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He mea nui nā Biofilms i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi mau, ʻoiai ke komo pū nā mea lapaʻau. Hōʻike kēia pilikia i kahi pilikia nui i ke kaiāulu lapaʻau, ʻoiai hiki i nā antibiotics maʻamau ke hoʻopau wale i nā biofilms i kahi palena loa. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano uhi like ʻole a me nā mea hou. Manaʻo kēia mau ʻano hana e uhi i nā ʻili i ke ʻano e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm. Ua puka mai nā metala aniani metala, ʻoiai nā mea i loaʻa ke keleawe a me nā metala titanium, ma ke ʻano he mau uhi antimicrobial kūpono. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana pīpī anu no ka mea he ala kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea mahana-sensitive. ʻO kahi hapa o ke kumu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi aniani metala antibacterial hou i haku ʻia me ka ternary Cu-Zr-Ni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana alloying mechanical. Hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka poepoe e hana ana i ka huahana hope loa ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka uhi ʻana i ka pīpī anu o nā ʻili kila kila ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Ua hiki i nā substrates i uhi ʻia me ke aniani metala ke hōʻemi nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm ma ka liʻiliʻi he 1 log i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila.
Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala kanaka, ua hiki i kekahi kaiāulu ke hoʻolālā a hoʻolaha i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā mea hou e hoʻokō ai i kāna mau koi kikoʻī, kahi i hopena ai i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana a me ke kūlana i loko o kahi hoʻokele waiwai honua1. Ua pili mau ʻia i ka hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻomohala i nā mea hana a me nā lako hana a me nā hoʻolālā no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana a me ke ʻano e hoʻokō ai i nā loaʻa i ke olakino, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka ʻoihana, ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka moʻomeheu a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe mai kekahi ʻāina a i kekahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ana ʻia ka holomua me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina.2 No 60 mau makahiki, ua hoʻolaʻa nā ʻepekema mea i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa e kālele ana i hoʻokahi mea nui: ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou a me nā mea ʻoi loa. Ua kālele ka noiʻi hou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā mea e kū nei, a me ka synthesizing a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano mea hou loa.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka microstructure mea, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā ʻenehana hana thermal, mechanical a thermo-mechanical paha i hopena i nā hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi i nā waiwai mechanical, kemika a me ke kino o nā ʻano mea like ʻole. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohui pono ʻia nā hui i lohe ʻole ʻia ma kēia wahi. Ua hoʻoulu kēia mau hana hoʻomau i kahi ʻohana hou o nā mea hou, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Advanced Materials2. ʻO Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, a me nā alloys high-entropy he mau laʻana wale nō o nā mea holomua i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka honua mai ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala. I ka wā e hana ai a hoʻomohala i nā alloys hou me nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe, ma ka huahana hope loa a i ʻole ma nā pae waena o kāna hana ʻana, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka pilikia o ke kaulike ʻole. Ma muli o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻenehana hana hou e haʻalele nui mai ke kaulike, ua ʻike ʻia kahi papa hou o nā alloys metastable, i ʻike ʻia ʻo metallic glasses.
ʻO kāna hana ma Caltech i ka makahiki 1960 i lawe mai i kahi kipi i ke kumumanaʻo o nā metala hao i ka wā i hana ai ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻohuihui aniani Au-25 ma.% Si ma o ka hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki ʻana i nā wai ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona degere i kekona 4. ʻO ka hanana ʻike a Polofesa Pol Duwezs ʻaʻole wale i hoʻolaha i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o nā aniani metala (MG), akā ua alakaʻi pū kekahi i kahi hoʻololi paradigm i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe e pili ana i nā metala hao. Mai nā haʻawina mua loa i ka synthesis o nā MG alloys, ua hana ʻia nā aniani metala āpau ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau ʻano hana; (i) ka hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki ʻana o ka heheʻe a i ʻole ka mahu, (ii) ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka atomic o ka lattice, (iii) nā hopena amorphization solid-state ma waena o nā mea metala maʻemaʻe, a me (iv) nā hoʻololi solid-state o nā pae metastable.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā MG e ko lākou nele i ke kauoha atomika lōʻihi e pili ana me nā kristal, ʻo ia kahi ʻano wehewehe o nā kristal. I ke ao o kēia lā, ua holomua nui ka hana ma ke kahua o ke aniani metala. He mau mea hou lākou me nā waiwai hoihoi e hoihoi ʻole i ka physics solid-state, akā i ka metallurgy, kemika ʻili, ʻenehana, biology a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe he nui. Hōʻike kēia ʻano mea hou i nā waiwai ʻokoʻa mai nā metala paʻa, e lilo ia i moho hoihoi no nā noi ʻenehana ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi; (i) ductility mechanical kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika hua, (ii) permeability magnetic kiʻekiʻe, (iii) coercivity haʻahaʻa, (iv) kū'ē corrosion maʻamau, (v) kūʻokoʻa mahana ʻO ka conductivity o 6,7.
