwa kwezinto ezidibanisa izinto, ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sezinto, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokucubungula ezisebenzisa ubushushu, umatshini okanye umatshini kubangele uphuculo olukhulu kwiimpawu zoomatshini, iikhemikhali kunye nezomzimba zezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, iikhompawundi ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili zenziwe ngempumelelo kweli nqanaba. Le mizamo iqhubekayo ivelise usapho olutsha lwezinto ezintsha, ezaziwa ngokuba ziZinto eziPhambili. IiNanocrystals, iiNanoparticles, iiNanotubes, iiQuantum dots, iiGlasi zesinyithi ezi-Zero-dimensional, iiAmorphous metallic, kunye nee-high-entropy alloys zezinye zezona zinto ziphambili eziveliswe kwihlabathi ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane edlulileyo. Xa kusenziwa kwaye kuphuhliswa ii-alloys ezintsha ezineempawu eziphezulu, nokuba kukwimveliso yokugqibela okanye kumanqanaba aphakathi emveliso yayo, ingxaki yokungalingani rhoqo yongezwa. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha zokwenza izinto ukuze zihluke kakhulu kwi-equilibrium, kufunyenwe udidi olutsha lwee-alloys eziguquguqukayo, ezaziwa ngokuba ziiglasi zesinyithi.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 wazisa utshintsho olukhulu kwingcamango yee-alloys zesinyithi xa wenza ii-alloys zeglasi ze-Au-25 at.% Si ngokuqinisa ngokukhawuleza ulwelo malunga nesigidi seedreyithi ngomzuzwana. 4. Isiganeko sokufunyanwa kukaNjingalwazi uPol Duwezs asizange sibonise kuphela ukuqala kwembali yeeglasi zesinyithi (MG), kodwa sakhokelela kutshintsho kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngee-alloys zesinyithi. Ukusukela kwizifundo zokuqala zokuqala zokwenziwa kwee-alloys ze-MG, phantse zonke iiglasi zesinyithi zenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngokusebenzisa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo; (i) ukuqina ngokukhawuleza kokunyibilika okanye umphunga, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-atomic ye-lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid-state amorphization phakathi kwezinto zesinyithi ezicocekileyo, kunye (iv) utshintsho lwe-solid-state lwezigaba ezizinzileyo.
IiMG zahlukile ngokungabikho komyalelo we-athomu ohlala ixesha elide onxulunyaniswa neekristale, oluphawu oluchaza iikristale. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kwenziwe inkqubela phambili enkulu kwicandelo leglasi yesinyithi. Zizinto ezintsha ezineempawu ezinomdla ezinomdla kungekuphela nje kwifiziksi yesimo esiqinileyo, kodwa nakwi-metallurgy, ikhemistri yomphezulu, iteknoloji, i-biology kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi. Olu hlobo lutsha lwezinto lubonisa iimpawu ezahlukileyo kwiisinyithi eziqinileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngumviwa onomdla kwizicelo zobuchwepheshe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Zineempawu ezibalulekileyo; (i) ukuguquguquka okuphezulu koomatshini kunye namandla okuvelisa, (ii) ukuqina okuphezulu kwemagnethi, (iii) ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungaqhelekanga, (v) ukuzimela kobushushu Ukuqhuba kwe-6,7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 yindlela entsha, eyaqalwa ukwenziwa ngo-19839 nguNjingalwazi uCC Kock kunye noogxa bakhe. Balungisa iipowder ze-Ni60Nb40 ezingenasimo ngokugaya umxube wezinto ezicocekileyo kumaqondo obushushu akufutshane kakhulu nobushushu begumbi. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-MA reaction yenziwa phakathi kokudibanisa okusasazekayo kweepowders zezinto ezisabelayo kwi-reactor, ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwi-ball mill 10 (Umzobo 1a, b). Ukusukela ngoko, le ndlela ye-solid-state reaction ebangelwa ngoomatshini isetyenziselwe ukulungiselela iipowders ezintsha ze-amorphous/metallic glass alloy powders kusetyenziswa ii-low (Umzobo 1c) kunye nee-high energy ball mills, kunye nee-rod mills11,12,13,14,15, 16. Ngokukodwa, le ndlela isetyenziselwe ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezingenakudityaniswa ezifana ne-Cu-Ta17, kunye nee-alloys eziphezulu zokunyibilika ezifana ne-Al-transition metal systems (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb kunye ne-Ta)18,19 kunye ne-Fe-W20, ezingenakufunyanwa kusetyenziswa iindlela zokulungiselela eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-MA ithathwa njengenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla ze-nanotechnology zokulungiselela ii-nanocrystalline kunye ne-nanocomposite powder particles ze-metal oxides, ii-carbides, ii-nitrides, ii-hydrides, ii-carbon nanotubes, ii-nanodiamonds, kunye nokuzinzisa ngokubanzi ngendlela yoku-1 ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi kunye nezigaba ezizinzileyo.
