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Biofilms bụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, karịsịa mgbe ngwaọrụ ahụike na-etinye aka. Nsogbu a na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka nye ndị ọrụ ahụike, dịka ọgwụ nje ọgwụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nanị ikpochapụ biofilms ruo n'ókè dị oke oke. Ịkwụsị ịmepụta biofilm emeela ka e nwee mmepe nke ụzọ mkpuchi dị iche iche na ihe ọhụrụ. Ụzọ ndị a na-achọ ịkwa uwe elu n'ụzọ na-egbochi ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, titanium alloys metal metal. pụta dị ka ezigbo antimicrobial coatings. N'otu oge ahụ, ojiji nke oyi ịgba technology amụbawo ka ọ bụ a kwesịrị ekwesị usoro maka nhazi okpomọkụ-sensitive material. Akụkụ nke nzube nke ọmụmụ a bụ ịzụlite a novel antibacterial film dara iko nke mejupụtara ternary Cu-Zr-Ni iji n'ibu alloying techniques.The sppherical ntụ ntụ nke na-eme ka elu ngwaahịa na-enweghị oyi na-atụ n'elu igwe na-eji dị ka igwe anaghị agba nchara dị ka igwe anaghị agba nchara. okpomọkụ. Ihe ndị e kpuchiri ekpuchi na iko ọla nwere ike ibelata nhazi biofilm site na ọ dịkarịa ala 1 log ma e jiri ya tụnyere igwe anaghị agba nchara.
N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ọha mmadụ ọ bụla enweela ike ịmepụta na ịkwalite mmeghe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-emezu ihe ndị ọ chọrọ, bụ nke mere ka arụ ọrụ dị mma na ọkwa dị elu n'ime akụ na ụba ụwa1. A na-ekwukarị na ikike mmadụ ịmepụta ihe na mmepụta ngwá ọrụ na nhazi maka mmepụta ihe na njirimara iji nweta uru na ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ, akụ na ụba, omenala na mpaghara ndị ọzọ site n'otu obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara na-enweghị ọganihu. 2 N'ime afọ 60, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-etinye oge dị ukwuu n'oge ha na-elekwasị anya na otu isi ihe na-akpata: ịchụso akwụkwọ akụkọ na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. Nnyocha na-adịbeghị anya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite àgwà na arụmọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a, yana ịmepụta na ịmepụta ụdị ihe ọhụrụ kpamkpam.
The mgbakwunye nke alloying ọcha, mgbanwe nke ihe microstructure, na ngwa nke thermal, n'ibu ma ọ bụ thermo-mechanical nhazi usoro emewo ka ịrịba ndozi na n'ibu, chemical na anụ ahụ Njirimara nke a dịgasị iche iche nke dị iche iche. Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum ntụpọ, zero-dimensional, amorphous dara iko, na elu-entropy alloys bụ nanị ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke elu ihe ewebata n'ime ụwa kemgbe n'etiti narị afọ gara aga. Mgbe n'ichepụta na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ alloys na elu Njirimara, ma na ikpeazụ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ n'ime ya n'etiti-mmepụta nkebi na-agbakwunyere nsogbu nke mgbe niile. na-emejuputa usoro mmepụta ọhụrụ iji gbanahụ nke ọma site na nha nha, achọpụtala klas ọhụrụ metastable alloys, nke a maara dị ka iko ọla.
Ọrụ ya na Caltech na 1960 wetara mgbanwe na echiche nke metal alloys mgbe ọ synthesized glassy Au-25 na.% Si alloys site ngwa ngwa solidifying liquids na fọrọ nke nta ka otu nde degrees kwa nkeji 4.Professor Pol Duwezs' chọpụtara omume bụghị nanị heralded mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dara iko (MG), ma dugara na a ntị paramịka ndị mmadụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ọsụ ụzọ na njikọ nke MG alloys, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iko ọla niile ka emepụtara kpamkpam site na iji otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a; (i) ngwa ngwa siri ike nke gbazee ma ọ bụ uzuoku, (ii) atomiki aghara nke lattice, (iii) mmeghachi omume amorphization siri ike n'etiti ihe ọla dị ọcha, na (iv) mgbanwe steeti siri ike nke usoro metastable.
