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He wāhanga nui ngā kiriata koiora i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā mate pūmau, inā koa ka uru mai ngā taputapu hauora. He wero nui tēnei ki te hapori hauora, nā te mea ka taea e ngā paturopi paerewa te whakakore i ngā kiriata koiora ki tētahi taumata iti noa iho. Nā te aukati i te hanganga kiriata koiora kua hua ake te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga paninga me ngā rauemi hou. Ko te whāinga o ēnei tikanga he pani i ngā mata i roto i tētahi huarahi e aukati ana i te hanganga kiriata koiora. Ko ngā koranu karāhe whakarewa, inā koa ko ērā kei roto ko te parahi me te titanium, kua puta hei paninga antimicrobial pai rawa atu. I taua wā anō, kua piki ake te whakamahinga o te hangarau rehu makariri nā te mea he tikanga tika mō te tukatuka i ngā rauemi tairongo-mahana. Ko tētahi wāhanga o te kaupapa o tēnei rangahau ko te whakawhanake i tētahi kiriata karāhe whakarewa antibacterial hou i hangaia mai i te Cu-Zr-Ni tuatoru mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakakoi miihini. Ko te paura porowhita e hanga ana i te hua whakamutunga ka whakamahia hei rauemi mata mō te paninga rehu makariri o ngā mata kowiri tira i ngā pāmahana iti. Ko ngā papa i pania ki te karāhe whakarewa i taea te whakaiti nui i te hanganga kiriata koiora mā te iti rawa 1 porotaka ki te whakataurite ki te kowiri tira.
I roto i te hītori o te tangata, kua taea e tētahi hapori te hoahoa me te whakatairanga i te whakaurunga o ngā rauemi hou e tutuki ana i ōna whakaritenga motuhake, ā, kua hua ake he pai ake te mahi me te tūnga i roto i te ōhanga ao whānui1. Kua kīia tonutia ko te kaha o te tangata ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi me ngā taputapu hanga me ngā hoahoa mō te hanga rauemi me te whakaahuatanga kia eke ki ngā painga i roto i te hauora, te mātauranga, te ahumahi, te ōhanga, te ahurea me ētahi atu mara mai i tētahi whenua, rohe rānei ki tētahi atu. Ka inehia te ahunga whakamua ahakoa te whenua, te rohe rānei.2 Mō ngā tau 60, kua whakatapua e ngā kaipūtaiao rauemi te nuinga o ō rātou wā ki te arotahi ki tētahi āwangawanga nui: te whai i ngā rauemi hou me te matatau. Kua arotahi ngā rangahau tata nei ki te whakapai ake i te kounga me te mahi o ngā rauemi o nāianei, tae atu ki te hanga me te tito i ngā momo rauemi hou katoa.
Nā te tāpiritanga o ngā huānga whakarewa, te whakarerekētanga o te hanganga moroiti o te rauemi, me te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga tukatuka wera, miihini, wera-mīhini rānei, kua hua ake he whakapainga nui ki ngā āhuatanga miihini, matū me te tinana o ngā momo rauemi rerekē. Haunga tēnā, kua angitu te hanga o ngā matū kāore anō kia rangona i tēnei wā. Nā ēnei mahi tonu kua puta he whānau hou o ngā rauemi auaha, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā Rauemi Matatau2. Ko ngā Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, ira quantum, karāhe konganuku kore-ahu, kore-āhua, me ngā konanuku entropy teitei he tauira noa iho o ngā rauemi matatau i whakaurua mai ki te ao mai i waenganui o te rautau kua hipa. I te wā e hanga ana, e whakawhanake ana hoki i ngā konanuku hou me ngā āhuatanga pai ake, i te hua whakamutunga, i ngā wāhanga waenga rānei o tana whakaputanga, ka tāpirihia te raruraru o te kore-taurite. Nā te whakatinanatanga o ngā tikanga hanga hou hei wehe ke atu i te taurite, kua kitea he akomanga hou o ngā konanuku metastable, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā karāhe konganuku.
Nā tana mahi i Caltech i te tau 1960 i puta ai he hurihanga i roto i te ariā o ngā konukōre whakarewa i tana hanga i ngā konukōre Au-25 karāhe i te.% Si mā te whakatōtika tere i ngā wai tata ki te miriona nekehanga ia hekona. 4. Ko te kitenga a Ahorangi Pol Duwezs ehara i te mea i tohu noa i te tīmatanga o te hītori o ngā karāhe whakarewa (MG), engari i ārahi hoki ki tētahi panonitanga tauira i roto i te whakaaro o te tangata mō ngā konukōre whakarewa. Mai i ngā rangahau tuatahi i roto i te hanga o ngā konukōre MG, tata ki ngā karāhe whakarewa katoa kua hangaia mā te whakamahi i tētahi o ngā tikanga e whai ake nei; (i) te whakatōtika tere o te rewa, te mamaoa rānei, (ii) te whakararuraru ngota o te whatunga, (iii) ngā tauhohenga whakarērea totoka i waenga i ngā huānga whakarewa parakore, me (iv) ngā whakawhiti totoka o ngā āhua pūmau.