He ʻano hana hou ka mechanical alloying (MA)1,8, i hoʻolauna mua ʻia i ka makahiki 19839 e Polopeka CC Kock a me nā hoa hana. Ua hoʻomākaukau lākou i nā pauka Ni60Nb40 amorphous ma ka wili ʻana i kahi hui ʻana o nā mea maʻemaʻe ma nā mahana ambient kokoke loa i ka mahana o ka lumi. ʻO ka maʻamau, hana ʻia ka hopena MA ma waena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā pauka mea reactant i loko o kahi reactor, i hana pinepine ʻia me ke kila kila i loko o kahi wili pōpō 10 (Kiʻi 1a, b). Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana paʻa-state i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka mechanical e hoʻomākaukau i nā pauka alloy aniani amorphous/metallic hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wili pōpō haʻahaʻa (Kiʻi 1c) a me ke kiʻekiʻe, a me nā wili koʻokoʻo 11,12,13,14,15, 16. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻomākaukau i nā ʻōnaehana immiscible e like me Cu-Ta17, a me nā alloys melting point kiʻekiʻe e like me nā ʻōnaehana metala Al-transition (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb a me Ta) 18,19 a me Fe-W20, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala hoʻomākaukau maʻamau. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo MA kekahi o nā mea hana nanotechnology ikaika loa no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā nanocrystalline ʻoihana a me nā ʻāpana pauka nanocomposite o nā oxides metala, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nā nanodiamonds, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ākea ma o kahi ala mai luna a i lalo 1 a me nā pae metastable.
Hōʻike kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i ka uhi aniani metala Cu50(Zr50−xNix) (MG)/SUS 304 ma kēia haʻawina.(a) Hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā pauka hui MG me nā ʻano Ni like ʻole x (x; 10, 20, 30 a me 40 at.%) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano wili pōpō ikehu haʻahaʻa.(a) Hoʻouka ʻia ka mea hoʻomaka i loko o kahi cylinder mea hana me nā pōpō kila mea hana, a (b) sila ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima i piha i ka lewa He.(c) He kumu hoʻohālike moakaka o ka ipu wili e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pōpō i ka wā wili. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka huahana hope loa o ka pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50 mau hola e uhi i ka substrate SUS 304 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano pīpī anu (d).
I ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻili mea nui (substrates), pili ka ʻenekinia ʻili i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻili (substrates) e hāʻawi i kekahi mau ʻano kino, kemika a me nā ʻenehana i loaʻa ʻole i loko o ka mea nui mua. ʻO kekahi mau waiwai e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia e nā mālama ʻili e pili ana i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka abrasion, ka oxidation a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ka corrosion, ka coefficient of friction, bio-inertness, nā waiwai uila, a me ka insulation thermal, e inoa i kekahi mau mea. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana metallurgical, mechanical a i ʻole kemika. Ma ke ʻano he hana kaulana, ua wehewehe wale ʻia kahi uhi ʻana he papa hoʻokahi a he nui paha o ka mea i waiho ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o kahi mea nui (substrate) i hana ʻia me kahi mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā uhi ʻana ma kahi ʻāpana e hoʻokō ai i kekahi mau waiwai loea a hoʻonaninani paha i makemake ʻia, a me ka pale ʻana i nā mea mai nā pilina kemika a me ke kino i manaʻo ʻia me ke kaiapuni a puni23.
I mea e waiho ai i nā papa pale ʻili kūpono me nā mānoanoa mai kekahi mau micrometer (ma lalo o 10-20 micrometer) a ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 micrometer a i ʻole kekahi mau millimeters, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻano hana he nui. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻina hana uhi i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: (i) nā ʻano hana uhi pulu, me ka electroplating, electroless plating, a me nā ʻano hana galvanizing hot-dip, a me (ii) nā ʻano hana uhi maloʻo, me ka brazing, surfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), nā ʻano hana pīpī wela a me nā ʻano hana pīpī anu hou 24 (Kiʻi 1d).
