Tinokutendai nekushanyira Nature.com. Shanduro yebrowser yauri kushandisa ine rutsigiro rushoma rweCSS. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakanaka, tinokurudzira kuti ushandise browser yakagadziridzwa (kana kudzima compatibility mode muInternet Explorer). Panguva ino, kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti rutsigiro runoramba ruchienderera mberi, ticharatidza saiti iyi isina masitayera uye JavaScript.
Mafirimu eBiofilm chinhu chakakosha mukukura kwezvirwere zvisingaperi, kunyanya kana paine michina yekurapa. Dambudziko iri rinopa dambudziko guru kune vezvekurapa, sezvo mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kungobvisa mafirimi kusvika padanho diki. Kudzivirira kugadzirwa kwefirimu yeBiofilm kwakaita kuti pave nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuputira nezvinhu zvitsva. Nzira idzi dzinovavarira kuputira pamusoro nenzira inodzivisa kugadzirwa kwefirimu yeBiofilm. Magirazi esimbi, kunyanya ayo ane simbi dzemhangura netitanium, ave machira akakodzera ekurwisa mabhakitiriya. Panguva imwe chete, kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekupisa yakawedzera sezvo iri nzira yakakodzera yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinonzwa kupisa. Chimwe chezvinangwa zvechidzidzo ichi kwaive kugadzira girazi idzva resimbi remabhakitiriya rine ternary Cu-Zr-Ni uchishandisa matekiniki ekugadzira michina. Hupfu hwakaita sedenderedzwa hunoshandiswa sechinhu chisina kugadzirwa chekupisa chinotonhora pamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina pakupisa kwakaderera. Zvidimbu zvakaputirwa negirazi resimbi zvakakwanisa kuderedza kugadzirwa kwefirimu nedanda rimwe chete zvichienzaniswa nesimbi isina tsvina.
Munhoroondo yevanhu, chero nzanga yakakwanisa kugadzira nekukurudzira kuunzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvayo, izvo zvakaguma nekuvandudzwa kwekushanda uye chinzvimbo muhupfumi hwepasi rose1. Zvagara zvichinzi zvinokonzerwa nekukwanisa kwevanhu kugadzira zvinhu nemidziyo yekugadzira uye magadzirirwo ekugadzira zvinhu uye magadzirirwo emhando yezvinhu kuti vawane pundutso muhutano, dzidzo, maindasitiri, hupfumi, tsika nedzimwe nzvimbo kubva kune imwe nyika kana dunhu kuenda kune imwe. Kufambira mberi kunoyerwa pasinei nenyika kana dunhu. 2 Kwemakore makumi matanhatu, masayendisiti ezvinhu akashandisa nguva yavo yakawanda achitarisa pane chimwe chinhu chikuru: kutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva uye zvemazuva ano. Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa yakatarisana nekuvandudza mhando uye mashandiro ezvinhu zviripo, pamwe nekugadzira nekugadzira mhando itsva yezvinhu.
Kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvinosanganisa alloying, kugadziriswa kwe microstructure yezvinhu, uye kushandiswa kwe thermal, mechanical kana thermo-mechanical processing matekiniki zvakakonzera kuvandudzika kukuru mu mechanical, chemical uye physical properties yezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Uyezve, makemikari asati amboonekwa akagadzirwa zvinobudirira panguva ino. Kuedza uku kwakaramba kuripo kwakabereka mhuri itsva yezvinhu zvitsva, zvinozivikanwa pamwe chete se Advanced Materials 2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, uye high-entropy alloys ingori mimwe mienzaniso yezvinhu zvepamusoro zvakaunzwa munyika kubva pakati pezana remakore rapfuura. Pakugadzira nekugadzira alloys itsva dzine hunhu hwakanaka, kungave muchigadzirwa chekupedzisira kana muchikamu chepakati chekugadzirwa kwayo, dambudziko rekusawirirana rinowanzowedzerwa. Nekuda kwekushandisa matekiniki matsva ekugadzira kuti asiyane zvakanyanya ne equilibrium, kirasi itsva ye metastable alloys, inozivikanwa se metallic glasses, yakawanikwa.
Basa rake kuCaltech muna 1960 rakaunza shanduko huru mupfungwa yesimbi alloys paakagadzira girazi Au-25 at.% Si alloys nekukurumidza kusimbisa mvura pamadhora anoda kusvika miriyoni pasekondi. 4. Chiitiko chekuwanikwa kwaProfessor Pol Duwezs hachina kungozivisa kutanga kwenhoroondo yesimbi magirazi (MG), asiwo chakatungamira kukuchinja kwemaonero evanhu nezvesimbi alloys. Kubva pakudzidza kwekutanga mukugadzira MG alloys, magirazi ese esimbi akagadzirwa zvachose nekushandisa imwe yenzira dzinotevera; (i) kukurumidza kusimba kwekunyunguduka kana steam, (ii) atomic disordering ye lattice, (iii) solid-state amorphization reactions pakati pezvinhu zvesimbi yakachena, uye (iv) solid-state transitions of metastable phases.