He rerekē ngā MG nā te korenga o te raupapa ngota roa e pā ana ki ngā tioata, he āhuatanga motuhake tēnei o ngā tioata. I tēnei ao, he nui te ahunga whakamua kua puta i roto i te mara o te karāhe whakarewa. He rauemi hou ēnei me ngā āhuatanga whakamere e pārekareka ana ki te ahupūngao totoka, engari ki te whakarewa, te matū mata, te hangarau, te koiora me te maha atu o ngā mara. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o tēnei momo rauemi hou mai i ngā konganuku totoka, e waiho ana hei kaitono whakamere mō ngā tono hangarau i roto i ngā momo mara. He āhuatanga nui ō rātou; (i) te ngāwari o te miihini me te kaha tuku, (ii) te urunga aukume teitei, (iii) te iti o te kaha whakakorikori, (iv) te ātete waikura rerekē, (v) te motuhake o te pāmahana Ko te kawe o te 6,7.
He tikanga hou te whakakoi ā-ringa (MA)1,8, i whakaurua tuatahitia i te tau 19839 e Ahorangi CC Kock mā rātou ko ōna hoa mahi. I whakaritea e rātou he paura Ni60Nb40 kore-āhua mā te huri i te ranunga o ngā huānga parakore i ngā pāmahana taiao e tata ana ki te pāmahana rūma. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia te tauhohenga MA i waenga i te hononga horapa o ngā paura rauemi tauhohe i roto i te tauhohenga, he mea hanga ki te maitai kore waikura ki roto i te mira pōro 10 (Pikitia 1a, b). Mai i taua wā, kua whakamahia tēnei tikanga tauhohenga āhua-totoka i whakaohohia e te miihini hei whakarite i ngā paura koranu karāhe amorphous/konganuku hou mā te whakamahi i ngā mira pōro iti (Pikitia 1c) me te kaha teitei, me ngā mira tokotoko 11,12,13,14,15, 16. Ina koa, kua whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei whakarite i ngā pūnaha kore e taea te whakaranu pērā i te Cu-Ta17, me ngā koranu ira rewa teitei pērā i ngā pūnaha konganuku whakawhiti-Al (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb me Ta) 18,19 me te Fe-W20, kāore e taea te whiwhi mā te whakamahi i ngā huarahi whakarite tikanga. Hei tāpiri, e kiia ana ko te MA tētahi o ngā taputapu nanotechnology tino kaha mō te whakarite i ngā matūriki paura nanocrystalline me te nanocomposite tauine ahumahi o ngā waikura konganuku, ngā carbide, ngā nitrides, ngā hydrides, ngā nanotubes waro, ngā nanotaimana, tae atu ki te pumau whānui mā te huarahi mai i runga ki raro 1 me ngā wāhanga pumau.
He kauwhata e whakaatu ana i te tikanga hanga i whakamahia hei whakarite i te paninga karāhe whakarewa (MG) Cu50(Zr50−xNix)/SUS 304 i roto i tēnei rangahau.(a) Te whakarite i ngā paura koranu MG me ngā kukū Ni rerekē x (x; 10, 20, 30 me te 40 at.%) mā te whakamahi i te tikanga mira pōro iti-pūngao.(a) Ka utaina te rauemi tīmatanga ki roto i te rango taputapu me ngā pōro maitai taputapu, ā, (b) ka hiritia ki roto i te pouaka karapu kua whakakiia ki te hau He.(c) He tauira mārama o te oko huri e whakaatu ana i te nekehanga pōro i te wā e huri ana. Ko te hua whakamutunga o te paura i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 hāora i whakamahia hei paninga i te papa SUS 304 mā te whakamahi i te tikanga rehu makariri (d).
Mō ngā mata rauemi papatipu (papa), ko te hangarau mata e uru ana ki te hoahoa me te whakarerekē i ngā mata (papa) hei whakarato i ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū me ā-hangarau kāore i roto i te rauemi papatipu taketake. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ka taea te whakapai ake mā te maimoatanga mata ko te ātete ki te pakū, te ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, te tauwehenga o te waku, te kore-koiora, ngā āhuatanga hiko, me te whakamahana wera, hei tauira noa iho. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mata mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakarewa, ā-mīhini, ā-matū rānei. Hei tukanga rongonui, ko te paninga he paparanga kotahi, maha rānei o te rauemi kua whakatakotoria ki runga i te mata o tētahi mea papatipu (papa) i hangaia mai i tētahi atu rauemi. Nō reira, ka whakamahia ngā paninga hei whakatutuki i ētahi āhuatanga hangarau, whakapaipai rānei e hiahiatia ana, me te tiaki i ngā rauemi mai i ngā taunekeneke matū me ā-tinana e tumanakohia ana ki te taiao e karapoti ana23.
Hei whakatakoto i ngā paparanga tiaki mata e tika ana me ngā matotoru mai i te torutoru maikiromita (i raro i te 10-20 maikiromita) ki te neke atu i te 30 maikiromita, tae atu ki te torutoru mirimita, he maha ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga ka taea te whakamahi. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tukanga paninga ki ngā wāhanga e rua: (i) ngā tikanga paninga mākū, tae atu ki te whakakikorua hiko, te whakakikorua kore hiko, me ngā tikanga whakapūmau wera-tuku, me (ii) ngā tikanga paninga maroke, tae atu ki te whakapūmau, te mata, te whakatakotoranga kohu ā-tinana (PVD), te whakatakotoranga kohu matū (CVD), ngā tikanga rehu wera me ngā tikanga rehu makariri 24 i ēnei wā tata nei (Pikitia 1d).