Isicwangciso esibonisa indlela yokwenza esetyenzisiweyo ukulungiselela i-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 kolu phononongo.(a) Ukulungiswa kwee-MG alloy powders ezine-Ni concentrations ezahlukeneyo x (x; 10, 20, 30 kunye ne-40 at.%) kusetyenziswa indlela yokugaya ibhola enamandla aphantsi.(a) Izinto zokuqala zifakwa kwisilinda yesixhobo kunye neebhola zentsimbi yesixhobo, kwaye (b) zivaliwe kwibhokisi yeglavu egcwele umoya we-He.(c) Imodeli ecacileyo yesitya sokugaya esibonisa intshukumo yebhola ngexesha lokugaya. Imveliso yokugqibela yepowder efunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 isetyenziselwe ukugquma i-SUS 304 substrate kusetyenziswa indlela yokutshiza ebandayo (d).
Xa kufikwa kumphezulu wezinto ezisetyenziswa ngobuninzi (iisubstrates), ubunjineli bomphezulu bubandakanya uyilo kunye nokuguqulwa kwemiphezulu (iisubstrates) ukubonelela ngeempawu ezithile zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye nezobuchwephesha ezingafakwanga kwizinto zokuqala ezisetyenziswa ngobuninzi. Ezinye iimpawu ezinokuphuculwa ngempumelelo ngonyango lomphezulu ziquka ukumelana nokukrala, ukumelana nokubola kunye nokugqwala, i-coefficient of friction, i-bio-inertness, iipropati zombane, kunye nokufakelwa kobushushu, ukubala ezimbalwa. Umgangatho womphezulu ungaphuculwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-metallurgical, mechanical okanye chemical. Njengenkqubo eyaziwayo, i-coating ichazwa nje njenge-layers enye okanye ezininzi zezinto ezifakwe ngokwenziwa kumphezulu wento enkulu (i-substrate) eyenziwe ngenye into. Ke ngoko, i-coatings isetyenziswa ngokuyinxenye ukufezekisa ezinye iipropati zobugcisa okanye zokuhombisa ezifunwayo, kunye nokukhusela izixhobo kwiindlela ezilindelekileyo zekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo okungqongileyo23.
Ukuze kufakwe iileya ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela umphezulu ezinobukhulu obuqala kwii-micrometer ezimbalwa (ngaphantsi kwee-micrometer ezili-10-20) ukuya kwii-micrometer ezingaphezu kwama-30 okanye ii-millimeter ezimbalwa, iindlela ezininzi kunye neendlela zingasetyenziswa. Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zokugquma zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: (i) iindlela zokugquma ezimanzi, kubandakanya i-electroplating, i-electroless plating, kunye neendlela ze-hot-dip galvanizing, kunye (ii) iindlela zokugquma ezomileyo, kubandakanya i-brazing, i-surfacing, i-physical vapor deposition (PVD), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), iindlela zokugquma ezishushu kunye neendlela zokugquma ezibandayo kutshanje 24 (Umzobo 1d).
Ii-biofilms zichazwa njengeendawo zeentsholongwane ezinamathele ngokungenakuguquguquka kwiindawo eziphezulu kwaye zijikelezwe zii-polymers ezizivelisayo ngokwazo (i-EPS). Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm ekhulileyo ngaphezulu kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso, kubandakanya ishishini lokutya, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye neendawo zonyango. Kubantu, xa ii-biofilms zenzeka, ngaphezulu kwe-80% yamatyala osulelo lweentsholongwane (kubandakanya i-Enterobacteriaceae kunye ne-Staphylococci) kunzima ukunyanga. Ngaphezu koko, ii-biofilms ezikhulileyo zixelwe ukuba zichasana ngokuphindwe kayi-1000 nonyango lwee-antibiotic xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zebhaktiriya zeplanktonic, nto leyo ethathwa njengomngeni omkhulu wonyango. Izixhobo zokugquma umphezulu we-antimicrobial ezivela kwiikhompawundi zendalo eziqhelekileyo bezisetyenziswa kwimbali. Nangona ezi zinto zihlala ziqulathe izinto ezinobuthi ezinokuba yingozi ebantwini, 25,26 zinokunceda ukunqanda ukudluliselwa kweentsholongwane kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwezinto.
Ukuxhathisa okubanzi kweebhaktheriya kunyango lwee-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kukhokelele kwimfuneko yokuphuhlisa umphezulu ogqunywe yi-membrane ye-antimicrobial esebenzayo enokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo27. Uphuhliso lomphezulu ochasene nokunamathelayo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwekhemikhali apho iiseli zebhaktheriya zithintelwa khona ukuba zibophe kwaye zakhe ii-biofilms ngenxa yokunamathela yindlela yokuqala kule nkqubo27. Itekhnoloji yesibini kukuphuhlisa iingubo ezivumela iikhemikhali ze-antimicrobial ukuba zihanjiswe ngqo apho zifuneka khona, ngobuninzi obuxineneyo nobulungiselelweyo. Oku kufezekiswa ngokuphuhlisa izixhobo zokugquma ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-graphene/germanium28, i-black diamond29 kunye ne-ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 ezimelana neebhaktheriya, itekhnoloji eyandisa ubuthi kunye nophuhliso lokuxhathisa ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm incitshiswa kakhulu. Ukongeza, iingubo ezifaka iikhemikhali ze-germicidal kwiindawo ezibonelela ngokhuseleko lwexesha elide kungcoliseko lweebhaktheriya ziya zithandwa ngakumbi. Nangona zonke iinkqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo ze-antimicrobial kwiindawo ezigqunywe, nganye inemida yayo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kusenziwa amaqhinga okusebenzisa.