MaMG anosiyaniswa nekushaya maatomu akareba akabatana nemakristaro, izvo zvinova chiratidzo chekristaro. Munyika yanhasi, kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mumunda wegirazi resimbi. Izvi zvinhu zvitsva zvine hunhu hunonakidza hunofadza kwete chete mufizikisi yesolid-state, asiwo musimbi, chemistry yepamusoro, tekinoroji, biology nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Rudzi rutsva urwu rwezvinhu runoratidza hunhu hwakasiyana kubva kusimbi dzakasimba, zvichiita kuti ive mukana unonakidza wekushandiswa kwetekinoroji muminda yakasiyana-siyana. Ane hunhu hwakakosha; (i) ductility yepamusoro uye simba rekugadzira, (ii) high magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) kusagadzikana kwengura kusingawanzoitiki, (v) kuzvimiririra pakupisa Kufambisa kwe6,7.
Kubatanidza michina (MA)1,8 inzira itsva, yakatanga kushandiswa muna 19839 naProf. CC Kock nevamwe vake. Vakagadzira hupfu hweNi60Nb40 husina chimiro nekukuya musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakachena patembiricha iri pedyo netembiricha yemumba. Kazhinji, MA reaction inoitwa pakati pekubatanidza kwehupfu hwezvinhu zvinogadzirisa reactant mu reactor, inowanzo gadzirwa nesimbi isina ngura mubhora mill 10 (Mufananidzo 1a, b). Kubva ipapo, iyi nzira yekuita solid-state induced mechanically yakashandiswa kugadzira hupfu hutsva hwegirazi husina morphous/metallic glass alloy uchishandisa low (Mufananidzo 1c) uye high energy ball mills, pamwe chete nerod mills 11,12,13,14,15 , 16. Kunyanya, nzira iyi yakashandiswa kugadzirira immiscible systems dzakadai seCu-Ta17, pamwe nehigh melting point alloys dzakadai seAl-transition metal systems (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb naTa)18,19 naFe-W20 , izvo zvisingawanikwe uchishandisa nzira dzekugadzirira dzemazuva ano. Uyezve, MA inoonekwa seimwe yezvishandiso zvine simba zve nanotechnology zvekugadzirira ma industrial-scale nanocrystalline uye nanocomposite powder particles esimbi oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, pamwe nekudzikamisa zvinhu kuburikidza nekushandisa nzira yekutanga kubva kumusoro kuenda pasi uye matanho anochinjika.
Chimiro chinoratidza nzira yekugadzira inoshandiswa kugadzirira Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 muchidzidzo chino.(a) Kugadzirira MG alloy powders ine Ni concentrations dzakasiyana x (x; 10, 20, 30 uye 40 at.%) uchishandisa nzira yekugaya bhora ine simba shoma.(a) Chinhu chekutanga chinoiswa mu tool cylinder pamwe chete nema tool steel balls, uye (b) chinovharirwa mu glove box yakazadzwa ne He atmosphere.(c) Muenzaniso wakajeka we grinding vessel unoratidza kufamba kwebhora panguva yekukuya. Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira che powder chakawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu chakashandiswa kuputira SUS 304 substrate uchishandisa cold spray method (d).
Kana zvasvika kune zvinhu zvakawanda (substrates), mainjiniya epamusoro anosanganisira kugadzira nekugadzirisa nzvimbo (substrates) kuti dzipe humwe hunhu hwepanyama, hwemakemikari uye hwehunyanzvi husiri muzvinhu zvepakutanga. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvinobudirira nekurapa pamusoro zvinosanganisira kuramba kukwesha, kuramba kuoxidation uye corrosion, coefficient of friction, bio-inertness, hunhu hwemagetsi, uye thermal insulation, kungodudza zvishomanana. Hunhu hwepamusoro hunogona kuvandudzwa nekushandisa nzira dzesimbi, dzemakanika kana dzemakemikari. Senzira inozivikanwa, kukwesha kunongotsanangurwa sechikamu chimwe chete kana zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakaiswa pamusoro pechinhu chikuru (substrate) chakagadzirwa nechimwe chinhu. Saka, kukwesha kunoshandiswa muchikamu kuwana humwe hunhu hwehunyanzvi kana hwekushongedza hunodiwa, pamwe nekudzivirira zvinhu kubva pakudyidzana kunotarisirwa kwemakemikari nemuviri nenzvimbo yakapoteredza23.
Kuti pave nezvikamu zvakakodzera zvekudzivirira pamusoro zvine ukobvu hunotangira pama micrometer mashoma (pasi pe 10-20 micrometers) kusvika pama micrometer anopfuura 30 kana kunyange ma millimeter mashoma, nzira dzakawanda nematekiniki zvinogona kushandiswa. Kazhinji, maitiro ekuputira anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: (i) nzira dzekuputira dzakanyorova, dzinosanganisira electroplating, electroless plating, uye hot-dip galvanizing methods, uye (ii) nzira dzekuputira dzakaoma, dzinosanganisira brazing, surfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray techniques uye munguva pfupi yapfuura cold spray techniques 24 (Mufananidzo 1d).
