Mahalo iā ʻoe no kou kipa ʻana iā Nature.com. ʻO ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele āu e hoʻohana nei he kākoʻo liʻiliʻi no CSS. No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi polokalamu kele hou (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma Internet Explorer).
He mea koʻikoʻi ka biofilms i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu no ka mea he ala kūpono ia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea wela-sensitive. nā wela. Ua hiki i nā substrate i uhi ʻia me ke aniani metala ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka biofilm ma ka liʻiliʻi o 1 log i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila.
I loko o ka mōʻaukala kanaka, ua hiki i kēlā me kēia hui ke hoʻolālā a hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hou e kū ana i kāna mau koi kikoʻī, i hopena i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana a me ke kūlana i ka ʻoihana honua1. 2 No nā makahiki he 60, ua hāʻawi ka poʻe ʻepekema waiwai i ka nui o ko lākou manawa i ka nānā ʻana i hoʻokahi manaʻo nui: ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka microstructure material, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hana thermal, mechanical a thermo-mechanical i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka mīkini, kemika a me nā waiwai kino o nā ʻano mea like ʻole. nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, and high-entropy alloys he mau hiʻohiʻona wale nō ia o nā mea holomua i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka honua mai ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala. equilibrium, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hou o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe metastable, i kapa ʻia ʻo nā aniani metala.
ʻO kāna hana ma Caltech ma 1960 ua lawe mai i kahi kipi i ka manaʻo o nā mea hao i ka wā i synthesized ʻo ia i ke aniani Au-25 ma.% Si alloys ma ka wikiwiki solidifying wai ma kahi kokoke i miliona degere no kekona 4.Professor Pol Duwezs 'loaʻa hanana 'aʻole wale hai aku i ka hoʻomaka o ka mōʻaukala o ka metala makaaniani (MG), akā, noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke ala kanaka. ʻO nā haʻawina paionia i ka synthesis o MG alloys, aneane pau nā aniani metala i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau ʻano; (i) paʻa wikiwiki o ka heheʻe a i ʻole ka mahu, (ii) ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻātomai o ka lattice, (iii) ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka amorphization mokuʻāina paʻa ma waena o nā mea metala maʻemaʻe, a (iv) ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mokuʻāina paʻa o nā pae metastable.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā MGs ma muli o ko lākou nele i ke ʻano atomic lōʻihi e pili ana i nā kristal, kahi ʻano wehewehe o nā kristal. ʻenehana noiʻi ma nā ʻano āpau. He mau waiwai koʻikoʻi ko lākou; (i) kiʻekiʻe mechanical ductility a me ka hua ikaika, (ii) kiʻekiʻe magnetic permeability, (iii) haʻahaʻa coercivity, (iv) kūʻokoʻa corrosion kūʻokoʻa, (v) wela kūʻokoʻa Ka conductivity o 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 mea he ano hou 'ano hana, i hoʻolauna mua ma 19839 e Prof. CC Kock a me nā hoa hana. Ua hoomakaukau lakou i amorphous Ni60Nb40 pauka ma ka wili ana i ka hui 'ana o na mea maemae ma ambient wela kokoke loa i ka lumi wela. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hana ʻia ka hopena MA ma waena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o kahi reactor, i hana mau ʻia me ke kila kuhili ʻole i loko o ka wili pōleʻa 10 (Fig. 1a, b). mills11,12,13,14,15 , 16. Ma ka mea nui, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā ʻōnaehana immiscible e like me Cu-Ta17, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e like me Al-transition metala nenoai (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb a me Ta) 18,19 a me Fe-W20 , ka mea hiki ole ke loaʻa ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ikaika loa o MAFurmore ala. nā mea hana nanotechnology no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā nanocrystalline ʻenehana a me nā ʻāpana nanocomposite pauka o nā ʻokiʻoki metala, carbide, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, A me ka hoʻopaʻa ākea ma o kahi ala kiʻekiʻe-lalo 1 a me nā pae metastable.
Schematic e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metala aniani (MG) uhi / SUS 304 i loko o kēia haʻawina. hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka lewa He. (c) He kumu hoʻohālike akaka o ka moku wili e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pōleʻa i ka wā e wili ai.
I ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻili o nā mea nui (substrates), pili ka ʻenekinia ʻili i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻili (substrates) e hāʻawi i kekahi mau ʻano kino, kemika a me nā ʻano ʻenehana ʻaʻole i loko o ka waiwai nui. metallurgical, mechanical or chemical techniques.Ma keʻano he kaʻina hana kaulana, ua wehewehe ʻia ka uhi ʻana ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ​​papa he nui o nā mea i waiho ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o kahi mea nui (substrate) i hana ʻia i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.
