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Biofilms wani muhimmin bangare ne a cikin ci gaba da cututtuka na kullum, musamman ma lokacin da na'urorin kiwon lafiya ke da hannu. Wannan matsala yana ba da babban kalubale ga al'ummar kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda daidaitattun maganin rigakafi na iya kawar da kwayoyin halitta kawai zuwa iyakacin iyaka.Treventing biofilm formation ya haifar da ci gaba da hanyoyi daban-daban na sutura da sababbin kayan.Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da nufin suttura saman a cikin hanyar da ke hana biofilm wadanda ke dauke da gilashin ƙarfe musamman ma'adinan karfe. fito a matsayin manufa antimicrobial coatings.A lokaci guda, da yin amfani da sanyi SPRAY fasahar ya karu kamar yadda shi ne mai dace hanya don sarrafa zafin jiki-m kayan.Sashe na manufar wannan binciken shi ne don samar da wani labari antibacterial film karfe gilashin hada da ternary Cu-Zr-Ni ta amfani da inji alloying dabaru.The siffar zobe foda wanda ya sa up da karshe shafi na danye kayan sanyi da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin bakin karfe. yanayin zafi.Substrates rufi da karfe gilashin sun iya rage muhimmanci biofilm samuwar da akalla 1 log idan aka kwatanta da bakin karfe.
A cikin tarihin ɗan adam, kowace al'umma ta sami damar tsarawa da haɓaka gabatarwar kayan tarihi waɗanda suka cika takamaiman buƙatunta, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen aiki da matsayi a cikin tattalin arziƙin duniya1.A koyaushe ana danganta shi da ikon ɗan adam don haɓaka kayan aiki da ƙirƙira kayan aiki da ƙira don ƙirƙira kayan ƙirƙira da ƙirƙira don cimma nasarori a fannin lafiya, ilimi, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, al'adu da sauran fagage daga wata ƙasa ko yanki zuwa wani yanki ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban ƙasa ko yanki ba. 2 Domin shekaru 60, masana kimiyyar kayan aiki sun ba da lokaci mai yawa don mayar da hankali kan babban damuwa guda ɗaya: bin littattafai da kayan aiki.Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali kan inganta inganci da aikin kayan da ake ciki, da kuma hadawa da ƙirƙira gaba ɗaya sababbin nau'ikan kayan.
Bugu da kari na alloying abubuwa, da gyare-gyare na abu microstructure, da kuma aikace-aikace na thermal, inji ko thermo-mechanical sarrafa dabaru sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin inji, sinadaran da kuma jiki Properties na iri-iri daban-daban kayan. Bugu da ƙari kuma, har yanzu da ba a ji mahadi da aka samu nasarar harhada a wannan batu.These m kokarin da aka tattara a matsayin sabon iyali da aka sani da ci-gaba da kayan da sababbin kayan aiki. Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, jimla dige, sifili-dimensional, amorphous karfe gilashin, da high-entropy alloys ne kawai wasu misalai na ci-gaba kayan gabatar a cikin duniya tun tsakiyar karni na karshe.Lokacin da masana'antu da kuma tasowa sabon alloys tare da m Properties, ko dai a cikin samfurin karshe ko a cikin tsaka-tsaki da sakamakon da aka kara da cewa matsalar sau da yawa. aiwatar da sabbin fasahohin ƙirƙira don karkatar da ma'auni, an gano sabon nau'in alluran ƙarfe, wanda aka sani da gilashin ƙarfe.
Ayyukansa a Caltech a 1960 ya kawo juyin juya hali a cikin ra'ayi na karfe gami lokacin da ya hada glassy Au-25 at.% Si alloys ta hanyar sauri ƙarfafa ruwa a kusan digiri miliyan daya a sakan daya. Nazari na farko a cikin haɗin MG alloys, kusan dukkanin gilashin ƙarfe an samar da su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da ɗayan hanyoyin masu zuwa; (i) saurin ƙarfafa narkewar narke ko tururi, (ii) rikicewar atomic na lattice, (iii) halayen amorphization mai ƙarfi tsakanin abubuwan ƙarfe mai tsafta, da (iv) ƙaƙƙarfan juzu'i na juzu'i masu daidaitawa.