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā Biofilms he mau kaiāulu microbial i hoʻopili mau ʻia i nā ʻili a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā polymers extracellular i hana ponoʻī ʻia (EPS). Hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm makua ke alakaʻi i nā pohō nui ma nā ʻāpana ʻoihana he nui, me ka ʻoihana meaʻai, nā ʻōnaehana wai, a me nā wahi mālama ola. I loko o ke kanaka, i ka wā e hana ʻia ai nā biofilms, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o 80% o nā hihia o nā maʻi microbial (me Enterobacteriaceae a me Staphylococci). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā biofilms makua he 1000-fold ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka antibiotic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cell bacteria planktonic, kahi i manaʻo ʻia he pilikia therapeutic nui. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā mea uhi ʻili antimicrobial i loaʻa mai nā hui organik maʻamau. ʻOiai he pinepine kēlā mau mea i nā mea ʻawahia e hiki ke pilikia i nā kānaka, 25,26 hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka luku ʻana i nā mea.
ʻO ke kū'ē ākea o ka bacteria i nā lāʻau antibiotic ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka pono e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻili i uhi ʻia me ka membrane antimicrobial maikaʻi e hiki ke hoʻopili palekana ʻia27. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻili anti-adherent kino a kemika paha kahi i pāpā ʻia ai nā cell bacteria e hoʻopaʻa a kūkulu i nā biofilms ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana ke ala mua i kēia kaʻina hana27. ʻO ka lua o ka ʻenehana ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā uhi e hiki ai ke hāʻawi pololei i nā kemika antimicrobial ma kahi e pono ai, ma nā nui i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia a kūpono hoʻi. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea uhi kū hoʻokahi e like me graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 a me nā uhi kalapona ZnO-doped diamond-like30 i kū'ē i ka bacteria, kahi ʻenehana e hoʻonui ai i ka Toxicity a me ka hoʻomohala kū'ē ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm ua hoʻemi nui ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā uhi e hoʻokomo i nā kemika germicidal i loko o nā ʻili e hāʻawi i ka pale lōʻihi mai ka haumia bacteria e lilo nei i mea kaulana. ʻOiai hiki i nā kaʻina hana ʻekolu ke hana i nā hopena antimicrobial ma nā ʻili i uhi ʻia, loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou mau palena ponoʻī e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i nā hoʻolālā noi.
Ua pilikia nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke e ka lawa ʻole o ka manawa e kālailai a hoʻāʻo ai i nā uhi pale no nā mea hana biologically. Ke koi nei nā ʻoihana e hāʻawi kā lākou huahana i nā mea hoʻohana me nā ʻano hana i makemake ʻia; akā naʻe, ua lilo kēia i mea keakea i ka holomua o nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hui i loaʻa mai ke kālā i ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau antimicrobial i loaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku i kēia manawa. Hoʻomohala ʻia kēia mau huahana e pale i nā mea hoʻohana mai nā hopena weliweli o nā microorganism. ʻO ka hopena antimicrobial lohi a me ka ʻawahia pili o nā hui kālā e hoʻonui i ke kaomi ma luna o nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomohala i kahi koho ʻē aʻe i emi iki ka ʻino36,37. ʻO ka hana ʻana i kahi uhi antimicrobial honua e hana ana i loko a i waho ke hōʻoia nei he hana paʻakikī. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā pilikia pili i ke olakino a me ka palekana. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi mea antimicrobial i emi iki ka ʻino i nā kānaka a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana pehea e hoʻokomo ai i loko o nā substrates uhi me kahi ola papa lōʻihi he pahuhopu i ʻimi nui ʻia38. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea antimicrobial a me nā anti-biofilm hou loa e pepehi i ka bacteria ma kahi kokoke, ma o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mea hana. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i kēia ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻopili bacteria mua (me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi papa protein ma ka ʻili) a i ʻole ma ka pepehi ʻana i ka bacteria ma ke komo ʻana i ka paia cell.
ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili ke kaʻina hana o ke kau ʻana i kahi papa ʻē aʻe ma luna o ka ʻili o kahi ʻāpana e hoʻonui i nā ʻano pili i ka ʻili. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ia ke hoʻopilikino i ka microstructure a/a i ʻole ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻāpana kokoke i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana.39. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hana uhi ʻili i nā ʻano like ʻole, i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2a. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā uhi i nā ʻāpana thermal, chemical, physical, a me electrochemical, ma muli o ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka uhi.
(a) Hoʻokomo e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano hana hana nui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻili, a me (b) nā pono a me nā hemahema i koho ʻia o ke ʻano pīpī anu.
