Mun gode da ziyartar Nature.com. Sigar burauzar da kuke amfani da ita tana da ƙarancin tallafi ga CSS. Domin mafi kyawun ƙwarewa, muna ba da shawarar ku yi amfani da burauzar da aka sabunta (ko ku kashe yanayin daidaitawa a cikin Internet Explorer). A halin yanzu, don tabbatar da ci gaba da tallafi, za mu nuna shafin ba tare da salo da JavaScript ba.
Biofilms muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban cututtuka masu tsanani, musamman idan aka yi amfani da na'urorin likitanci. Wannan matsalar tana kawo babban kalubale ga al'ummar likitanci, domin maganin rigakafi na yau da kullun zai iya kawar da biofilms kawai zuwa wani takaitaccen lokaci. Hana samuwar biofilm ya haifar da ci gaban hanyoyi daban-daban na rufi da sabbin kayayyaki. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna nufin shafa saman ta yadda zai hana samuwar biofilm. Gaurayen gilashin ƙarfe, musamman waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙarfe na tagulla da titanium, sun zama ruwan tabarau masu kyau na rigakafi. A lokaci guda, amfani da fasahar feshi mai sanyi ya ƙaru saboda hanya ce mai dacewa don sarrafa kayan da ke da saurin zafi. Wani ɓangare na manufar wannan binciken shine ƙirƙirar sabon gilashin ƙarfe na maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda aka yi da Cu-Zr-Ni mai ternary ta amfani da dabarun haɗa ƙarfe. Foda mai zagaye wanda ya ƙunshi samfurin ƙarshe ana amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don shafa feshi mai sanyi na saman ƙarfe a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Ƙananan abubuwa da aka shafa da gilashin ƙarfe sun sami damar rage samuwar biofilm da aƙalla 1 log idan aka kwatanta da bakin ƙarfe.
A tsawon tarihin ɗan adam, kowace al'umma ta sami damar tsara da kuma haɓaka gabatar da sabbin kayan aiki waɗanda suka cika takamaiman buƙatunta, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen aiki da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. 1. Kullum ana danganta shi da ikon ɗan adam na haɓaka kayan aiki da kayan aiki na ƙera da ƙira don ƙera kayan aiki da halaye don cimma nasara a fannin lafiya, ilimi, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, al'adu da sauran fannoni daga ƙasa ɗaya ko yanki zuwa wani. Ana auna ci gaba ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko yanki ba. 2 Tsawon shekaru 60, masana kimiyyar kayan aiki sun keɓe mafi yawan lokacinsu don mai da hankali kan babban damuwa ɗaya: neman sabbin kayan aiki da na zamani. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya mayar da hankali kan inganta inganci da aikin kayan da ake da su, da kuma haɗa su da ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan kayan aiki gaba ɗaya.
Ƙarin abubuwan da ke haɗa sinadarai, gyaran ƙananan tsarin kayan aiki, da kuma amfani da dabarun sarrafa zafi, na inji ko na thermo-mechanical sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin halayen injiniya, sinadarai da na zahiri na kayan aiki daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, an yi nasarar haɗa mahadi da ba a taɓa ji ba a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin da aka ci gaba sun haifar da sabon iyali na kayan aiki masu ƙirƙira, waɗanda aka sani da Advanced Materials2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum drops, sifili-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, da high-entropy metals ne kawai wasu misalai na kayan aiki na zamani da aka gabatar a duniya tun tsakiyar ƙarni na ƙarshe. Lokacin da ake ƙera da haɓaka sabbin gami masu kyawawan halaye, ko dai a cikin samfurin ƙarshe ko a cikin matsakaicin matakan samarwa, sau da yawa ana ƙara matsalar rashin daidaito. Sakamakon aiwatar da sabbin dabarun ƙera don karkata daga daidaito sosai, an gano sabon nau'in ƙarfe mai narkewa, wanda aka sani da gilashin ƙarfe.
Aikinsa a Caltech a shekarar 1960 ya kawo sauyi a cikin manufar ƙarfe mai ƙarfe lokacin da ya haɗa gilashin Au-25 a.% Si ta hanyar ƙarfafa ruwa cikin sauri a kusan digiri miliyan ɗaya a sakan ɗaya 4. Abin da Farfesa Pol Duwezs ya gano ba wai kawai ya sanar da farkon tarihin gilashin ƙarfe (MG) ba, har ma ya haifar da canji a cikin yadda mutane ke tunani game da ƙarfe mai ƙarfe. Tun daga farkon binciken farko a cikin haɗa ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, kusan dukkan gilashin ƙarfe an samar da su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da ɗayan hanyoyin masu zuwa; (i) ƙarfafa narkewar narkewa ko tururi cikin sauri, (ii) rashin daidaituwar atomic na lattice, (iii) halayen amorphization mai ƙarfi tsakanin abubuwan ƙarfe masu tsarki, da (iv) canjin yanayin ƙarfi na matakan metastable.