MGs an bambanta su da rashin da dogon kewayon atomic domin hade da lu'ulu'u, wanda shi ne wani ma'anar hali na crystals.In a yau duniya, babban ci gaba da aka samu a fagen karfe gilashin.Su ne novel kayan da ban sha'awa Properties da suke da ban sha'awa ba kawai a cikin m-jihar kimiyyar lissafi, amma kuma a metallurgy, surface sunadarai, fasaha, ilmin halitta, da yawa daban-daban filayen da wani sabon nau'i na musamman kayan da aka nuna daga karfe, da sauran nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i. ɗan takara mai ban sha'awa don aikace-aikacen fasaha a fannoni daban-daban. Suna da wasu mahimman kaddarorin; (i) high inji ductility da yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙarfi, (ii) high Magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) sabon lalata juriya, (v) zazzabi 'yancin kai The conductivity na 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 wata sabuwar dabara ce, wacce aka fara gabatar da ita a shekarar 19839 ta Farfesa CC Kock da abokan aikinsu.Sun shirya amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders ta hanyar nika cakuda abubuwa masu tsafta a yanayin yanayi kusa da zazzabi. Yawanci, da MA dauki ne da za'ayi tsakanin diffusive hada guda biyu na reactant abu powders a cikin wani reactor, yawanci Ya sanya daga bakin karfe a cikin wani ball niƙa 10 (Fig. 1a, b) .Tun sa'an nan, wannan mechanically jawo m-jihar dauki dabara da aka yi amfani da shirya labari amorphous / karfe gilashin gami powders ta amfani da low (Fig. 1c da makamashin sanda). mills11,12,13,14,15, 16.A musamman, wannan hanya da aka yi amfani da shirya immiscible tsarin irin su Cu-Ta17, kazalika da high narkewa batu gami kamar Al-transition karfe tsarin (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb da Ta) 18,19 da Fe-W20 , wanda ba za a iya samu ta amfani da na al'ada na al'ada hanya na gargajiya hanya. kayan aiki don shirye-shiryen masana'antu-sikelin nanocrystalline da nanocomposite foda barbashi na karfe oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, kazalika da m stabilization via wani saman-saukar m 1 da metastable matakai.
Tsarin tsari yana nuna hanyar ƙirƙira da aka yi amfani da shi don shirya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) gilashin ƙarfe (MG) shafi / SUS 304 a cikin wannan binciken. a cikin akwatin safar hannu da ke cike da Ya yanayi.(c) Wani samfurin gaskiya na jirgin ruwan nika yana kwatanta motsi na ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin niƙa.A karshe samfurin foda samu bayan 50 hours da aka yi amfani da gashi da SUS 304 substrate ta amfani da sanyi fesa hanya (d).
Idan ya zo ga girma kayan saman (substrates), surface injiniya ya shafi zane da gyare-gyare na saman (substrates) don samar da wasu jiki, sunadarai da kuma fasaha halaye ba kunshe a cikin asali girma material.Some Properties cewa za a iya yadda ya kamata inganta ta surface jiyya hada da abrasion juriya, hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma lalata juriya, coefficient na gogayya, bio-inertness, lantarki Properties, da za a iya inganta ingancin sunan, da Sulation. ta yin amfani da fasaha na ƙarfe, inji ko sinadarai.Kamar yadda sanannen tsari, an bayyana sutura ne kawai a matsayin nau'i ɗaya ko mahara na kayan da aka ajiye a kan saman wani abu mai girma (substrate) da aka yi da wani abu. Don haka, ana amfani da sutura a cikin wani ɓangare don cimma wasu abubuwan da ake so na fasaha ko kayan ado, da kuma kare kayan daga sinadarai da ake tsammani da hulɗar jiki tare da yanayin da ke kewaye23.
Domin ya ajiye dace surface kariya yadudduka tare da kauri jere daga 'yan micrometers (a kasa 10-20 micrometers) zuwa kan 30 micrometers ko ma da 'yan millimeters, da yawa hanyoyin da dabaru za a iya amfani.In general, shafi matakai za a iya raba kashi biyu Categories: (i) rigar shafi hanyoyin, ciki har da electroplating, electroless plating, da zafi tsomawa, electroplating, da kuma zafi-tsoma galvaning hanyoyin, na jiki da branizing hanyoyin, facvaning braning hanyoyin, ta jiki ta hanyar branizing. tururi ajiya (PVD), sinadaran tururi jijiya (CVD), thermal fesa dabaru da kuma kwanan nan sanyi fesa dabaru 24 (Fig. 1d).