Iimveliso ezithengiswayo okwangoku zithintelwa kukungabikho kwexesha elaneleyo lokuhlalutya nokuvavanya izinto ezikhuselayo ezisetyenziswa kwindalo. Iinkampani zithi iimveliso zazo ziya kubonelela abasebenzisi ngezinto ezifunekayo zokusebenza; nangona kunjalo, oku kube ngumqobo kwimpumelelo yeemveliso ezithengiswayo ngoku. Iikhompawundi ezithathwe kwisilivere zisetyenziswa kunyango oluninzi lwee-antimicrobial olufumanekayo kubathengi. Ezi mveliso zenzelwe ukukhusela abasebenzisi kwimiphumo enokuba yingozi yeentsholongwane. Isiphumo sokulwa neentsholongwane esilibazisekileyo kunye nobuthi obuhambelana neekhompawundi zesilivere kwandisa uxinzelelo kubaphandi ukuba baphuhlise enye indlela engeyongozi kakhulu36,37. Ukudala i-antimicrobial coating yehlabathi esebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kusabonakala kungumsebenzi onzima. Oku kungenxa yemingcipheko enxulumene nayo kwimpilo nakukhuseleko. Ukufumanisa i-antimicrobial agent engenabungozi kangako ebantwini kunye nokufumana indlela yokuyifaka kwi-substrates zokugquma enobomi obude beshelufu yinjongo efunwa kakhulu38. Izixhobo zamva nje ze-antimicrobial kunye ne-anti-biofilm zenzelwe ukubulala iintsholongwane kufutshane, nokuba kukudibana ngqo okanye emva kokuba i-arhente esebenzayo ikhululiwe. Zinokukwenza oku ngokuthintela ukunamathela kokuqala kwebhaktheriya (kubandakanya ukulwa nokwakheka komaleko weproteni kumphezulu) okanye ngokubulala iibhaktheriya ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokusisiseko, ukugquma umphezulu yinkqubo yokubeka omnye umaleko kumphezulu wenxalenye ukuze kuphuculwe iimpawu ezinxulumene nomphezulu. Injongo yokugquma umphezulu kukulungelelanisa isakhiwo se-microstructure kunye/okanye ukwakheka kommandla okufutshane nomphezulu wenxalenye39. Iindlela zokugquma umphezulu zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezishwankathelwe kwiFig. 2a. Ukugquma kunokwahlulwahlulwa kwiindidi zobushushu, iikhemikhali, zomzimba, kunye neekhemikhali, kuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenzisiweyo ukwenza ukugquma.
(a) Umfanekiso ongaphakathi obonisa iindlela eziphambili zokwenza izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kumphezulu, kunye (b) iingenelo kunye neengxaki ezikhethiweyo zendlela yokutshiza ngokubandayo.
Iteknoloji yokutshiza okubandayo ifana kakhulu neendlela zokutshiza okuqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho nezinye iimpawu eziphambili ezenza inkqubo yokutshiza okubandayo kunye nezixhobo zokutshiza okubandayo zibe zezahlukileyo. Iteknoloji yokutshiza okubandayo isesemncinci, kodwa inekamva eliqaqambileyo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zokutshiza okubandayo zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezinkulu, zoyisa imida yendalo yeendlela zokutshiza okuqhelekileyo. Ibonelela ngendlela yokoyisa imida ebalulekileyo yeteknoloji yokutshiza okufudumeleyo yendabuko, apho umgubo kufuneka unyibilikiswe ukuze ufakwe kwi-substrate. Ngokucacileyo, le nkqubo yokutshiza yendabuko ayifanelekanga kwizinto ezinobushushu obuphezulu ezifana nee-nanocrystals, ii-nanoparticles, iiglasi ezi-amorphous kunye nezesinyithi40, 41, 42. Ngaphezu koko, izixhobo zokutshiza okufudumeleyo zihlala zibonisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-porosity kunye ne-oxides. Iteknoloji yokutshiza okubandayo ineenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuneteknoloji yokutshiza okufudumeleyo, ezinje (i) ukungenisa okuncinci kobushushu kwi-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhetheni ukutshiza okungaphantsi, (iii) ukungabikho kotshintsho lwesigaba kunye nokukhula kwengqolowa, (iv) amandla aphezulu ebhondi1,39 (Umzobo 2b). Ukongeza, izixhobo zokutshiza okubandayo zinokuxhathisa okuphezulu kokugqwala, amandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima, ukuqhuba kombane okuphezulu kunye noxinano oluphezulu41. Ngokuchasene neenzuzo zenkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo, kusekho iingxaki ezithile ekusebenziseni le ndlela, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2b. Xa kugqunywa iipowder zeseramikhi ezicocekileyo ezifana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-ZrO2, i-WC, njl.njl., indlela yokutshiza ebandayo ayinakusetyenziswa. Kwelinye icala, iipowder zeseramikhi/zesinyithi ezidityanisiweyo zingasetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza zokutshiza. Oku kuyafana nakwezinye iindlela zokutshiza ezishushu. Iindawo ezinzima kunye neendawo zangaphakathi zepayipi kusenzima ukuzitshiza.
