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Biofilms chikamu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvirwere zvisingaperi, kunyanya kana michina yezvokurapa ichibatanidzwa.Dambudziko iri rinopa dambudziko guru kunharaunda yezvokurapa, sezvo mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kungoparadza biofilms kusvika zvishoma.Kudzivirira kuumbwa kwebiofilm kwakatungamirira kukugadzirwa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuputira uye zvinhu zvitsva.Idzi nzira dzinovavarira kupfekedza nzvimbo nenzira inodzivisa ine melloystal girasi uye tipperi yegirazi, kunyanya iyo inodzivisa biofilm, tipper uye girazi recoro. Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kweteknolojia yekupfapfaidza inotonhora kwakawedzera sezvo iri nzira yakakodzera yekugadzira zvinhu zvinonzwa kupisa. nzvimbo dzesimbi pakudziya kwakadzikira. Zvikamu zvakaputirwa negirazi resimbi zvakakwanisa kuderedza zvakanyanya kuumbwa kwebiofilm nekanenge 1 log zvichienzaniswa nesimbi isina tsvina.
Munhoroondo yese yevanhu, chero nzanga yakakwanisa kugadzira nekusimudzira kuunzwa kwezvinyorwa zvitsva zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa chaizvo, izvo zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwekuita uye chinzvimbo muhupfumi hwepasi rose1. Yagara ichiverengerwa nekugona kwevanhu kugadzira zvigadzirwa nemidziyo yekugadzira uye magadzirirwo ekugadzira zvinhu uye hunhu kuti vawane budiriro muhutano, dzidzo, indasitiri, hupfumi, tsika uye mamwe minda kubva kune imwe nyika yenyika kana dunhu. 2 Kwemakore makumi matanhatu, masayendisiti ezvekushandisa akashandisa yakawanda yenguva yavo kutarisisa chinhu chimwe chete chikuru: kutsvaga zvinyorwa zvitsva uye zvekucheka-kumucheto. Tsvakurudzo ichangoburwa yakanangana nekuvandudza kunaka nekushanda kwezvinhu zviripo, pamwe nekugadzira nekugadzira mhando nyowani dzezvinhu.
Kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvinosanganiswa, kuchinjwa kwe microstructure yezvinhu, uye kushandiswa kwekupisa, mechanical kana thermo-mechanical processing techniques zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kukuru mumagetsi, makemikari uye emuviri wezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana. Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, uye high-entropy alloys ingori mimwe mienzaniso yezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zvakaunzwa munyika kubva pakati pezana remakore rapfuura.Paunenge uchigadzira uye uchigadzira zvinyorwa zvitsva zvine hupfumi hwepamusoro, kana muchikamu chekupedzisira kana kuti mugumisiro wakawedzerwa, dambudziko rekugadzirisa rinowanzoita. yekushandisa maitiro matsva ekugadzira kuti asiyane zvakanyanya kubva pakuenzana, kirasi nyowani yemetastable alloys, inozivikanwa sesimbi magirazi, yawanikwa.
Basa rake paCaltech muna 1960 rakaunza shanduko yepfungwa yesimbi alloys paakagadzira magirazi Au-25 pa.% Si alloys nekukasira kuomesa zvinwiwa painoda kusvika miriyoni madhigirii pasekondi. zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvekupayona mukubatanidzwa kweMG alloys, anenge ese magirazi esimbi akagadzirwa zvachose nekushandisa imwe yeinotevera nzira; (i) kukurumidza kusimba kwekunyunguduka kana mhute, (ii) atomic kusagadzikana kweretisi, (iii) solid-state amorphization reactions pakati pechete metal elements, uye (iv) solid-state shanduko ye metastable phases.