Ko ngā kiriata koiora he hapori moroiti e piri tonu ana ki ngā mata, ā, e karapotia ana e ngā pūhui pūtau waho-pūtau (EPS) i hangaia e rātou anō. Ka taea e te hanganga kiriata koiora pakari te arahi ki ngā mate nui i roto i ngā rāngai ahumahi maha, tae atu ki te umanga kai, ngā pūnaha wai, me ngā taiao hauora. I roto i te tangata, ina hangaia ngā kiriata koiora, neke atu i te 80% o ngā mate moroiti (tae atu ki te Enterobacteriaceae me te Staphylococci) he uaua ki te rongoā. I tua atu, kua pūrongohia ko ngā kiriata koiora pakeke he 1000-ngā wā te ātete ki te maimoatanga paturopi ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūtau huakita planktonic, e kiia ana he wero nui ki te rongoā. Kua whakamahia ngā rauemi paninga mata paturopi i ahu mai i ngā matū waro tikanga. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā kei roto i aua rauemi ngā wāhanga paitini e tūpono ana ki te tangata,25,26 ka āwhina pea ki te karo i te tuku huakita me te whakangaromanga rauemi.
Ko te ātete whānui o ngā huakita ki ngā maimoatanga paturopi nā te hanganga biofilm kua arahi ki te hiahia ki te whakawhanake i tētahi mata whai hua kua pania ki te kiriuhi antimicrobial ka taea te whakamahi haumaru27. Ko te whakawhanake i tētahi mata ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei e āraihia ai ngā pūtau huakita ki te here me te hanga biofilm nā te piri ko te huarahi tuatahi o tēnei tukanga27. Ko te hangarau tuarua ko te whakawhanake i ngā paninga e taea ai te tuku i ngā matū antimicrobial ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana, i roto i ngā rahinga tino kukū me te whakarite. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi paninga ahurei pēnei i te graphene/germanium28, te taimana pango29 me ngā paninga waro rite-taimana kua pania ki te ZnO30 e ātete ana ki te huakita, he hangarau e whakanui ana i te paitini me te whanaketanga ātete nā te hanganga biofilm ka tino whakaitihia. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā paninga e whakauru ana i ngā matū patu huakita ki ngā mata hei whakarato i te tiakitanga roa mai i te poke huakita kei te piki haere te rongonui. Ahakoa e taea ana e ngā tikanga e toru te whakaputa i ngā pānga antimicrobial ki ngā mata kua pania, he huinga herenga anō ō rātou me whakaaro i te wā e whakawhanake ana i ngā rautaki tono.
Ko ngā hua kei te mākete i tēnei wā e araia ana e te korenga o te wā ki te tātari me te whakamātautau i ngā paninga tiaki mō ngā kai koiora hohe. E kī ana ngā kamupene ka whakaratohia e ā rātou hua ngā āhuatanga mahi e hiahiatia ana ki ngā kaiwhakamahi; Heoi, he arai tēnei ki te angitu o ngā hua kei te mākete i nāianei. Ko ngā matū i ahu mai i te hiriwa e whakamahia ana i roto i te nuinga o ngā rongoā patu huakita e wātea ana ki ngā kaihoko. Kua whakawhanakehia ēnei hua hei tiaki i ngā kaiwhakamahi mai i ngā pānga kino pea o ngā moroiti. Ko te pānga patu huakita kua roa te whakaroa me te paitini e pā ana ki ngā matū hiriwa ka whakanui ake i te pēhanga ki ngā kairangahau ki te whakawhanake i tētahi huarahi rerekē kāore i te kino36,37. Ko te waihanga i tētahi paninga patu huakita ā-ao e mahi ana i roto, i waho hoki kei te whakaatu tonu he mahi uaua. Nā ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te hauora me te haumaru tēnei. Ko te kimi i tētahi kaihoko patu huakita kāore i te kino ki te tangata me te rapu huarahi hei whakauru ki roto i ngā papa paninga me te roa o te wā he whāinga tino rapuhia38. Ko ngā rauemi patu huakita me te patu-koiora hou kua hangaia hei patu i ngā huakita i te tawhiti tata, mā te whakapā tika, i muri rānei i te tukunga o te kaihoko hohe. Ka taea e rātou tēnei mā te aukati i te piri tuatahi o ngā huakita (tae atu ki te ārai i te hanganga o tētahi paparanga pūmua i runga i te mata) mā te patu huakita rānei mā te pokanoa ki te pakitara pūtau.
Ko te tikanga, ko te paninga mata ko te tukanga o te whakatakoto i tētahi atu paparanga ki runga i te mata o tētahi wāhanga hei whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mata. Ko te whāinga o te paninga mata ko te whakarite i te hanganga moroiti me/ranei te hanganga o te rohe tata-mata o te wāhanga39. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga paninga mata ki ngā tikanga rerekē, e whakarāpopototia ana i te Pikitia 2a. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā paninga ki ngā wāhanga wera, matū, ā-tinana, me te hikohiko, i runga i te tikanga i whakamahia hei hanga i te paninga.
(a) Te whakaaturanga āpiti e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga hanga matua i whakamahia mō te mata, me (b) ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga kua tohua o te tikanga rehu matao.