Ana bambanta MGs ta hanyar rashin tsarin atomic mai tsayi da ke da alaƙa da lu'ulu'u, wanda shine siffa ta musamman ta lu'ulu'u. A duniyar yau, an sami babban ci gaba a fannin gilashin ƙarfe. Su sabbin kayayyaki ne masu halaye masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba wai kawai suna da sha'awa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi ba, har ma a fannin kimiyyar ƙarfe, ilmin sunadarai na saman, fasaha, ilmin halitta da sauran fannoni da yawa. Wannan sabon nau'in kayan yana nuna halaye daban-daban daga ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan takara mai ban sha'awa don aikace-aikacen fasaha a fannoni daban-daban. Suna da wasu muhimman halaye; (i) babban ƙarfin injina da ƙarfin yawan aiki, (ii) babban ƙarfin maganadisu, (iii) ƙarancin ƙarfi, (iv) juriyar tsatsa, (v) 'yancin kai na zafin jiki. Gudanar da wutar lantarki na 6,7.
Haɗakar da injina (MA)1,8 wata sabuwar dabara ce, wacce Farfesa CC Kock da abokan aikinsa suka fara gabatarwa a shekarar 19839. Sun shirya foda mai launin rawaya na Ni60Nb40 ta hanyar niƙa cakuda abubuwan da aka tsarkake a yanayin zafi kusa da zafin ɗaki. Yawanci, ana gudanar da aikin MA tsakanin haɗakar foda na kayan amsawa a cikin reactor, wanda yawanci aka yi da bakin ƙarfe zuwa injin niƙa 10 (Hoto na 1a, b). Tun daga lokacin, an yi amfani da wannan dabarar amsawar yanayin ƙarfi da aka haifar ta hanyar injiniya don shirya sabbin foda na ƙarfe amorphous/ƙarfe ta amfani da ƙananan (Hoto na 1c) da injin niƙa ƙwallo mai ƙarfi, da kuma injin niƙa 11,12,13,14,15, 16. Musamman, an yi amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya tsarin da ba za a iya miscible kamar Cu-Ta17 ba, da kuma ƙarfe mai narkewa mai ƙarfi kamar tsarin ƙarfe na Al-transition (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb da Ta)18,19 da Fe-W20, waɗanda ba za a iya samu ta amfani da hanyoyin shiri na gargajiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar MA a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin nanotechnology mafi ƙarfi don shirya ƙwayoyin nanocrystalline na masana'antu da ƙwayoyin nanocomposite na ƙarfe oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, nanotubes na carbon, Nanodiamonds, Da kuma faffadan daidaito ta hanyar hanyar sama-ƙasa 1 da matakan metastable.
Tsarin da ke nuna hanyar ƙera da aka yi amfani da ita wajen shirya murfin gilashin ƙarfe na Cu50(Zr50−xNix)/SUS 304 a cikin wannan binciken.(a) Shirya foda na MG gami da yawan Ni daban-daban x (x; 10, 20, 30 da 40 a.%) ta amfani da dabarar niƙa ƙwallon ƙwallo mai ƙarancin kuzari.(a) Ana ɗora kayan farawa a cikin silinda na kayan aiki tare da ƙwallon ƙarfe na kayan aiki, kuma (b) an rufe shi a cikin akwatin safar hannu cike da yanayin He.(c) Tsarin fili na jirgin niƙa wanda ke nuna motsin ƙwallon yayin niƙa. An yi amfani da samfurin ƙarshe na foda da aka samu bayan awanni 50 don shafa wa substrate na SUS 304 ta amfani da hanyar fesawa mai sanyi (d).
Idan ana maganar saman kayan da aka yi da yawa (substrates), injiniyan saman ya ƙunshi ƙira da gyara saman (substrates) don samar da wasu halaye na zahiri, sinadarai da fasaha waɗanda ba su cikin ainihin kayan da aka yi da yawa ba. Wasu kaddarorin da za a iya inganta su ta hanyar maganin saman sun haɗa da juriyar abrasion, juriyar oxidation da tsatsa, coefficient of friction, bio-inertness, halayen lantarki, da kuma rufin zafi, kaɗan daga cikinsu. Ana iya inganta ingancin saman ta amfani da dabarun ƙarfe, na inji ko na sinadarai. A matsayin wani tsari da aka sani, ana bayyana shafi a matsayin yadudduka ɗaya ko fiye na kayan da aka sanya ta hanyar wucin gadi a saman wani abu mai yawa (substrate) da aka yi da wani abu. Don haka, ana amfani da shafi a wani ɓangare don cimma wasu halaye na fasaha ko na ado da ake so, da kuma kare kayan daga hulɗar sinadarai da ta jiki da ake tsammani da muhallin da ke kewaye23.