Njengoko umsebenzi wangoku ujolise ekusebenziseni iipowder zeglasi zesinyithi njengezinto zokugquma ezingavuthwanga, kuyacaca ukuba ukutshiza okuqhelekileyo okushushu akunakusetyenziselwa le njongo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iipowder zeglasi zesinyithi ziyanyibilika kubushushu obuphezulu1.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ezonyango nokutya zenziwe ngee-alloys ze-austenitic stainless steel (SUS316 kunye ne-SUS304) ezinomxholo we-chromium ophakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-20 wt% ukuvelisa izixhobo zotyando. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyamkelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-chromium metal njengento yokudibanisa kwii-alloys zentsimbi kunokuphucula kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwee-alloys zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo. Ii-alloys zentsimbi engagqwali, nangona zixhathisa ukugqwala okuphezulu, azibonisi iipropati ezibalulekileyo zokulwa ne-antimicrobial38,39. Oku kwahlukile kukumelana kwazo okuphezulu kokugqwala. Emva koku, uphuhliso losulelo kunye nokudumba lunokuqikelelwa, okubangelwa kakhulu kukunamathela kwebhaktiriya kunye nokufakwa kwayo kumphezulu wezinto eziphilayo zentsimbi engagqwali. Ubunzima obukhulu bunokuvela ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu obunxulumene nokunamathela kwebhaktiriya kunye neendlela zokwakheka kwe-biofilm, okunokubangela ukuwohloka kwempilo, okunokuba nemiphumo emininzi enokuchaphazela ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo impilo yabantu.
Olu phononongo lukwinqanaba lokuqala leprojekthi exhaswa yiKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), iContract No. 2010-550401, ukuphanda ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuvelisa iipowder ze-Cu-Zr-Ni zeglasi ezinesinyithi kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ye-MA (Itheyibhile 1) yokuvelisa ifilimu elwa namagciwane/i-SUS304 surface protection coating. Inqanaba lesibini leprojekthi, eliza kuqala ngoJanuwari 2023, liza kuhlola iimpawu zokubola kwe-electrochemical kunye neempawu zoomatshini zenkqubo ngokweenkcukacha. Uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-microbiological luya kwenziwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya.
Kule phepha, impembelelo yomxholo we-Zr alloying element kwi-glass forming ability (GFA) ixutyushwa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-morphological kunye nezakhiwo. Ukongeza, iipropati ze-antibacterial ze-coated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite nazo zixoxiwe. Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi wangoku uye wenziwa ukuphanda ukuba kungenzeka ukuba utshintsho lwesakhiwo lwe-metallic glass powders lwenzeke ngexesha lokutshiza okubandayo ngaphakathi kwendawo yolwelo olupholileyo lweenkqubo zeglasi zesinyithi ezenziweyo. Njengemizekelo emeleyo, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys zisetyenzisiwe kolu phononongo.
Kule candelo, utshintsho lwemo ye-elemental Cu, Zr kunye ne-Ni powders kwi-low energy ball milling luboniswa. Njengemizekelo yokubonisa, iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo eziquka i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziya kusetyenziswa njengemizekelo emeleyo. Inkqubo ye-MA inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo, njengoko kuboniswe kukuchaneka kwe-metallographic yomgubo oveliswa ngexesha lesigaba sokusila (Umfanekiso 3).
Iimpawu zeMetallographic zemibhobho ye-alloy (MA) efunyenwe emva kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo exesha lokusila ibhola. Imifanekiso ye-electron scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) yemibhobho ye-MA kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 efunyenwe emva kwamaxesha okusila ibhola anamandla aphantsi eeyure ezi-3, ezili-12 kunye ne-50 iboniswe ku-(a), (c) kunye no-(e) kwinkqubo ye-Cu50Zr20Ni30, ngelixa kwi-MA efanayo Imifanekiso ehambelanayo yenkqubo ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ethathwe emva kwexesha iboniswe ku-(b), (d) kunye no-(f).