A na-amata MGs site na enweghi usoro atomic nke ogologo oge jikọtara ya na kristal, nke bụ njirimara njirimara nke crystals.In today's world, great progress has been made in the field of metallic glass.They are novel material with interesting properties that are interesting not only in solid-state physics, but also in metallurgy, surface chemistry, technology, bayology, biology and many other fields to exhibiting metal. onye na-adọrọ mmasị maka ngwa nkà na ụzụ na mpaghara dị iche iche. Ha nwere ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa; (i) elu n'ibu ductility na mkpụrụ ike, (ii) elu magnetik permeability, (iii) ala coercivity, (iv) pụrụ iche corrosion iguzogide, (v) okpomọkụ nnwere onwe The conductivity nke 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 bụ usoro ọhụrụ dị ọhụrụ, nke mbụ mere na 19839 site n'aka Prof. CC Kock na ndị ọrụ ibe ha. Ha kwadebere amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders site na-egweri ngwakọta nke ihe dị ọcha na okpomọkụ dị nso na ụlọ okpomọkụ. A, MA mmeghachi omume na-rụrụ n'etiti diffusive njikọ nke reactant ihe powders na a reactor, na-emekarị nke igwe anaghị agba nchara n'ime a bọl igwe nri 10 (Fig. 1a, b) .Since mgbe ahụ, nke a mechanically induced siri ike-ala mmeghachi omume Usoro e ji kwadebe akwụkwọ akụkọ amorphous / ọla iko alloy powders iji ala (Fig. 1c mills). mills11,12,13,14,15 , 16. Karịsịa, a na usoro e ji kwadebe immiscible usoro dị ka Cu-Ta17, nakwa dị ka elu agbaze ihe alloys dị ka Al-transition metal usoro (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb na Ta) 18,19 na Fe-W20 , nke a na-apụghị inweta site na iji Conventional na-eji usoro na-enwe ike na-eme ihe na-eme ka ndị kasị dị ike na-eji MA. ngwá ọrụ maka nkwadebe nke ulo oru-ọnụ ọgụgụ nanocrystalline na nanocomposite ntụ ntụ irighiri nke metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, nakwa dị ka sara stabilization site n'elu-ala obibia 1 na metastable nkebi.
Schematic na-egosi usoro mmepụta ihe eji akwadebe Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) metallic glass (MG) mkpuchi / SUS 304 na ọmụmụ ihe a. n'ime igbe uwe nke jupụtara na He ikuku.
Mgbe ọ na-abịa na nnukwu ihe na-ebupụta (substrates), n'elu engineering na-agụnye imewe na mgbanwe nke na-ebupụta (substrates) iji nye ụfọdụ anụ ahụ, chemical na teknuzu àgwà adịghị ẹdude ke mbụ nnukwu material.Some Njirimara nke nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè mma site elu agwọ ọrịa gụnyere abrasion eguzogide, ọxịdashọn na corrosion eguzogide, ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu, bio-inertness, eletrọnịkị Properties, na ihu ole na ole nwere ike melite. iji metallurgical, mechanical or chemical techniques. Dị ka usoro a maara nke ọma, a na-akọwa ihe mkpuchi nanị dị ka otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'ígwé nke ihe eji eme ihe na-edozi n'elu nnukwu ihe (substrate) nke ihe ọzọ mere. N'ihi ya, a na-eji mkpuchi eme ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ iji nweta ụfọdụ nkà na ụzụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma, yana iji chebe ihe ndị sitere na chemical na-atụ anya na mmekọrịta anụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi23.