Domin a saka yadudduka masu kariya daga saman da suka dace waɗanda kaurinsu ya kama daga ƙananan micrometers (ƙasa da ƙananan micrometers 10-20) zuwa sama da micrometers 30 ko ma 'yan milimita, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da dabaru da yawa. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba hanyoyin shafa zuwa rukuni biyu: (i) hanyoyin shafa mai danshi, gami da electroplating, electroless plating, da hanyoyin galvanizing mai zafi, da kuma (ii) hanyoyin shafa busassun, gami da brazing, surfacing, fission tururi deposition (PVD), sinadaran tururi deposition (CVD), thermal feshi da kuma kwanan nan dabarun feshi mai sanyi 24 (Hoto na 1d).
An bayyana biofilms a matsayin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haɗe da saman kuma kewaye da polymers na extracellular (EPS). Samar da biofilm ɗin da suka girma a saman na iya haifar da asara mai yawa a fannoni da yawa na masana'antu, gami da masana'antar abinci, tsarin ruwa, da muhallin kiwon lafiya. A cikin mutane, lokacin da biofilms suka samar, fiye da 80% na lokuta na kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta (gami da Enterobacteriaceae da Staphylococci) suna da wahalar magani. Bugu da ƙari, an ruwaito cewa biofilms masu girma suna da juriya ga maganin rigakafi sau 1000 idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin cuta na planktonic, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin babban ƙalubalen magani. An yi amfani da kayan shafa na saman antimicrobial da aka samo daga mahaɗan halitta na gargajiya a tarihi. Duk da cewa irin waɗannan kayan galibi suna ɗauke da abubuwan guba waɗanda ke da haɗari ga mutane, 25, 26 yana iya taimakawa wajen guje wa yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da lalata kayan.
Yaɗuwar juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta ga magungunan rigakafi saboda samuwar biofilm ya haifar da buƙatar samar da ingantaccen saman da aka shafa wa ƙwayoyin cuta mai kariya wanda za a iya amfani da shi cikin aminci27. Ci gaban saman da ke hana ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaurewa da gina biofilms saboda mannewa shine hanya ta farko a cikin wannan tsari27. Fasaha ta biyu ita ce ƙirƙirar rufin da ke ba da damar isar da sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daidai inda ake buƙata, a cikin adadi mai yawa da aka tsara. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kayan shafa na musamman kamar graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 da kuma ZnO-doped lu'u-lu'u-kamar carbon shafi30 waɗanda ke tsayayya da ƙwayoyin cuta, fasahar da ke haɓaka guba da ci gaban juriya saboda samuwar biofilm yana raguwa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, rufin da ke haɗa sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a saman don samar da kariya ta dogon lokaci daga gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙara shahara. Duk da cewa dukkan hanyoyin guda uku suna iya samar da tasirin maganin rigakafi a saman da aka shafa, kowannensu yana da nasa ƙayyadaddun iyaka waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su lokacin ƙirƙirar dabarun amfani.
Kayayyakin da ke kasuwa a yanzu suna fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen lokaci don yin nazari da gwada murfin kariya don sinadaran da ke aiki a fannin halitta. Kamfanoni suna da'awar cewa kayayyakinsu za su samar wa masu amfani da abubuwan da ake so na aiki; duk da haka, wannan ya zama cikas ga nasarar samfuran da ke kasuwa a yanzu. Ana amfani da sinadarai da aka samo daga azurfa a yawancin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu yanzu ga masu amfani. An ƙera waɗannan samfuran don kare masu amfani daga tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari. Jinkirin tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta da gubar da ke tattare da mahadi na azurfa yana ƙara matsin lamba ga masu bincike don ƙirƙirar madadin da ba shi da illa36,37. Ƙirƙirar murfin ƙwayoyin cuta na duniya wanda ke aiki a ciki da waje har yanzu yana zama aiki mai wahala. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiya da aminci. Gano maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ba shi da illa ga mutane da gano yadda za a haɗa shi cikin substrates masu rufin da ke da tsawon rai babban buri ne da ake nema sosai38. Sabbin kayan hana ƙwayoyin cuta da hana ƙwayoyin cuta an ƙera su ne don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, ko dai ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye ko bayan an saki maganin mai aiki. Za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar hana mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta ta farko (gami da hana samuwar layin furotin a saman) ko ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tsoma baki a bangon tantanin halitta.
Ainihin, shafa saman shine tsarin sanya wani Layer a saman wani sashi don haɓaka halayen da suka shafi saman. Manufar shafa saman shine don daidaita tsarin da/ko abun da ke cikin yankin kusa da saman sashi39. Ana iya raba dabarun shafa saman zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda aka taƙaita a Hoto na 2a. Ana iya raba shafa zuwa nau'ikan zafi, sinadarai, na zahiri, da na lantarki, ya danganta da hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar shafa.
(a) A cikin akwatin da ke nuna manyan dabarun ƙera kayan da ake amfani da su don saman, da kuma (b) fa'idodi da rashin amfani da aka zaɓa na fasahar fesawa mai sanyi.