Biofilms an ayyana su azaman ƙananan al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da su ba tare da jujjuya su ba kuma suna kewaye da polymers extracellular polyproduced (EPS) .Tsarin haɓakar halitta mai girma na iya haifar da hasara mai yawa a cikin sassan masana'antu da yawa, gami da masana'antar abinci, tsarin ruwa, da yanayin kiwon lafiya. Staphylococci) yana da wuyar magancewa.Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa balagagge biofilms sun kasance 1000-ninka mafi tsayayya ga maganin rigakafi idan aka kwatanta da kwayoyin kwayoyin planktonic, wanda aka yi la'akari da babban kalubale na warkewa.Antimicrobial surface shafi kayan da aka samu daga al'ada kwayoyin mahadi an yi amfani da tarihi. lalata kayan abu.
A tartsatsi juriya na kwayoyin cuta zuwa kwayoyin jiyya saboda biofilm samuwar ya haifar da bukatar samar da wani tasiri antimicrobial membrane-rufi surface da za a iya amince amfani27.The ci gaban da wani jiki ko sinadari anti-manne surface to abin da kwayoyin Kwayoyin An hana su ɗaure da kuma gina biofilms saboda mannewa ne na farko m a cikin wannan tsari27.The na biyu coatings da za a iya ci gaba da fasahar anti-bincike da za a iya ci gaba da fasahar antibicise. Ana buƙatar su, a cikin ƙima da ƙima sosai. Wannan yana samuwa ta hanyar haɓaka kayan shafa na musamman kamar graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 da ZnO-doped lu'u-lu'u-kamar carbon coatings30 waɗanda ke da tsayayya da ƙwayoyin cuta, fasahar da ke haɓaka guba da haɓaka juriya saboda haɓakar biofilm suna raguwa sosai. Kwayoyin cuta suna ƙara samun karɓuwa.Ko da yake duk hanyoyin guda uku suna da ikon haifar da tasirin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a saman rufin, kowannensu yana da nasa iyakokin da ya kamata a yi la'akari yayin haɓaka dabarun aikace-aikacen.
Kayayyakin da ke kan kasuwa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar cikas ta hanyar rashin isasshen lokaci don yin nazari da gwada suturar kariya don abubuwan da ke aiki da ilimin halitta.Kamfanoni sun yi iƙirarin cewa samfuran su za su samar wa masu amfani da abubuwan aikin da ake so; duk da haka, wannan ya zama wani cikas ga nasarar da kayayyakin a halin yanzu a kasuwa.Compounds samu daga azurfa da ake amfani da a cikin mafi yawan antimicrobial hanyoyin da ake amfani da su yanzu samuwa ga masu amfani.Waɗannan kayayyakin an ɓullo da don kare masu amfani daga yiwuwar m effects na microorganisms.The jinkiri antimicrobial sakamako da kuma hade guba na azurfa mahadi ƙara matsa lamba a kan masu bincike don samar da wani m antimicrobial madadin aiki3. a cikin gida da waje har yanzu yana tabbatar da zama aiki mai ban tsoro.Wannan shi ne saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗari ga duka kiwon lafiya da aminci.Gano wani wakili na antimicrobial wanda ba shi da cutarwa ga mutane da gano yadda za a haɗa shi a cikin suturar sutura tare da tsawon rai mai tsayi shine babban abin nema-bayan burin38. The latest antimicrobial and anti-biofilm an tsara don kashe kai tsaye kayan aiki a kusa da kayan aiki, ko dai an tsara shi don kashe kwayoyin cuta a cikin kewayon kayan aiki. Za su iya yin haka ta hanyar hana mannewa na farko na ƙwayoyin cuta (ciki har da hana samuwar Layer na furotin a saman) ko kuma ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da bangon tantanin halitta.