MGs inosiyaniswa nekushaikwa kwehurefu hweatomic order yakabatana nemakristasi, inova hunhu hunotsanangudza makristasi.Munyika yanhasi, kufambira mberi kukuru kwaitwa mumunda wesimbi yegirazi.Izvo zvinhu zvitsva zvine zvinhu zvinofadza izvo zvinofarirwa kwete chete mune yakasimba-nyika fizikisi, asiwo mune metallurgy, pamusoro chemistry, tekinoroji, zvinhu zvitsva zvemhando yesimbi, biology uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi. iyo inonakidza mumiriri wezvishandiso zvemichina mune dzakasiyana siyana.Vane zvimwe zvakakosha zvivakwa; (i) high mechanical ductility uye goho simba, (ii) high magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) zvisingawanzoitiki corrosion resistance, (v) tembiricha kusununguka The conductivity ye6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 inyanzvi itsva, yakatanga kuunzwa muna 19839 naProf. CC Kock nevamwe vaaishanda navo.Vakagadzira hupfu hweamorphous Ni60Nb40 nekukuya musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakachena pane tembiricha yakadzikama iri pedyo nekupisa kwekamuri. Kazhinji, maitiro eMA anoitwa pakati pekubatanidza kusanganiswa kwehupfu hwehupfu mu reactor, kazhinji yakagadzirwa nesimbi isina tsvina mubhora reguyo 10 (Fig. 1a, b) .Kubva ipapo, iyi mechanically induced solid-state reaction technique yakashandiswa kugadzirira novel amorphous / metallic glass alloy powders kushandisa bhora rakaderera 1. mills11,12,13,14,15, 16.Kunyanya, iyi nzira yakashandiswa kugadzirira immiscible systems dzakadai seCu-Ta17, pamwe chete nepamusoro-soro yakanyunguduka alloys yakadai seAl-transition metal systems (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb uye Ta) 18,19 uye Fe-W20, iyo isingagoni kuonekwa kune imwe nzira yekugadzira nzira yeMAF, iyo yakawanda isingagoni kuwanikwa. nanotechnology maturusi ekugadzirira maindasitiri-scale nanocrystalline uye nanocomposite poda zvimedu zvesimbi oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, kabhoni nanotubes, nanodiamonds, Pamwe nekudzikamisa kwakafara kuburikidza nepamusoro-pasi nzira 1 uye metastable nhanho.
Schematic inoratidza nzira yekugadzira yakashandiswa kugadzirira Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 muchidzidzo chino.(a) Gadziriro yeMG alloy powders ane ma Ni concentrations akasiyana x (x; 10, 20, 30 and 40 at.%) uchishandisa low energy ball gilling into the cynder steel. mabhora, uye (b) anonamwa mubhokisi regirovhosi rakazadzwa neHe atmosphere.(c) Muenzaniso wakajeka wemudziyo wokukuya unoratidza kufamba kwebhora panguva yekukuya.Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chehupfu chakawanikwa mushure memaawa 50 chakashandiswa kupfekedza substrate yeSUS 304 uchishandisa nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora (d).
Kana zvasvika kune huwandu hwezvinhu zvepasi (substrates), uinjiniya hwepamusoro hunosanganisira dhizaini uye kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo (substrates) kuti ipe humwe hunhu hwemuviri, makemikari uye hunyanzvi husingawanikwe mune yepakutanga yakawanda zvinhu.Zvimwe zvivakwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa nepamusoro pekurapa zvinosanganisira abrasion resistance, oxidation uye corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction, bio-inertness uye hunhu hwemagetsi, zita remagetsi rinogona kuvandudza zvinhu zvishoma. Nekushandisa metallurgical, mechanical or chemical techniques.Sechiito chinonyatsozivikanwa, kupfeka kunongotsanangurwa sechikamu chimwe chete kana akawanda ezvinyorwa zvakaiswa pamusoro pechinhu chakawanda (substrate) chakagadzirwa nechimwe chinhu.Saka, machira anoshandiswa muchikamu kuti awane chimwe chinodiwa chehunyanzvi kana chekushongedza zvinhu, pamwe nekudzivirira zvinhu kubva kune zvinotarisirwa makemikari nemamiriro ekunze akatenderedza23.
Kuti uise nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekudzivirira dzepamusoro nehupamhi hunobva kune mashoma mamicrometer (pazasi pe10-20 micrometer) kusvika pamusoro pe30 micrometer kana kunyange mashoma mamirimita, nzira dzakawanda uye hunyanzvi hunogona kushandiswa.Muzhinji, maitiro ekupfekedza anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: (i) nzira dzekupfeka dzakanyorova, dzinosanganisira electroplating, electroless plating, uye (galvan-codip) nzira dzekugadzira, uye (galvan-codip) nzira dzekugadzira, uye (galvan-codip) inopisa, uye nzira dzinopisa. pamusoro , muviri mhute deposition (PVD), kemikari vapor deposition (CVD), thermal pfapfaidzo unyanzvi uye ichangopfuura inotonhora pfapfaidzo unyanzvi 24 (Fig. 1d).