He maha ngā āhuatanga ōrite o te hangarau rehu matao ki ngā tikanga rehu wera tuku iho. Heoi, kei reira anō ētahi āhuatanga matua e tino ahurei ai te tukanga rehu matao me ngā rauemi rehu matao. Kei te tīmatanga tonu te hangarau rehu matao, engari he kanapa te heke mai. I roto i ētahi tono, he nui ngā painga o ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te rehu matao, e wikitoria ana i ngā herenga ā-roto o ngā tikanga rehu wera noa. Ka whakaratohia he huarahi hei wikitoria i ngā herenga nui o te hangarau rehu wera tuku iho, me rewa te paura kia tau ki runga i te papa. He mārama, kāore tēnei tukanga paninga tuku iho i te pai mō ngā rauemi tino tairongo ki te pāmahana pērā i ngā nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous me ngā karāhe whakarewa40, 41, 42. Hei tāpiri, he nui tonu te porosity me ngā waikura o ngā rauemi paninga rehu wera. He maha ngā painga nui o te hangarau rehu matao i te hangarau rehu wera, pērā i (i) te iti o te whakauru wera ki te papa, (ii) te ngāwari i roto i ngā kōwhiringa paninga papa, (iii) te kore o te huringa āhua me te tipu witi, (iv) te kaha here teitei1,39 (Pikitia 2b). Hei tāpiri, he nui te waikura o ngā rauemi paninga rehu matao. te ātete, te kaha me te pakeke teitei, te kawe hiko teitei me te kiato teitei41.He rerekē ki ngā painga o te tukanga rehu makariri, kei reira tonu ētahi ngoikoretanga o te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2b.Ina pania ngā paura uku parakore pērā i te Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, me ētahi atu, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te tikanga rehu makariri.I tētahi atu taha, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā paura hiato uku/whakarewa hei rauemi mata mō ngā paninga.Pērā anō hoki mō ētahi atu tikanga rehu wera.He uaua tonu te rehu i ngā mata uaua me ngā mata paipa o roto.
I te mea ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi o nāianei he whakamahi i ngā paura karāhe whakarewa hei rauemi paninga mata, he mārama kāore e taea te whakamahi i te rehu wera tikanga mō tēnei kaupapa. Nā te mea ka whakatio ngā paura karāhe whakarewa i ngā pāmahana teitei1.
Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hauora me te kai he mea hanga ki ngā koranu maitai kore waikura austenitic (SUS316 me SUS304) me te ihirangi chromium i waenga i te 12 me te 20 wt% mō te hanga taputapu pokanga. E whakaaetia whānuitia ana ko te whakamahinga o te konganuku chromium hei huānga koranu i roto i ngā koranu maitai ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o ngā koranu maitai paerewa. Ahakoa te ātete waikura teitei o ngā koranu maitai kore waikura, kāore e whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga antimicrobial nui38,39. He rerekē tēnei ki te ātete waikura teitei. Whai muri i tēnei, ka taea te matapae i te whanaketanga o te mate me te mumura, ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta mai i te piri o te huakita me te noho ki runga i te mata o ngā rauemi koiora maitai kore waikura. Tērā pea ka puta he uauatanga nui nā ngā uauatanga nui e pā ana ki te piri o te huakita me ngā ara hanganga biofilm, ka arahi pea ki te hekenga o te hauora, ka maha pea ngā hua ka pā tika, ka pā ā-kore rānei ki te hauora o te tangata.
Ko tēnei rangahau te wāhanga tuatahi o tētahi kaupapa i tautokona e te Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Nama Kirimana 2010-550401, hei tirotiro i te whaihua o te whakaputa paura Cu-Zr-Ni karāhe whakarewa mā te whakamahi i te hangarau MA (Ripanga 1) mō te whakaputa i te kiriata ārai mate huakita/paninga tiaki mata SUS304. Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te kaupapa, e tika ana kia tīmata i te marama o Hānuere 2023, ka tirotirohia ngā āhuatanga waikura hiko me ngā āhuatanga miihini o te pūnaha. Ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau moroiti taipitopito mō ngā momo huakita rerekē.
I roto i tēnei pepa, ka matapakihia te pānga o te ihirangi o te huānga whakarewa Zr ki te kaha hanga karāhe (GFA) i runga i ngā āhuatanga āhua me te hanganga. Hei tāpiri, i matapakihia hoki ngā āhuatanga patu huakita o te paninga paura karāhe whakarewa kua pania/SUS304. Hei tāpiri, kua mahia he mahi o nāianei hei tirotiro i te āheinga o te panoni hanganga o ngā paura karāhe whakarewa e puta ana i te wā e rehu ana i roto i te rohe wai matao o ngā pūnaha karāhe whakarewa kua hangaia. Hei tauira, kua whakamahia ngā koranu karāhe whakarewa Cu50Zr30Ni20 me Cu50Zr20Ni30 i roto i tēnei rangahau.
I tēnei wāhanga, ka whakaaturia ngā panonitanga āhua o ngā paura Cu, Zr me Ni taketake i roto i te mira pōro iti-pūngao. Hei tauira whakaatu, ka whakamahia ngā pūnaha rerekē e rua, arā, ko Cu50Zr20Ni30 me Cu50Zr40Ni10, hei tauira māngai. Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga MA kia toru ngā wāhanga motuhake, e whakaaturia ana e te āhua whakarewa o te paura i hangaia i te wā o te mira (Pikitia 3).