Mafirimu eBio anotsanangurwa senzvimbo dzemabhakitiriya dzakabatana pamusoro uye dzakakomberedzwa nemapolymers ekunze anozvigadzira ega (EPS). Kuumbwa kwebiofilm yakakura pamusoro peganda kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru muzvikamu zvakawanda zvemaindasitiri, kusanganisira indasitiri yechikafu, masisitimu emvura, nenzvimbo dzehutano. Muvanhu, kana biofilms dzaumbwa, anopfuura 80% ezvirwere zvehutachiona (kusanganisira Enterobacteriaceae neStaphylococci) zvakaoma kurapa. Uyezve, biofilms yakakura inonzi inodzivirira kurapwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ka1000 kana tichienzanisa nemasero ebhakitiriya eplanktonic, inoonekwa sedambudziko guru rekurapa. Zvinhu zvinodzivirira mabhakitiriya zvinobva mumakemikari echinyakare zvakamboshandiswa kare. Kunyangwe zvinhu zvakadaro zvichiwanzova nezvinhu zvine chepfu zvinogona kuva nengozi kuvanhu, 25,26 zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kutapurirana kwebhakitiriya uye kuparadzwa kwezvinhu.
Kusakwanisa kwebhakitiriya kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kwakapararira nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwebiofilm kwakaita kuti pave nekudiwa kwekugadzira nzvimbo inoshanda ine membrane inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka27. Kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo inorwisa mabhakitiriya inodzivisa masero ebhakitiriya kusunga nekuvaka biofilms nekuda kwekunamatira ndiyo nzira yekutanga mukuita uku27. Tekinoroji yechipiri ndeyekugadzira machira anobvumira makemikari anorwisa mabhakitiriya kuti aendeswe kwaanoda chaizvo, muhuwandu hwakawanda uye hwakagadzirirwa. Izvi zvinoitwa nekugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana zvekuputira zvakaita segraphene/germanium28, black diamond29 uye ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 inodzivirira mabhakitiriya, tekinoroji inowedzera Huturu uye kukura kwekudzivirira nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwebiofilm inoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, machira anosanganisa makemikari anouraya mabhakitiriya munzvimbo kuti ape dziviriro yenguva refu kubva mukusvibiswa kwebhakitiriya ari kuwedzera kufarirwa. Kunyangwe maitiro ese matatu achikwanisa kugadzira mhedzisiro yehutachiona panzvimbo dzakaputirwa, imwe neimwe ine zvipingamupinyi zvayo zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo pakugadzira nzira dzekushandisa.
Zvigadzirwa zviri kutengeswa parizvino zviri kukanganiswa nenguva isina kukwana yekuongorora nekuyedza machira ekudzivirira ezvinhu zvinoshanda mumuviri. Makambani anoti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvichapa vashandisi zvinhu zvinodiwa zvekushanda; Zvisinei, izvi zvave chipingamupinyi pakubudirira kwezvigadzirwa zviri pamusika parizvino. Mishonga inobva musirivha inoshandiswa mukurapa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kwava kuwanikwa nevatengi. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvakagadzirwa kudzivirira vashandisi kubva pamigumisiro inogona kuva nengozi yezvipembenene. Kunonoka kwemhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye chepfu inobatanidzwa yemakemikari esirivha zvinowedzera kumanikidzwa kwevaongorori kuti vagadzire imwe nzira isingakuvadzi zvakanyanya36,37. Kugadzira coating yepasi rose inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshanda mukati nekunze kuchiri kuratidza kuva basa rakaoma. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenjodzi dzakabatana nehutano nekuchengetedzeka. Kuwana mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya usingakuvadzi vanhu zvakanyanya uye kutsvaga nzira yekuuisa mumidziyo inofukidza ine hupenyu hwakareba chinangwa chinotsvakwa zvikuru38. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinorwisa mabhakitiriya uye zvinorwisa biofilm zvakagadzirirwa kuuraya mabhakitiriya ari pedyo, kungave kuburikidza nekubata zvakananga kana mushure mekunge mushonga unoshanda waburitswa. Vanogona kuita izvi nekudzivisa kubatana kwekutanga kwebhakitiriya (kusanganisira kudzivirira kuumbwa kweprotein layer pamusoro) kana nekuuraya mabhakitiriya nekupindira mumadziro esero.
Chaizvoizvo, kufukidza pamusoro inzira yekuisa rimwe jira pamusoro pechinhu kuti uwedzere hunhu hune chekuita nepamusoro. Chinangwa chekufukidza pamusoro ndechekugadzirisa chimiro che microstructure uye/kana kuumbwa kwenzvimbo iri pedyo nepamusoro pechinhu39. Maitiro ekufukidza pamusoro anogona kukamurwa kuita nzira dzakasiyana, idzo dzakapfupikiswa muMufananidzo 2a. Kufukidza kunogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvekupisa, zvemakemikari, zvemuviri, uye zvemagetsi, zvichienderana nenzira inoshandiswa kugadzira kufukidza.
(a) Mufananidzo uri mukati unoratidza matekiniki makuru ekugadzira anoshandiswa pamusoro, uye (b) zvakanakira nezvakaipa zvetekiniki yekupfapfaidza inotonhora.