Biofilms inotsanangurwa sevanhu vane hutachiona husingadzoreki husingachinjiki hwakabatana nepamusoro uye hwakakomberedzwa ne-self-produced extracellular polymers (EPS) .Superficially mature biofilm formation inogona kutungamirira kukurasikirwa kukuru muzvikamu zvakawanda zveindasitiri, kusanganisira indasitiri yezvokudya, zvirongwa zvemvura, uye nzvimbo dzehutano hwehutano.Muvanhu, apo biofilms inoumba, kupfuura 80% yehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwe80% uye Enteroceluding ye-microbicbacteria (Enteroceluding) yakawanda ye80% Staphylococci) yakaoma kurapa.Uyezve, mature biofilms akanzi ane 1000-yakapetwa zvakanyanya kupikisa kurapwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana ichienzaniswa nemasero ebhakitiriya e planktonic, iyo inoonekwa sedambudziko guru rekurapa.Antimicrobial surface coating materials yakabva kune zvakajairwa organic compounds zvakagara zvichishandiswa.Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvakadaro izvo zvinowanzova ne2 zvingaita kuti zvirege kuva nengozi ye2, 2 rubatsiro rwevanhu hunogona kuva ne2 toxic components. kutapurirana kwebhakitiriya uye kuparadzwa kwezvinhu.
Kupararira kwakapararira kwebhakitiriya kumishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwebiofilm kwakakonzera kudiwa kwekugadzira hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hunogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka27.Kugadzirwa kwemuviri kana chemikemikari inorwisa-adherent surface iyo masero ebhakitiriya anodziviswa kusunga uye kuvaka biofilms nekuda kwekunamatira ndiyo nzira yekutanga mune iyi nzira inogonesa kugadzirwa kwekemikari inogadzirisa 27. chaizvo padzinodiwa, muhuwandu hwakanyanya uye hwakagadzirirwa.Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuputira zvakadai segraphene/germanium28, black diamond29 uye ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 iyo inopikisa mabhakitiriya, teknolojia inowedzera Toxicity uye kuramba kukura nekuda kwekuumbwa kwebiofilm muzvikamu zvemakemikari zvakaderedzwa zvakanyanya. nzvimbo dzekupa dziviriro yenguva refu kubva pakusvibiswa kwebhakitiriya iri kuwedzera kufarirwa.Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzose dziri nhatu dzichikwanisa kubudisa mishonga inorwisa utachiona panzvimbo yakavharwa, imwe neimwe ine zvigadziro zvayo zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo pakugadzira nzira dzekushandisa.
Zvigadzirwa pari zvino pamusika zvinokanganiswa nenguva isina kukwana yekuongorora uye kuedza mabhanhire ekudzivirira kune biologically active ingredients.Makambani anoti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinopa vashandisi zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda; zvisinei, ichi chave chipingamupinyi pakubudirira kwezvigadzirwa pari zvino pamusika.Mishonga yakabva kune sirivheri inoshandiswa muhuwandu hwakawanda hwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ikozvino inowanikwa kune vatengi.Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinogadzirwa kuti zvidzivirire vashandisi kubva kune zvinogona kuva nengozi zvinokonzerwa ne microorganisms.Kunonoka kweantimicrobial effect uye kusanganiswa kwehutu hwemasikirwo esirivha kunowedzera kumanikidzwa kune vatsvakurudzi kune dzimwe nzira dzekutsvakurudza kuti dzive ne37 inokuvadza pasi rose inorwisa microorganisms. mukati nekunze zvichiri kuratidza kuti ibasa rinotyisa.Izvi imhaka yengozi dzinobatanidzwa kune zvose hutano uye kuchengeteka.Kuwana antimicrobial agent iyo isinganyanyi kukuvadza kuvanhu uye nekufungidzira kuti ingaibatanidza sei muzvikamu zvekuputira nehupenyu hurefu hunotsvakwa38.The latest antimicrobial and antimicrobial is close to-anti-biogent zvinhu kuburikidza ne-anti-biogent inotarisana ne-yakanangana ne-biofilm yakananga, kana kuuraya kwakananga. inosunungurwa.Vanogona kuita izvi nekudzivisa kutanga kusungirirwa kwebhakitiriya (kusanganisira kupikisa kuumbwa kweprotein layer pamusoro) kana nekuuraya mabhakitiriya nekupindira nemadziro emadziro.
Zvinonyanya kukosha, kuvhara kwepamusoro ndiyo nzira yekuisa imwe mutsara pamusoro pechikamu chekusimudzira unhu hune hukama hwepamusoro.Chinangwa chekuvhara kwepamusoro ndechekugadzirisa microstructure uye / kana kuumbwa kwenharaunda yepedyo-yepamusoro yechikamu39.Maitirwo ekugadzirisa kwepamusoro anogona kugoverwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo inopfupikiswa mumufananidzo 2a. nzira yakashandiswa kugadzira jira.
(a) Inset inoratidza nzira huru dzekugadzira dzinoshandiswa pamusoro, uye (b) zvakasarudzwa zvakanakira uye zvakaipira zvemhando yekupfapfaidza inotonhora.