No ka waiho ʻana i nā ʻāpana pale pale kūpono me nā mānoanoa mai kahi mau micrometers (ma lalo o 10-20 micrometers) a ʻoi aku ma luna o 30 micrometers a i ʻole kekahi mau millimeters, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻenehana. ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka ʻili ʻana, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mahu kino (PVD), ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu kemika (CVD), nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wela a me nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu hou loa 24 (Fig. 1d).
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā biofilms ma ke ʻano he microbial kaiaulu i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia i nā ʻili a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā polymers extracellular i hana ponoʻī (EPS). ʻO Staphylococci) paʻakikī ke mālama. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā biofilms makua he 1000-paila ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau antibiotic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cell bacteria planktonic, kahi i manaʻo ʻia he pilikia therapeutic nui. luku.
ʻO ke kū'ē ākea o ka bacteria i nā lāʻau antibiotic ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka pono e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻāpana antimicrobial membrane-coated maikaʻi i hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia 27. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi kino a i ʻole kemika anti-adherent surface kahi i kāohi ʻia ai nā cell bacteria e hoʻopaʻa a kūkulu i nā biofilms ma muli o ka adhesion ke ala mua i kēia kaʻina27. Pono lākou, i ka nui o ka nui a me ka hoʻopili ʻia. Loaʻa ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani kūʻokoʻa e like me graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 a me ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 e kū kūʻē i ka bacteria, kahi ʻenehana e hoʻonui ai i ka Toxicity a me ka hoʻomohala kūʻē ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm e hoʻemi nui ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohaumia ʻana e lilo i mea kaulana. ʻOiai hiki i nā kaʻina hana ʻekolu ke hana i nā hopena antimicrobial ma nā ʻaoʻao i uhi ʻia, aia kēlā me kēia i kā lākou mau palena pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i nā hoʻolālā noi.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke e ka manawa kūpono ʻole e nānā a hoʻāʻo i nā pale pale no nā mea hana biologically. Ke koi nei nā ʻoihana e hāʻawi kā lākou huahana i nā mea hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana i makemake ʻia; akā naʻe, ua lilo kēia i mea pale i ka holomua o nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea i loaʻa mai ke kālā i ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau antimicrobial i loaʻa i kēia manawa i nā mea kūʻai aku. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi lāʻau antimicrobial i ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i ke kanaka a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o nā substrate uhi me ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana he pahuhopu i ʻimi nui ʻia 38. ʻO ka mea antimicrobial a me ka anti-biofilm hou i hoʻolālā ʻia ma kahi kokoke a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā mea maʻi bacteria. Hiki iā ia ke hana i kēia ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻopili mua ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria (me ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi papa protein ma ka ʻili) a i ʻole ma ka pepehi ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria ma ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i ka paia cell.
ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili ke kaʻina o ke kau ʻana i kahi papa ʻē aʻe ma luna o ka ʻili o kahi mea e hoʻonui ai i nā ʻano pili i ka ʻili. e hana i ka uhi.
(a) Inset e hōʻike ana i nā ʻenehana hana nui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻili, a (b) nā pono a me nā hemahema i koho ʻia o ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anu.
He nui nā mea like me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu. Akā, aia nō kekahi mau waiwai kumu nui e hana ai i ke kaʻina hana anu a me nā mea kanu anu. hehee i mea e waiho ma luna o ka substrate.Obviously, keia kuʻuna kaʻina hana uhi 'aʻole i kūpono no loa wela-koʻikoʻi mea e like me nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous a me metala aniani40, 41, 42. Eia kekahi, thermal spray coating mea mau hoike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka porosity a me ka oxides. (ii) maʻalahi i nā koho pani pani, (iii) ka nele o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, (iv) ikaika paʻa kiʻekiʻe1,39 (Fig. 2b). 2b.I ka uhi ʻana i nā pauka seramika maʻemaʻe e like me Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe anu.
Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka hana o kēia manawa e hoʻohana i nā pauka aniani metala ma ke ʻano he mea uhi maka, ua maopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pulupulu wela maʻamau no kēia kumu.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana meaʻai i hana ʻia i nā ʻāpana kila stainless austenitic (SUS316 a me SUS304) me kahi mea chromium ma waena o 12 a me 20 wt% no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻokiʻoki. Hōʻike i nā waiwai antimicrobial koʻikoʻi 38,39. He ʻokoʻa kēia me ko lākou pale ʻana i ka corrosion. pili i ke ola kanaka.