Tekinoroji yeCold spray ine zvakawanda zvakafanana nenzira dzemazuva ano dzekupisa. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoita kuti maitiro ekupisa anotonhora nezvinhu zvekupisa zvinotonhora zvive zvakasiyana. Tekinoroji yeCold spray ichiri kutanga, asi ine ramangwana rakajeka. Mune mamwe mashandisirwo, hunhu hwakasiyana hwechando spray hune mabhenefiti makuru, kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvetsika dzekupisa spray. Inopa nzira yekukunda zvipingamupinyi zvakakosha zvetekinoroji yekupisa inodziya, panguva iyo upfu hunofanira kunyungudutswa kuti huwire pasi pesubstrate. Zviri pachena kuti maitiro aya ekupenda echinyakare haana kukodzera zvinhu zvinonzwa tembiricha zvakanyanya senge nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous uye metallic glasses40, 41, 42. Uyezve, zvinhu zvekupisa zvinodziya zvinogara zvichiratidza mwero wakakwira we porosity uye oxides. Tekinoroji yechando spray ine mabhenefiti akawanda akakosha pamusoro petekinoroji yekupisa, senge (i) kupisa kushoma kunopinda musubstrate, (ii) kushanduka mukusarudza kwesubstrate coating, (iii) kusavapo kwekuchinja kwechikamu uye kukura kwezviyo, (iv) simba rakakwirira rekubatanidza 1,39 (Mufananidzo 2b). Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvechando zvinodziya zvine resistance yakanyanya yengura, simba guru uye kuomarara, kufambisa magetsi kwakanyanya uye kuwanda kwakanyanya41. Kusiyana nezvakanakira nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora, kuchine zvimwe zvakaipa pakushandisa nzira iyi, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2b. Pakuputira hupfu hweceramic hwakachena hwakadai seAl2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, nezvimwewo, nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora haigone kushandiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, hupfu hweceramic/simbi hunogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune dzimwe nzira dzekupfapfaidza dzinopisa. Nzvimbo dzakaoma uye nzvimbo dzemukati dzepombi zvichiri kuoma kupfapfaidza.
Zvichienderana nekuti basa riri kuitwa parizvino rine chinangwa chekushandisa hupfu hwesimbi hwakaita segirazi sezvinhu zvekuputira, zviri pachena kuti kupfapfaidza kwemazuva ano kwekupisa hakugone kushandiswa pachinangwa ichi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti hupfu hwesimbi hwakaita segirazi hunopenya pakupisa kwakanyanya1.
Zvishandiso zvizhinji zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvekurapa nezvekudya zvakagadzirwa nesimbi dzisina tsvina dzinonzi austenitic (SUS316 neSUS304) dzine chromium iri pakati pe12 ne20 wt% yekugadzira zvishandiso zvekuvhiya. Zvinogamuchirwa kuti kushandiswa kwesimbi yechromium sechinhu chinobatanidza simbi musimbi dzinogona kuvandudza zvikuru kuramba ngura kwesimbi dzakajairwa. Simba risina tsvina, pasinei nekuramba kwaro ngura, hariratidze hunhu hwakakosha hwekurwisa ngura38,39. Izvi zvinopesana nekuramba kwaro ngura kwakanyanya. Mushure meizvi, kukura kwehutachiona nekuzvimba kunogona kufanotaurwa, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye kugara pamusoro pezvinhu zvesimbi zvisina tsvina. Matambudziko makuru anogona kumuka nekuda kwematambudziko makuru ane chekuita nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye nzira dzekuumbwa kwebiofilm, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukuderera kwehutano, izvo zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakawanda inogona kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga.
Chidzidzo ichi chikamu chekutanga chepurojekiti inotsigirwa nemari neKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Contract No. 2010-550401, yekuongorora mukana wekugadzira upfu hwesimbi hweCu-Zr-Ni hwakaita segirazi uchishandisa tekinoroji yeMA (Tafura 1) yekugadzira firimu rekudzivirira pamusoro pemabhakitiriya/SUS304. Chikamu chechipiri chepurojekiti, chichatanga muna Ndira 2023, chichaongorora hunhu hwemagetsi emagetsi uye hunhu hwemakanika ehurongwa zvakadzama. Miedzo yakadzama ye microbiological ichaitwa kune marudzi akasiyana emabhakitiriya.
Mupepa rino, mhedzisiro yeZr alloying element content pakugona kugadzira girazi (GFA) inokurukurwa zvichibva pahunhu hwemagadzirirwo uye chimiro. Pamusoro pezvo, hunhu hwemabhakitiriya hwe coated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite hwakakurukurwawo. Uyezve, basa razvino raitwa kuti riongorore mukana wekushanduka kwechimiro che metallic glass powders kuitika panguva yekupfapfaidza kunotonhora mukati me subcooled liquid region yemagadzirirwo egirazi esimbi akagadzirwa. Semienzaniso inomiririra, Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi.
Muchikamu chino, shanduko dzechimiro chehupfu hweCu, Zr neNi mukugadzira bhora rine simba shoma dzinoratidzwa. Semienzaniso inotsanangura, masisitimu maviri akasiyana anosanganisira Cu50Zr20Ni30 neCu50Zr40Ni10 achashandiswa semienzaniso inomiririra. Maitiro eMA anogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana, sezvakaratidzwa ne metallographic characterization yehupfu hunogadzirwa panguva yekukuya (Mufananidzo 3).