Cold spray tekinoroji inogovana zvakawanda zvakafanana neyakajairwa yekupfapfaidza yemafuta.Zvisinei, kune zvakare zvimwe zvakakosha zvimiro zvinoita kuti inotonhora yekupfapfaidza uye inotonhora yekupfapfaidza zvinhu kunyanya yakasarudzika.Cold spray tekinoroji ichiri muhudiki, asi ine ramangwana rakajeka yakanyunguduka kuitira kuisa pane substrate.Zviripachena, iyi yechinyakare yekupfekedza maitiro haina kukodzera zvakanyanya tembiricha-inonzwa zvinhu zvakaita senanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous uye metallic glasses40, 41, 42. Uyezve, thermal spray coating materials inogara ichiratidzira yakakwirira yeporosity uye oxides.Cold pfapfaidzo yakapfap substrate, (ii) kushanduka mumasarudzo ekuputira substrate, (iii) kusavapo kwekushanduka kwechikamu uye kukura kwezviyo, (iv) simba repamusoro rebhondi1,39 (Fig. 2b) . Uyezve, zvinhu zvinotonhora zvekuputira zvinopisa zvine kukwirira kwehutu, simba guru uye kuoma, high conductivity yemagetsi uye high density41.Kupesana nezvakanaka zvechisungo chepamusoro-soro1,39 (Fig. 2b) .Kuwedzera, kutonhora kwepfepfeat coating zvinhu zvine high corrosion resistance, high power and hardness, high conductivity uye high density41.Kupesana nezvakanaka zvezvisungo izvi zvichiri kuratidzwa kushandiswa kwechikafu, kushayiwa kwemaitiro kuchiri kuratidzwa kushandiswa kwechando kuchiri kushandiswa kwechikafu. Mufananidzo 2b.Paunenge uchiputira purece ceramic powders yakadai seAl2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, nezvimwewo, nzira inotonhora yekupfapfaidza haigoni kushandiswa.Kune rumwe rutivi, ceramic / metal composite powders inogona kushandiswa sezvigadziriswe zvekuputira.Izvo zvakafanana zvinoenda kune dzimwe nzira dzekupisa dzekupisa.Nzvimbo dzakaoma uye mukati mepombi nzvimbo dzichiri kuoma kupfapfaidza.
Tichifunga kuti basa razvino rine chinangwa chekushandisa simbi yegirazi hupfu seyakaomeswa yekuputira zvinhu, zviri pachena kuti zvakajairwa kupisa kupfapfaidza hakugone kushandiswa nekuda kwechinangwa ichi.Izvi imhaka yekuti simbi yegirazi hupfu inopenya pakudziya kwakanyanya1.
Zvizhinji zvezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri ezvekurapa uye ezvekudya zvinogadzirwa neaustenitic Stainless steel alloys (SUS316 neSUS304) ine chromium iri pakati pe12 ne20 wt% pakugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekuvhiya. Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti kushandiswa kwechromium simbi sechinhu chinosanganisa simbi inogona kuvandudza simbi isina simbi. simbi alloys, pasinei nekukwirira kwayo kwepamusoro, hairatidzi zvakakosha antimicrobial properties38,39.Izvi zvinopesana nekusagadzikana kwavo kwepamusoro.Mushure meizvi, kukura kwehutachiona uye kuputika kunogona kufanotaurwa, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye colonization pamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina. zvinogona kukonzera kuderera kwehutano, izvo zvingave nemhedzisiro yakawanda inogona kukanganisa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga hutano hwevanhu.
Ichi chidzidzo ndicho chikamu chekutanga chepurojekiti inotsigirwa neKuwait Foundation yekufambira mberi kweScience (KFAS), Contract No. 2010-550401, kuongorora zvingaita kubudisa metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders uchishandisa MA teknolojia (Table 1 ) yekugadzirwa kwe antibacterial surface film/SUS304 kutanga chirongwa chechipiri cheJanuary 2023, ichaongorora maitiro e electrochemical corrosion uye mechanical properties ye system zvakadzama.Detailed microbiological tests ichaitwa kune akasiyana mabhakitiriya marudzi.
Mubepa rino, mhedzisiro yeZr alloying element yemukati pane girazi kugadzira kugona (GFA) inokurukurwa zvichibva pane morphological uye structural hunhu.Mukuwedzera, antibacterial properties yecoated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite yakakurukurwawo. Uyezve, basa razvino rakaitwa kuongorora mukana weiyo structural girasi poda kupfap akagadzirwa esimbi magirazi masisitimu.Semienzaniso inomiririra, Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 simbi yegirazi alloys akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi.