Ainihin, rufin rufi shine tsarin sanya wani Layer a saman wani sashi don haɓaka halayen da ke da alaƙa.Maƙasudin rufin rufin shi ne don daidaita microstructure da / ko abun da ke ciki na yankin da ke kusa da sararin samaniya na sassa39. Za'a iya raba fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda aka taƙaita a cikin siffa 2a. Coatings za a iya rarraba su a cikin nau'i-nau'i, hanyar da za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar lantarki, ta hanyar yin amfani da sinadarai, dangane da nau'o'in sinadaran, dangane da nau'o'in sinadarai. shafi.
(a) Inset yana nuna manyan fasahohin ƙirƙira da ake amfani da su don saman, da (b) zaɓaɓɓun fa'idodi da rashin amfanin fasahar feshin sanyi.
Cold SPRAY fasaha hannun jari da yawa kamance da na al'ada thermal SPRAY ways.Duk da haka, akwai kuma wasu key muhimman kaddarorin cewa yin sanyi SPRAY tsari da sanyi SPRAY kayan musamman unique.Cold SPRAY fasaha ne har yanzu a cikin jariri, amma yana da haske future.In wasu aikace-aikace, da musamman Properties na sanyi fesa bayar da babban amfanin, cin nasara da muhimmi gazawar na hankula thermal fesa hanyoyin.It bayar da wata hanya ta narke a cikin gargajiya foda hanyoyin.It bayar da wata hanya ta narke a cikin gargajiya foda hanyoyin. domin saka uwa da substrate.Babu shakka, wannan gargajiya shafi tsari bai dace da sosai zafin jiki-m kayan kamar nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous da karfe gilashin40, 41, 42.Bugu da ƙari, thermal SPRAY shafi kayan ko da yaushe nuna high matakan porosity da oxides.Cold fesa fasahar yana da yawa gagarumin amfani da fasaha a kan irin wannan substrate amfani da fasaha, kamar yadda ake iya fesa fasaha da fasaha mai mahimmanci. (ii) sassauƙa a cikin zaɓin shafi na substrate, (iii) rashin canjin lokaci da haɓakar hatsi, (iv) ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi1,39 (Fig. 2b) . Bugu da ƙari, kayan shafa mai sanyi na fesa suna da juriya mai ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi, haɓakar wutar lantarki da ƙimar girma41.Contrary ga fa'idodin tsarin sanyi na sanyi, har yanzu akwai wasu fa'idodi da aka nuna a cikin rashin amfani da fasaha na 2. foda irin su Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, da dai sauransu, hanyar fesa sanyi ba za a iya amfani da ita ba.
Ganin cewa aikin na yanzu yana da nufin yin amfani da ƙarfe na gilashin ƙarfe azaman kayan shafa mai kayan aiki, a bayyane yake cewa ba za a iya amfani da spraying na al'ada don wannan dalili ba.Wannan shi ne saboda gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashi a babban yanayin zafi1.
Yawancin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a cikin masana'antu na likitanci da abinci an yi su ne daga austenitic bakin karfe gami (SUS316 da SUS304) tare da abun ciki na chromium tsakanin 12 da 20 wt% don samar da kayan aikin tiyata.An yarda da cewa yin amfani da ƙarfe na chromium azaman alloying kashi a cikin gami na ƙarfe na iya haɓaka daidaitaccen ma'auni mai ƙarfi na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe, duk da haɓakar ƙoshin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. juriya, kada ku nuna mahimmancin abubuwan antimicrobial38,39.Wannan ya bambanta da babban juriya na lalata .Bayan haka, ana iya yin annabta ci gaban kamuwa da cuta da kumburi, wanda yawanci ya haifar da mannewa na kwayan cuta da kuma mulkin mallaka a saman abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfe ba. a kaikaice yana shafar lafiyar ɗan adam.
Wannan binciken shi ne kashi na farko na wani aikin da Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), kwangila No. 2010-550401, don bincika yiwuwar samar da karfe gilashin Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders ta amfani da MA fasaha (Table 1) don samar da antibacterial fim / SUS304 surface na aikin zai fara nazarin Janairu na biyu a cikin aikin 3 Janairu. halayen lalata electrochemical da ingantattun kaddarorin tsarin daki-daki.Za a gudanar da cikakken gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta don nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
A cikin wannan takarda, da sakamako na Zr alloying kashi abun ciki a gilashin kafa ikon (GFA) da aka tattauna dangane da morphological da kuma tsarin halaye.In Bugu da kari, da antibacterial Properties na mai rufi karfe gilashin foda shafi / SUS304 composite aka kuma tattauna.Bugu da ƙari, halin yanzu aiki da aka za'ayi don bincika yiwuwar tsarin canji na karfe gilashin foda a cikin tsarin subcool karfe fesa da ruwa yankin. Misalai na wakilci, Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 an yi amfani da allunan gilashin ƙarfe a cikin wannan binciken.