Hunhu hweMetallographic hwema mechanical alloy (MA) powders anowanikwa mushure mematanho akasiyana enguva yekugaya bhora. Mifananidzo yefield emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) yeMA neCu50Zr40Ni10 powders akawanikwa mushure menguva yekugaya bhora ine simba shoma ye3, 12 ne50 awa inoratidzwa muna (a), (c) uye (e) yeCu50Zr20Ni30 system, nepo muMA imwecheteyo Mifananidzo inoenderana yeCu50Zr40Ni10 system inotorwa mushure menguva inoratidzwa muna (b), (d) uye (f).
Munguva yekugaya bhora, simba rekufamba rinoshanda rinogona kutamisirwa kuhupfu hwesimbi rinokanganiswa nekusanganiswa kwema parameter, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 1a. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuroverana pakati pemabhora nehupfu, kudzvanywa kwehupfu hwakanamirwa pakati kana pakati pekugaya, kukanganiswa kwemabhora anodonha, kuchekwa nekupfekwa nekuda kwekudhonzwa kwehupfu pakati pekufamba kwekugaya bhora, uye shock wave ichipfuura. Mabhora anodonha akapararira kuburikidza nemidziyo yezvirimwa (Mufananidzo 1a). Upfu hweElemental Cu, Zr, uye Ni hwakakanganisika zvakanyanya nekuda kwe cold welding pakutanga kweMA (3 h), zvichikonzera hupfu hukuru (>1 mm mu dhayamita). Hupfu hukuru uhwu hunoratidzwa nekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakakora zve alloying elements (Cu, Zr, Ni), sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3a, b. Kuwedzera nguva yeMA kusvika maawa gumi nemaviri (pakati pedanho) kwakaguma nekuwedzera kwe kinetic energy yebhora, zvichikonzera kuparara kwehupfu hwakasanganiswa kuita hupfu hwakatsetseka (pasi pe200 µm), sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3c, d. Panguva ino Padanho repamusoro, simba rekuchekerera rinoshandiswa rinotungamira pakuumbwa kwesimbi itsva ine zvikamu zvakanaka zveCu, Zr, Ni, sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 3c, d. Nekuda kwekunatswa kwezvikamu, maitiro echikamu chakasimba anoitika panzvimbo yepakati pezvikamu kuti agadzire zvikamu zvitsva.
Pakupera kwemaitiro eMA (mushure memaawa makumi mashanu), metallography yakapwanyika yaingoonekwa zvishoma (Mufananidzo 3e, f), asi pamusoro peupfu hwakatsvuka wairatidza mirror metallography. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maitiro eMA apera uye kugadzirwa kwechikamu chimwe chete che reaction kwaitika. Kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvezvikamu zvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) kwakatsanangurwa nekushandisa field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) yakasanganiswa ne energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
MuTafura 2, huwandu hwezvinhu zve alloying hunoratidzwa sechikamu chehuremu hwese hwenzvimbo yega yega yakasarudzwa muFig. 3e, f. Pakuenzanisa mhedzisiro iyi nezvikamu zvekutanga zveCu50Zr20Ni30 neCu50Zr40Ni10 zvakanyorwa muTafura 1, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zvikamu zvezvigadzirwa zviviri izvi zvekupedzisira zvine hunhu hwakafanana zvikuru nezvikamu zve nominal. Uyezve, huwandu hwezvikamu zvenzvimbo zvakanyorwa muFig. 3e, f hahurevi kuora kwakanyanya kana kuchinja-chinja mukuumbwa kwemuenzaniso wega wega kubva kunzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuti hapana shanduko mukuumbwa kubva kunzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kugadzirwa kwehupfu hwe alloy hwakafanana, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 2.
Ma micrograph eFE-SEM emushonga wekupedzisira weCu50(Zr50−xNix) powder akawanikwa mushure me50 MA times, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 4a–d, apo x iri 10, 20, 30 uye 40 pa.%, zvichiteerana. Mushure medanho iri rekugaya, powder inoungana nekuda kwemhedzisiro yevan der Waals, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwema aggregates makuru ane zvidimbu zvidiki zvine dhayamita kubva pa73 kusvika 126 nm, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 4.
Hunhu hwehupfu hweCu50(Zr50−xNix) hwakawanikwa mushure menguva yeMA ye50 h. Kune masisitimu eCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, mifananidzo yeFE-SEM yehupfu hwakawanikwa mushure menguva dzeMA makumi mashanu inoratidzwa muna (a), (b), (c) uye (d), zvichiteerana.
