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Biofilms waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah horumarinta caabuqyada dabadheeraad ah, gaar ahaan marka qalabka caafimaadka ay ku lug leeyihiin. Dhibaatadani waxay soo bandhigaysaa caqabad weyn oo ku wajahan bulshada caafimaadka, sida antibiyootigyada caadiga ah waxay ciribtiri karaan biofilms ilaa xad aad u xaddidan. soo baxay sida daahan antimicrobial ku habboon. Isla mar ahaantaana, isticmaalka tignoolajiyada buufin qabow ayaa kordhay maadaama ay tahay hab ku habboon habaynta qalabka heerkulka-xasaasiga ah.Qayb ka mid ah ujeedada daraasaddan waxay ahayd in la horumariyo a film cusub bakteeriyada bakteeriyada galaas macdan ah oo ka kooban ternary Cu-Zr-Ni isticmaalaya farsamooyinka alloying farsamo. Heerkulka. Substrates-ka lagu dahaadhay muraayadda biraha ah ayaa awooday inay si weyn u yareeyaan samaynta biofilm ugu yaraan 1 log marka la barbar dhigo birta aan fiicnayn.
Inta lagu jiro taariikhda bini'aadamka, bulsho kasta waxay awood u leedahay inay naqshadayso oo kor u qaaddo soo bandhigida qalabka cusub ee buuxinaya shuruudaheeda gaarka ah, taas oo keentay in la hagaajiyo waxqabadka iyo darajada dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah1. Waxaa had iyo jeer loo aaneeyaa awoodda aadanaha si ay u horumariyaan agabka iyo qalabka wax-soo-saarka iyo naqshadeynta agabka iyo sifeynta si loo gaaro guulo laga gaaray caafimaadka, waxbarashada, warshadaha, dhaqaalaha, dhaqanka iyo qaybaha kale ee dal ama gobol iyada oo aan loo eegin horumarka waddan ama gobol kale. 2 Muddo 60 sano ah, saynisyahannadu agabka ayaa waqtigooda u huray si ay diiradda u saaraan hal walaac oo weyn: raadinta sheeko cusub iyo qalab-goynta. Cilmi-baaristii ugu dambeysay waxay diiradda saartay hagaajinta tayada iyo waxqabadka alaabta hadda jirta, iyo sidoo kale isku-dhafka iyo ikhtiraacida dhammaan noocyada cusub ee qalabka.
Intaa waxaa dheer ee walxaha alloying, wax ka beddelka ee microstructure walxaha, iyo codsiga ee kuleyl, farsamo ama heerkulbeegyada farsamooyinka farsamaynta ayaa keentay in horumar la taaban karo ee farsamada, kiimikada iyo sifooyinka jireed ee kala duwan oo kala duwan. Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, dhibcood quantum, eber-cabbir ah, muraayadaha macdan amorphous, iyo Alloys-entropy sare waa uun tusaale ahaan qaar ka mid ah tusaalooyin ka mid ah qalabka horumarsan lagu soo bandhigay dunida tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Marka wax soo saarka iyo horumarinta Alloys cusub oo leh guryaha sare, ama in alaabta kama dambaysta ah ama off dhexdhexaadka ah ee natiijada ka mid ah inta badan waa natiijada ka mid ah marxaladaha wax soo saarka. Hirgelinta farsamooyin cusub oo wax-soo-saarid ah si si weyn looga leexiyo dheellitirka, waxaa la helay nooc cusub oo ah alloys metastable, oo loo yaqaanno muraayadaha macdan.
Shaqadiisa Caltech ee 1960-kii waxa uu keenay kacdoon fikradda biraha birta ah markii uu soo saaray muraayadda Au-25 at.% Si alloys by si degdeg ah u adkeynaya dareeraha ku dhawaad ​​hal milyan oo darajo halkii labaad. Daraasado horudhac ah oo ku saabsan isku-dhafka MG alloys, ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaan muraayadaha biraha ah ayaa la soo saaray gebi ahaanba iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid ka mid ah hababka soo socda; (i) Adkaynta degdega ah ee dhalaalka ama uumiga, (ii) atomiga khalkhal galinta shabagga, (iii) falcelinta amorphization adag ee ka dhexeeya curiyayaasha birta saafiga ah, iyo (iv) kala guurka adag ee marxaladaha metastable.