A cikin wannan sashe, an gabatar da sauye-sauye na morphological na elemental Cu, Zr da Ni powders a low energy ball milling.Kamar yadda misalai na misali, za a yi amfani da tsarin daban-daban guda biyu da suka hada da Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 a matsayin misalai na wakilci. Za'a iya raba tsarin MA zuwa matakai daban-daban guda uku, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar metallographic hali na foda da aka samar a lokacin da aka samar da foda.
Metallographic halaye na inji gami (MA) powders samu bayan daban-daban matakai na ball milling time.Field watsi Ana dubawa electron microscopy (FE-SEM) hotuna na MA da kuma Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders samu bayan low makamashi ball milling sau na 3, 12 da 50 h aka nuna a (a), (c) da (Zr) ga 20Nissan tsarin a yayin da a cikin Cu500 images. Ana nuna tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka ɗauka bayan lokaci a (b), (d) da (f).
A lokacin ball milling, da m motsin kuzari makamashi da za a iya canjawa wuri zuwa karfe foda yana rinjayar da hade da sigogi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 1a. Wannan ya hada da karo tsakanin bukukuwa da foda, matsawa shearing foda makale tsakanin ko tsakanin nika kafofin watsa labarai, tasiri na fadowa bukukuwa, karfi da lalacewa saboda foda ja tsakanin motsi ball milling kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma girgiza ball yada ta hanyar Falling load. Zr, da Ni powders sun lalace sosai saboda walƙiya mai sanyi a farkon matakin MA (3 h), wanda ya haifar da manyan ƙwayoyin foda (> 1 mm a diamita) .Wadannan manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 3a, b.Increasing the Fig. na ball niƙa, sakamakon da bazuwar da composite foda a cikin finer powders (kasa da 200 µm), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 3c, d.A wannan mataki, da amfani karfi karfi take kaiwa zuwa ga samuwar wani sabon karfe surface tare da lafiya Cu, Zr, Ni ambato yadudduka, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 3c, d.As nuna a cikin siffa 3c, d.As nuna a cikin Fig. sababbin matakai.
A ƙarshen tsarin MA (bayan 50 h), ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abu ne kawai a bayyane (Fig. 3e, f), amma filin da aka goge na foda ya nuna metallography na madubi. Wannan yana nufin cewa an kammala tsarin MA kuma an halicci nau'i na nau'i na nau'i na nau'i guda ɗaya. Ainihin abun da ke ciki na yankunan da aka nuna a cikin siffa 3e (I, II, III) an ƙaddara ta hanyar yin amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki. microscopy (FE-SEM) hade da makamashi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
A cikin Table 2, an nuna abubuwan da aka ƙaddamar da abubuwan alloying a matsayin kaso na jimlar nauyin kowane yanki da aka zaɓa a cikin siffa 3e,f.Lokacin da aka kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon tare da abubuwan da aka fara mara kyau na Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka jera a cikin Tebur 1, ana iya ganin cewa abubuwan haɗin waɗannan samfuran biyu na ƙarshe ba su da alaƙa da ƙima. dabi'u ga yankunan da aka jera a cikin siffa 3e,f ba ya nufin wani gagarumin lalacewa ko canji a cikin abun da ke ciki na kowane samfurin daga wannan yanki zuwa wani.Wannan yana nuna cewa babu wani canji a cikin abun da ke ciki daga wannan yanki zuwa wani.
FE-SEM micrographs na samfurin karshe na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) foda an samu bayan 50 MA sau, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 4a-d, inda x yake 10, 20, 30 da 40 a.%, bi da bi. Barbashi masu diamita daga 73 zuwa 126 nm, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 4.
Halin ilimin lissafi na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) foda da aka samu bayan lokacin MA na 50 h. Domin Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 tsarin, da FE-SEM hotuna na powders samu bayan 50 MA sau), (a nuna girmamawa) (b).