Ngā āhuatanga whakarewa o ngā paura koranu miihini (MA) i whiwhihia i muri i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te wā mira pōro. Ko ngā whakaahua karu hiko matawai tukunga mara (FE-SEM) o ngā paura MA me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i whiwhihia i muri i ngā wā mira pōro iti te kaha o te 3, 12 me te 50 hāora e whakaaturia ana i (a), (c) me (e) mō te pūnaha Cu50Zr20Ni30, i te mea i roto i te MA kotahi, ko ngā whakaahua e rite ana o te pūnaha Cu50Zr40Ni10 i tangohia i muri i te wā e whakaaturia ana i (b), (d) me (f).
I te wā e mira ana i te pōro, ka pāngia te kaha nekeneke whai hua ka taea te whakawhiti ki te paura whakarewa e te huinga o ngā tawhā, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1a. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā tukinga i waenga i ngā pōro me ngā paura, te kutikuti pēhanga o te paura e piri ana i waenga i ngā papa huri, te pānga o ngā pōro e hinga ana, te kutikuti me te kakahu nā te tōia paura i waenga i ngā papa huri pōro e neke ana, me te ngaru ru e haere ana i roto i ngā pōro e hinga ana e horapa ana i roto i ngā kawenga hua (Pikitia 1a). I tino rerekē te āhua o ngā paura Cu, Zr, me Ni nā te whakarewa makariri i te wā tōmua o te MA (3 h), ka hua ake he matūriki paura nui (>1 mm te whānui). Ko ēnei matūriki hiato nui e tohuhia ana e te hanganga o ngā paparanga matotoru o ngā huānga whakarewa (Cu, Zr, Ni), e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3a,b. Ko te whakanui ake i te wā MA ki te 12 h (wāhanga waenga) i hua ake ai te pikinga o te kaha nekeneke o te mira pōro, ka hua ake te wetewete o te paura hiato ki ngā paura pai ake (iti iho i te 200 µm), e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3c,d. I tēnei wā, ko te kaha kutikuti i whakamahia ka hua ake te hanganga o tētahi mata whakarewa hou me ngā paparanga tohu Cu, Zr, Ni pai, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3c,d. Hei hua o te whakamahine i tētahi paparanga, ka puta ngā tauhohenga āhua totoka i te atanga o ngā maramara hei whakaputa i ngā āhua hou.
I te mutunga o te tukanga MA (i muri i te 50 h), he iti noa te kitea o te hanganga whakarewa pakarukaru (Pikitia 3e,f), engari i whakaatuhia e te mata oro o te paura te hanganga whakarewa whakaata. Ko te tikanga kua oti te tukanga MA, ā, kua puta te hanganga o tētahi wāhanga tauhohenga kotahi. I whakatauhia te hanganga taketake o ngā rohe kua tohua i te Pikitia 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko matawai tukunga mara (FE-SEM) me te karu hiko X-ray marara pūngao (EDS) (IV).
I roto i te Ripanga 2, ka whakaaturia ngā kukū huānga o ngā huānga whakarewa hei ōrau o te taumaha katoa o ia rohe i tīpakohia i te Pikitia 3e,f. Ina whakatauritea ēnei hua ki ngā hanganga tīmatanga o Cu50Zr20Ni30 me Cu50Zr40Ni10 kua whakarārangihia i te Ripanga 1, ka kitea he tino ōrite ngā uara o ngā hanganga o ēnei hua whakamutunga e rua ki ngā hanganga ingoa. Haunga tēnā, kāore ngā uara wāhanga whanaunga mō ngā rohe kua whakarārangihia i te Pikitia 3e,f e tohu ana i te hekenga nui, i te rerekētanga rānei o te hanganga o ia tauira mai i tētahi rohe ki tētahi atu. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te korenga o te huringa o te hanganga mai i tētahi rohe ki tētahi atu. E tohu ana tēnei ki te hanga o ngā paura whakarewa ōrite, e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 2.
I whiwhihia ngā whakaahua iti FE-SEM o te paura Cu50(Zr50−xNix) hua whakamutunga i muri i ngā wā 50 MA, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4a–d, ko x te 10, 20, 30 me te 40 at.%, ia. Whai muri i tēnei taahiraa mira, ka kohikohi te paura nā te pānga van der Waals, ka hua ake te hanganga o ngā kohikohinga nui e tito ana i ngā matūriki tino pai me ngā diameter mai i te 73 ki te 126 nm, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4.
Ngā āhuatanga āhuahanga o ngā paura Cu50(Zr50−xNix) i whiwhihia i muri i te wā MA o te 50 hāora. Mō ngā pūnaha Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, ko ngā whakaahua FE-SEM o ngā paura i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 wā MA e whakaaturia ana i roto i (a), (b), (c) me (d), ia.
I mua i te utaina o ngā paura ki roto i te whāngai rehu makariri, i tuatahitia kia sonicated ki roto i te etanoru tātari mō te 15 meneti, kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki te 150°C mō te 2 hāora. Me mahi tēnei taahiraa hei whawhai angitu i te kohikohinga e puta ai ngā raruraru nui puta noa i te tukanga paninga. I muri i te otinga o te tukanga MA, i mahia ētahi atu āhuatanga hei tirotiro i te ōritetanga o ngā paura koranu. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5a–d i ngā whakaahua iti FE-SEM me ngā whakaahua EDS e rite ana o ngā huānga koranu Cu, Zr me Ni o te koranu Cu50Zr30Ni20 i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 hāora o te wā M, ia. Me mōhio ko ngā paura koranu i hangaia i muri i tēnei taahiraa he ōrite, nā te mea kāore e whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga hanganga i tua atu i te taumata sub-nanometer, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5.