He nui nā ʻano like o ka ʻenehana pīpī anu me nā ʻano pīpī wela maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi e hoʻolilo ai i ke kaʻina pīpī anu a me nā mea pīpī anu i mea kūikawā. Aia nō ka ʻenehana pīpī anu i kona wā kamaliʻi, akā he wā e hiki mai ana. I kekahi mau noi, hāʻawi nā waiwai kūikawā o ka pīpī anu i nā pono nui, e lanakila ana i nā palena kūlohelohe o nā ʻano pīpī wela maʻamau. Hāʻawi ia i kahi ala e lanakila ai i nā palena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana pīpī wela kuʻuna, kahi e pono ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pauka i mea e waiho ai ma luna o ka substrate. ʻIke loa, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia kaʻina hana uhi kuʻuna no nā mea koʻikoʻi loa i ka mahana e like me nā nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous a me nā aniani metala40, 41, 42. Eia kekahi, hōʻike mau nā mea uhi pīpī wela i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka porosity a me nā oxides. He nui nā pono koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana pīpī anu ma mua o ka ʻenehana pīpī wela, e like me (i) ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokomo wela i ka substrate, (ii) ka maʻalahi i nā koho uhi substrate, (iii) ka nele o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, (iv) ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa kiʻekiʻe1,39 (Kiʻi 2b). Eia kekahi, he kiʻekiʻe ka pala o nā mea uhi pīpī anu. ke kūpaʻa, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, ke alakaʻi uila kiʻekiʻe a me ka density kiʻekiʻe41. Kūʻē i nā pono o ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu, aia nō kekahi mau hemahema i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2b. Ke uhi ʻia nā pauka keramika maʻemaʻe e like me Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, a pēlā aku, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano pīpī anu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pauka hui keramika/metala ma ke ʻano he mea maka no nā uhi. Pēlā nō no nā ʻano hana pīpī wela ʻē aʻe. He paʻakikī nō ka pīpī ʻana i nā ʻili paʻakikī a me nā ʻili paipu o loko.
No ka mea, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka hana o kēia manawa e hoʻohana i nā pauka aniani metala ma ke ʻano he mau mea uhi maka, ua maopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pīpī wela maʻamau no kēia kumu. ʻO kēia no ka mea e hoʻopili ʻia nā pauka aniani metala i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe1.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana lapaʻau a me nā meaʻai ua hana ʻia me nā mea hao kila austenitic (SUS316 a me SUS304) me ka nui o ka chromium ma waena o 12 a me 20 wt% no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki. Ua ʻae ʻia ma ke ʻano laulā e hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metala chromium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā mea hao kila ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala o nā mea hao kila maʻamau. ʻO nā mea hao kila kila, ʻoiai ko lākou kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala, ʻaʻole hōʻike i nā waiwai antimicrobial koʻikoʻi38,39. Hoʻohālikelike kēia me ko lākou kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala. Ma hope o kēia, hiki ke wānana ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi a me ka mumū, ka mea i hoʻokumu nui ʻia e ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka kolone ʻana ma ka ʻili o nā biomaterials kila kila. Hiki ke kū mai nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ma muli o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka bacteria a me nā ala hana biofilm, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hōʻino ʻana o ke olakino, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena he nui e pili pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha i ke olakino kanaka.
ʻO kēia haʻawina ka pae mua o kahi papahana i kālā ʻia e ka Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), ʻAelike No. 2010-550401, e noiʻi i ka hiki ke hana i nā pauka ternary Cu-Zr-Ni aniani me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana MA (Papa 1) no ka hana ʻana i ka uhi pale ʻili antibacterial film/SUS304. ʻO ka pae ʻelua o ka papahana, e hoʻomaka ana i Ianuali 2023, e nānā pono i nā ʻano corrosion electrochemical a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana. E hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua microbiological kikoʻī no nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole.
Ma kēia pepa, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻike o ka Zr alloying element ma ka hiki ke hana aniani (GFA) ma muli o nā ʻano morphological a me nā ʻano kūkulu. Eia kekahi, ua kūkākūkā pū ʻia nā waiwai antibacterial o ka uhi pauka aniani metala i uhi ʻia/SUS304 composite. Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻia nā hana o kēia manawa e noiʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o nā pauka aniani metala e hana ʻia ana i ka wā o ka pīpī anu ʻana i loko o ka ʻāpana wai subcooled o nā ʻōnaehana aniani metala i hana ʻia. Ma ke ʻano he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻelele, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui aniani metala Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 i kēia haʻawina.
Ma kēia ʻāpana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā loli morphological o nā pauka Cu, Zr a me Ni elemental i ka wili pōpō ikehu haʻahaʻa. Ma ke ʻano he mau laʻana hoʻohālike, ʻelua mau ʻōnaehana like ʻole e pili ana iā Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau laʻana hoʻohālike. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana MA i ʻekolu mau pae like ʻole, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano metallographic o ka pauka i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke kahua wili (Kiʻi 3).