ʻO kēia haʻawina ka pae mua o kahi papahana i kākoʻo ʻia e ka Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), ka ʻaelike No. 2023, e nānā i nā hiʻohiʻona electrochemical corrosion a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana me ka kikoʻī.
Ma kēia pepa, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ka hopena o ka Zr alloying element content ma ke aniani forming ability (GFA) e pili ana i ka morphological and structural features. ʻōnaehana aniani metala.
Ma kēia ʻāpana, hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi morphological o Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau hiʻohiʻona.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona metallographic o nā pauka mechanical alloy (MA) i loaʻa ma hope o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka manawa wili pōleʻa. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr40Ni10 ma hope o ka manawa ma (b), (d) a me (f).
I ka wili poepoe, pili ka ikehu kinetic pono i hiki ke hoololiia i ka pauda metala e ka hui ana o na palena, e like me ka hoike ana ma ka Fig. 1a) . Elemental Cu, Zr, a me Ni pauda ua hoʻopōʻino loa ia ma muli o ke kuʻi ʻana i ke anu i ka wā mua o MA (3 h), i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana pauda nui (> 1 mm ke anawaena). ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana hui nui i ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā papa mānoanoa o nā mea hoʻohuihui (Cu, Zr, Ni), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma Fig. 3a,b. ikehu kinetic o ka wili poepoe, ka hopena i ka decomposition o ka pauda composite i oi aku ka pauda (emi iho malalo o 200 µm), e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig. 3c,d. Ma keia pae, ka hoohana ana ikaika alakai i ka hana ana o ka hou metala ili me Cu maikai, Zr, Ni mau papa kuhikuhi, e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig. nā flakes e hana i nā pae hou.
Ma ka piko o ke kaʻina hana MA (ma hope o 50 h), ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano metala flaky wale nō (Fig. 3e,f), akā ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻili o ka pauka i ke aniani metallography. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kaʻina MA a ua hana ʻia ka hana ʻana o kahi ʻano hopena hoʻokahi. microscopy (FE-SEM) i hui pū me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Ma ka Papa 2, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kumu o nā mea hoʻohuihui e like me ka pākēneka o ka nui o ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia māhele i koho ʻia ma Fig. 3e, f. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia mau hopena me nā haku inoa hoʻomaka o Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i helu ʻia ma ka Papa 1, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo nā haku o kēia mau huahana hope ʻelua ʻaʻohe waiwai like loa. No nā wahi i helu ʻia ma ka Fig. 3e,f ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka hōʻino nui a i ʻole ka loli ʻana o ka haku ʻana o kēlā me kēia hāpana mai kahi ʻāpana a i kekahi.
Ua loaʻa nā micrographs FE-SEM o ka huahana hope loa Cu50(Zr50−xNix) pauka ma hope o nā manawa 50 MA, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma Fig. 4a-d, kahi o x he 10, 20, 30 a me 40 ma.%, pakahi. anawaena mai ka 73 a hiki i ka 126 nm, e like me ka hoike ana ma ke Kii 4.
Nā hiʻohiʻona morphological o Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h.No ka Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 pūnaewele, nā kiʻi FE-SEM o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50 mau manawa (b).
Ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pauka i loko o kahi mea hānai anu, ua sonicated mua lākou i ka analytical grade ethanol no 15 mau minuke a laila maloʻo ma 150 ° C no nā hola 2. Pono e lawe ʻia kēia ʻanuʻu e hakakā maikaʻi i ka agglomeration e hoʻoulu pinepine ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i loko o ke kaʻina hana. ʻO nā micrographs FE-SEM a me nā kiʻi EDS e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui Cu, Zr a me Ni o ka hui Cu50Zr30Ni20 i loaʻa ma hope o 50 h o ka M manawa.
Morphology and local elemental distribution of MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder loaʻa ma hope o 50 MA manawa e FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano XRD o Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka MA manawa o 50 h ma Fig. 6a-d, kēlā me kēia. Fig. 6.
ʻO nā kumu XRD o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 pauka ma hope o ka MA manawa o 50 h. ʻO nā hōʻailona a pau me kaʻole o ka mea'ē aʻe i hōʻike i kahi hiʻohiʻona halo diffusion, e hōʻike ana i ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o kahi māhele amorphous.