Fasahar fesawa mai sanyi tana da kamanceceniya da hanyoyin fesawa na gargajiya. Duk da haka, akwai wasu muhimman halaye na asali waɗanda ke sa tsarin fesawa mai sanyi da kayan fesawa na sanyi ya zama na musamman. Fasahar fesawa mai sanyi har yanzu tana cikin ƙuruciya, amma tana da kyakkyawar makoma. A wasu aikace-aikace, keɓantattun halaye na fesawa mai sanyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa, suna shawo kan iyakokin hanyoyin fesawa na zafi na yau da kullun. Tana ba da hanyar shawo kan manyan ƙuntatawa na fasahar fesawa ta zafi ta gargajiya, wanda a lokacin dole ne a narke foda don ya shiga cikin substrate. Babu shakka, wannan tsarin rufewa na gargajiya bai dace da kayan da ke da saurin zafi kamar nanocrystals, nanoparticles, gilashin amorphous da ƙarfe ba40, 41, 42. Bugu da ƙari, kayan rufewa na fesawa mai zafi koyaushe suna nuna manyan matakan porosity da oxides. Fasahar fesawa mai sanyi tana da fa'idodi da yawa masu mahimmanci akan fasahar fesawa ta zafi, kamar (i) ƙarancin shigar zafi ga substrate, (ii) sassauci a cikin zaɓin murfin substrate, (iii) rashin canjin lokaci da girma hatsi, (iv) ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa mai girma1,39 (Hoto na 2b). Bugu da ƙari, kayan rufewa na fesawa mai sanyi suna da babban juriyar tsatsa, ƙarfi da tauri, ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa da kuma yawan amfani da shi41. Sabanin fa'idodin tsarin fesawa mai sanyi, har yanzu akwai wasu rashin amfani ga amfani da wannan dabarar, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2b. Lokacin da ake shafa foda mai tsabta na yumbu kamar Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, da sauransu, ba za a iya amfani da hanyar fesawa mai sanyi ba. A gefe guda kuma, ana iya amfani da foda mai haɗa yumbu/ƙarfe azaman kayan aiki don shafa. Haka yake ga sauran hanyoyin fesawa mai zafi. Fuskokin da ke da rikitarwa da saman bututun ciki har yanzu suna da wahalar fesawa.
Ganin cewa aikin da ake yi yanzu yana da nufin amfani da foda mai ƙarfe a matsayin kayan shafa mai ɗanye, a bayyane yake cewa ba za a iya amfani da feshin zafi na yau da kullun don wannan dalili ba. Wannan saboda foda mai ƙarfe yana yin lu'ulu'u a yanayin zafi mai yawa1.
Yawancin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar likitanci da abinci an yi su ne da ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe mai austenitic (SUS316 da SUS304) tare da sinadarin chromium tsakanin 12 zuwa 20 wt% don samar da kayan aikin tiyata. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa amfani da ƙarfe mai chromium a matsayin abin haɗa ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe na iya inganta juriyar tsatsa na ƙarfe na yau da kullun. ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe, duk da juriyar tsatsa, ba sa nuna manyan kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cuta38,39. Wannan ya bambanta da juriyar tsatsa mai yawa. Bayan haka, ana iya annabta ci gaban kamuwa da cuta da kumburi, wanda galibi yana faruwa ne sakamakon mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta da mamaye saman kayan ƙwayoyin halitta na bakin ƙarfe. Manyan matsaloli na iya tasowa saboda manyan matsaloli da ke da alaƙa da mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta da hanyoyin samar da biofilm, wanda zai iya haifar da tabarbarewar lafiya, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamako da yawa waɗanda zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.
Wannan binciken shine mataki na farko na aikin da Gidauniyar Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) ta dauki nauyinsa, Kwantiragi mai lamba 2010-550401, domin bincika yuwuwar samar da foda na ƙarfe mai siffar gilashi ta amfani da fasahar MA (Tebur 1) don samar da fim ɗin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta/rufin kariya daga saman SUS304. Mataki na biyu na aikin, wanda za a fara a watan Janairun 2023, zai yi nazari dalla-dalla game da halayen tsatsa na lantarki da halayen injiniya na tsarin. Za a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyin cuta masu cikakken bayani ga nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
A cikin wannan takarda, an tattauna tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarin gwal na Zr akan ikon samar da gilashi (GFA) bisa ga halaye na siffofi da tsarin. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma tattauna halayen ƙwayoyin cuta na murfin foda na gilashin ƙarfe mai rufi/haɗaɗɗen SUS304. Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da aikin yanzu don bincika yiwuwar canza tsarin foda na gilashin ƙarfe da ke faruwa yayin fesawa mai sanyi a cikin yankin ruwan sanyi na tsarin gilashin ƙarfe da aka ƙera. A matsayin misalai na wakilci, an yi amfani da ƙarfe na gilashin ƙarfe na Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 a cikin wannan binciken.
A cikin wannan sashe, an gabatar da canje-canjen siffar foda na elemental Cu, Zr da Ni a cikin niƙa ƙwallon ƙwallo mai ƙarancin kuzari. A matsayin misalai na misali, za a yi amfani da tsarin guda biyu daban-daban waɗanda suka ƙunshi Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 a matsayin misalai na wakilci. Tsarin MA za a iya raba shi zuwa matakai uku daban-daban, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar fasalin ƙarfe na foda da aka samar a lokacin niƙa (Hoto na 3).