Vasati vaisa hupfu mufiriji inotonhora, vakatanga vaisa sonic mu analytical grade ethanol kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu uye vozoomeswa pa150°C kwemaawa maviri. Danho iri rinofanira kutorwa kuti vabudirire kurwisa agglomeration iyo inowanzo kukonzera matambudziko mazhinji akakosha mukati memaitiro ekuputira. Mushure mekunge maitiro eMA apera, mamwe matsananguro akaitwa kuti vaongorore homogeneity yehupfu hwe alloy. Mufananidzo 5a–d unoratidza FE-SEM micrographs uye mifananidzo yeEDS inoenderana yezvinhu zveCu, Zr uye Ni alloying zveCu50Zr30Ni20 alloy zvakawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu enguva yeM, zvichiteerana. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hupfu hwe alloy hunogadzirwa mushure medanho iri hwakafanana sezvo husingaratidze chero kuchinja kwe compositional kupfuura sub-nanometer level, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 5.
Maitiro uye kugoverwa kweMG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder munzvimbo yawakawana mushure menguva dze50 MA neFE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM uye X-ray EDS mapping ye (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα uye (d) Ni-Kα mifananidzo.
Mapatani eXRD eupfu hweCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 hwakasanganiswa nemechanically alloy akawanikwa mushure menguva yeMA yemaawa makumi mashanu anoratidzwa muFig. 6a–d, zvichiteerana. Mushure medanho iri rekugaya, sampuro dzese dzine huwandu hwakasiyana hweZr dzakaratidza maumbirwo asina chimiro ane maitiro e halo diffusion anoratidzwa muFig. 6.
Mapatani eXRD e (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders mushure menguva yeMA ye50 h. Mienzaniso yese pasina kusiyanisa yakaratidza halo diffusion pattern, zvichireva kuumbwa kwe amorphous phase.
Michina yemagetsi inoburitsa simba remagetsi (FE-HRTEM) yakashandiswa kuona shanduko dzemunzvimbo uye kunzwisisa chimiro chemunzvimbo yeupfu hunobva mukukuyiwa kwebhora panguva dzakasiyana dzeMA. Mifananidzo yeFE-HRTEM yeupfu hwakawanikwa mushure mematanho ekutanga (maawa matanhatu) uye epakati (maawa gumi nemasere) ekugaya upfu hweCu50Zr30Ni20 neCu50Zr40Ni10 inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 7a, c, zvichiteerana. Zvichienderana nemufananidzo wemunda wakajeka (BFI) weupfu hwakagadzirwa mushure meMA​ maawa matanhatu, upfu hwakaumbwa netsanga hombe dzine miganhu yakanyatsotsanangurwa yezvinhu fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr uye fcc-Ni, uye hapana chiratidzo chekuti chikamu che reaction chaumbwa, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 7a. Uyezve, iyo correlated selected area diffraction pattern (SADP) yakatorwa kubva munharaunda yepakati ye (a) yakaratidza cusp diffraction pattern (Mufananidzo 7b), zvichiratidza kuvapo kwemakristaro makuru uye kusavapo kwechikamu che reactive.
Kutsanangurwa kwechimiro chemunzvimbo cheupfu hweMA hunowanikwa mushure mematanho ekutanga (maawa matanhatu) uye epakati (maawa gumi nemasere).(a) Kuburitswa kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi ane resolution yepamusoro (FE-HRTEM), uye (b) patani yenzvimbo yakasarudzwa (SADP) yeupfu hweCu50Zr30Ni20 mushure mekurapwa kweMA kwemaawa matanhatu. Mufananidzo weFE-HRTEM weCu50Zr40Ni10 wakawanikwa mushure menguva yeMA yemaawa gumi nemasere unoratidzwa mu (c).
Sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 7c, kuwedzera nguva yeMA kusvika maawa gumi nemasere kwakakonzera zvikanganiso zvakakomba zve lattice pamwe chete ne deformation yepurasitiki. Munguva iyi yepakati peMA process, upfu hunoratidza zvikanganiso zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira zvikanganiso zve stacking, zvikanganiso zve lattice, uye point defects (Mufananidzo 7). Zvikanganiso izvi zvinoita kuti tsanga huru dzipatsanurwe pamwe chete nemiganhu yetsanga dzadzo kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvine saizi iri pasi pe20 nm (Mufananidzo 7c).
Maumbirwo emunzvimbo yeCu50Z30Ni20 powder yakagayiwa kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu eMA ane kuumbwa kwe ultrafine nanograins dzakaiswa mu amorphous fine matrix, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 8a. Local EDS analysis yakaratidza kuti ma nanoclusters iwayo anoratidzwa muFig. 8a aibatanidzwa nezvinhu zvisina kugadziriswa zveCu, Zr uye Ni powder alloying. Panguva imwe chete, Cu content yematrix yakachinja kubva pa ~32 at.% (nzvimbo yakatetepa) kusvika pa ~74 at.% (nzvimbo yakapfuma), zvichiratidza kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana. Uyezve, maSADP anoenderana eupfu akawanikwa mushure mekugayiwa padanho rino anoratidza halo-diffusing primary and secondary rings e amorphous phase, achipindirana ne sharp points akabatana nezvinhu izvozvo zvisina kugadzirwa, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 8b.
Kupfuura 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder nanoscale magadzirirwo emunzvimbo.(a) Mufananidzo wakajeka wemunda (BFI) uye unoenderana (b) SADP yeCu50Zr30Ni20 powder yakawanikwa mushure mekukuyiwa kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu MA time.