Ua hoʻohana 'ia ka field emission kiʻekiʻe-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) no ka nānā 'ana i nā hoʻololi hoʻololi a hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano kūloko o nā pauka i loaʻa mai i ka wili pōleʻa i nā manawa MA like ʻole. ʻO nā kiʻi FE-HRTEM o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa mua (6 h) a me ka waena (18 h) o ka milling no Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr4. E like me ke kiʻi māla nani (BFI) o ka pauda i hana ʻia ma hope o MA​​ 6 h, ua haku ʻia ka pauda me nā hua nui me nā palena i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia o nā mea fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr a me fcc-Ni, a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pae hopena, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 7a. (a) hōʻike i kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike cusp (Fig. 7b), e hōʻike ana i ka hele ʻana o nā crystallites nui a me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi pae reactive.
Loaʻa ka ʻano kūloko kūloko o ka pauka MA ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana (6 h) a me ke kau waena (18 h). hōʻike ʻia ma (c).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 7c, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o MA i 18 h ka hopena i nā hemahema lattice koʻikoʻi i hui pū ʻia me ka deformation plastic. Ma kēia pae waena o ke kaʻina hana MA, hōʻike ka pauda i nā hemahema like ʻole, me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hewa, nā hemahema lattice, a me nā hemahema kiko (Figure 7). 20 nm (Fig. 7c).
ʻO ka hale kūloko o Cu50Z30Ni20 pauka i wili ʻia no ka manawa 36 h MA ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā nanograins ultrafine i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix maikaʻi amorphous, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. (wahi lean) i ~74 ma.% (wahi waiwai), e hoike ana i ka hookumuia ana o na hua heterogeneous. Eia kekahi, o na SADP e pili ana i na pauka i loaa ma hope o ka wili ana ma keia pae e hoike ana i na apo halo-diffusing o ka mahele amorphous, e uhi ana me na kiko oi e pili ana i kela mau mea hoohuihui maka, e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig. 8b.
Ma waho aʻe o ka 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 pauka nanoscale nā ​​hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā kūloko.
Ma kahi kokoke i ka hopena o ka hana MA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 a me 40 at.% pauda mau loa ka labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology e like me ka hoike ana ma ka Fig. 9a–d .Ma ka SADP e pili ana i kela ame keia haku mele, aole hiki ke ike ia na kiko-like a me na mamana annular koi. e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona halo diffusion ua hoʻohana pū ʻia i mea hōʻike no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pae amorphous i ka mea huahana hope loa.
Kūlana kūloko o ka huahana hope o ka MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system.FE-HRTEM a me ka correlated nanobeam diffraction patterns (NBDP) o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me (d) Cu50Zr o MA40Zr
ʻO ke kūpaʻa wela o ke aniani hoʻololi wela (Tg), subcooled wai ʻāpana (ΔTx) a me ka crystallization wela (Tx) ma ke ʻano he hana o Ni maʻiʻo (x) o ka amorphous Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) ʻōnaehana ua noiʻi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa scanning Calorimetry (DSC) o nā waiwai ma lalo o He kinoea kahe. a me Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy pauka i loaʻa ma hope o MA manawa o 50 h ua hōʻike 'ia ma Fig. 10a, b, e, pakahi. 10d.
Thermal kūpaʻa o Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka MA manawa o 50 h, e like me ka helu 'ia e ke aniani hoʻololi wela (Tg), crystallization mahana (Tx), a me ka subcooled wai wahi (ΔTx). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10,00 Nic50, Zr40Ni10. ʻO Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders ma hope o ka MA manawa o 50 h. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano X-ray diffraction (XRD) o ka laʻana Cu50Zr30Ni20 i hoʻomehana ʻia i ~ 700 ° C ma DSC i (d).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10, ʻo nā ʻāpana DSC o nā haku mele a pau me nā ʻokoʻa Ni (x) e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau hihia like ʻole, hoʻokahi endothermic a me kekahi exothermic. ʻO ka hanana endothermic mua e pili ana me Tg, aʻo ka lua e pili ana iā Tx. Ua kapa ʻia ka ʻāpana ākea ākea ma waena o Tg a me Tx ʻo ka ʻāina subcooled o Tx a me Tx = Tx -Tg = Tx. Cu50Zr40Ni10 hāpana (Fig. 10a), waiho ma 526 ° C a me 612 ° C, e hoʻololi i ka maʻiʻo (x) i 20 ma.% i ka haʻahaʻa wela aoao o 482°C a me 563°C me ka hoonui Ni maʻiʻo (x), pakahi, e like me ka hoike ana ma Figure 10b.Consequently, o ka 10b. °C (Fig 10a) i 81 °C no Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig 10b) i ka emi 'ana o ka thermal stability o ka MG alloy. I ka ho'oka'awale'ana, ua emi iho ka waiwai Tg (507 °C) o ka MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma mua o ka MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; akā naʻe, hōʻike kona Tx i kahi waiwai like me ka mua (612 ° C). No laila, hōʻike ʻo ΔTx i kahi waiwai kiʻekiʻe (87 ° C), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 10c.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), e lawe ana i ka huila MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke ʻano he laʻana, crystallizes ma o kahi kiʻekiʻe exothermic ʻoi i loko o nā ʻāpana aniani o fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 a me orthorhombic-ZrNi (Fig. 10c i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pahu aniani o ka MG 10c). (Fig. 10d), i hoʻomehana ʻia i 700 ° C ma DSC.