ʻO nā ʻano metallographic o nā pauka mechanical alloy (MA) i loaʻa ma hope o nā pae like ʻole o ka manawa wili pōpō. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi microscopy electron scanning emission (FE-SEM) o nā pauka MA a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i loaʻa ma hope o nā manawa wili pōpō ikehu haʻahaʻa o 3, 12 a me 50 h ma (a), (c) a me (e) no ka ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr20Ni30, ʻoiai ma ka MA like. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi like o ka ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr40Ni10 i lawe ʻia ma hope o ka manawa ma (b), (d) a me (f).
I ka wā o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ikehu kinetic kūpono e hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia i ka pauka metala e ka hui pū ʻana o nā palena, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1a. Hoʻokomo pū kēia me nā collisions ma waena o nā pōpō a me nā pauka, ka compressive shearing o ka pauka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena a ma waena paha o ka wili media, ka hopena o nā pōpō hāʻule, ka shear a me ke komo ʻana ma muli o ka pauka drag ma waena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pōpō wili media, a me ka hawewe haʻalulu e hele ana ma o nā pōpō hāʻule i hoʻolaha ʻia ma o nā ukana hua (Kiʻi 1a). Ua hoʻololi nui ʻia nā pauka Elemental Cu, Zr, a me Ni ma muli o ka welding anu i ka wā mua o MA (3 h), e hopena ana i nā ʻāpana pauka nui (>1 mm ke anawaena). Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana hui nui e ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā papa mānoanoa o nā mea alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3a, b. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa MA i 12 h (waena waena) ua hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu kinetic o ka wili pōpō, e hopena ana i ka decomposition o ka pauka hui i loko o nā pauka maikaʻi (emi ma mua o 200 µm), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3c, d. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ikaika shear i hoʻopili ʻia ke alakaʻi nei i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻili metala hou me nā papa Cu, Zr, Ni maikaʻi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3c, d. Ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka papa, hana ʻia nā hopena pae paʻa ma ka interface o nā flakes e hana i nā pae hou.
I ka piko o ke kaʻina hana MA (ma hope o 50 h), ua ʻike iki ʻia ka metallography flaky (Kiʻi 3e, f), akā ua hōʻike ka ʻili i hoʻopili ʻia o ka pauka i ka metallography aniani. ʻO ke ʻano kēia ua pau ke kaʻina hana MA a ua hana ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi pae hoʻokahi. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka haku mele o nā ʻāpana i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microscopy electron scanning field emission (FE-SEM) i hui pū ʻia me ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive ikehu (EDS) (IV).
Ma ka Papa 2, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano elemental o nā mea hoʻohuihui ma ke ʻano he pakeneka o ke kaumaha holoʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i koho ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3e,f. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i kēia mau hopena me nā haku mele hoʻomaka o Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i helu ʻia ma ka Papa 1, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he like loa nā waiwai o nā haku mele o kēia mau huahana hope ʻelua me nā haku mele nominal. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā waiwai ʻāpana pili no nā ʻāpana i helu ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3e,f ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi hōʻino nui a i ʻole ka loli ʻana o ka haku mele o kēlā me kēia laʻana mai kekahi ʻāpana a i kekahi. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe loli o ka haku mele mai kekahi ʻāpana a i kekahi. Kuhi kēia i ka hana ʻana o nā pauka alloy homogeneous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 2.
Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi micrograph FE-SEM o ka pauka Cu50(Zr50−xNix) huahana hope loa ma hope o 50 mau manawa MA, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4a–d, kahi ʻo x he 10, 20, 30 a me 40 at.%, kēlā me kēia. Ma hope o kēia hana wili ʻana, hōʻuluʻulu ka pauka ma muli o ka hopena van der Waals, e hopena ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hōʻuluʻulu nui i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana ultrafine me nā diameters mai 73 a 126 nm, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4.
Nā ʻano morphological o nā pauka Cu50(Zr50−xNix) i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h. No nā ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi FE-SEM o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50 mau manawa MA ma (a), (b), (c) a me (d), kēlā me kēia.
Ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pauka i loko o kahi mea hānai pīpī anu, ua sonicated mua ʻia lākou i loko o ka ethanol papa analytical no 15 mau minuke a laila maloʻo ma 150 ° C no 2 mau hola. Pono e hana ʻia kēia hana e hakakā pono i ka agglomeration e hoʻoulu pinepine ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ma ke kaʻina hana uhi. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana MA, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻano hou aʻe e noiʻi i ka homogeneity o nā pauka alloy. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5a-d i nā micrographs FE-SEM a me nā kiʻi EDS e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui Cu, Zr a me Ni o ka Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy i loaʻa ma hope o 50 h o M manawa, kēlā me kēia. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he homogeneous nā pauka alloy i hana ʻia ma hope o kēia hana ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike i nā fluctuations compositional ma mua o ka pae sub-nanometer, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka helehelena a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea kūloko o ka pauka MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 i loaʻa ma hope o 50 mau manawa MA e ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive FE-SEM/energy (EDS).(a) ka palapala ʻāina SEM a me X-ray EDS o (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα a me (d) nā kiʻi Ni-Kα.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano XRD o nā pauka Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 i hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka mīkini i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h ma ke Kiʻi 6a–d, kēlā me kēia. Ma hope o kēia pae o ka wili ʻana, ua hōʻike nā laʻana āpau me nā ʻano Zr like ʻole i nā ʻano amorphous me nā ʻano hoʻolaha halo hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6.
Nā hiʻohiʻona XRD o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me (d) nā pauka Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h. Ua hōʻike nā laʻana āpau me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa i kahi ʻano hoʻolaha halo, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pae amorphous.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka microscopy electron hoʻoili kiʻekiʻe-hoʻonā hoʻokuʻu kahua (FE-HRTEM) e nānā i nā loli kūkulu a hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano kūloko o nā pauka i loaʻa mai ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō i nā manawa MA like ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi FE-HRTEM o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o nā pae mua (6 h) a me waena (18 h) o ka wili ʻana no nā pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 ma ke Kiʻi 7a,c, kēlā me kēia. Wahi a ke kiʻi kahua ʻālohilohi (BFI) o ka pauka i hana ʻia ma hope o MA​​ 6 h, ua haku ʻia ka pauka me nā hua nui me nā palena i wehewehe pono ʻia o nā mea fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr a me fcc-Ni, a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pae hana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7a. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ke ʻano diffraction area i koho ʻia (SADP) i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻāpana waena o (a) i kahi ʻano diffraction cusp (Kiʻi 7b), e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā crystallites nui a me ka ʻole o kahi pae reactive.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho kūloko o ka pauka MA i loaʻa ma hope o nā pae mua (6 h) a me ka waena (18 h). (a) ʻO ka microscopy electron hoʻoili hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (FE-HRTEM), a me (b) ke ʻano diffraction wahi i koho ʻia (SADP) o ka pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā MA no 6 h. Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi FE-HRTEM o Cu50Zr40Ni10 i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa MA o 18 h ma (c).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7c, ʻo ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka MA i 18 h ua hopena i nā hemahema lattice koʻikoʻi i hui pū ʻia me ka deformation plastic. I loko o kēia pae waena o ke kaʻina hana MA, hōʻike ka pauka i nā hemahema like ʻole, me nā hemahema stacking, nā hemahema lattice, a me nā hemahema kiko (Kiʻi 7). ʻO kēia mau hemahema ke kumu o ka māhele ʻana o nā hua nui ma ko lākou mau palena hua i loko o nā subgrains me nā nui ma lalo o 20 nm (Kiʻi 7c).
ʻO ke ʻano kūloko o ka pauka Cu50Z30Ni20 i wili ʻia no 36 h MA manawa he hoʻokumu ʻia o nā nanograins ultrafine i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix maikaʻi amorphous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8a. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi EDS kūloko ua pili kēlā mau nanoclusters i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8a me nā mea hoʻohuihui pauka Cu, Zr a me Ni i hana ʻole ʻia. I ka manawa like, ua loli ka ʻike Cu o ka matrix mai ~32 at.% (ʻāpana lean) a i ~74 at.% (ʻāpana momona), e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā huahana heterogeneous. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā SADP like o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka wili ʻana ma kēia pae e hōʻike ana i nā apo mua a me nā apo lua o ka pae amorphous, e uhi ana me nā kiko ʻoi e pili ana me kēlā mau mea hoʻohuihui maka, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8b.
Ma ʻō aku o 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 pauka nanoscale kūloko nā hiʻohiʻona kūkulu.(a) Kiʻi kahua ʻālohilohi (BFI) a me (b) SADP o ka pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 i loaʻa ma hope o ka wili ʻana no 36 h MA manawa.