Ngexesha lokusila ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo anokudluliselwa kwi-metal powder achatshazelwa kukudityaniswa kweeparamitha, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1a. Oku kuquka ukungqubana phakathi kweebhola kunye nee-powders, ukucheba okucinezelweyo kwe-powder okunamathele phakathi okanye phakathi kwe-grinding media, impembelelo yeebhola eziwayo, ukucheba kunye nokuguguleka ngenxa yokutsalwa kwe-powder phakathi kwe-ball milling media ehambayo, kunye ne-shock wave edlula kwiibhola eziwayo ezisasazeke kwimithwalo yezityalo (Umfanekiso 1a). Ii-Elemental Cu, Zr, kunye ne-Ni powders zonakaliswe kakhulu ngenxa ye-cold welding kwinqanaba lokuqala le-MA (iiyure ezi-3), nto leyo ebangele ii-powder particles ezinkulu (>1 mm ububanzi). Ezi particles zinkulu ezidityanisiweyo zibonakaliswa kukwenziwa kwee-layers ezinkulu zezinto ezidibanisayo (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3a, b. Ukwandisa ixesha le-MA ukuya kwiiyure ezili-12 (inqanaba eliphakathi) kubangele ukwanda kwamandla e-kinetic e-ball mill, okubangele ukubola kwe-composite powder ibe yi-finer powders (ngaphantsi kwe-200 µm), njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3c, d. Kule Kwinqanaba, amandla okucheba asetyenziswayo akhokelela ekwakhiweni komphezulu omtsha wesinyithi oneeleyara ezincinci zeCu, Zr, Ni, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 3c, d. Ngenxa yokucocwa kweeleyara, ii-solid phase reactions zenzeka kwindawo ejongene neefleki ukuvelisa iileyara ezintsha.
Kwincopho yenkqubo ye-MA (emva kweeyure ezingama-50), i-metallography eqhekekileyo yayibonakala kancinci (Umzobo 3e,f), kodwa umphezulu ocoliweyo womgubo wawubonisa i-mirror metallography. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ye-MA igqityiwe kwaye ukudalwa kwesigaba esinye sokusabela kwenzeke. Ukwakheka kwezinto ezisisiseko zemimandla echazwe kwi-Fig. 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) kwamiselwa ngokusebenzisa i-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) edityaniswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
KwiTheyibhile 2, uxinaniso lwezinto ezidityanisiweyo luboniswa njengepesenti yobunzima obupheleleyo bommandla ngamnye okhethiweyo kwiFig. 3e, f. Xa kuthelekiswa ezi ziphumo kunye nee-nominal compositions zokuqala zeCu50Zr20Ni30 kunye neCu50Zr40Ni10 ezidweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1, kunokubonwa ukuba ii-compositions zezi mveliso zimbini zokugqibela zifana kakhulu nee-nominal compositions. Ngaphezu koko, amaxabiso e-component ahambelanayo kwimimandla edweliswe kwiFig. 3e, f awathethi ukuwohloka okukhulu okanye ukuguquguquka kokwakheka kwesampuli nganye ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye. Oku kubonakaliswa yinto yokuba akukho tshintsho kulwakhiwo ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye. Oku kubonisa ukuveliswa kwee-alloy powders ezifanayo, njengoko kuboniswe kwiTheyibhile 2.
Ii-micrograph ze-FE-SEM zemveliso yokugqibela ye-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) powder zifunyenwe emva kwamaxesha angama-50 e-MA, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 4a–d, apho u-x eyi-10, 20, 30 kunye no-40 kwi-.%, ngokulandelanayo. Emva kwale nyathelo lokusila, i-powder ihlangana ngenxa yesiphumo se-van der Waals, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwakhiweni kwee-aggregates ezinkulu eziquka amasuntswana e-ultrafine aneedayamitha eziqala kwi-73 ukuya kwi-126 nm, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFigure 4.
Iimpawu zesimo semifudo yeCu50(Zr50−xNix) efunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50. Kwiinkqubo zeCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, imifanekiso ye-FE-SEM yemifudo efunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA elingama-50 iboniswe kwi-(a), (b), (c) kunye ne-(d), ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngaphambi kokufaka iipowders kwi-cold spray feeder, zaqala zafakwa kwi-analytical grade ethanol imizuzu eli-15 zaze zomiswa kwi-150°C iiyure ezi-2. Eli nyathelo kufuneka lithathwe ukuze kuliwe ngempumelelo i-agglomeration edla ngokubangela iingxaki ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokugquma. Emva kokuba inkqubo ye-MA igqityiwe, kwenziwa ezinye iimpawu ukuze kuphandwe ukuhambelana kweepowders ze-alloy. Umfanekiso 5a–d ubonisa ii-micrographs ze-FE-SEM kunye nemifanekiso ehambelanayo ye-EDS yezinto ze-Cu, Zr kunye ne-Ni ze-alloy ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ezifunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 zexesha le-M, ngokulandelanayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iipowders ze-alloy eziveliswe emva kweli nyathelo ziyafana njengoko zingabonisi naluphi na utshintsho oluvela kwi-compositional ngaphaya kwenqanaba le-sub-nanometer, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5.
Imofoloji kunye nokusasazwa kwezinto zasekhaya ze-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder ezifunyenwe emva kwe-50 MA times yi-FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) Imephu ye-SEM kunye ne-X-ray EDS yemifanekiso ye-(b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα kunye (d) Ni-Kα.
Iipateni ze-XRD ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders ezifunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50 ziboniswe kwiFig. 6a–d, ngokulandelanayo. Emva kwesi sigaba sokusila, zonke iisampuli ezine-concentrations ezahlukeneyo ze-Zr zibonise izakhiwo ezingafaniyo ezineepateni ze-halo diffusion eziboniswe kwiFig. 6.