MGs waxaa lagu kala soocaa la'aanta nidaamka atomiga dheer ee la xidhiidha crystals, taas oo ah sifo qeexan ee crystals.In dunida maanta, horumar weyn ayaa laga sameeyey berrinkii galaas macdan.They yihiin qalab cusub oo leh guryaha xiiso leh oo xiiso leh ma aha oo kaliya in fiisigiska adag-state, laakiin sidoo kale in metallurgy, chemistry dusha, technology, bayoloji iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan oo ka mid ah noocyada kale ee biraha samaynta biraha cusub, taas oo ka dhigaysa waxyaabo kale oo badan. musharax xiiso leh codsiyada teknoolajiyada ee beeraha kala duwan. Waxay leeyihiin qaar ka mid ah guryaha muhiimka ah; (i) ductility farsamo sare iyo xoog dhalid, (ii) permeability magnetic sare, (iii) hooseeyo xoog, (iv) caabbinta daxalka aan caadi ahayn, (v) madax banaanida heerkulka conductivity ee 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 waa farsamo cusub oo cusub, markii ugu horeysay ee la soo bandhigay 19839 by Prof. CC Kock iyo asxaabtiisa. Waxay diyaariyeen amorphous Ni60Nb40 budo ah by shiidi isku dar ah walxo saafi ah heerkulka deegaanka aad ugu dhow heerkulka qolka. Sida caadiga ah, falcelinta MA waxaa lagu fuliyaa inta u dhaxaysa isku-xidhka kala firdhisan ee budada walxaha falcelinta ee reactor, sida caadiga ah laga sameeyay birta birta ah ee kubbadda 10 mills11,12,13,14,15, 16.Si gaar ah, habkan ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu diyaariyo nidaamyada immiscible sida Cu-Ta17, iyo sidoo kale Alloys dhibic dhalaalaysa sare sida nidaamyada birta Al-transition (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb iyo Ta) 18,19 iyo Fe-W20 , taas oo aan la heli karin iyadoo la isticmaalayo Fthermore ka mid ah dariiqooyinka awood badan. Qalabka loogu talagalay diyaarinta nanocrystalline-cabbirka warshadaha iyo qaybaha budada nanocomposite ee oxides birta, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, Iyo sidoo kale xasilinta ballaaran iyada oo loo marayo habka sare-hooska 1 iyo marxaladaha metastable.
Schematic muujinaya habka wax soo saarka ee loo isticmaalo in lagu diyaariyo Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) dhalada macdan (MG) daahan / SUS 304 ee daraasaddan. sanduuqa gacan-gashiga oo uu ka buuxsamay jawiga He.
Marka ay timaado in sagxadaha walxaha bulk (substrates), injineernimada dusha ku lug design iyo wax ka beddelka ee sagxadaha (substrates) si ay u bixiyaan qaar ka mid ah tayada jireed, kiimiko iyo farsamo aan ku jirin alaabta bulk asalka ah. Qaar ka mid ah guryaha in si wax ku ool ah loo hagaajin karaa by daaweynta dusha waxaa ka mid ah iska caabin abrasion, oxidation iyo iska caabin daxalka, coefficient of friction, bio-inertness, tayada tayada tayada hagaajin karo in facer ah. iyadoo la isticmaalayo farsamooyinka birta, farsamada ama kiimikada. Sida habka si fiican loo yaqaan, daahan ayaa si fudud loo qeexay sida hal ama dhowr lakab oo ah walxaha si macmal ah lagu shubay oogada shay badan (substrate) ka samaysan wax kale.Sidaas darteed, dahaarka waxaa loo isticmaalaa qayb ka mid ah si loo gaaro qaar ka mid ah guryaha la doonayo farsamo ama qurxinta guryaha, iyo sidoo kale si ay u ilaaliyaan alaabta laga filayo kiimikada iyo isdhexgalka jirka ee deegaanka ku xeeran23.
Si loo dhigo lakabyada ilaalinta dusha ku habboon ee dhumucdiisuna waxay u dhaxaysaa dhowr micrometers (ka hooseeya 10-20 micrometers) in ka badan 30 micrometers ama xitaa dhowr milimitir, habab iyo farsamooyin badan ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa. Guud ahaan, hababka daahan waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood: (i) hababka daahan qoyan, oo ay ku jiraan electroplating, dahaarka electroless, iyo kuleyl-kulul oo ay ku jiraan hababka brazii, hababka qalalan, dahaarka jirka, dahaarka qalalan, hababka qallalan ee qalalan, daahan. kaydinta uumiga (PVD), kaydinta uumiga kiimikada (CVD), farsamooyinka buufinta kulaylka iyo farsamooyinka buufinta qabow ee dhawaanahan 24 (Jaantus. 1d).