Iji na-edebe kwesịrị ekwesị n'elu nchebe n'ígwé na ọkpụrụkpụ sitere na site a ole na ole micrometers (n'okpuru 10-20 micrometers) na n'elu 30 micrometers ma ọ bụ ọbụna a ole na ole millimeters, ọtụtụ ụzọ na usoro nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ.Na mkpokọta, mkpuchi usoro nwere ike kewara abụọ edemede: (i) mmiri mkpuchi ụzọ, gụnyere electroplating, electroless plating, na-ekpo ọkụ-mikpu n'ahụ, electroless plating, na-ekpo ọkụ-mikpudo galvaning usoro, anụ ahụ na-ekpuchi usoro, facvaning usoro, anụ ahụ, braning na mkpuchi, facvaning usoro. uzuoku itinye ego (PVD), chemical vepor deposition (CVD), usoro ịgbasa ọkụ na usoro ịgba oyi na nso nso a 24 (Fig 1d).
A na-akọwa biofilms dị ka obodo microbial nke na-enweghị ike ịdabere na mbara igwe na gburugburu ya na-emepụta onwe ya na-emepụta extracellular polymers (EPS) .Mmepụta biofilm tozuru oke nwere ike iduga nnukwu mfu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ nri, usoro mmiri, na ebe nlekọta ahụike. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, mgbe biofilms na-etolite, ihe karịrị 80% na-abanye n'ọrịa microbia na nje bacteria. Staphylococci) siri ike ịgwọ ọrịa. Ọzọkwa, a kọwawo biofilms tozuru okè na 1000-fold karịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje ọgwụgwọ tụnyere planktonic bacterial cell, nke a na-ewere dị ka isi ọgwụgwọ ihe ịma aka.Antimicrobial elu mkpuchi ihe sitere na omenala organic ogige ejiriwo akụkọ ihe mere eme. mbibi ihe onwunwe.
Mgbochi zuru ebe nile nke nje bacteria na ọgwụgwọ nje nje n'ihi nhazi biofilm emeela ka ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta ihe mgbochi antimicrobial membrane-kpuchie elu nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla27. Mmepe nke anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ na-egbochi ihe mgbochi nke nje bacteria na-egbochi ijikọ ma wuo biofilms n'ihi adhesion bụ ụzọ mbụ n'ime usoro a27. Nke abụọ na nkà na ụzụ na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ nwee ike ịmepụta prebicimic nke abụọ. A na-enweta ya site na ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi pụrụ iche dị ka graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 na ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 nke na-eguzogide nje bacteria, nkà na ụzụ nke na-eme ka toxicity na nguzogide mmepe n'ihi nhazi nke biofilm na-ebelata nke ukwuu. nje nje nje na-aghọwanye ewu ewu. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro atọ ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta mmetụta antimicrobial n'elu ihe mkpuchi, onye ọ bụla nwere njedebe nke ya nke kwesịrị ịtụle mgbe ị na-emepụta atụmatụ ngwa.
Ngwaahịa dị ugbu a n'ahịa na-egbochi oge ezughị ezu iji nyochaa ma nwalee mkpuchi mkpuchi maka ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ ndụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu na ngwaahịa ha ga-enye ndị ọrụ akụkụ ọrụ na-achọsi ike; Otú ọ dị, nke a abụrụla ihe mgbochi maka ihe ịga nke ọma nke ngwaahịa ugbu a na ahịa. A na-eji ihe ndị na-esi na ọlaọcha eme ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke usoro ọgwụgwọ antimicrobial ugbu a maka ndị na-azụ ahịa.A na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị a iji chebe ndị ọrụ site na mmetụta dị ize ndụ nke microorganisms. Mmetụta antimicrobial na-egbu oge na ihe ndị metụtara toxicity nke ọlaọcha ọlaọcha na-eme ka nrụgide dị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eme ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-emepụta ihe na-emerụ emerụ na-arụ ọrụ 6. n'ime ụlọ na n'èzí ka na-egosi na ọ bụ ọrụ na-agwụ ike. Nke a bụ n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara ma ahụike na nchekwa. Ịchọta onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ nje na-adịghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ na-achọpụta otú e si etinye ya n'ime ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi na ogologo ndụ ndụ bụ ihe a na-achọsi ike mgbaru ọsọ38. The latest antimicrobial and anti-biofilm is an closer to kill agent at close contact, ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka nje bacteria na-arụ ọrụ na nso nso a na-emepụta site na nso nso a. A tọhapụrụ ha. Ha nwere ike ime nke a site na igbochi nkwụsị nke mbụ nke nje bacteria (gụnyere igbochi nhazi nke oyi akwa protein n'elu) ma ọ bụ site na igbu nje bacteria site na itinye aka na mgbidi cell.