Kafin loading da powders a cikin wani sanyi SPRAY feeder, da aka farko sonicated a analytical sa ethanol for 15 minutes sa'an nan kuma bushe a 150 ° C for 2 hours. Wannan mataki dole ne a dauka don samun nasarar magance agglomeration cewa sau da yawa yakan haifar da yawa gagarumin matsaloli a ko'ina cikin shafi tsari.Bayan da MA tsari da aka kammala, ƙarin characterizations da aka za'ayi don bincika homogenes na homogenes - da alloy foda. da kuma daidaitattun hotuna na EDS na Cu, Zr da Ni alloying abubuwa na Cu50Zr30Ni20 gami da aka samu bayan 50 h na lokacin M, daidai da haka.
Ilimin ilimin lissafi da na gida na MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda da aka samu bayan lokutan 50 MA ta hanyar FE-SEM / makamashi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) SEM da X-ray EDS taswirar (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-LA da (d) Ni-Kα hotuna.
Hanyoyin XRD na kayan aikin injiniya na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders da aka samu bayan MA lokaci na 50 h ana nuna su a cikin siffa 6a-d, bi da bi. Hoto 6.
Hanyoyin XRD na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders bayan MA lokaci na 50 h. Duk samfurori ba tare da togiya ba sun nuna alamar yaduwa na halo, wanda ke nuna samuwar lokaci na amorphous.
An yi amfani da siginar filaye mai girma na watsawa na lantarki (FE-HRTEM) don lura da canje-canje na tsari kuma fahimtar tsarin gida na foda wanda ya haifar da ball milling a lokuta daban-daban na MA. FE-HRTEM hotuna na foda da aka samu bayan farkon (6 h) da matsakaici (18 h) matakan milling don Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka nuna a cikin Cu50Zr30Ni2040501 Fig. 7a, c, daidai da haka. Bisa ga hoton filin mai haske (BFI) na foda da aka samar bayan MA, 6 h, foda ya ƙunshi babban hatsi tare da iyakokin da aka ƙayyade na abubuwa fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr da fcc-Ni, kuma babu alamar cewa lokacin amsawa ya samo asali, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 7affra da aka zaba daga tsarin da aka zaba daga Fig. yankin tsakiya na (a) ya bayyana tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna (Fig. 7b), yana nuna kasancewar manyan crystallites da rashin lokacin amsawa.
Halin tsarin tsarin gida na MA foda da aka samu bayan farkon (6 h) da matsakaici (18 h) matakan. yana nunawa a cikin (c).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 7c, ƙaddamar da tsawon lokaci na MA zuwa 18 h ya haifar da lahani mai tsanani tare da lalata filastik. A cikin wannan tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsari na MA, foda yana nuna lahani daban-daban, ciki har da rashin daidaituwa, rashin lahani, da lahani (Figure 7) .Wadannan lahani suna haifar da manyan hatsi don raba tare da ƙananan hatsi tare da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan 7 n .
Tsarin gida na Cu50Z30Ni20 foda mai niƙa don 36 h MA lokaci yana da samuwar ultrafine nanograins da aka saka a cikin matrix mai kyau na amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 8a.Local EDS bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan nanoclusters da aka nuna a cikin siffa 8a suna hade da unprocessed Cu, Zr da Niil Cut, abubuwan da aka tsara na lokaci-lokaci. ~ 32 a.% (yanki mai laushi) zuwa ~ 74 a.% (yanki mai arziki), yana nuna samuwar samfurori daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, daidaitattun SADPs na foda da aka samu bayan milling a wannan mataki suna nuna halo-diffusing na farko da na biyu na zobba na amorphous lokaci, overlapping tare da kaifi maki hade da wadanda raw alloying abubuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin 8b.
Bayan 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda nanoscale gida fasali fasali.(a) Bright filin image (BFI) da kuma m (b) SADP na Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda samu bayan milling for 36 h MA lokaci.
Kusa da ƙarshen tsarin MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 da 40 a.% powders kullum suna da labyrinthine amorphous zamani ilimin halittar jiki kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa. Hakanan an yi amfani da tsarin yaɗuwar halo azaman shaida don haɓaka matakan amorphous a cikin kayan samfur na ƙarshe.