Biofilms waxaa lagu qeexaa sida bulshooyinka microbial kuwaas oo si aan leexleexad lahayn ugu xiran sagxadaha oo ay ku wareegsan yihiin is-soo saaray polymers extracellular (EPS). Staphylococci) way adag tahay in la daweeyo. Intaa waxaa dheer, biofilms baaluq ayaa lagu soo warramey in 1000-laab aad u adkeysi badan u leh daaweynta antibiyootiga marka la barbar dhigo unugyada bakteeriyada planktonic, taas oo loo tixgeliyo caqabad weyn oo daaweyn ah. Qalabka dusha sare ee antimicrobial oo ka soo jeeda xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee caadiga ah ayaa taariikh ahaan loo isticmaalay. Inkasta oo alaabta noocaas ah ay inta badan ku jiraan qaybaha sunta ah ee 2, waxay ka fogaanayaan bakteeriyada 2 ee suurtogalka ah ee suurtogalka ah. wax burburin.
Iska caabbinta baahsan ee bakteeriyada daaweynta antibiyootiga sababtoo ah samaynta biofilm waxay keentay baahida loo qabo in la horumariyo dusha sare ee xuubka-dahaarka antimicrobial kaas oo si ammaan ah loo dabaqi karo Waxaa loo baahan yahay, in aadka u urursan iyo xaddi go'an. Tani waxaa lagu gaaraa by horumarinta alaabta daahan gaar ah sida graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 iyo ZnO-doped dheeman-sida daahan kaarboon30 kuwaas oo u adkaysta bakteeriyada, technology ah in maximizes Sunta iyo horumarinta iska caabinta ay sabab u tahay biofilm samaynta si weyn loo dhimay. Wasakhowga bakteeriyada ayaa noqonaysa mid caan ah. In kasta oo dhammaan saddexda hab-raac ay awood u leeyihiin inay soo saaraan saamaynta antimicrobial ee dusha dahaarka ah, mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay xaddidaad u gaar ah oo ay tahay in la tixgeliyo marka la samaynayo xeeladaha codsiga.
Alaabooyinka hadda jira ee suuqa ayaa caqabad ku ah wakhti ku filan oo lagu falanqeeyo oo lagu tijaabiyo dahaarka ilaalinta maaddooyinka noolaha firfircoon.Shirkaduhu waxay sheeganayaan in alaabtoodu ay siin doonaan dadka isticmaala dhinacyo la jecel yahay; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay caqabad ku noqotay guusha badeecadaha hadda suuqa ku jira. Isku-dhafka laga helo lacagta ayaa loo isticmaalaa inta badan daaweynta antimicrobial ee hadda la heli karo macaamiisha. Alaabooyinkan waxaa loo horumariyay si ay u ilaaliyaan dadka isticmaala saamaynta khatarta ah ee bakteeriyada. gudaha iyo dibadda ayaa weli caddaynaya inay tahay hawl culus Waxay tan ku samayn karaan iyagoo joojinaya ku dheggan bakteeriyada bilawga ah (oo ay ku jirto ka hortagga samaynta lakabka borotiinka ee dusha sare) ama inay dilaan bakteeriyada iyagoo farageliya derbiga unugyada.
Asal ahaan, daahan dusha sare waa habka lagu dhejiyo lakabka kale ee dusha sare ee qayb si kor loogu qaado tayada dusha sare ee la xidhiidha Hadafka dusha sare waa in lagu hagaajiyo qaab-dhismeedka microstructure iyo / ama ka kooban ee gobolka u dhow ee qaybta. dahaarka.
(a) Inset muujinaya farsamooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee loo isticmaalo dusha sare, iyo (b) faa'iidooyinka iyo khasaaraha la doortay ee farsamada buufin qabow.