Halayen ƙarfe na foda na ƙarfe na injiniya (MA) da aka samu bayan matakai daban-daban na lokacin niƙa ƙwallon. Hotunan na'urar auna fitar da iskar lantarki ta filin (FE-SEM) na foda MA da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka samu bayan ƙarancin kuzarin niƙa ƙwallon na awanni 3, 12 da 50 an nuna su a cikin (a), (c) da (e) don tsarin Cu50Zr20Ni30, yayin da a cikin MA guda hotunan da suka dace na tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka ɗauka bayan lokaci an nuna su a cikin (b), (d) da (f).
A lokacin niƙa ƙwallon, ingantaccen kuzarin motsi wanda za a iya canjawa zuwa foda na ƙarfe yana shafar haɗuwar sigogi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1a. Wannan ya haɗa da karo tsakanin ƙwallo da foda, yanke foda mai matsewa tsakanin ko tsakanin niƙa, tasirin ƙwallo mai faɗuwa, yankewa da lalacewa saboda jan foda tsakanin kafofin niƙa ƙwallon da ke motsawa, da kuma raƙuman girgiza da ke ratsawa. Ƙwallon da ke faɗuwa ya bazu ta hanyar nauyin amfanin gona (Hoto na 1a). Ƙwallon Elemental Cu, Zr, da Ni sun lalace sosai saboda walda mai sanyi a farkon matakin MA (awa 3), wanda ya haifar da manyan ƙwayoyin foda (>1 mm a diamita). Waɗannan manyan ƙwayoyin haɗin gwiwa suna da alaƙa da samuwar kauri yadudduka na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa (Cu, Zr, Ni), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3a, b. Ƙara lokacin MA zuwa awa 12 (mataki na tsakiya) ya haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin kuzarin motsi na injin niƙa ƙwallon, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar foda mai haɗin kai zuwa ƙananan foda (ƙasa da 200 µm), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3c, d. A wannan A mataki na farko, ƙarfin yankewa da aka yi amfani da shi yana haifar da samuwar sabon saman ƙarfe tare da kyawawan layukan Cu, Zr, da Ni, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3c, d. Sakamakon gyaran Layer, halayen mataki mai ƙarfi suna faruwa a mahaɗin flakes don samar da sabbin matakai.
A ƙarshen tsarin MA (bayan awanni 50), an ga ƙaramin ƙarfen ƙarfe a bayyane kawai (Hoto na 3e,f), amma saman foda mai gogewa ya nuna madubi na ƙarfe. Wannan yana nufin cewa an kammala tsarin MA kuma an sami ƙirƙirar matakin amsawa guda ɗaya. An tantance abubuwan da ke cikin yankunan da aka nuna a Hoto na 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) ta amfani da na'urar duba yanayin fitar da iskar gas (FE-SEM) tare da na'urar nazarin hasken X-ray mai watsa makamashi (EDS) (IV).
A cikin Jadawali na 2, an nuna yawan abubuwan da ke haɗa sinadarai a matsayin kashi na jimlar nauyin kowane yanki da aka zaɓa a cikin Jadawali na 3e, f. Lokacin da aka kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon da farkon abubuwan da aka haɗa na Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka jera a cikin Jadawali na 1, za a iya ganin cewa abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan samfuran ƙarshe guda biyu suna da ƙima iri ɗaya da abubuwan da aka haɗa na sunayen. Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar abubuwan da ke cikin yankuna da aka jera a cikin Jadawali na 3e, f ba sa nuna babban lalacewa ko canji a cikin abun da ke cikin kowane samfurin daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Wannan yana nuna gaskiyar cewa babu canji a cikin abun da ke ciki daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Wannan yana nuna samar da foda na ƙarfe iri ɗaya, kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 2.
An samo ƙananan FE-SEM na foda Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) na samfurin ƙarshe bayan sau 50 MA, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4a–d, inda x shine 10, 20, 30 da 40 at.%, bi da bi. Bayan wannan matakin niƙa, tarin foda yana tarawa saboda tasirin van der Waals, wanda ke haifar da samuwar manyan tarin da suka ƙunshi ƙananan barbashi masu diamita daga 73 zuwa 126 nm, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4.
Halayen siffofi na foda Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) da aka samu bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50. Ga tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, hotunan FE-SEM na foda da aka samu bayan lokutan MA 50 an nuna su a cikin (a), (b), (c) da (d), bi da bi.