Tsarin gida na samfurin ƙarshe na tsarin MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM da haɗin gwiwar nanobeam diffraction patterns (NBDP) na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (d1.500)
Thermal kwanciyar hankali na gilashin canjin zafin jiki (Tg), subcooled ruwa yankin (ΔTx) da crystallization zafin jiki (Tx) a matsayin aiki na Ni abun ciki (x) na amorphous Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) tsarin da aka bincika ta amfani da bambancin scanning Calorimetry (DSC) na kaddarorin a karkashin He gas flow.The DSC burbushi na 40Ni0Ni030Nix da Cu5030Nix. Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy powders samu bayan MA lokaci na 50 h ana nuna su a cikin siffa 10a, b, e, bi da bi. Yayin da DSC curve na amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 aka nuna dabam a cikin Fig. 10c. Ma'ana, da Cu50Zr30Ni20Ni30 da aka nuna a cikin Fig. 10d.
Thermal kwanciyar hankali na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG powders samu bayan wani lokaci MA na 50 h, kamar yadda indexed da gilashin miƙa mulki zafin jiki (Tg), crystallization zafin jiki (Tx), da subcooled ruwa yankin (ΔTx) daban-daban scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b) Cu50Ni150 (b)Cu50Ni150 (b) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders bayan MA lokaci na 50 h. Tsarin X-ray diffraction (XRD) na samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 mai zafi zuwa ~ 700 ° C a DSC yana nunawa a (d).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 10, DSC na duk abubuwan da aka tsara tare da nau'o'in Ni daban-daban (x) suna nuna nau'i biyu daban-daban, ɗayan endothermic da sauran exothermic. Na farko na endothermic taron ya dace da Tg, yayin da na biyu yana da alaka da Tx. Yankin kwance na kwance wanda ke tsakanin Tg da Tx ana kiransa yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx = Tx da Tx na Txg). Cu50Zr40Ni10 samfurin (Fig. 10a), wanda aka sanya a 526 ° C da 612 ° C, canza abun ciki (x) zuwa 20 a.% zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki na 482 ° C da 563 ° C tare da ƙara abun ciki na Ni (x), bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 10b.Sabili da haka, ragewar 5C80T80C daga 50Txs0C. (Fig. 10a) zuwa 81 ° C don Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b) . Ga MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, an kuma lura cewa ƙimar Tg, Tx da ΔTx sun ragu zuwa matakin 447 ° C, 526 ° C da 79 ° C yana haifar da karuwa a cikin abun ciki na Ni. kwanciyar hankali na thermal na MG alloy.A bambanci, ƙimar Tg (507 °C) na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ya yi ƙasa da na MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; duk da haka, Tx ɗinsa yana nuna ƙimar kwatankwacin da ta gabata (612 ° C) .Saboda haka, ΔTx yana nuna darajar mafi girma (87 ° C), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 10c.
Tsarin MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), ɗaukar MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy a matsayin misali, crystallizes ta hanyar kaifi exothermic ganiya a cikin crystal bulan fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 da orthorhombic-ZrNi (Fig. 10c) samfurin da aka tabbatar da mika mulki na XMG. (Hoto 10d), wanda aka yi zafi zuwa 700 ° C a DSC.
Hoto na 11 yana nuna hotunan da aka ɗauka a lokacin aikin feshin sanyi da aka gudanar a cikin aikin na yanzu.A cikin wannan binciken, ƙwayoyin ƙarfe na ƙarfe kamar gilashin foda sun haɗa bayan MA lokacin 50 h (ɗaukar Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misali) an yi amfani da su azaman kayan albarkatun ƙasa na ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma farantin karfe (SUS304) an rufe shi ta hanyar fasahar feshin sanyi mai sanyi.An zaɓi mafi kyawun tsarin feshin da fasahar fesa ta hanyar fasahar fesa mafi inganci. thermal SPRAY jerin kuma za a iya amfani da karfe metastable zafin jiki m kayan kamar amorphous da nanocrystalline powders, wanda ba batun lokaci mika mulki .This shi ne babban factor a zabar wannan hanya.The sanyi SPRAY tsari ne da za'ayi ta yin amfani da high-gugu barbashi da maida da motsin rai makamashi na barbashi cikin filastik nakasawa, iri da zafi a baya tasiri tare da substrates.