N'ụzọ bụ isi, mkpuchi elu bụ usoro nke itinye oyi akwa ọzọ n'elu ihe mejupụtara iji kwalite àgwà ndị metụtara elu. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mkpuchi elu bụ ịkwado microstructure na / ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara nke mpaghara dị nso nke akụkụ ahụ. ihe mkpuchi ahụ.
(a) Inset na-egosi usoro eji eme ihe bụ isi nke eji eme elu, yana (b) ahọpụtara uru na ọghọm dị na usoro ịgba oyi oyi.
Oyi ịgba technology mbak ọtụtụ myirịta na ot thermal ịgba ways.However, e nwekwara ụfọdụ isi isi Njirimara na-eme ka oyi ịgba usoro na oyi na-atụ ịgba ihe karịsịa unique.Cold ịgba technology bụ ka na ya nwa ọhụrụ, ma nwere a na-egbuke egbuke future.In ụfọdụ ngwa, na pụrụ iche Njirimara nke oyi ịgba na-enye oké uru, imeri pụta ụwa adịghị ike nke ahụkarị thermal ịgbasa ụzọ, ọ na-enye a ụzọ nke agbaze nke omenala thermal ịgba usoro. iji tinye na na substrate.O doro anya na, a omenala mkpuchi usoro bụ adabara nnọọ okpomọkụ-enwe mmetụta ihe ndị dị ka nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous na dara glasses40, 41, 42.Furthermore, thermal ịgba mkpuchi ihe mgbe niile na-egosipụta elu etoju nke porosity na oxides.Cold ịgba technology nwere ọtụtụ ịrịba uru na nkà na ụzụ n'elu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ịrịba ama na nkà na ụzụ. (ii) mgbanwe na nhọrọ mkpuchi mkpụrụ, (iii) enweghị mgbanwe mgbanwe na mkpụrụ osisi, (iv) ike nkekọ dị elu1,39 (Fig 2b) .Na mgbakwunye, ihe mkpuchi oyi na-atụ oyi nwere nnukwu nguzogide corrosion, ike dị elu na ike siri ike, elu eletriki eletriki na njupụta dị elu41.Contrary na uru nke usoro ịgba oyi oyi, a ka nwere ụfọdụ ihe na-egosi na-adịghị mma nke a na-eji usoro ceramic eme ihe dị ọcha 2. ntụ ntụ dị ka Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, wdg, a pụghị iji usoro ịgba mmiri oyi mee ihe. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-eji seramiiki / metal composite powders mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe maka mkpuchi. Otu ihe ahụ na-aga maka usoro ịgba ọkụ ndị ọzọ.
Nyere na ọrụ ugbu a aims iji dara glassy powders dị ka raw mkpuchi ihe, o doro anya na ot thermal spraying enweghị ike iji maka nzube a. Nke a bụ n'ihi na dara glassy powders crystallize na elu okpomọkụ1.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ngwá ọrụ ndị a na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na nri nri bụ nke austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (SUS316 na SUS304) na ọdịnaya chromium n'etiti 12 na 20 wt% maka mmepụta nke ngwá ọrụ ịwa ahụ. Ọ na-anabatakarị na iji chromium metal dị ka ihe alloying metal alloy na ígwè alloys nwere ike imeziwanye ọkọlọtọ nke corrosion ígwè alloys, n'agbanyeghị na corrosion ígwè alloy na-eguzogide corrosion ígwè. eguzogide, adịghị egosiputa ịrịba antimicrobial Njirimara38,39. Nke a dị iche na ha elu corrosion resistance.Mgbe nke a, mmepe nke ọrịa na mbufụt nwere ike buru amụma, nke bụ tumadi mere site na nje adhesion na colonization n'elu igwe anaghị agba nchara biomaterials.Ihe isi ike nwere ike ibili n'ihi nnukwu ihe isi ike metụtara nje adhesion na biofilm, nke nwere ike iduga n'ụzọ ziri ezi, nke nwere ike iduga n'ụzọ dị iche iche na-eme ka ahụ ike na-eme ka adhesion ma ọ bụ biofilm guzobe ọtụtụ ụzọ. na-emetụta ahụ ike mmadụ na-apụtachaghị ìhè.
Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ akụkụ mbụ nke oru ngo nke Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) kwadoro, nkwekọrịta No. 2010-550401, iji nyochaa ike nke ịmepụta metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders site na iji teknụzụ MA (Table 1) maka mmepụta nke ihe nkiri nje bacteria / SUS304 na-amalite n'elu nke January 2, na-enyocha ihe mkpuchi nke abụọ na-ekpuchi ihe mkpuchi nke abụọ na January 2. Njirimara corrosion electrochemical na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke usoro ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. A ga-eme nyocha zuru ezu nke microbiological maka ụdị nje bacteria dị iche iche.
N'akwụkwọ a, a na-atụle mmetụta nke Zr alloying element content on glass forming power (GFA) dabeere na morphological na structural characters.Na mgbakwunye, ndị antibacterial Njirimara nke mkpuchi dara iko ntụ ntụ mkpuchi / SUS304 composite na-atụlekwa. Ọzọkwa, ugbu a ọrụ e rụrụ iji nyochaa ohere nke structural mgbanwe nke dara iko powders n'ime usoro mmiri mmiri na-emepụta n'oge subcool iko powders. ihe atụ nnọchite anya, Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys ejirila n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a.
N'akụkụ a, a na-egosipụta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke morphological nke elemental Cu, Zr na Ni powders na obere ume bọl na-egwe ọka. Dị ka ihe atụ atụ, usoro abụọ dị iche iche mejupụtara Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 ga-eji dị ka ihe atụ nnọchiteanya. Enwere ike kewaa usoro MA n'ime atọ dị iche iche nkebi, dị ka e gosiri metallographic characterization nke ogbo emepụtara (Fig).
Metallographic e ji mara n'ibu alloy (MA) powders nwetara mgbe dị iche iche nkebi nke bọl egwe ọka time.Field emission scanning eletrọn microscopy (FE-SEM) oyiyi nke MA na Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders nwetara mgbe obere ume bọọlụ egwe ọka ugboro nke 3, 12 na 50 h na-egosi na (a), (c) na (e) n'ihi na 20Nisent nke usoro ihe oyiyi nke mgbe na-Cu530. A na-egosi usoro Cu50Zr40Ni10 nke ewepụtara mgbe oge gasịrị na (b), (d) na (f).
N'oge egwe ọka, ike kinetic dị irè nke nwere ike ibufe na ntụ ntụ ígwè na-emetụta nchikota nke paramita, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 1a. Nke a na-agụnye esemokwu n'etiti bọọlụ na powders, mkpakọ mkpakọ nke ntụ ntụ rapaara n'etiti ma ọ bụ n'etiti egweri media, mmetụta nke falling bọọlụ, ịkwa akwa na iyi n'ihi ntụ ntụ ịdọrọ n'etiti na-akpụ akpụ bọl milling media, na ujo ifefe gafere site Falling ibu ibu). Zr, na Ni powders na-emebi emebi nke ukwuu n'ihi ịgbado ọkụ oyi na mmalite nke MA (3 h), na-eme ka nnukwu ntụ ntụ ntụ (> 1 mm na dayameta) .Ndị a buru ibu mejupụtara ahụ bụ ihe e ji mara site n'ichepụta ihe nkedo nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (Cu, Zr, Ni), dị ka egosiri na Fig. nke igwe igwe, na-eme ka ire ere nke ngwakọta ntụ ntụ n'ime ntụ ntụ kacha mma (ihe na-erughị 200 µm), dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 3c, d.N'oge a, ike nke etinyere shie ike na-eduga na nhazi nke elu metal ọhụrụ na mma Cu, Zr, Ni hint layers, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 3c, d.As n'ihi mmeghachi omume nke oyi akwa na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-esi na ya pụta. usoro ọhụrụ.