Te āhua me te tohatoha huānga ā-rohe o te paura MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 wā MA mā te FE-SEM/pūngao marara X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) Te mahere SEM me te X-ray EDS o (b) ngā whakaahua Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα me (d) Ni-Kα.
Ko ngā tauira XRD o ngā paura Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 me Cu50Zr20Ni30 kua whakakoitia ki te miihini i whiwhi i muri i te wā MA o te 50 h e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6a–d. Whai muri i tēnei wāhanga o te mira, ko ngā tauira katoa me ngā kukū Zr rerekē i whakaatu i ngā hanganga kore-āhua me ngā tauira horapa halo āhuatanga e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6.
Ngā tauira XRD o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 me (d) ngā paura Cu50Zr20Ni30 i muri i te wā MA o te 50 h. I whakaatuhia e ngā tauira katoa, kāore he okotahi, he tauira horapa halo, e tohu ana i te hanganga o tētahi āhua kore-āhua.
I whakamahia te karu hiko tuku-teitei o te mara (FE-HRTEM) hei tirotiro i ngā huringa hanganga me te mārama ki te hanganga ā-rohe o ngā paura i puta mai i te mira pōro i ngā wā MA rerekē. Ko ngā whakaahua FE-HRTEM o ngā paura i whiwhihia i muri i ngā wāhanga tōmua (6 hāora) me te takawaenga (18 hāora) o te mira mō ngā paura Cu50Zr30Ni20 me Cu50Zr40Ni10 e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 7a,c. E ai ki te whakaahua mara kanapa (BFI) o te paura i hangaia i muri i te MA​​ 6 hāora, ko te paura he mea tito mai i ngā kakano nui me ngā rohe kua tautuhia pai o ngā huānga fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr me fcc-Ni, ā, kāore he tohu kua hangaia te wāhanga tauhohenga, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 7a. I tua atu, ko te tauira diffraction rohe kua tīpakohia (SADP) i tangohia mai i te rohe waenga o (a) i whakaatu i te tauira diffraction cusp (Pikitia 7b), e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā tioata nui me te ngaro o te wāhanga tauhohenga.
Te āhua hanganga ā-rohe o te paura MA i whiwhihia i muri i ngā wāhanga tōmua (6 hāora) me ngā wāhanga waenga (18 hāora). (a) Te karu hiko tuku taumira teitei (FE-HRTEM), me (b) te tauira wehewehe rohe kua tīpakohia (SADP) o te paura Cu50Zr30Ni20 i muri i te maimoatanga MA mō te 6 hāora. Ko te ahua FE-HRTEM o Cu50Zr40Ni10 i whiwhihia i muri i te wā MA o te 18 hāora e whakaaturia ana i (c).
E ai ki te Pikitia 7c, ko te whakaroa i te roanga o te MA ki te 18 h i hua ake ai he hapa whatu nui me te whakarerekētanga kirihou. I tēnei wāhanga waenga o te tukanga MA, ka whakaatuhia e te paura ngā hapa maha, tae atu ki ngā hapa whakarārangi, ngā hapa whatu, me ngā hapa pūwāhi (Pikitia 7). Mā ēnei hapa ka wehea ngā witi nui i ngā rohe witi ki ngā witi iti iho i te 20 nm te rahi (Pikitia 7c).
Ko te hanganga ā-rohe o te paura Cu50Z30Ni20 i mirahia mō te 36 h MA te wā he hanganga o ngā nanograins tino pai kua whakauruhia ki roto i tētahi matrix pai kore-āhua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8a. I whakaatuhia e te tātari EDS ā-rohe ko aua nanoclusters i whakaaturia i te Pikitia 8a i honoa ki ngā huānga whakarewa paura Cu, Zr me Ni kāore anō kia tukatukahia. I taua wā anō, i rerekē te ihirangi Cu o te matrix mai i te ~32 at.% (rohe kikokore) ki te ~74 at.% (rohe momona), e tohu ana i te hanganga o ngā hua kanorau. I tua atu, ko ngā SADP e rite ana o ngā paura i whiwhihia i muri i te mira i tēnei wāhanga e whakaatu ana i ngā mowhiti tuatahi me te tuarua e horapa ana i te āhua kore-āhua, e taupatupatu ana ki ngā pito koi e hono ana ki aua huānga whakarewa mata, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8b.
Kei tua atu i ngā āhuatanga hanganga ā-rohe nano tauine-36 paura Cu50Zr30Ni20.(a) Whakaahua mara kanapa (BFI) me (b) SADP e rite ana o te paura Cu50Zr30Ni20 i whiwhihia i muri i te mira mō te 36 h MA.