Iipateni ze-XRD ze-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50. Zonke iisampulu ngaphandle kokukhetha zibonise ipateni yokusasazwa kwe-halo, nto leyo ebonisa ukwakheka kwesigaba esingaguqukiyo.
I-field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yasetyenziswa ukujonga utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokuqonda ulwakhiwo lwendawo lweepowders ezibangelwa kukugaya ibhola ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-MA. Imifanekiso ye-FE-HRTEM yeepowders ezifunyenwe emva kwamanqanaba okuqala (iiyure ezi-6) kunye naphakathi (iiyure ezili-18) zokusila iipowders zeCu50Zr30Ni20 kunye neCu50Zr40Ni10 ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 7a, c, ngokulandelelana. Ngokwemifanekiso yentsimi eqaqambileyo (BFI) yomgubo owenziwe emva kwe-MA​ iiyure ezi-6, umgubo wenziwe ngeenkozo ezinkulu ezinemida echazwe kakuhle yezinto ze-fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr kunye ne-fcc-Ni, kwaye akukho mqondiso wokuba isigaba sokusabela senziwe, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7a. Ngaphezu koko, ipateni yokudibanisa indawo ekhethiweyo edibeneyo (SADP) ethathwe kummandla ophakathi we-(a) ityhile iphethini yokudibanisa i-cusp (Umfanekiso 7b), ebonisa ubukho beekristale ezinkulu kunye nokungabikho kwesigaba sokusabela.
Ukuchazwa kwesakhiwo sendawo somgubo we-MA ofunyenwe emva kwamanqanaba okuqala (iiyure ezi-6) kunye namanqanaba aphakathi (iiyure ezili-18).(a) I-field emission high resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), kunye (b) nepatheni ekhethiweyo ye-area diffraction (SADP) yomgubo we-Cu50Zr30Ni20 emva konyango lwe-MA iiyure ezi-6. Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM we-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ofunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezili-18 uboniswe ku-(c).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 7c, ukwandisa ixesha le-MA ukuya kwiiyure ezili-18 kubangele iziphene ezinkulu ze-lattice kunye nokuguqulwa kweplastiki. Ngeli nqanaba liphakathi lenkqubo ye-MA, umgubo ubonisa iziphene ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iziphene zokubeka izinto, iziphene ze-lattice, kunye neziphene zenqaku (Umfanekiso 7). Ezi ziphene zibangela ukuba iinkozo ezinkulu zahlulwe kwimida yazo zibe zii-subgrains ezinobukhulu obungaphantsi kwama-20 nm (Umfanekiso 7c).
Ulwakhiwo lwendawo ye-Cu50Z30Ni20 powder egayiweyo iiyure ezingama-36 ze-MA lunokwakheka kwee-nanograins ezi-ultrafine ezifakwe kwi-matrix e-amorphous fine, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 8a. Uhlalutyo lwe-EDS lwendawo lubonise ukuba ezo nanoclusters eziboniswe kwiFig. 8a zazinxulunyaniswa nezinto ze-Cu, Zr kunye ne-Ni powder alloying. Kwangaxeshanye, umxholo we-Cu we-matrix utshintshile ukusuka kwi-~32 at.% (indawo ethambileyo) ukuya kwi-~74 at.% (indawo etyebileyo), nto leyo ebonisa ukwakheka kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ii-SADPs ezifanelekileyo zeepowders ezifunyenwe emva kokugaywa kweli nqanaba zibonisa iiringi eziphambili nezesibini ze-halo-diffusing ze-amorphous phase, zigqubana ngamanqaku abukhali anxulumene nezo zinto ze-alloying eluhlaza, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 8b.
Ngaphaya kwe-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder nanoscale iimpawu zesakhiwo sendawo.(a) Umfanekiso oqaqambileyo wentsimi (BFI) kunye (b) ne-SADP yomgubo we-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ofunyenwe emva kokusila iiyure ezingama-36 ze-MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkqubo ye-MA (iiyure ezingama-50), iipowder ze-Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 kunye ne-40 at.% zihlala zinemo yesigaba esingaguqukiyo se-labyrinthine njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 9a–d. Kwi-SADP ehambelanayo yolwakhiwo ngalunye, akukho ziphazamiso ezifana nenqaku okanye iipateni ezibukhali ze-annular ezifunyenweyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba akukho metal yekristale engacutshungulwanga ekhoyo, kodwa kunoko kwenziwa umgubo we-alloy ongaguqukiyo. Ezi SADP zidibeneyo ezibonisa iipateni ze-halo diffusion nazo zisetyenziswe njengobungqina bophuhliso lwezigaba ezingaguqukiyo kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Ulwakhiwo lwendawo yemveliso yokugqibela yenkqubo ye-MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix). Iipateni ze-FE-HRTEM kunye neepatheni ze-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ezihambelanayo ze-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 ezifunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 ze-MA.