Na njedebe nke usoro MA (mgbe 50 h gasịrị), a na-ahụkwa metallography flaky naanị (Fig 3e, f), ma n'elu ntụ ntụ na-egbuke egbuke gosipụtara metallography mirror. Nke a pụtara na usoro MA agwụla ma mepụta otu mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume. Ihe mejupụtara elemental nke mpaghara ndị a na-edepụta na Fig. 3e (I, II, III) kpebisiri ike site na iji nyocha nke 3e (I, II, III). microscopy (FE-SEM) jikọtara ya na ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Na Tebụl 2, a na-egosipụta nlebara anya nke elemental alloying dị ka pasent nke ngụkọta ịdị arọ nke mpaghara ọ bụla ahọpụtara na Fig. 3e, f. Mgbe atụnyere nsonaazụ ndị a na mbido ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 edepụtara na tebụl 1, enwere ike ịhụ na ihe mejupụtara nke abụọ a na-emepụta ngwaahịa ikpeazụ enweghị uru ọ bụla. ụkpụrụ maka mpaghara ndị e depụtara na Fig. 3e, f adịghị egosi nnukwu mmebi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na nhazi nke ihe nlele ọ bụla site n'otu mpaghara gaa na nke ọzọ. Nke a na-egosi n'eziokwu na ọ dịghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na-emepụta site n'otu mpaghara gaa n'ọzọ.
FE-SEM micrographs nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 50 MA ugboro, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 4a-d, ebe x bụ 10, 20, 30 na 40 na .%, n'otu n'otu. Mgbe nzọụkwụ a na-egwe ọka, nchịkọta ntụ ntụ na-agụnye n'ihi van derrafggine na-eme ka a na-emepụta ihe dị ukwuu na-emepụta mmetụta nke van derrafregate. ahụ nwere dayameta sitere na 73 ruo 126 nm, dịka egosiri na foto 4.
Ụdị ọdịdị ọdịdị nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) powders nwetara mgbe MA oge nke 50 h. N'ihi na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 usoro, FE-SEM oyiyi nke powders nwetara mgbe 50 MA ugboro), (a na-egosi na nkwanye ùgwù).
Tupu ịkwanye ntụ ntụ n'ime onye na-agba mmiri oyi, a na-ebu ụzọ sonicated na ọkwa nyocha nke ethanol maka nkeji 15 wee kpoo ya na 150 ° C maka awa 2. A ghaghị ime usoro a iji merie agglomeration nke ọma nke na-ebutekarị ọtụtụ nsogbu dị ịrịba ama n'oge usoro mkpuchi ahụ. Mgbe usoro MA mechara, a na-emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ iji nyochaa ọdịdị nke homogenes-SEM powdery powdery alloy. na ihe oyiyi EDS kwekọrọ na Cu, Zr na Ni alloying element of Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy nwetara mgbe 50 h nke oge M, n'otu n'otu, n'otu n'otu, ekwesịrị iburu n'uche na ntụ ntụ ntụ nke emepụtara mgbe usoro a gasịrị bụ otu n'ihi na ha adịghị egosi mgbanwe ọ bụla mejupụtara n'ofe sub-nanometer, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 5.
Morphology na mpaghara elemental nkesa MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 50 MA ugboro site FE-SEM / ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) SEM na X-ray EDS map nke (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-LA na (d) Ni-Kα oyiyi.
The XRD ụkpụrụ nke mechanically alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders nwetara mgbe MA oge nke 50 h na-egosi na fig. 6a-d, karị. Mgbe a ogbo nke-egwe ọka, ihe niile samples na a dị iche iche ụkpụrụ hamorphic ụkpụrụ gosiri di iche iche Zr samples. Foto 6.
Usoro XRD nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders mgbe MA oge nke 50 h. All samples na-enweghị wepụrụ gosiri a halo diffusion ụkpụrụ, na-egosi na e guzobere usoro amorphous.