Pedyo nekupera kwemaitiro eMA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 uye 40 at.% powders nguva dzose dzine chimiro che labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 9a–d. MuSADP inoenderana yechinhu chimwe nechimwe, hapana madonhwe akafanana nemadonhwe kana mapatani akapinza e annular akaonekwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti hapana simbi isina kugadzirwa iripo, asi pane kuumbwa kweupfu hwe alloy husina amorphous. Aya maSADP akabatana anoratidza mapatani e halo diffusion akashandiswawo sehumbowo hwekuvandudzwa kwezvikamu zvisina amorphous muzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira.
Maumbirwo enzvimbo yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira cheMG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system. FE-HRTEM uye mapatani e diffraction e nanobeam akabatana (NBDP) e (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 yakawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu eMA.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kwekupisa kwegirazi (Tg), subcooled liquid region (ΔTx) uye crystallization temperature (Tx) zvichienderana nehuwandu hweNi (x) ye amorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) system kwakaongororwa uchishandisa differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) yeproperties pasi peHe gas flow. DSC traces yeCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy powders inowanikwa mushure meMA time ye50 h inoratidzwa muFig. 10a, b, e, zvichiteerana. Nepo DSC curve ye amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 inoratidzwa yoga muFig. 10c. Panguva iyi, Cu50Zr30Ni20 sample inopisa kusvika ~700 °C muDSC inoratidzwa muFig. 10d.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kweCu50(Zr50−xNix) MG powders inowanikwa mushure menguva yeMA yemaawa makumi mashanu, sezvinoratidzwa negirazi transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tx), uye subcooled liquid region (ΔTx). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms ye (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mushure menguva yeMA yemaawa makumi mashanu. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern yeCu50Zr30Ni20 sample inopisa kusvika ~700 °C muDSC inoratidzwa mu (d).
Sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 10, makomba eDSC emakonzo ese ane huwandu hwakasiyana hweNi (x) anoratidza zviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana, chimwe che endothermic uye chimwe che exothermic. Chiitiko chekutanga che endothermic chinoenderana neTg, nepo chechipiri chine chekuita neTx. Nzvimbo ye span yakatambanudzwa iripo pakati peTg neTx inonzi subcooled liquid region (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti Tg neTx yeCu50Zr40Ni10 sample (Mufananidzo 10a), yakaiswa pa526°C uye 612°C, inochinja zviri mukati (x) kuenda ku20 at.% kuenda kudivi rekupisa rakaderera re482°C ne563°C nekuwedzera kweNi content (x), zvichiteerana, sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 10b. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ΔTx yeCu50Zr40Ni10 inoderera kubva pa86 °C (Mufananidzo 10a) kuenda ku81 °C yeCu50Zr30Ni20 (Mufananidzo 10a). 10b).Pamusoro peMG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, zvakaonekwawo kuti kukosha kweTg, Tx uye ΔTx kwakadzikira kusvika pa447°C, 526°C uye 79°C (Mufananidzo 10b). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweNi kunotungamira kudzikira kwekugadzikana kwekupisa kweMG alloy. Kusiyana neizvi, kukosha kweTg (507 °C) kweMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy kwakaderera pane kweMG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; zvisinei, Tx yayo inoratidza kukosha kwakafanana nekwekutanga (612 °C).Naizvozvo, ΔTx inoratidza kukosha kwepamusoro (87°C), sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 10c.
Sisitimu yeMG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), ichitora MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy semuenzaniso, inopenya kuburikidza ne sharp exothermic peak ichipinda mu crystal phases dze fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 uye orthorhombic-ZrNi (Mufananidzo 10c). Iyi amorphous to crystalline phase transition yakasimbiswa ne XRD ye MG sample (Mufananidzo 10d), iyo yakapiswa kusvika 700 °C mu DSC.
Mufananidzo 11 unoratidza mapikicha akatorwa panguva yekupfapfaidza kunotonhora kwakaitwa mubasa razvino. Muchidzidzo ichi, zvidimbu zveupfu zvakaita segirazi zvakagadzirwa mushure menguva yeMA yemaawa makumi mashanu (kutora Cu50Zr20Ni30 semuenzaniso) zvakashandiswa sezvinhu zvinorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye ndiro yesimbi isina ngura (SUS304) yakaputirwa netekinoroji yekupfapfaidza inotonhora. Nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora yakasarudzwa kuti ifukidzwe munhevedzano yetekinoroji yekupfapfaidza inodziya nekuti ndiyo nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya munhevedzano yekupfapfaidza inodziya uye inogona kushandiswa pazvinhu zvinonzwa tembiricha yesimbi zvakaita seamorphous ne nanocrystalline powders, izvo zvisingachinjike mukuchinja kwechikamu. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru pakusarudza nzira iyi. Maitiro ekupfapfaidza kunotonhora anoitwa nekushandisa zvidimbu zvine mwero wepamusoro zvinoshandura simba rekinetic rezvikamu kuita plastic deformation, strain uye heat when injured ne substrate kana zvidimbu zvakamboiswa.
Mifananidzo yemumunda inoratidza nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora yakashandiswa pakugadzirira kashanu kakatevedzana kweMG coating/SUS 304 pa550 °C.