Hōʻike ka Figure 11 i nā kiʻi i paʻi ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe anu i hana ʻia i ka hana o kēia manawa. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana metala e like me ke aniani o ka pauka ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h (e lawe ana iā Cu50Zr20Ni30 i kumu hoʻohālike) i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea antibacterial maka, a ua uhi ʻia ka pā kila stainless (SUS304) no ka mea ua koho ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke anuanu. ka thermal spray series a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea metala metastable wela e like me ka amorphous a me ka nanocrystalline powders, ʻaʻole i pili i ka hoʻololi ʻana. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui i ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻano.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi kahua i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe anu i hoʻohana ʻia no ʻelima mau hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka uhi ʻana o MG/SUS 304 ma 550 °C.
ʻO ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana, a no laila ka momentum o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka uhi, pono e hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻano ʻano o ka ikehu ma o nā mīkini e like me ka deformation plastic (nā ʻāpana mua a me nā pānaʻi ʻāpana-particle i loko o ka substrate a me nā pānaʻi ʻāpana), voids Consolidation, particle-particle rotation, strain and ultimately heat 39.Furthermore, inā ʻaʻole pau ka ikehu i ka ikehu a me ka hopena. he elastic collision, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻihoʻi hou nā ʻāpana ma hope o ka hopena. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo 90% o ka ikehu hopena i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻāpana / substrate mea i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka wela kūloko 40 . Eia kekahi, ke hoʻopili ʻia ke koʻikoʻi hopena, loaʻa ka nui o ka palaka kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻāpana pili / substrate i kahi manawa pōkole loa41,42.
Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastik he kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ikehu, a i ʻole he kumu wela ma ka ʻāpana interfacial. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma ka ʻāpana interfacial no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka interfacial a i ʻole e hoʻolaha nui i ka interdiffusion atom.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka BFI o MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy pauka ma Fig. 12a, i uhi ʻia ma ka substrate SUS 304 (Fig. 11, 12b). E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, mālama nā pauka i hoʻopili ʻia i ko lākou ʻano amorphous kumu no ka mea he labyrinth palupalu lākou. 'Āpana extraneous, e like me ka manaʻo e nā nanoparticles i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a). Hōʻike ka Figure 12c i ka indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) pili me ka māhele I (Figure 12a). E like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma Fig. nui cubic Zr2Ni metastable a me tetragonal CuO phase.O ka hookumu ana o CuO hiki ke pili i ka oxidation o ka pauda i ka hele ana mai ka nozzle o ka spray gun a hiki i SUS 304 ma ka lewa ma lalo o supersonic kahe.
(a) FE-HRTEM kiʻi o ka pauka MG i uhi ʻia ma (b) SUS 304 substrate (inset of figure). ʻO ka index NBDP o ka hōʻailona pōʻai i hōʻike ʻia ma (a) i hōʻike ʻia ma (c).
No ka hōʻoiaʻana i kēia hana kūpono no ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā nanoparticles Zr2Ni cubic nui, ua hanaʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa. akā naʻe, no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hopena annealing o nā pauka, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia lākou mai ke kaula SUS304 i ka hikiwawe loa (e pili ana i 60 kekona).
Hōʻike nā kiʻi 13a, b i nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻeleʻele (DFI) i loaʻa ma ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopy electron transmission (STEM) o ʻelua mau mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i waiho ʻia ma nā substrates SUS 304 no 60 s a me 180 s, pakahi. amorphous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o ka diffraction mua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 14a. Hōʻike kēia i ka nele o ka metastable / mesophase precipitation, kahi e paʻa ai ka pauka i kona ʻano amorphous kumu. Kii 13b.