Tata ki te mutunga o te tukanga MA (50 h), ko ngā paura Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 me te 40 at.% he āhua āhua kore-āhua rite tonu ki te labyrinthine e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 9a–d. I roto i te SADP e rite ana o ia hanganga, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga rite-ira, he tauira porowhita koi rānei. E tohu ana tēnei kāore he konganuku tioata kāore anō kia tukatukahia, engari he paura koranu kore-āhua kua hangaia. I whakamahia hoki ēnei SADP e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira horapa halo hei taunakitanga mō te whanaketanga o ngā āhua kore-āhua i roto i te rauemi hua whakamutunga.
Hanganga ā-rohe o te hua whakamutunga o te pūnaha MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix). FE-HRTEM me ngā tauira diffraction nanobeam (NBDP) e hono ana o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 me (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 hāora o te MA.
Kua tirotirohia te pumau wera o te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe (Tg), te rohe wai kua whakamataohia (ΔTx) me te pāmahana tioata (Tx) hei mahi a te ihirangi Ni (x) o te pūnaha Cu50(Zr50−xNix) kore-āhua mā te whakamahi i te Calorimetry matawai rerekētanga (DSC) o ngā āhuatanga i raro i te rere o te hau He. Ko ngā tohu DSC o ngā paura koranu kore-āhua Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 me Cu50Zr10Ni40 i whiwhihia i muri i te wā MA o te 50 h e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 10a, b, e, ia. Ahakoa e whakaaturia motuhaketia ana te pihi DSC o te Cu50Zr20Ni30 kore-āhua i te Pikitia 10c. I taua wā, ko te tauira Cu50Zr30Ni20 kua werahia ki te ~700 °C i roto i te DSC e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 10d.
Te pumau wera o ngā paura Cu50(Zr50−xNix) MG i whiwhihia i muri i te wā MA o te 50 h, e ai ki te taupūtanga o te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe (Tg), te pāmahana tioata (Tx), me te rohe wai whakamatao (ΔTx). Ngā karamu wera matawai rerekētanga (DSC) o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 me (e) ngā paura koranu Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG i muri i te wā MA o te 50 h. Ko te tauira X-ray diffraction (XRD) o te tauira Cu50Zr30Ni20 i whakamahanahia ki te ~700 °C i roto i te DSC e whakaaturia ana i roto i te (d).
E ai ki te Pikitia 10, ko ngā kōpiko DSC o ngā hanganga katoa me ngā kukū Ni rerekē (x) e tohu ana i ngā kēhi e rua rerekē, ko tētahi he endothermic, ko tētahi he exothermic. Ko te takahanga endothermic tuatahi e rite ana ki a Tg, ko te tuarua e pā ana ki a Tx. Ko te rohe whānui whakapae kei waenganui i a Tg me Tx e kiia ana ko te rohe wai whakamatao-iti (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te Tg me te Tx o te tauira Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Pikitia 10a), i whakanohoia ki te 526°C me te 612°C, ka nekehia te ihirangi (x) ki te 20 at.% ki te taha pāmahana iti o te 482°C me te 563°C me te piki haere o te ihirangi Ni (x), ia, e ai ki te Pikitia 10b. Nō reira, ka heke te ΔTx o Cu50Zr40Ni10 mai i te 86 °C (Pikitia 10a) ki te 81 °C mō Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Pikitia 1). 10b). Mō te koranu MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, i kitea anō hoki kua heke ngā uara o Tg, Tx me ΔTx ki te taumata o te 447°C, 526°C me te 79°C (Pikitia 10b). E tohu ana tēnei ko te pikinga o te ihirangi Ni ka heke te pumau wera o te koranu MG. He rerekē, ko te uara Tg (507 °C) o te koranu MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 he iti iho i te koranu MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; heoi anō, he rite te uara o tōna Tx ki te mea o mua (612 °C). Nō reira, he teitei ake te uara o ΔTx (87°C), e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 10c.
Ko te pūnaha MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), me te whakamahi i te koranu MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 hei tauira, ka whakatio mā roto i te tihi werawera koi ki roto i ngā āhua tioata o te fcc-ZrCu5, te orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 me te orthorhombic-ZrNi (Pikitia 10c). I whakaūtia tēnei whakawhiti āhua kore-āhua ki te tioata e te XRD o te tauira MG (Pikitia 10d), i whakamahanatia ki te 700 °C i roto i te DSC.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 11 i ngā whakaahua i tangohia i te wā o te tukanga rehu matao i mahia i roto i te mahi o nāianei. I roto i tēnei rangahau, ko ngā matūriki paura rite ki te karāhe whakarewa i hangaia i muri i te wā MA o te 50 h (me te tango i te Cu50Zr20Ni30 hei tauira) i whakamahia hei rauemi mata antibacterial, ā, ko te pereti maitai kore waikura (SUS304) i pania ki te hangarau rehu matao. I whiriwhiria te tikanga rehu matao mō te paninga i roto i te raupapa hangarau rehu wera nā te mea koinei te tikanga tino whai hua i roto i te raupapa rehu wera, ā, ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā rauemi tairongo pāmahana whakarewa pumau pērā i ngā paura amorphous me nanocrystalline, kāore e pāngia e ngā whakawhiti āhuahanga. Koinei te take matua i roto i te whiriwhiri i tēnei tikanga. Ka mahia te tukanga rehu matao mā te whakamahi i ngā matūriki tere-teitei e huri ana i te kaha nekeneke o ngā matūriki ki te whakarerekētanga kirihou, te taumahatanga me te wera i te pānga ki te papa, ki ngā matūriki rānei kua whakatakotoria i mua.