Tiknoolajiyada buufinta qabow waxay wadaagaan waxyaabo badan oo la mid ah hababka buufinta kulaylka caadiga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jira qaar ka mid ah guryaha aasaasiga ah ee muhiimka ah ee ka dhigaya habka buufinta qabowga iyo qalabka buufinta qabowga gaar ahaan u gaarka ah. si ay u shubo gal substrate.Obviously, this habka daahan dhaqameed kuma haboona qalabka aad u heerkulka-xasaasi ah sida nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous iyo muraayadaha macdan40, 41, 42.Furthermore, qalabka daahan kulaylka ah mar walba soo bandhigaan heerar sare oo porosity iyo oxides. Cold qabow technology ayaa faa'iidooyin badan oo muhiim ah in ka badan technology buufiyo substrate sida ka badan. (ii) dabacsanaan ee doorashooyinka daahan substrate, (iii) maqnaanshaha isbedelka wajiga iyo koritaanka hadhuudh , (iv) xoogga bond sare1,39 (Jaantus. 2b) .Intaa waxaa dheer, alaabta daahan daahan qabow buufin waxay leeyihiin iska caabin ah daxalka sare, xoog sare iyo adkaanta, conductivity sare ee korantada iyo cufnaanta sare41.Contrary in faa'iidooyinka habka buufin qabow qabow, weli waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah oo lagu muujiyay in ay faa'iido la'aanta ah farsamada 2. budada sida Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, iwm, habka buufin qabow lama isticmaali karo. Dhanka kale, dhoobada / biraha isku dhafan ee budada ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sida alaabta ceeriin ee lakabyada. Isla sidaas oo kale hababka buufinta kulaylka kale
Marka la eego in shaqada hadda la doonayo in loo isticmaalo budo galaas macdan ah sida alaabta daahan cayriin, waxaa cad in buufinta kulaylka caadiga ah aan loo isticmaali karin ujeedada this.Tani waa sababta oo ah budo galaas macdan crystallize at heerkul sare1.
Inta badan qalabka loo isticmaalo warshadaha caafimaadka iyo cuntada ayaa ka samaysan austenitic birta birta ah (SUS316 iyo SUS304) oo leh maadada chromium ee u dhaxaysa 12 iyo 20 wt% ee wax soo saarka qalabka qalliinka. Waxaa guud ahaan la aqbalay in isticmaalka birta chromium sida element alloying in Alloys birta si weyn u hagaajin kartaa caabbinta birta daxalka caadiga ah. caabbinta, ha soo bandhigin hantida antimicrobial ee muhiimka ah38,39. Tani waxay ka soo horjeedaa caabbinta sare ee daxalka si dadban u saameeya caafimaadka aadanaha.
Daraasadani waa wejiga koowaad ee mashruuca ay maalgeliso Kuwait Foundation ee Horumarinta Sayniska (KFAS), Qandaraaska No. 2010-550401, si loo baaro suurtagalnimada soo saarista budada ternary ee cu-Zr-Ni ee macdan ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada MA (Shaxda 1) ee soo saarista filimka bakteeriyada / SUS304 ee wajiga labaad ee ilaalinta dusha sare ee January, 2 ee mashruuca ilaalinta dusha sare ee January 2. sifooyinka daxalka electrochemical iyo sifooyinka farsamo ee nidaamka si faahfaahsan.Tijaabooyin microbiological faahfaahsan oo la samayn doonaa ee noocyada kala duwan ee bakteeriyada.
In warqad this, saamaynta Zr alloying content element on awoodda samaynta galaas (GFA) ayaa lagaga hadlay ku salaysan morphological iyo sifooyinka qaab-dhismeedka.In dheer, sifooyinka bakteeriyada ee daahan budada galaas macdan ah dahaarka ah / SUS304 composite ayaa sidoo kale ka wada hadlay. Intaa waxaa dheer, shaqada hadda ayaa la fuliyay si loo baaro suurtagalnimada isbedelka qaab dhismeedka budo galaas macdan ah oo ku dhex jira nidaamka biraha subcool ee dareere ah ee gobolka. Tusaalooyinka wakiillada ah, Cu50Zr30Ni20 iyo Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloys galaas macdan ah ayaa loo adeegsaday daraasaddan.
Qaybtan, isbeddellada morphological ee curiyaha Cu, Zr iyo Ni budada tamarta hoose ee kubbadda tamarta yar ayaa la soo bandhigay.Sida tusaale ahaan tusaalayaal, laba nidaam oo kala duwan oo ka kooban Cu50Zr20Ni30 iyo Cu50Zr40Ni10 ayaa loo isticmaali doonaa tusaaleyaal wakiil ah. Habka MA waxaa loo qaybin karaa saddex marxaladood oo kala duwan, sida lagu muujiyay muujinta metallographic ee marxaladda budada la soo saaray.