Ukuzinza kobushushu bobushushu bokutshintsha kweglasi (Tg), ummandla wolwelo opholileyo (ΔTx) kunye nobushushu bekristale (Tx) njengomsebenzi womxholo weNi (x) wenkqubo yeCu50(Zr50−xNix) enganyangekiyo kuphandwe kusetyenziswa iCalorimetry (DSC) yokuskena eyahlukileyo yeempawu eziphantsi kokuhamba kwegesi yeHe. Iimikhondo zeDSC zeCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye neCu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy powders ezifunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50 ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 10a, b, e, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngelixa i-DSC curve yeCu50Zr20Ni30 enganyangekiyo iboniswe ngokwahlukileyo kuMfanekiso 10c. Okwangoku, isampuli yeCu50Zr30Ni20 eshushu ukuya kwi-~700 °C kwiDSC iboniswe kuMfanekiso 10d.
Uzinzo lobushushu lwe-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) MG powders ezifunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50, njengoko zichazwe yi-glass transition temperature (Tg), i-crystallization temperature (Tx), kunye ne-subcooled liquid region (ΔTx). Ii-thermograms ze-calorimeter (DSC) ezahlukeneyo ze-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye (e) ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50. Ipatheni ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampulu ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshushu ukuya kwi-~700 °C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwi-(d).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10, ii-DSC curves zazo zonke izinto eziqulathwe ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-Ni (x) zibonisa iimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, enye ye-endothermic kunye nenye ye-exothermic. Isiganeko sokuqala se-endothermic sihambelana ne-Tg, ngelixa esesibini sinxulumene ne-Tx. Ummandla we-span othe tye okhoyo phakathi kwe-Tg kunye ne-Tx ubizwa ngokuba yi-subcooled liquid region (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-Tg kunye ne-Tx yesampuli ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Umfanekiso 10a), ebekwe kwi-526°C kunye ne-612°C, itshintsha umxholo (x) uye kwi-20 at.% ukuya kwicala lobushushu eliphantsi le-482°C kunye ne-563°C kunye nomxholo we-Ni okhulayo (x), ngokulandelanayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10b. Ngenxa yoko, i-ΔTx ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 yehla ukusuka kwi-86 °C (Umfanekiso 10a) ukuya kwi-81 °C ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Umfanekiso 10a). 10b).Kwi-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, kwabonwa ukuba amaxabiso e-Tg, Tx kunye ne-ΔTx ehlile ukuya kwinqanaba le-447°C, 526°C kunye ne-79°C (Umzobo 10b). Oku kubonisa ukuba ukunyuka komxholo we-Ni kukhokelela ekunciphiseni uzinzo lobushushu lwe-alloy ye-MG. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ixabiso le-Tg (507 °C) le-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphantsi kunelo le-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; nangona kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa ixabiso elithelekisekayo nelokuqala (612 °C). Ke ngoko, i-ΔTx ibonisa ixabiso eliphezulu (87°C), njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 10c.
Inkqubo ye-MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), ithatha i-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy njengomzekelo, i-crystallizes nge-exothermic peak ebukhali iye kwi-crystal phases ye-fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 kunye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi (Umzobo 10c). Olu tshintsho lwe-amorphous ukuya kwi-crystalline phase luqinisekiswe yi-XRD yesampuli ye-MG (Umzobo 10d), eyatshiswa ukuya kwi-700 °C kwi-DSC.
Umfanekiso 11 ubonisa iifoto ezithathwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshiza okubandayo eyenziwa kumsebenzi wangoku. Kolu phononongo, amasuntswana epowder enziwe ngeglasi yesinyithi ahlanganiswe emva kwexesha le-MA leeyure ezingama-50 (ukuthatha i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengomzekelo) asetyenziswa njengezinto ezisetyenziswa ekulweni neentsholongwane, kwaye ipleyiti yentsimbi engagqwaliyo (SUS304) yagqunywa ngetekhnoloji yokutshiza okubandayo. Indlela yokutshiza okubandayo yakhethwa ukugquma kuthotho lwetekhnoloji yokutshiza okushushu kuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo kuthotho lokutshiza okushushu kwaye ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezinobushushu obuguquguqukayo besinyithi ezifana ne-amorphous kunye ne-nanocrystalline powders, ezingaguqukiyo kwinguqu yesigaba. Le yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni le ndlela. Inkqubo yokutshiza okubandayo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa amasuntswana anesantya esiphezulu aguqula amandla e-kinetic amasuntswana abe yi-plastic deformation, strain kunye nobushushu xa echaphazeleka yi-substrate okanye amasuntswana abekwe ngaphambili.
Iifoto zasentsimini zibonisa inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo esetyenzisiweyo kumalungiselelo amahlanu alandelelanayo eMG coating/SUS 304 kwi-550 °C.