Ma kahi kokoke i ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana MA (50 h), ʻo Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 a me 40 at.% pauka he ʻano pae amorphous labyrinthine e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 9a–d. Ma ka SADP like o kēlā me kēia haku mele, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā diffractions e like me ke kiko a me nā hiʻohiʻona annular ʻoi. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻohe metala crystalline i hana ʻole ʻia, akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pauka alloy amorphous. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia mau SADP pili e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona diffusion halo ma ke ʻano he hōʻike no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pae amorphous i ka mea huahana hope loa.
ʻO ke ʻano kūloko o ka huahana hope loa o ka ʻōnaehana MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix). FE-HRTEM a me nā ʻano diffraction nanobeam i pili (NBDP) o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 i loaʻa ma hope o 50 h o MA.
Ua noiʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg), ka ʻāpana wai subcooled (ΔTx) a me ka mahana crystallization (Tx) ma ke ʻano he hana o ka ʻike Ni (x) o ka ʻōnaehana amorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) o nā waiwai ma lalo o ke kahe kinoea He. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaha DSC o nā pauka alloy amorphous Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr10Ni40 i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h ma ke Kiʻi 10a, b, e, kēlā me kēia. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia ka piʻo DSC o ka amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke Kiʻi 10c. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka laʻana Cu50Zr30Ni20 i hoʻomehana ʻia i ~700 °C ma DSC ma ke Kiʻi 10d.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa wela o nā pauka Cu50(Zr50−xNix) MG i loaʻa ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h, e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg), ka mahana crystallization (Tx), a me ka ʻāpana wai subcooled (ΔTx). Nā thermograms calorimeter scanning differential (DSC) o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me (e) nā pauka alloy Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h. ʻO ke ʻano diffraction X-ray (XRD) o ka laʻana Cu50Zr30Ni20 i hoʻomehana ʻia i ~700 °C ma DSC e hōʻike ʻia ma (d).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10, ʻo nā piʻo DSC o nā ʻano hana āpau me nā ʻano Ni like ʻole (x) e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau hihia like ʻole, hoʻokahi endothermic a ʻo kekahi exothermic. ʻO ka hanana endothermic mua e pili ana iā Tg, ʻoiai ʻo ka lua e pili ana iā Tx. ʻO ka ʻāpana span horizontal e kū nei ma waena o Tg a me Tx ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻāpana wai subcooled (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Hōʻike nā hopena i ka Tg a me Tx o ka hāpana Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Kiʻi 10a), i kau ʻia ma 526°C a me 612°C, e hoʻololi i ka ʻike (x) i 20 at.% i ka ʻaoʻao mahana haʻahaʻa o 482°C a me 563°C me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike Ni (x), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10b. No laila, emi ka ΔTx o Cu50Zr40Ni10 mai 86°C (Kiʻi 10a) a i 81°C no Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Kiʻi 1). 10b). No ka hui MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ua emi nā waiwai o Tg, Tx a me ΔTx i ka pae o 447°C, 526°C a me 79°C (Kiʻi 10b). Hōʻike kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike Ni e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ke kūpaʻa wela o ka hui MG. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai Tg (507 °C) o ka hui MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma mua o ka hui MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; akā naʻe, hōʻike kāna Tx i kahi waiwai hoʻohālikelike me ka mea mua (612 °C). No laila, hōʻike ʻo ΔTx i kahi waiwai kiʻekiʻe (87°C), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10c.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), e lawe ana i ka MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ma ke ʻano he laʻana, e crystallizes ma o kahi piko exothermic ʻoi i loko o nā pae kristal o fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 a me orthorhombic-ZrNi (Kiʻi 10c). Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia hoʻololi pae amorphous i crystalline e XRD o ka laʻana MG (Kiʻi 10d), i hoʻomehana ʻia i 700 °C ma DSC.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 11 i nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu i hana ʻia i ka hana o kēia manawa. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana pauka aniani metala i hana ʻia ma hope o ka manawa MA o 50 h (e lawe ana iā Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke ʻano he laʻana) ma ke ʻano he mau mea maka antibacterial, a ua uhi ʻia ka papa kila kila (SUS304) e ka ʻenehana pīpī anu. Ua koho ʻia ke ʻano pīpī anu no ka uhi ʻana i ka moʻo ʻenehana pīpī wela no ka mea ʻo ia ke ʻano kūpono loa i ka moʻo pīpī wela a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea metastable metala e pili ana i ka mahana e like me nā pauka amorphous a me nanocrystalline, ʻaʻole i pili i nā hoʻololi pae. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui i ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻano. Hoʻokō ʻia ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi i ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka deformation plastic, ka ʻeha a me ka wela ma luna o ka hopena me ka substrate a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana i waiho mua ʻia.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi kula i ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu i hoʻohana ʻia no ʻelima mau hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka uhi MG/SUS 304 ma 550 °C.