Kafin a ɗora foda a cikin mai feshi mai sanyi, an fara shafa su a cikin ethanol na nazari na tsawon mintuna 15 sannan a busar da su a zafin jiki na 150°C na tsawon awanni 2. Dole ne a ɗauki wannan matakin don yaƙar haɗakarwa wanda galibi yakan haifar da matsaloli masu yawa a duk tsawon aikin shafa. Bayan an kammala aikin MA, an gudanar da ƙarin halaye don bincika daidaiton foda na gami. Hoto na 5a-d yana nuna micrographs na FE-SEM da hotunan EDS masu dacewa na abubuwan haɗin Cu, Zr da Ni na ƙarfen Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka samu bayan awanni 50 na lokacin M, bi da bi. Ya kamata a lura cewa foda na gami da aka samar bayan wannan matakin suna da kama da juna saboda ba sa nuna wani canjin tsari fiye da matakin ƙananan nanometer, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 5.
Tsarin halitta da rarrabawar ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na foda MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka samu bayan sau 50 na MA ta hanyar FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) Taswirar SEM da X-ray EDS na (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα da (d) hotunan Ni-Kα.
An nuna tsarin XRD na foda Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 da aka haɗa ta hanyar injiniya bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50, bi da bi. Bayan wannan matakin niƙa, duk samfuran da ke da yawan Zr daban-daban sun nuna tsarin rashin tsari tare da halayen watsa halo da aka nuna a Hoto na 6.
Tsarin XRD na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (d) foda na Cu50Zr20Ni30 bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50. Duk samfuran ba tare da togiya ba sun nuna tsarin yaɗuwar halo, wanda ke nuna samuwar wani lokaci mara tsari.
An yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta lantarki mai girman ƙudurin watsawa ta filin (FE-HRTEM) don lura da canje-canjen tsari da kuma fahimtar tsarin gida na foda da ke fitowa daga niƙa ƙwallon a lokutan MA daban-daban. Hotunan FE-HRTEM na foda da aka samu bayan matakan niƙa na farko (awa 6) da matsakaici (awa 18) na foda Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 an nuna su a cikin Hoto na 7a,c, bi da bi. Dangane da hoton filin mai haske (BFI) na foda da aka samar bayan MA awanni 6, foda ya ƙunshi manyan hatsi tare da iyakokin abubuwan fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr da fcc-Ni, kuma babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa matakin amsawa ya samo asali, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 7a. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin rarrabuwar yanki da aka zaɓa (SADP) da aka ɗauka daga yankin tsakiya na (a) ya bayyana tsarin rarrabuwar cusp (Hoto na 7b), yana nuna kasancewar manyan lu'ulu'u da rashin matakin amsawa.
Siffar tsarin gida na foda MA da aka samu bayan matakan farko (awa 6) da matsakaici (awa 18).(a) Microscopy na watsa electron mai ƙudurin fitar da iskar fili (FE-HRTEM), da kuma (b) tsarin rarrabawar yanki da aka zaɓa daidai (SADP) na foda Cu50Zr30Ni20 bayan maganin MA na tsawon awa 6. Hoton FE-HRTEM na Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka samu bayan lokacin MA na awanni 18 an nuna shi a cikin (c).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 7c, tsawaita lokacin MA zuwa awanni 18 ya haifar da mummunan lahani na lattice tare da nakasar filastik. A wannan matakin matsakaici na tsarin MA, foda yana nuna lahani daban-daban, gami da lahani na lattice, lahani na lattice, da lahani na maki (Hoto na 7). Waɗannan lahani suna sa manyan hatsi su rarrabu tare da iyakokin hatsinsu zuwa ƙananan hatsi masu girma ƙasa da 20 nm (Hoto na 7c).
Tsarin gida na foda Cu50Z30Ni20 da aka niƙa na tsawon awanni 36 MA yana da samuwar nanograins masu kyau waɗanda aka saka a cikin matrix mai laushi mara tsari, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 8a. Binciken EDS na gida ya nuna cewa waɗannan gungu na nano da aka nuna a Hoto na 8a suna da alaƙa da abubuwan haɗin foda na Cu, Zr da Ni waɗanda ba a sarrafa su ba. A lokaci guda, abun ciki na Cu na matrix ya canza daga ~32 at.% (yankin da aka jingina) zuwa ~74 at.% (yanki mai wadata), yana nuna samuwar samfuran iri-iri. Bugu da ƙari, SADPs masu dacewa na foda da aka samu bayan niƙa a wannan matakin suna nuna zoben farko da na sakandare masu rarraba halo na matakin amorphous, suna haɗuwa da maki masu kaifi da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwal na danye, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 8b.
Bayan 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda nanoscale fasali na gida.(a) Hoton fili mai haske (BFI) da kuma daidai (b) SADP na foda Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka samu bayan niƙa na tsawon awanni 36 na MA.
Kusan ƙarshen tsarin MA (awa 50), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; foda 10, 20, 30 da 40 a.% koyaushe suna da yanayin yanayin labyrinthine amorphous phase kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 9a–d. A cikin SADP mai dacewa na kowane abun da ke ciki, ba a iya gano bambance-bambancen maki ko alamu masu kaifi na annular ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa babu ƙarfe mai lu'ulu'u da ba a sarrafa ba, amma an samar da foda mai amorphous. Waɗannan SADP masu alaƙa waɗanda ke nuna alamu na halo an kuma yi amfani da su azaman shaida don ci gaban matakai marasa amorphous a cikin kayan samfurin ƙarshe.