Muchikamu chino, morphological shanduko ye elemental Cu, Zr uye Ni powders mu low energy ball milling inoratidzwa.Semienzaniso yemifananidzo, maviri akasiyana masisitimu anosanganisira Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye Cu50Zr40Ni10 achashandiswa seanomiririra mienzaniso.Iyo MA process inogona kukamurwa kuita matanho matatu akasiyana, sezvakaratidzwa neiyo metallographic stage inogadzirwa panguva ye metallographic poda inogadzirwa.
Metallographic maitiro e mechanical alloy (MA) powders anowanikwa mushure mematanho akasiyana-siyana ekugadzira bhora nguva.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) mifananidzo ye MA neCu50Zr40Ni10 powders inowanikwa mushure mekushaya simba kwebhora nguva dze3, 12 uye 50 h inoratidzwa mu (a), (c) muCu0, M20, uye (e) imwe chete yeM20 system yeCu50M20. Mifananidzo inoenderana yeCu50Zr40Ni10 system yakatorwa mushure menguva inoratidzwa mu (b), (d) uye (f).
Panguva yekugaya bhora, simba rekinetic rinoshanda rinogona kuendeswa kune upfu hwesimbi rinokanganiswa nekubatanidzwa kwezviyero, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1a.Izvi zvinosanganisira kudhumhana pakati pemabhora nehupfu, compressive shearing yehupfu yakanamatira pakati kana pakati pekukuya midhiya, kukanganisa kwekudonha mabhora, shear uye kupfeka nekuda kweupfu drag pakati pekufambisa bhora kugaya kupararira kuburikidza nekudonha bhora. 1a) .Elemental Cu, Zr, uye Ni powders dzakaremara zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutonhora kwemoto padanho rekutanga reMA (3 h), zvichiita kuti pave nezvikamu zvakakura zvehupfu (> 1 mm muhupamhi) .Izvi zvikamu zvakakura zvinoumbwa zvinoratidzwa nekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakakora zve alloying elements (Cu, Zr, Ni), sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo MA. zvakaguma nekuwedzera kwesimba rekinetic yehuyo yebhora, zvichiita kuti kuparara kwehupfu hwehuputi huve hupfu hwakatsetseka (pasi pe200 µm), sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 3c, d.Panguva iyi, simba reshear rinoshandiswa rinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwesimbi itsva neCu, Zr, Ni hint layers, sezvinoratidzwa muFig. maitiro anoitika painterface yemaflakes kuti agadzire zvikamu zvitsva.
Pakuguma kwemaitiro eMA (mushure me50 h), iyo inoputika metallography yaingoonekwa zvishoma (Fig. 3e, f), asi nzvimbo yakasvibiswa yehupfu yakaratidza girazi metallography.Izvi zvinoreva kuti chirongwa cheMA chakapedzwa uye kusikwa kwechikamu chimwe chete chekuita kwakaitika.Kuumbwa kwechikamu chezvikamu zvakarongwa muFig. microscopy (FE-SEM) yakasanganiswa nemagetsi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
MuTable 2, iyo elemental concentrations yealloying elements inoratidzwa sechikamu chehuremu hwese hwedunhu rega rega rakasarudzwa muFig. 3e,f.Kana tichienzanisa mibairo iyi nekutanga nemazita ekuimba eCu50Zr20Ni30 uye Cu50Zr40Ni10 akanyorwa muTebhura 1, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti maumbirwo emhando mbiri idzi dzakada kufanana kune mamwe maumbirwo ezviviri izvi. zvikamu zvezvikamu zvematunhu akanyorwa muFig. 3e, f hazvirevi kuderera kukuru kana kuchinja-chinja mukuumbwa kwemuenzaniso wega wega kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe.Izvi zvinoratidzwa nechokwadi chokuti hapana shanduko mukuumbwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe.
FE-SEM micrographs yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) poda yakawanikwa mushure me50 MA nguva, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 4a-d, apo x iri 10, 20, 30 uye 40 pa.%, zvakateerana.Mushure meiyi danho rekugaya, hupfu hunounganidza nekuda kwekuita kwevandari inokonzeresa, inokonzeresa ultrafine particles ane madhayamita kubva pa73 kusvika 126 nm, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 4.
Morphological maitiro eCu50(Zr50−xNix) hupfu hunowanikwa mushure meMA nguva ye50 h.KuCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 masisitimu, iyo FE-SEM mifananidzo yehupfu inowanikwa mushure me50 MAb) inoratidzwa mushure me50 MAb) zvichiteerana.