ʻO ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana, a pēlā hoʻi ka momentum o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka uhi ʻana, pono e hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe ma o nā mīkini e like me ka deformation plastic (nā pilina mua o nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana-ʻāpana i loko o ka substrate a me nā pilina ʻāpana), nā voids Consolidation, ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā ʻāpana-ʻāpana, ke kaumaha a me ka wela hope loa 39. Eia kekahi, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia nā ikehu kinetic e hiki mai ana i ka wela a me ka ikehu kaumaha, ʻo ka hopena he collision elastic, ʻo ia hoʻi ke lele wale nei nā ʻāpana ma hope o ka hopena. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia he 90% o ka ikehu hopena i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mea ʻāpana/substrate i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wela kūloko 40. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻopili ʻia ke kaumaha hopena, loaʻa nā helu kaumaha plastic kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻāpana pili ʻāpana/substrate i kahi manawa pōkole loa 41,42.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka palakika i manaʻo ʻia he kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ikehu, a ʻoi aku paha, he kumu wela ma ka ʻāpana interfacial. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma ka ʻāpana interfacial e hana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka interfacial a i ʻole e hoʻolaha nui i ka interdiffusion atomic. ʻAʻohe puke i ʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau e noiʻi ana i ka hopena o nā waiwai o kēia mau pauka aniani metala ma ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pauka a me ka waiho ʻana e hana ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano pīpī anu.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka BFI o ka pauka hui MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke Kiʻi 12a, i uhi ʻia ma luna o ka substrate SUS 304 (Kiʻi 11, 12b). E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, mālama nā pauka i uhi ʻia i ko lākou ʻano amorphous mua no ka mea he ʻano labyrinth palupalu ko lākou me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona crystalline a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hemahema lattice. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ke kiʻi i ke alo o kahi pae extraneous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā nanoparticles i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka matrix pauka MG-coated (Kiʻi 12a). Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 12c i ke ʻano diffraction nanobeam indexed (NBDP) e pili ana me ka ʻāpana I (Kiʻi 12a). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 12c, hōʻike ʻo NBDP i kahi ʻano diffusion halo nāwaliwali o ke ʻano amorphous a noho pū me nā ʻāpana ʻoi e pili ana i ka crystalline cubic nui Zr2Ni metastable me ka tetragonal CuO phase. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o CuO i ka oxidation o ka pauka i ka wā e hele ana mai ka nozzle o ka pū pīpī i SUS 304 i loko o ka ea hāmama ma lalo o ke kahe supersonic. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokō ka devitrification o nā pauka aniani metala i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana cubic nui ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ke anu ma 550 °C no 30 min.
(a) Kiʻi FE-HRTEM o ka pauka MG i uhi ʻia ma luna o (b) substrate SUS 304 (inset o ke kiʻi). ʻO ka helu kuhikuhi NBDP o ka hōʻailona pōʻai i hōʻike ʻia ma (a) ua hōʻike ʻia ma (c).
No ka hōʻoia ʻana i kēia ʻano hana kūpono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā nanoparticles Zr2Ni cubic nui, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, ua pīpī ʻia nā pauka mai kahi pū pīpī ma 550 °C ma ke kuhikuhi o ka substrate SUS 304; akā naʻe, no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ka hopena annealing o nā pauka, ua wehe ʻia lākou mai ke kaha SUS304 i ka wikiwiki (ma kahi o 60 kekona). Ua hana ʻia kekahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua kahi i wehe ʻia ai ka pauka mai ka substrate ma kahi o 180 kekona ma hope o ka waiho ʻana.
Hōʻike nā Kiʻi 13a,b i nā kiʻi kahua pouli (DFI) i loaʻa ma o ka scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) o ʻelua mau mea i pīpī ʻia i waiho ʻia ma nā substrates SUS 304 no 60 s a me 180 s, kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻohe kikoʻī morphological o ke kiʻi pauka i waiho ʻia no 60 kekona, e hōʻike ana i ka featurelessness (Kiʻi 13a). Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia kēia e XRD, kahi i hōʻike ai he amorphous ke ʻano maʻamau o kēia mau pauka, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka diffraction maxima mua a me ka lua i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 14a. Hōʻike kēia i ka nele o ka metastable/mesophase precipitation, kahi e mālama ai ka pauka i kona ʻano amorphous mua. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike ka pauka i pīpī ʻia ma ka mahana like (550 °C), akā waiho ʻia ma ka substrate no 180 s, i ka ua ʻana o nā hua nano-sized, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā pua ma ke Kiʻi 13b.