Tsarin gida na samfurin ƙarshe na tsarin MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix). FE-HRTEM da tsarin diffraction nanobeam masu alaƙa (NBDP) na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 da aka samu bayan sa'o'i 50 na MA.
An binciki kwanciyar hankali na zafin canjin gilashi (Tg), yankin ruwa mai sanyaya ƙasa (ΔTx) da zafin lu'ulu'u (Tx) a matsayin aikin abun ciki na Ni (x) na tsarin amorphous Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) ta amfani da Calorimetry na duba bambanci (DSC) na kaddarorin ƙarƙashin kwararar iskar gas ta He. An nuna alamun DSC na foda amorphous na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr10Ni40 da aka samu bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50 a cikin Hoto na 10a, b, e, bi da bi. Yayin da aka nuna lanƙwasa na DSC na amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 daban-daban a cikin Hoto na 10c. A halin yanzu, samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka dumama zuwa ~700 °C a cikin DSC an nuna shi a cikin Hoto na 10d.
Kwanciyar hankali na MG na Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) da aka samu bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar zafin canjin gilashi (Tg), zafin kristal (Tx), da yankin ruwa mai sanyaya ƙasa (ΔTx). Ma'aunin zafi na calorimeter na duba bambanci (DSC) na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50. Tsarin diffraction na X-ray (XRD) na samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 wanda aka dumama zuwa ~700 °C a cikin DSC an nuna shi a cikin (d).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10, lanƙwasa na DSC na duk abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da yawan Ni daban-daban (x) suna nuna yanayi biyu daban-daban, ɗaya endothermic da ɗayan exothermic. Farkon abin da ya faru na endothermic ya yi daidai da Tg, yayin da na biyu yana da alaƙa da Tx. Yankin kwance mai faɗi wanda ke tsakanin Tg da Tx ana kiransa yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Tg da Tx na samfurin Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Hoto na 10a), wanda aka sanya a 526°C da 612°C, suna canza abun ciki (x) zuwa 20 at.% zuwa gefen ƙarancin zafin jiki na 482°C da 563°C tare da ƙara yawan Ni (x), bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10b. Sakamakon haka, ΔTx na Cu50Zr40Ni10 yana raguwa daga 86°C (Hoto na 10a) zuwa 81°C don Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Hoto na 10a). 10b). Ga MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 gami, an kuma lura cewa ƙimar Tg, Tx da ΔTx sun ragu zuwa matakin 447°C, 526°C da 79°C (Hoto na 10b). Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙaruwar abun ciki na Ni yana haifar da raguwar kwanciyar hankali na MG gami. Sabanin haka, ƙimar Tg (507°C) na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 gami ya yi ƙasa da na MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 gami; duk da haka, Tx ɗinsa yana nuna ƙima iri ɗaya da ta farko (612°C). Saboda haka, ΔTx yana nuna ƙima mafi girma (87°C), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10c.
Tsarin MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), wanda ya ɗauki ƙarfen MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misali, yana yin lu'ulu'u ta hanyar kololuwar exothermic mai kaifi zuwa cikin matakan lu'ulu'u na fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 da orthorhombic-ZrNi (Hoto na 10c). An tabbatar da wannan canjin yanayin rashin tsari zuwa lu'ulu'u ta hanyar XRD na samfurin MG (Hoto na 10d), wanda aka dumama shi zuwa 700 °C a cikin DSC.
Hoto na 11 ya nuna hotunan da aka ɗauka a lokacin aikin fesawa mai sanyi da aka gudanar a cikin aikin da ake yi a yanzu. A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da ƙwayoyin foda masu kama da gilashin ƙarfe waɗanda aka haɗa bayan lokacin MA na awanni 50 (wanda aka ɗauki Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misali) azaman kayan aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma farantin ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe (SUS304) an shafa shi da fasahar fesawa mai sanyi. An zaɓi hanyar fesawa mai sanyi don shafawa a cikin jerin fasahar fesawa mai zafi saboda ita ce hanya mafi inganci a cikin jerin fesawa mai zafi kuma ana iya amfani da ita don kayan da ke da sauƙin narkewar zafin ƙarfe kamar foda mai amorphous da nanocrystalline, waɗanda ba sa fuskantar sauye-sauyen lokaci. Wannan shine babban abin da ke haifar da zaɓar wannan hanyar. Ana gudanar da tsarin fesawa mai sanyi ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin gudu waɗanda ke canza kuzarin motsi na ƙwayoyin zuwa nakasa ta filastik, tauri da zafi akan tasiri tare da substrate ko barbashi da aka riga aka ajiye.
Hotunan fili sun nuna hanyar fesawa mai sanyi da aka yi amfani da ita don shirye-shiryen shafa MG/SUS 304 guda biyar a jere a zafin 550 °C.