Tilmaamaha Metallographic ee budada farsamada (MA) ee la helay ka dib marxalado kala duwan oo kubbadda kubbadda wakhtiga. Field emission scanning microscopy elektarooniga ah (FE-SEM) sawirada MA iyo Cu50Zr40Ni10 ee budada ah ee la helay ka dib markii tamarta hoose ee kubada tamarta ee 3, 12 iyo 50 h ayaa lagu muujiyay (a), (c) iyo (e) ee 20Niss ee isku midka ah ee suunka Cor30 Nidaamka Cu50Zr40Ni10 ee la qaaday waqti ka dib ayaa lagu muujiyay (b), (d) iyo (f).
Inta lagu jiro kubbadda kubbadda, tamarta kinetic ee waxtarka leh ee loo wareejin karo budada birta ah waxaa saameeya isku-dhafka xuduudaha, sida ku cad sawirka 1a. Tani waxaa ka mid ah isku dhacyada u dhexeeya kubbadaha iyo budada, xiirid cadaadis ah oo budada ah oo ku xayiran inta u dhaxaysa ama inta u dhaxaysa warbaahinta shiida, saamaynta kubbadaha dhacaya, dhogorta iyo xirashada sababtoo ah jiidista budada u dhaxaysa dhaqdhaqaaqa kubbadda milling media, iyo mawjada shoogga ee ku dhex jirta Culayska Dhirta 1). Zr, iyo budada Ni ayaa si aad ah u xumaaday sababtoo ah alxanka qabow ee marxaladda hore ee MA (3 h), taasoo keentay qaybo budo ah oo waaweyn (> 1 mm dhexroor) . ee milixda kubbadda, taasoo keentay kala-goynta budada isku-dhafka ah ee budada yaryar (in ka yar 200 µm), sida ku cad sawirka 3c, d. Marxaladdan, xoogga dhogorta ee la dabaqay waxay keenaysaa samaynta bir cusub oo cusub oo leh Cu, Zr, Nini lakabyo, sida ku cad sawirka 3c, d. As-ka-soo-baxa natiijada fal-celinta lakabka adag ee natiijada lakabka waji cusub.
Marka ugu sarraysa ee habka MA (ka dib 50 h), metallografi-ga jilicsan ayaa kaliya si liidata loo arki karo (Sawir 3e, f), laakiin dusha sare ee budada ayaa muujisay metallography muraayadda. Taas macnaheedu waa in geeddi-socodka MA la dhammeeyey iyo abuurista hal mar oo falcelin ah ayaa dhacay. Halabuurka aasaasiga ah ee gobollada lagu tilmaamay sawirka 3e (I, II, e) waxaa lagu go'aamiyay sawirka 3e (I, II, V) ). microscopy (FE-SEM) oo ay weheliso tamarta kala firdhisa raajada spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Shaxda 2, qaybaha aasaasiga ah ee walxaha alloying waxaa lagu muujiyey sida boqolkiiba wadarta miisaanka guud ee gobol kasta oo lagu doortay sawirka 3e,f. Marka la barbar dhigo natiijooyinkan la bilaabay curinta magac ee Cu50Zr20Ni30 iyo Cu50Zr40Ni10 ee ku taxan Shaxda 1, waxaa la arki karaa in halabuurka labadan qaybood ee ugu dambeeya aysan lahayn wax qiimo ah oo la mid ah. qiyamka gobollada ku taxan Jaantuska 3e,f ma tilmaamayaan hoos u dhac weyn ama isbedbedel ku yimaada qayb ka mid ah muunad kasta oo ka mid ah gobol ilaa gobol kale
FE-SEM micrographs ee badeecada ugu dambeysa ee Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) budada ayaa la helay ka dib 50 MA jeer, sida lagu muujiyay sawirka 4a-d, halkaas oo x waa 10, 20, 30 iyo 40 at.%, siday u kala horreeyaan. qaybo leh dhexroor u dhexeeya 73 ilaa 126 nm, sida ku cad sawirka 4.
Tilmaamaha morphological ee cu50 (Zr50-xNix) budada la helay ka dib MA wakhtiga 50 h. Wixii Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 nidaamyada, sawirada FE-SEM ee budada la helay ka dib 50 MA), (b) iyo (b).