E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua o te parae i te tukanga rehu matao i whakamahia mō ngā whakaritenga e rima o te paninga MG/SUS 304 i te 550 °C.
Ko te pūngao nekeneke o ngā matūriki, me te nekehanga o ia matūriki i roto i te hanganga paninga, me huri ki ētahi atu momo pūngao mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakarerekētanga kirihou (ngā taunekeneke matūriki me te matūriki-matūriki tuatahi i roto i te papa me ngā taunekeneke matūriki), te whakakotahitanga o ngā āputa, te hurihanga matūriki-matūriki, te taumahatanga me te wera i te mutunga 39. Hei tāpiri, ki te kore e hurihia te pūngao nekeneke katoa e haere mai ana hei pūngao wera me te taumahatanga, ko te hua he tukinga pīngore, ko te tikanga ka peke noa ngā matūriki ki muri i muri i te pānga. Kua tohua ko te 90% o te pūngao pānga e whakamahia ana ki te rauemi matūriki/papa ka hurihia hei wera ā-rohe 40. Hei tāpiri, ina whakamahia te ahotea pānga, ka tutuki ngā reiti taumahatanga kirihou teitei i roto i te rohe matūriki/papa whakapā i roto i te wā poto rawa 41,42.
Ko te whakarerekētanga kirihou e kiia ana ko te tukanga o te marara o te pūngao, he pūtake wera rānei i te rohe ā-kanohi. Heoi, ko te pikinga o te pāmahana i te rohe ā-kanohi kāore e ranea ki te whakaputa i te rewa ā-kanohi, ki te whakatairanga nui rānei i te horapa ngota. Kāore he tuhinga e mōhiotia ana e ngā kaituhi e rangahau ana i te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o ēnei paura karāhe whakarewa ki te piri me te whakatakotoranga paura e puta ana ina whakamahia ngā tikanga rehu makariri.
Ka kitea te BFI o te paura koranu MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i te Pikitia 12a, i pania ki te papa SUS 304 (Pikitia 11, 12b). E kitea ana i te pikitia, ka mau tonu te hanganga koretake o ngā paura pania i te mea he hanganga labyrinth ngawari tō rātou, kāore he āhuatanga tioata, he hapa whatunga rānei. I tetahi atu taha, e tohu ana te pikitia i te aroaro o tētahi wāhanga ke, e ai ki ngā matūriki nano kua whakauruhia ki roto i te matrix paura pania MG (Pikitia 12a). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 12c i te tauira diffraction nanobeam indexed (NBDP) e hono ana ki te rohe I (Pikitia 12a). E ai ki te Pikitia 12c, e whakaatu ana te NBDP i tētahi tauira horapa halo ngoikore o te hanganga koretake, ā, e noho tahi ana me ngā papa koi e rite ana ki te tioata nui Zr2Ni metastable me te wāhanga CuO tetragonal. Ko te hanganga o CuO ka taea te kī ko te waikura o te paura i te wā e haere ana mai i te nozzle o te pū rehu ki te SUS 304 i roto i te te hau tuwhera i raro i te rere o te oro nui. I tētahi atu taha, ko te wetewete i ngā paura karāhe whakarewa i tutuki ai te hanganga o ngā āhua pūtoru nunui i muri i te maimoatanga rehu makariri i te 550 °C mō te 30 meneti.
(a) Whakaahua FE-HRTEM o te paura MG i pania ki runga i te (b) papa SUS 304 (whakaurunga o te ahua). Ko te tohu NBDP o te tohu porowhita e whakaaturia ana i roto i te (a) e whakaaturia ana i roto i te (c).
Hei manatoko i tēnei tikanga pea mō te hanganga o ngā matūriki Zr2Ni pūtoru nui, i whakahaerehia he whakamātautau motuhake. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, i rehuhia ngā paura mai i te pū rehu i te 550 °C i te ahunga o te papa SUS 304; heoi, hei whakamārama i te pānga whakamahana o ngā paura, i tangohia wawetia mai i te rīpene SUS304 (tata ki te 60 hēkona). I whakahaerehia tētahi atu huinga whakamātautau i tangohia ai te paura mai i te papa tata ki te 180 hēkona i muri i te whakatakotoranga.
E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 13a,b i ngā whakaahua mara pōuri (DFI) i whiwhihia mā te karu hiko tuku matawai (STEM) o ngā rauemi e rua i rehuhia ki runga i ngā papa SUS 304 mō te 60 hēkona me te 180 hēkona, ia. Kāore he taipitopito āhua o te ahua o te paura i rehuhia mō te 60 hēkona, e whakaatu ana i te kore āhuatanga (Pikitia 13a). I whakaūhia hoki tēnei e te XRD, i tohu ko te hanganga whānui o ēnei paura he kore āhua, e whakaaturia ana e te whānuitanga whānui o te diffraction tuatahi me te tuarua e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 14a. E tohu ana ēnei i te kore o te rerenga metastable/mesophase, kei reira te paura e pupuri ana i tōna hanganga kore āhua taketake. He rerekē, ko te paura i rehuhia i te pāmahana kotahi (550 °C), engari i waiho ki runga i te papa mō te 180 hēkona, i whakaatu i te rerenga o ngā witi nano-rahi, e whakaaturia ana e ngā pere i te Pikitia 13b.