Simba remagetsi rezvikamu, uye nokudaro simba rezvikamu chimwe nechimwe mukugadzirwa kwejira, rinofanira kushandurwa kuita mamwe marudzi esimba kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sekuchinja kwepurasitiki (kubatana kwekutanga kwezvikamu uye zvikamu muchikamu uye kubatana kwezvikamu), kuvharwa kwevhu, kutenderera kwezvikamu, kusvuta uye pakupedzisira kupisa 39. Uyezve, kana isiri simba rese remagetsi rinopinda rinoshandurwa kuita simba rekupisa nekusvuta, mhedzisiro yacho ibonderano re elastic, zvinoreva kuti zvikamu zvinongodzokera shure mushure mekurova. Zvakataurwa kuti 90% yesimba remagetsi rinoshandiswa kune zvinhu zvezvikamu/substrate rinoshandurwa kuita kupisa kwemuno 40. Uyezve, kana kusvuta kwemagetsi kuchishandiswa, mwero wepamusoro wesimbi yepurasitiki unowanikwa munzvimbo yekubatana kwezvikamu/substrate munguva pfupi kwazvo 41,42.
Kushanduka kwepurasitiki kunowanzoonekwa senzira yekuparadza simba, kana kuti, sosi yekupisa munzvimbo inopindirana. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekushisa munzvimbo inopindirana hakukwani kuti kunyungudike pakati pemaatomu kana kukurudzira zvakanyanya kupararira kwemaatomu. Hapana chinyorwa chinozivikanwa nevanyori chinoongorora mhedzisiro yehunhu hwemaupfu aya esimbi ane girazi pakunamatira kweupfu uye kuiswa kwehupfu kunoitika kana nzira dzekupisa dzinotonhora dzichishandiswa.
BFI yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder inogona kuonekwa muFig. 12a, iyo yakaputirwa paSUS 304 substrate (Mifananidzo 11, 12b).Sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva pamufananidzo, mapoda akaputirwa anochengetedza chimiro chawo chepakutanga chisina chimiro sezvo aine chimiro chakapfava chelabyrinth chisina kana zvikanganiso zvekristaro. Kune rumwe rutivi, mufananidzo unoratidza kuvapo kwechikamu chekunze, sezvinoratidzwa nenanoparticles dzakaiswa muMG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a). Mufananidzo 12c unoratidza indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) yakabatana nedunhu I (Fig. 12a).Sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 12c, NBDP inoratidza weak halo diffusion pattern yechimiro chisina chimiro uye inogara pamwe chete nemapatches akapinza anoenderana necrystalline large cubic Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO phase. Kuumbwa kweCuO kunogona kukonzerwa nekuoxidation kwepoda painofamba kubva mumuromo wespray gun kuenda kuSUS. 304 mumhepo yakavhurika pasi pekuyerera kwesimba remagetsi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kupatsanurwa kwehupfu hwegirazi hwesimbi kwakaita kuti pave nezvikamu zvikuru zvemakubhiki mushure mekupfapfaidza nechando pa550 °C kwemaminitsi makumi matatu.
(a) Mufananidzo weFE-HRTEM weMG powder wakafukidzwa pa (b) SUS 304 substrate (mufananidzo uri mukati). Nhamba yeNBDP yechiratidzo chedenderedzwa chinoratidzwa mu (a) inoratidzwa mu (c).
Kuti vaone kuti nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa pakuumbwa kwezvikamu zvikuru zveZr2Ni, pakaitwa bvunzo yakazvimirira. Mukuyedza uku, hupfu hwakapfapfaidzwa kubva mupfuti yekupfapfaidza pa550 °C kuenda kuSUS 304 substrate; zvisinei, kuti vatsanangure kuti hupfu hwacho hunobata sei, hwakabviswa kubva muSUS304 strip nekukurumidza sezvinobvira (anenge masekondi makumi matanhatu). Imwe miedzo yakaitwa umo hupfu hwakabviswa kubva musubstrate anenge masekondi zana nemakumi masere mushure mekuiswa.
Mifananidzo 13a,b inoratidza mifananidzo yemunda werima (DFI) inowanikwa nekutarisa transmission electron microscopy (STEM) yezvinhu zviviri zvakapfapfaidzwa zvakaiswa paSUS 304 substrates kwemasekondi 60 nemasekondi 180, zvichiteerana. Mufananidzo weupfu wakaiswa kwemasekondi 60 hauna ruzivo rwechimiro, zvichiratidza kusava nechimiro (Mufananidzo 13a). Izvi zvakasimbiswawo neXRD, iyo yakaratidza kuti chimiro cheupfu uhwu chakanga chisina chimiro, sezvakaratidzwa ne broad primary ne secondary diffraction maxima inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 14a. Izvi zvinoratidza kusavapo kwe metastable/mesophase precipitation, uko upfu hunoramba husina chimiro chahwo chepakutanga. Kusiyana neizvi, upfu hwakapfapfaidzwa patembiricha imwechete (550 °C), asi hwakasiyiwa pasubstrate kwemasekondi 180, hwakaratidza kunaya kwe nano-size grains, sezvakaratidzwa nemiseve iri muMufananidzo 13b.