Ka hor inta loading budada galay feeder buufin qabow, waxay marka hore sonicated ee fasalka falanqaynta ethanol ee 15 daqiiqo ka dibna la qalajiyey at 150 ° C saacadaha 2. Tallaabadan waa in la qaado si guul leh loola dagaallamo agglomeration oo inta badan sababa dhibaatooyin badan oo muhiim ah oo dhan geeddi-socodka daahan.Ka dib markii geedi socodka MA la dhammeeyey, sifooyin dheeraad ah ayaa la fuliyay si ay u baaraan isku midka ah ee budada alloy-SE5. iyo sawirada EDS ee u dhigma ee Cu, Zr iyo Ni walxaha alloying ee Cu50Zr30Ni20 ee la helay ka dib 50 h ee wakhtiga M, siday u kala horreeyaan. Waa in la ogaadaa in budada daawaha ah ee la soo saaro ka dib tallaabadan ay yihiin kuwo isku mid ah maadaama aysan muujin wax isbeddel ah oo ka baxsan heerka nanometer-hoosaadka, sida ku cad sawirka 5.
Morphology iyo qaybinta aasaasiga ah ee degaanka ee budada MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 oo la helay ka dib 50 MA jeer by FE-SEM / tamarta kala firdhiya X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .
Qaababka XRD ee makaanikada ah ee daawaynta Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 iyo Cu50Zr20Ni30 budada la helay ka dib MA wakhtiga 50 h ayaa lagu muujiyey sawirka 6a-d, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sawirka 6.
Qaababka XRD ee (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 iyo (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 budada ka dib MA wakhtiga 50 h. Dhammaan shaybaarrada iyada oo aan laga reebin waxay muujiyeen halo fidis ah, oo tilmaamaya samaynta marxaladda amorphous.
FE-HRTEM ee hawada sare ee gudbinta elektaroonigga ah (FE-HRTEM) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu eego isbeddellada qaabdhismeedka iyo fahamka qaabdhismeedka maxalliga ah ee budada ee ka dhasha kubbadda kubbadda waqtiyada kala duwan ee MA. 7a,c, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sida laga soo xigtay sawirka bannaanka dhalaalaya (BFI) ee budada la soo saaray ka dib MA, 6 h, budada waxay ka kooban tahay miro waaweyn oo leh xuduudo si fiican loo qeexay oo ka mid ah walxaha fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr iyo fcc-Ni, mana jirto calaamad muujinaysa in marxaladda falcelinta ay samaysay, sida lagu muujiyay sawirka 7a, Fraffra ayaa laga soo doortay qaabka sawirka 7a. gobolka dhexe ee (a) ayaa daaha ka qaaday qaabka kala qaybsanaanta cusp (Jaantus. 7b), taasoo muujinaysa joogitaanka crystallites waaweyn iyo maqnaanshaha weji falcelineed.
Tilmaamaha qaab dhismeedka maxaliga ah ee budada MA ee la helay ka dib markii hore (6 h) iyo dhexdhexaad (18 h) marxaladaha. waxaa lagu muujiyay (c).
Sida ku cad sawirka 7c, kordhinta muddada MA ilaa 18 h waxay keentay cillado aad u daran oo ay weheliso qallafsanaan caag ah. Inta lagu jiro marxaladan dhexdhexaadka ah ee habka MA, budada waxay soo bandhigaysaa cillado kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan cilladaha dhejiska, cilladaha cirifka, iyo cilladaha dhibcaha (Jaantus 7) .
Qaab dhismeedka gudaha ee Cu50Z30Ni20 budada lagu shiiday 36 h MA waxay leedahay samaynta nanograins ultrafine oo ku dhex jira matrix ganaax ah oo amorphous ah, sida ku cad sawirka 8a. Falanqaynta EDS ee maxaliga ah ayaa muujisay in nanoclusters-yada lagu muujiyay sawirka 8a ay la xidhiidhaan Cu, Zr iyo Niil cufnaanta cufnaanta wakhtiga isku midka ah. ~ 32 at.% (aagga caatada ah) ilaa ~ 74 at.% (goob qani ah), taas oo muujinaysa samaynta alaabooyinka kala duwan. Intaa waxaa dheer, SADPs u dhiganta ee budada la helay ka dib markii la shiiday marxaladdan waxay muujinaysaa halo-fidinta siddo hoose iyo sare ee marxaladda amorphous, oo isku dhafan oo leh dhibco fiiqan oo la xidhiidha walxaha alloying ceeriin, sida lagu muujiyey sawirka 8.
Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 budada nanoscale sifooyinka qaab-dhismeedka maxalliga ah.(a) Bright field image (BFI) iyo u dhiganta (b) SADP of Cu50Zr30Ni20 budada la helay ka dib markii wax lagu shiido 36 h MA waqtiga.