Amandla e-kinetic ee-particles, ngaloo ndlela umfutho we-particle nganye ekwakhiweni kwe-coating, kufuneka aguqulwe abe zezinye iindlela zamandla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana nokuguqulwa kweplastiki (ukudibana kokuqala kwe-particle kunye ne-particle-particle kwi-substrate kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-particle), i-voids Ukuhlanganiswa, ukujikeleza kwe-particle-particle, uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu ekugqibeleni 39. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ayingawo onke amandla e-kinetic angenayo aguqulwa abe ngamandla obushushu kunye noxinzelelo, isiphumo kukungqubana kwe-elastic, oko kuthetha ukuba ii-particles zibuyela umva emva kwempembelelo. Kuye kwachazwa ukuba i-90% yamandla empembelelo asetyenziswa kwizinto ze-particle/substrate iguqulwa ibe bubushushu bendawo 40. Ngaphezu koko, xa kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo lwempembelelo, amazinga aphezulu e-plastic strain afunyanwa kwindawo ye-contact particle/substrate ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu 41,42.
Ukuguqulwa kweplastiki kudla ngokuthathwa njengenkqubo yokuchithwa kwamandla, okanye ngakumbi, umthombo wobushushu kwindawo ephakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kobushushu kwindawo ephakathi akwanelanga ukuvelisa ukunyibilika kwe-interfacial okanye ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukusasazwa kweeathomu. Akukho ncwadi eyaziwayo ngababhali ephanda impembelelo yeempawu zezi powders zeglasi zesinyithi ekunamatheleni kwepowder kunye nokufakwa kwayo okwenzeka xa kusetyenziswa iindlela zokutshiza ezibandayo.
I-BFI ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder inokubonwa kwiFig. 12a, eyayigqunywe kwi-SUS 304 substrate (IiFig. 11, 12b). Njengoko kunokubonwa kumfanekiso, ii-coated powders zigcina isakhiwo sazo sokuqala esingenamofu njengoko zinesakhiwo esithambileyo se-labyrinth ngaphandle kweempawu zekristale okanye iziphene ze-lattice. Kwelinye icala, umfanekiso ubonisa ubukho besigaba esingaphandle, njengoko kucetyiswa zii-nanoparticles ezifakwe kwi-MG-coated powder matrix (Umfanekiso 12a). Umfanekiso 12c ubonisa ipatheni ye-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ehambelana nommandla I (Umfanekiso 12a). Njengoko kuboniswe kwiFig. 12c, i-NBDP ibonisa ipatheni ye-halo diffusion ebuthathaka yesakhiwo esingenamofu kwaye ihambelana namabala abukhali ahambelana ne-crystalline large cubic Zr2Ni metastable kunye ne-tetragonal CuO phase. Ukwakheka kwe-CuO kunokubangelwa yi-oxidation yepowder xa uhamba ukusuka kwi-nozzle ye-spray gun ukuya kwi-SUS. 304 emoyeni ovulekileyo phantsi komoya ongaphezulu. Kwelinye icala, ukunikezelwa kwe-vitrification yeepowders zeglasi zesinyithi kwenze ukuba kubekho ii-cubic phases ezinkulu emva konyango lokutshiza okubandayo kwi-550 °C kangangemizuzu engama-30.
(a) Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM womgubo we-MG ogqunywe kwi-(b) i-SUS 304 substrate (umfanekiso ongezantsi). I-NBDP yesalathiso sophawu olujikelezayo oluboniswe kwi-(a) iboniswe kwi-(c).
Ukuqinisekisa le ndlela inokwenzeka yokwenziwa kwee-nanoparticles ezinkulu ze-cubic Zr2Ni, kwenziwe uvavanyo oluzimeleyo. Kolu vavanyo, ii-powders zatshizwa kwi-spray gun kwi-550 °C kwicala le-SUS 304 substrate; nangona kunjalo, ukuze kucaciswe isiphumo sokutsalwa kwee-powders, zasuswa kwi-SUS304 strip ngokukhawuleza kangangoko (malunga nemizuzwana engama-60). Kwenziwe olunye useto lwee-test apho i-powder yasuswa kwi-substrate malunga nemizuzwana eli-180 emva kokufakwa.
Imifanekiso 13a, b ibonisa imifanekiso yentsimi emnyama (DFI) efunyenwe ngokuskena i-transmission electron microscopy (STEM) yezinto ezimbini ezitshiziweyo ezifakwe kwi-SUS 304 substrates imizuzwana engama-60 kunye ne-180 seconds, ngokulandelelana. Umfanekiso wempuphu ofakwe imizuzwana engama-60 awunazo iinkcukacha zemo, nto leyo ebonisa ukungabi nampawu (Umzobo 13a). Oku kuqinisekiswe yi-XRD, eyabonisa ukuba ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lwale mipuphu belungenamofu, njengoko kuboniswe yi-wide prima kunye ne-secondary diffraction maxima eboniswe kuMfanekiso 14a. Ezi zibonisa ukungabikho kwe-metastable/mesophase precipitation, apho impuphu igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala esingalinganiyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, impuphu etshiziweyo kubushushu obufanayo (550 °C), kodwa yashiywa kwi-substrate imizuzwana eli-180, yabonisa ukuhla kweenkozo ezinobukhulu obufanayo, njengoko kuboniswe ziintolo kuMfanekiso 13b.