Hotunan filin suna nuna tsarin feshin sanyi da aka yi amfani da shi don shirye-shirye biyar a jere na MG shafi/SUS 304 a 550 °C.
The motsi makamashi na barbashi, kuma ta haka ne lokacin da kowane barbashi a shafi samuwar, dole ne a tuba a cikin wasu nau'i na makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar filastik nakasar (na farko barbashi da barbashi-barbashi interactions a cikin substrate da barbashi interactions), voids Consolidation, barbashi-barbashi juyawa, iri da kuma kyakkyawan zafi 39.Furthering makamashi zuwa cikin makamashi 39.Furthering, idan ba makamashi a cikin yanayin zafi. sakamakon shine karo na roba, wanda ke nufin cewa barbashi kawai billa baya bayan tasiri.An nuna cewa 90% na tasirin makamashi da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa ga barbashi / substrate abu an canza shi zuwa zafi na gida 40 .Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka yi amfani da damuwa mai tasiri, ana samun babban nauyin ƙwayar filastik a cikin lambar sadarwa / substrate yankin a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.41.
Ana la'akari da nakasar filastik a matsayin tsari na rushewar makamashi, ko kuma musamman, tushen zafi a cikin yanki na interfacial. Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki a cikin yankin interfacial yawanci bai isa ba don samar da narkewar tsaka-tsaki ko don inganta mahimmancin ƙwayar cuta.
BFI na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 foda foda za a iya gani a cikin siffa 12a, wanda aka rufe a kan SUS 304 substrate (Figs. 11, 12b) . Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga adadi, da rufi foda kula da asali amorphous tsarin kamar yadda suke da m labyrinth tsarin da m labyrinth tsari ba tare da wani m labyrinth tsarin ba tare da wani lattin siffar da wani crystalline gaban. m lokaci, kamar yadda shawarar da nanoparticles kunshe a cikin MG-rufi foda matrix (Fig. 12a) .Hoto 12c nuna indexed nanobeam diffraction juna (NBDP) hade da yankin I (Figure 12a) .Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 12c, NBDP yana nuna rashin ƙarfi na tsarin diffraction diffraction da ƙwanƙwasa tsarin da aka nuna tare da ƙarancin tsarin halo. crystalline babban mai siffar sukari Zr2Ni metastable da tetragonal CuO phase.The samuwar CuO iya dangana ga hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin foda a lokacin da tafiya daga bututun ƙarfe na fesa gun zuwa SUS 304 a cikin bude iska karkashin supersonic ya kwarara. A daya hannun, da devitrification na karfe glassy powders cimma samuwar bayan sanyi cubic lokaci 50 digiri at 50 min.
(a) Hoton FE-HRTEM na MG foda mai rufi a kan (b) SUS 304 substrate (saitin adadi) index NBDP na madauwari alamar da aka nuna a (a) an nuna a (c).
Don tabbatar da wannan yuwuwar hanyar samar da manyan nau'ikan nanoparticles na cubic Zr2Ni, an gudanar da gwaji mai zaman kansa. duk da haka, don bayyana tasirin tasirin foda, an cire su daga SUS304 tsiri da sauri (kimanin dakika 60) .Wani saitin gwaje-gwajen an yi shi ne wanda aka cire foda daga cikin substrate game da 180 seconds bayan sanyawa.
Figures 13a,b nuna duhu filin hotuna (DFI) samu ta Ana dubawa watsa electron microscopy (STEM) na biyu fesa kayan ajiya a kan SUS 304 substrates for 60 s da 180 s, bi da bi.The foda Hoton ajiye for 60 seconds ba shi da wani morphological daki-daki, yana nuna rashin daidaituwa (Fig. 13a ya nuna ta XR) . amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna ta babban diffraction na farko da na sakandare maxima da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 14a. Waɗannan suna nuna rashin hazo na metastable / mesophase, inda foda yana riƙe da ainihin tsarin amorphous. Ya bambanta, foda ya fesa a cikin zafin jiki guda (550 ° C), amma ya bar a kan substrate na 180 s, ya nuna hatsi mai girma ta hanyar haɓakaccen ƙwayar cuta. Hoto na 13b.