Asati atakura zviputi mumhepo inotonhora yekuputira, ivo vakatanga sonicated mu analytical grade ethanol kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu ndokubva vaomeswa pa 150 ° C kwemaawa 2. Iyi nhanho inofanira kutorwa kuti ibudirire kurwisana neagglomeration iyo inowanzokonzera matambudziko akawanda anokosha munguva yose yekuputira. FE-SEM micrographs uye inoenderana EDS mifananidzo yeCu, Zr uye Ni alloying zvinhu zveCu50Zr30Ni20 alloy yakawanikwa mushure me50 h yeM nguva, zvakateerana.Inofanira kucherechedzwa kuti alloy powders anogadzirwa mushure meichi nhanho ane homogeneous sezvo asingaratidzi chero kuumbwa kwekuchinja kunopfuura kweiyo sub-inomita inoratidzwa.
Morphology uye local elemental distribution yeMG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder yakawanikwa mushure me50 MA nguva neFE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) SEM uye X-ray EDS mapping ye (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα uye (d) Ni-Kα mifananidzo.
Iyo XRD mapatani emakanika alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 poda yakawanikwa mushure meMA nguva ye50 h inoratidzwa muFig. 6a-d, zvichiteerana.Mushure meichi nhanho yekugaya, masamples akasiyana eZrloffusion ane maitiro akasiyana eZrlof anoratidza maitiro ane amorphic akasiyana eZrlof. inoratidzwa mumufananidzo wechitanhatu.
XRD maitiro e (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders mushure meMA nguva ye50 h. Masampuli ose pasina kunze akaratidza halo diffusion pattern, zvichireva kuumbwa kwechikamu cheamorphous.
Field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yakashandiswa kuona kuchinja kwemaitiro uye kunzwisisa maumbirwo emunharaunda yehupfu hunobva pakugaya bhora panguva dzakasiyana MA.FE-HRTEM mifananidzo yehupfu yakawanikwa mushure mekutanga (6 h) uye yepakati (18 h) matanho ekugaya kweCu50ZrNi000Ni50020 inoratidzwa muFifig 4020upfu. 7a, c, zvichiteerana.Maererano nemufananidzo wakajeka wemunda (BFI) wehupfu inogadzirwa mushure meMA 6 h, hupfu hunoumbwa nemhodzi huru dzine miganhu yakanyatsotsanangurwa yezvinhu fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr uye fcc-Ni, uye hapana chinoratidza kuti chikamu chekuita chakaumbwa, sezvakaratidzwa muFigrrelatedther nharaunda yakasarudzwa, Fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr uye fcc-Ni. kubva munharaunda yepakati ye (a) yakaratidza maitiro e-cusp diffraction (Fig. 7b), zvichiratidza kuvapo kwemakristallite makuru uye kusavapo kwechikamu chekugadzirisa.
Local structural characterization yeMA powder yakawanikwa mushure mekutanga (6 h) uye yepakati (18 h) matanho. (a) Munda emission high resolution transmission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), uye (b) inopindirana yakasarudzwa nzvimbo diffraction pattern (SADP) yeCu50Zr30Ni20 powder mushure me MA kurapwa kwe6 h.The 40Mr image00 yeM. 18h inoratidzwa mu(c).
Sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 7c, kuwedzera nguva yeMA kusvika ku18 h kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakakomba kwelatiti yakasanganiswa neplastiki deformation.Pakati pechikamu ichi chepakati cheMA process, hupfu hunoratidza kukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kukanganisa kwe stacking, lattice defects, uye point defects (Mufananidzo 7) .Izvi zvinokanganisa zvinokonzera zvishoma zvishoma zviyo zvezviyo 20 kuti zviparadzanise zviyo zvishoma zvishoma nehukuru hwe20. nm (Mufananidzo 7c).
Nzvimbo yemunharaunda yeCu50Z30Ni20 powder yakagayiwa kwe36 h MA nguva ine kugadzirwa kwe ultrafine nanograins yakavharidzirwa mu amorphous matrix yakanaka, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 8a.Local EDS kuongororwa kwakaratidza kuti iyo nanoclusters inoratidzwa muFig. yakachinja kubva ~ 32 pa.% (nzvimbo yakaonda) kusvika ~ 74 pa.% (nzvimbo yakapfuma), ichiratidza kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.Uyezve, maSADP anowirirana ehupfu hwakawanikwa mushure mekugaya panguva ino inoratidza halo-diffusing primary and secondary rings of amorphous phase, inopindirana neinopinza pfungwa dzine chokuita neaya mbishi allobying elements.
Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder nanoscale local structure features.(a) Bright field image (BFI) uye inowirirana (b) SADP yeCu50Zr30Ni20 powder yakawanikwa mushure mekugaya kwe36 h MA nguva.