Ku dhow dhammaadka habka MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 iyo 40 at.% budada had iyo jeer waxay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka labyrinthine amorphous morphology sida lagu muujiyay sawirka 9a-d qaababka fidinta halo ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay caddayn ahaan horumarinta wejiyada amorphous ee alaabta ugu dambeysa.
Qaab dhismeedka maxalliga ah ee sheyga kama dambaysta ah ee nidaamka MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM iyo isku xidhka nanobeam diffraction qaababka (NBDP) ee (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 iyo (d) 050Zr ka dib MA
Xasiloonida kulaylka heerkulka kala-guurka dhalada (Tg), gobolka dareeraha subcooled (ΔTx) iyo heerkulka crystallization (Tx) sida function of Ni content (x) ee nidaamka amorphous Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) nidaamka ayaa la baaray iyadoo la isticmaalayo iskaanka kala duwan ee Calorimetry (DSC) ee guryaha hoostiisa socodka gaaska. Cu50Zr10Ni40 budada amorphous amorphous ee la helay ka dib MA wakhtiga 50 h ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 10a, b, e, siday u kala horreeyaan. Halka qalooca DSC ee amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 si gaar ah loogu muujiyay sawirka 10d
Deganaanshaha kulaylka ee Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) budada MG ee la helay ka dib wakhtiga MA ee 50 h, sida lagu qeexay heerkulka kala-guurka dhalada (Tg), heerkulka kristallization (Tx), iyo gobolka dareeraha subcooled (ΔTx) . Cu50Zr20Ni30 iyo (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG Alloy budada ka dib MA wakhtiga 50 h. Qaabka X-ray diffraction (XRD) ee muunad Cu50Zr30Ni20 kululaynta ~ 700 °C ee DSC ayaa lagu muujiyey (d).
Sida ku cad Jaantuska 10, qalooca DSC ee dhammaan curiyeyaasha leh kala duwanaanshaha Ni ee kala duwan (x) waxay muujinayaan laba xaaladood oo kala duwan, mid ka mid ah endothermic iyo kan kale ee exothermic. Dhacdada ugu horreysa ee endothermic waxay u dhigantaa Tg, halka tan labaadna ay la xiriirto Tx. Gobolka siman ee u dhexeeya Tg iyo Tx waxaa loo yaqaannaa gobolka dareeraha subcooled (ΔTx = Tx Tx ee Txg). Cu50Zr40Ni10 muunadda (Sawir 10a), oo lagu dhejiyay 526 ° C iyo 612 ° C, u beddel nuxurka (x) ilaa 20 at.% dhinaca heerkulka hooseeya ee 482 ° C iyo 563 ° C oo leh kordhinta Ni content (x), siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ku cad Jaantus 10b. Sidaas awgeed, 5 Δ0C 0 Δ10C. (Sawir 10a) ilaa 81 ° C ee Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Sawir 10b) . Wixii MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, waxa kale oo la arkay in qiyamka Tg, Tx iyo ΔTx ay hoos u dhaceen heerka 447 ° C, 526 ° C iyo 79 ° C waxay muujinaysaa in hoos u dhac ku content. xasiloonida kulaylka ee MG alloy. Taas bedelkeeda, qiimaha Tg (507 ° C) ee MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy wuxuu ka hooseeyaa kan MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Tx-keedu wuxuu muujinayaa qiimo la mid ah kii hore (612 ° C) .Sidaas darteed, ΔTx waxay muujinaysaa qiimo sare (87 ° C), sida ku cad sawirka 10c.
Nidaamka MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), qaadashada MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy sida tusaale ahaan, crystallizes iyada oo loo marayo ugu sarreysa sare ee exothermic galay wejiyada crystal of fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 iyo orthorhombic-ZrNi (Jaantus. (Jaantus. 10d), kaas oo lagu kululeeyay 700 °C gudaha DSC.
Jaantuska 11 wuxuu muujinayaa sawirro laga qaaday habka buufinta qabowga ee lagu sameeyay shaqada hadda jirta. Daraasaddan, walxaha budada ah ee muraayadda u eg ayaa la sameeyay ka dib wakhtiga MA ee 50 h (qaadashada Cu50Zr20Ni30 tusaale ahaan) ayaa loo isticmaalay sida walxaha cayriin ee bakteeriyada, iyo saxanka birta ah (SUS304) waxaa lagu dahaadhay tignoolajiyada buufinta qabowga ah. taxanaha buufin kulaylka iyo waxaa loo isticmaali karaa biraha metastable heerkulka xasaasiga ah sida budada amorphous iyo nanocrystalline, kuwaas oo aan hoos iman marxalad kala guurka
Sawirada goobta ayaa muujinaya habka buufinta qabow ee loo isticmaalo shan diyaarinta isku xigta ee daahan MG/SUS 304 at 550 °C.