Dole ne a canza kuzarin motsi na ƙwayoyin, da kuma ƙarfin kowane ƙwayar cuta a cikin samuwar shafi, zuwa wasu nau'ikan makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar nakasa ta filastik (hulɗar farko ta ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayar cuta a cikin hulɗar substrate da barbashi), voids Haɗawa, juyawar ƙwayar cuta, matsi da kuma zafi a ƙarshe 39. Bugu da ƙari, idan ba duk kuzarin motsi mai shigowa ba ne aka canza shi zuwa makamashin zafi da matsi, sakamakon shine karo na roba, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙwayoyin kawai suna dawowa bayan tasiri. An nuna cewa kashi 90% na kuzarin tasiri da aka yi amfani da shi ga kayan ƙwayar cuta/ƙwayar cuta ana canza shi zuwa zafi na gida 40. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka yi amfani da matsin lamba, ana samun yawan matsi na filastik mai yawa a yankin matsi/ƙwayar cuta a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci41,42.
Gabaɗaya, nakasar filastik ana ɗaukarta a matsayin tsari na wargaza makamashi, ko kuma musamman, tushen zafi a yankin da ke tsakanin fuskoki. Duk da haka, ƙaruwar zafin jiki a yankin da ke tsakanin fuskoki bai isa ya haifar da narkewar fuska ko kuma ya haɓaka yaduwar atomic sosai ba. Babu wata wallafe-wallafe da marubutan suka sani da ke bincika tasirin waɗannan foda na ƙarfe akan mannewa da adana foda da ke faruwa lokacin da aka yi amfani da hanyoyin feshi mai sanyi.
Ana iya ganin BFI na foda gami na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 a cikin Hoto na 12a, wanda aka shafa a kan substrate na SUS 304 (Hoto na 11, 12b). Kamar yadda aka gani daga hoton, foda mai rufi suna kiyaye tsarin asali mara tsari saboda suna da tsarin labyrinth mai laushi ba tare da wani siffa ta lu'ulu'u ko lahani na lattice ba. A gefe guda kuma, hoton yana nuna kasancewar wani lokaci na waje, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka haɗa a cikin matrix na foda mai rufi na MG (Hoto na 12a). Hoto na 12c yana nuna tsarin diffraction na nanobeam mai indexed (NBDP) wanda ke da alaƙa da yanki na I (Hoto na 12a). Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 12c, NBDP yana nuna raunin tsarin diffusation na halo na tsarin amorphous kuma yana rayuwa tare da faci mai kaifi wanda ya dace da babban lu'ulu'u na Zr2Ni metastable tare da tetragonal CuO mataki. Samuwar CuO na iya dangantawa da iskar shaka na foda lokacin tafiya daga bututun fesa zuwa SUS 304 a cikin sararin samaniya a ƙarƙashin kwararar supersonic. A gefe guda kuma, rarrabuwar foda mai kama da ƙarfe ya sami nasarar samar da manyan matakai na cubic bayan maganin feshi mai sanyi a 550 °C na tsawon minti 30.
(a) Hoton FE-HRTEM na foda MG da aka shafa a kan (b) substrate na SUS 304 (inset na siffa). An nuna ma'aunin NBDP na alamar da'ira da aka nuna a (a) a cikin (c).
Domin tabbatar da wannan tsari na samar da manyan ƙwayoyin Zr2Ni masu siffar cubic, an yi wani gwaji mai zaman kansa. A cikin wannan gwajin, an fesa foda daga bindiga mai feshi a zafin 550 °C a cikin hanyar substrate na SUS 304; duk da haka, don bayyana tasirin annealing na foda, an cire su daga tsiri na SUS304 da sauri (kimanin daƙiƙa 60). An gudanar da wani gwajin inda aka cire foda daga substrate kimanin daƙiƙa 180 bayan an ajiye shi.
Hotuna 13a,b suna nuna hotunan filin duhu (DFI) da aka samu ta hanyar duba na'urar daukar hoto ta lantarki mai watsawa (STEM) na kayan aiki guda biyu da aka fesa a kan substrates na SUS 304 na tsawon daƙiƙa 60 da 180, bi da bi. Hoton foda da aka ajiye na tsawon daƙiƙa 60 ba shi da cikakkun bayanai game da siffar jiki, yana nuna rashin siffar jiki (Hoto na 13a). Hakanan XRD ya tabbatar da hakan, wanda ya nuna cewa tsarin gabaɗaya na waɗannan foda ba shi da siffar jiki, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar babban matakin diffraction na farko da na biyu da aka nuna a Hoto na 14a. Waɗannan suna nuna rashin fitowar ruwan sama mai narkewa/mesophase, inda foda ke riƙe da tsarin rashin siffarsa na asali. Sabanin haka, foda da aka fesa a zafin jiki ɗaya (550 °C), amma aka bar shi akan substrate na tsawon daƙiƙa 180, ya nuna fitowar hatsi masu girman nano, kamar yadda kibiyoyi a Hoto na 13b suka nuna.