Pedyo nekupera kwemaitiro eMA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 uye 40 pa.% powders inoramba iine labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 9a-d.Muchikamu cheSADP chega chega chega, hapana-kufanana-kufanana kwakasiyana kana maitiro akapinza annular anogona kuonekwa.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti hapana kristalline isina kushandiswa pane imwe poda yakaumbwa, asi simbi inogadzirwa, iyo isimbi inogadzirwa. MaSADP anoratidza halo diffusion mapatani akashandiswawo sehumbowo hwekuvandudzwa kweamorphous phases mune yekupedzisira chigadzirwa zvinhu.
Mamiriro emunharaunda echigadzirwa chekupedzisira cheMG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system.FE-HRTEM uye correlated nanobeam diffraction mapatani (NBDP) ye (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 yakawana mushure meMAh0 Ni30 uye (d0) Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) 4 Cu50Ni30.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kwegirazi rekuchinja tembiricha (Tg), subcooled fluid region (ΔTx) uye crystallization tembiricha (Tx) sekushanda kweNi content (x) yeamorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) system yakaongororwa pachishandiswa differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) yezvivakwa pasi peHe gas flow of the Cu510 traces. Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy powders inowanikwa mushure meMA nguva ye50 h inoratidzwa muFig. 10a, b, e, zvakateerana.Apo DSC curve yeamorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 inoratidzwa zvakasiyana muFig. 10c. °C muDSC inoratidzwa muFig. 10d.
Thermal stability yeCu50(Zr50−xNix) MG powders inowanikwa mushure meMA nguva ye50 h, se indexed by glass transition tembiricha (Tg), crystallization tembiricha (Tx), uye subcooled liquid region (ΔTx).Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms ye (a) Cu50Ni10Zr30Zr20,4 Cu50Zr20,4 Cu50Zr2000, Cu50Zr400Zr. (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mushure meMA nguva ye50 h. Iyo X-ray diffraction (XRD) muenzaniso weCu50Zr30Ni20 inopisa kusvika ~ 700 °C muDSC inoratidzwa mu (d).
Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 10, DSC curves yezvinyorwa zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zveNi concentrations (x) inoratidza zviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana, imwe endothermic uye imwe exothermic.Chiitiko chekutanga chekupedzisira chinopindirana neTg, asi chechipiri chakabatana neTx.Iyo yakatarisana nenharaunda iyo iripo pakati peTg neTx inonzi inonzi subcooled liquid region uye Tx inoratidza Tx yemvura yeTx uye Tx inoratidza Tx nharaunda yeTx . Cu50Zr40Ni10 sampuli (Fig. 10a), yakaiswa pa526 ° C uye 612 ° C, shandura zviri mukati (x) kusvika 20 pa.% kune yakaderera tembiricha divi re482 ° C uye 563 ° C nekuwedzera Ni content (x), zvichiteerana , sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 10b.Nekuda kweC01 kuderera kubva ku5 ΔZ06 °C (Fig. 10a) kusvika ku81 °C yeCu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b) .Kune MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, yakaonekwawo kuti maitiro eTg, Tx uye ΔTx akadzikira kusvika pamwero we447 ° C, 526 ° C s 0b yekuwedzera. inotungamirira kuderera kwekugadzikana kwekupisa kweMG alloy. Kusiyana neizvi, kukosha kweTg (507 ° C) yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy yakaderera kupfuura yeMG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; zvisinei, Tx yayo inoratidza kukosha kwakaenzana kune yekare (612 ° C) . Nokudaro, ΔTx inoratidza kukosha kwepamusoro (87 ° C), sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 10c.
Iyo MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix) system, inotora iyo MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy semuenzaniso, inopenya kuburikidza neyakapinza exothermic peak mukristaro zvikamu zvefcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 uye orthorhombic-ZrNi30 alloy . XRD yeMG sampuli (Fig. 10d), iyo yakapisa kusvika ku700 ° C muDSC.
Mufananidzo 11 unoratidza mapikicha akatorwa panguva yekutonhora yekupfapfaidza yakaitwa mubasa razvino. Muchidzidzo ichi, simbi yegirazi-yakafanana nehupfu zvimedu zvakasanganiswa mushure meMA nguva ye50 h (kutora Cu50Zr20Ni30 semuenzaniso) yakashandiswa se antibacterial mbishi zvinhu, uye ndiro yesimbi isina tsvina (SUS304) yakange yakaputirwa neinotonhora yekupfapfaidza iyo tekinoroji yekufirita. ndiyo nzira inonyatso shanda mu thermal spray series uye inogona kushandiswa simbi metastable tembiricha sensitive zvinhu zvakadai seamorphous uye nanocrystalline powders, izvo zvisingaenderane nechikamu chekuchinja
Mapikicha emumunda anoratidza nzira inotonhora yekupfapfaidza inoshandiswa pakugadzirira shanu dzakatevedzana dzeMG coating/SUS 304 pa550 °C.