Tamarta kinetic ee qayb ka mid ah, oo sidaas darted ee qayb kasta oo ka mid ah samaynta daahan, waa in loo beddelaa qaabab kale oo tamar iyada oo loo marayo hababka sida qallafsanaanta caaga ah (isdhexgalka qayb hore iyo qayb-particle isdhexgalka ee substrate iyo qayb ka mid ah), madhan Isku-darka, qayb-qayb-wareeg, cadaadis iyo ugu dambeyntii kulaylka 39. Intaa waxaa dheer, tamarta galay tamarta 39. Dheeraad ah, haddii kale oo dhan kuleylku waa tamar. natiijadu waa isku dhac laastikada ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in qaybaha si fudud dib ugu soo noqdaan ka dib markii ay saameyn ku yeesheen. Waxaa la tilmaamay in 90% tamarta saameynta lagu dabaqo walxaha / substrate-ka waxaa loo beddelaa kulaylka maxalliga ah
Qallafsanaanta caaga ah ayaa guud ahaan loo tixgeliyaa habka tamarta tamarta, ama si gaar ah, ilaha kulaylka ee gobolka interfacial. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, korodhka heerkulka ee gobolka interfacial caadi ahaan kuma filna si loo soo saaro dhalaalidda interfacial ama si weyn kor loogu qaado interdiffusion atomic.
BFI ee MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 budada alloy waxaa lagu arki karaa sawirka 12a, kaas oo lagu daboolay substrate SUS 304 (Sawir 11, 12b) .Sida laga arki karo shaxanka, budada dahaarka leh waxay ilaalinayaan qaab-dhismeedka asalka ah ee asalka ah maadaama ay leeyihiin labyrinth jilicsan oo jilicsan oo aan lahayn wax muuqaal ah oo muuqaal ah oo muuqaal ah ama qaab-dhismeedka gacanta. Marxaladda ka baxsan, sida ay soo jeedinayaan nanoparticles oo lagu daray matrix budada MG-dahaarka leh (Sawir 12a) Sawirka 12c wuxuu muujinayaa qaabka nanobeam diffraction hannaanka (NBDP) ee la xidhiidha gobolka I (Jaantus 12a) . crystalline waaweyn cubic Zr2Ni metastable oo lagu daray tetragonal CuO phase.The formation of CuO laga yaabaa in loo aaneeyey oksidation ee budada marka safraya ka biibiile ee qori buufinta in SUS 304 ee hawada furan hoos socodka supersonic.On dhanka kale, devitrification ee budo galaas macdan ah ayaa lagu gaaray samaynta ka dib markii 0 daawaynta cubic min 5.
(a) Sawirka FE-HRTEM ee budada MG ee lagu dahaadhay (b) SUS 304 substrate (ku dhejinta shaxanka) index NBDP ee calaamadda wareegtada ee lagu muujiyay (a) ayaa lagu muujiyay (c).
Si loo xaqiijiyo habkan suurtogalka ah ee samaynta cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, tijaabo madaxbannaan ayaa la sameeyay. Tijaabadan, budada ayaa lagu buufiyay qori buufin ah 550 ° C jihada SUS 304 substrate; si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo caddeeyo saameynta budada ee budada, waxaa laga saaray SUS304 sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah (qiyaastii 60).
Jaantusyada 13a,b waxay muujinayaan sawirada madow ee mugdiga ah (DFI) ee la helay iyada oo la adeegsanayo iskaanka gudbinta microscopy elektarooniga ah (STEM) ee laba qalab oo la buufiyay oo lagu shubay SUS 304 substrates ee 60 s iyo 180 s, siday u kala horreeyaan. amorphous, sida lagu muujiyay farqiga aasaasiga ah iyo sare ee ballaaran ee lagu muujiyay Jaantus 14a. Kuwani waxay muujinayaan maqnaanshaha roobabka metastable / mesophase, halkaas oo budada ay hayso qaab dhismeedka asalka ah ee asalka ah Sawirka 13b.