Iyo kinetic simba rezvimedu, uye nokudaro kukurumidza kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe mukugadzirwa kwekuputira, inofanira kuchinjwa kuva mamwe maitiro esimba kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai sepurasitiki deformation (yekutanga particle uye particle-particle interactions mu substrate uye particle interactions), voids Consolidation, particle-particle rotation, strain uye pakupedzisira inoshandura kupisa mukati 39. strain simba, mugumisiro ndeye elastic collision, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvimedu zvinongoputika shure mushure mekugadzirisa.Zvakave zvichiratidza kuti 90% yesimba rinoshandiswa rinoshandiswa kune chidimbu / substrate zvinhu zvinoshandurwa kuva kupisa kwenharaunda 40 .Uyezve, kana kukanganiswa kwemaitiro kunoshandiswa, kukwirira kwepurasitiki kunokonzera kunowanikwa muchikamu chekubatana / substrate nguva pfupi41, nzvimbo shoma shoma441.
Plastiki deformation inowanzoonekwa senzira yekuparara kwesimba, kana kunyanya, nzvimbo yekupisa munharaunda yeinterfacial.Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekushisa munharaunda yakatarisana kazhinji hakuna kukwana kubudisa interfacial kunyunguduka kana kusimudzira zvakanyanya atomic interdiffusion.Hapana chinyorwa chinozivikanwa kune vanyori chinoongorora mhedzisiro yezvimiro zveiyi metallic girazi poda yakapfapfaidza painotonhora inoshandiswa painotonhora.
Iyo BFI yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder inogona kuonekwa muFig. 12a, iyo yakanga yakaputirwa paSUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b) .Sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva pamufananidzo, mapeji akavharidzirwa anochengetedza maitiro avo ekutanga amorphous sezvavane hutete hwakatsetseka hwelabyrinth kana kuti lattine defect chimiro pasina chero chifananidzo chekristal. kuvapo kwechikamu chekunze, sezvinoratidzwa nanoparticles yakabatanidzwa muMG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a) .Mufananidzo 12c inoratidzira indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) yakabatana nenharaunda I (Mufananidzo 12a) .Sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 12c, NBDPists isina simba yeamorphists maitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro asina simba uye maitiro asina simba e-haex diffraction ane indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) inoenderana necrystalline hombe cubic Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO phase.Kuumbwa kweCuO kunogona kunzi kune oxidation yehupfu kana uchifamba kubva pamuromo wepfuti yekupfapfaidza kuenda kuSUS 304 mumhepo yakavhurika pasi pe supersonic flow.Kune rumwe rutivi, devitrification yesimbi inotonhora cubic poda ye5 inotonhorera mushure meiyo inotonhora cubic 5 poda. °C kwemaminitsi makumi matatu.
(a) FE-HRTEM mufananidzo weMG powder yakavharwa pa (b) SUS 304 substrate (inset of figure) .Indekisi NBDP yechiratidzo chedenderedzwa chinoratidzwa mu (a) chinoratidzwa mu (c).
Kuti uone iyi inogona kuita nzira yekuumbwa kwehombe cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, kuedza kwakazvimiririra kwakaitwa.Mukuedza uku, poda yakapfapfaidzwa kubva papfuti yespray pa550 ° C munzira yeSUS 304 substrate; zvisinei, kujekesa annealing mhedzisiro yehupfu, dzakabviswa kubva kuSUS304 strip nekukurumidza sezvinobvira (anenge 60 seconds) .Imwe seti yezviedzo yakaitwa umo upfu hwakabviswa kubva kune substrate masekonzi 180 mushure mekuiswa.
Mifananidzo 13a,b inoratidza mifananidzo yerima yerima (DFI) yakawanikwa nekuongorora transmission electron microscopy (STEM) yezvinhu zviviri zvakapfapfaidzwa zvakaiswa paSUS 304 substrates ye60 s uye 180 s, zvichiteerana.Mufananidzo wehupfu wakaiswa kwemasekondi 60 hauna tsanangudzo ye morphological, ichiratidza kusavapo (Fig. Iyi yeD yakasimbiswa neiyo XR yakasimbiswawo). upfu hwakanga huri amorphous, sezvinoratidzwa nehupamhi hwepuraimari uye yechipiri diffraction maxima inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 14a.Izvi zvinoratidza kusavapo kwemvura inonaya / mesophase, apo poda inochengetedza maitiro ayo ekutanga amorphous.Mukupesana, poda yakapfapfaidzwa panguva imwe chete yekushisa (550 ° C), asi yakasara pane substrate ye180 yezviyo, yakaratidza zviyo zve180. miseve iri mufananidzo 13b.