Field emission high-resolution electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) ji mee ihe iji hụ mgbanwe nhazi ma ghọta nhazi mpaghara nke powders nke sitere na igwe-egwu bọọlụ na oge MA dị iche iche. 7a, c, n'otu n'otu. Dị ka ihe oyiyi ubi na-egbuke egbuke (BFI) si kwuo ntụ ntụ emepụtara mgbe MA 6 h, ntụ ntụ mejupụtara nnukwu ọka nwere oke nke ọma nke ihe fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr na fcc-Ni, ọ dịghịkwa ihe ịrịba ama na usoro mmeghachi omume etolitela, dị ka e gosiri na mpaghara Fig. n'etiti mpaghara (a) kpughere usoro diffraction cusp (Fig 7b), na-egosi ọnụnọ nke nnukwu crystallites na enweghị usoro mmeghachi omume.
Mpaghara nhazi njirimara nke MA ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe mmalite (6 h) na etiti (18 h) nkebi. egosiri na (c).
Dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 7c, ịgbatị oge MA na 18 h mere ka ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ siri ike jikọtara ya na nrụrụ plastik. N'oge etiti a nke usoro MA, ntụ ntụ na-egosipụta ntụpọ dị iche iche, gụnyere nkwụsị nke stacking, ntụpọ ntụpọ, na ntụpọ ntụpọ (Njirimara 7) .Nrụrụ ndị a na-eme ka nnukwu ọka na-ekewa n'akụkụ ọka ha na oke n'ime obere nha 7.
Ọdịdị mpaghara nke Cu50Z30Ni20 ntụ ntụ milled maka 36 h MA oge nwere nguzobe nke ultrafine nanograins agbakwunyere na amorphous mma matrix, dị ka e gosiri na fig. ~ 32 na .% (mpaghara ala) ruo ~ 74 na .% (mpaghara bara ụba), na-egosi nhazi nke ngwaahịa dị iche iche. Ọzọkwa, ndị SADP kwekọrọ na ntụ ntụ na-enweta mgbe egwe ọka na nke a na-egosi halo-diffusing isi na nke abụọ mgbanaka nke amorphous oge, overlapping na nkọ ihe metụtara ndị raw alloying ọcha, dị ka e gosiri na 8.
Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nanoscale mpaghara structural atụmatụ.(a) Bright ubi image (BFI) na kwekọrọ (b) SADP nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe egwe ọka maka 36 h MA oge.
Na nso njedebe nke usoro MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 na 40 na.% powders mgbe niile nwere labyrinthine amorphous usoro morphology dị ka e gosiri na Fig. A na-ejikwa usoro mgbasa ozi halo dị ka ihe akaebe maka mmepe nke akụkụ amorphous na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.
Ọdịdị mpaghara nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke usoro MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) .FE-HRTEM na nanobeam diffraction patterns (NBDP) nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 nwetara na (d) Cu504Zr.
Thermal kwụsie ike nke iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ (Tg), subcooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx) na crystallization okpomọkụ (Tx) dị ka a ọrụ nke Ni ọdịnaya (x) nke amorphous Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) usoro a enyochala site na iji ihe dị iche iche scanning Calorimetry (DSC) nke Njirimara n'okpuru He gas flow. The DSC traces nke 40Ni0Ni030Nix na Cu5003C. Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy powders enwetara mgbe MA oge nke 50 h na-egosi na Fig. 10a, b, e, n'otu n'otu. Ebe a na-egosi akụkụ DSC nke amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 iche iche na Fig. 10d.
Thermal nkwụsi ike nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG powders nwetara mgbe MA oge nke 50 h, dị ka indexed site iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ (Tg), crystallization okpomọkụ (Tx), na subcooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx) .iche scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (a) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b) Cu50Ni150 (b)Cu50Ni150 (b) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mgbe MA oge nke 50 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) ụkpụrụ nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 sample kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ~ 700 °C na DSC na-egosi na (d).
Dị ka e gosiri na Figure 10, DSC curves nke ihe niile mejupụtara na dị iche iche Ni mkpokọta (x) na-egosi abụọ dị iche iche ikpe, otu endothermic na nke ọzọ exothermic.Nke mbụ endothermic omume kwekọrọ na Tg, mgbe nke abụọ metụtara Tx. A na-akpọ mpaghara kwụ ọtọ nke dị n'etiti Tg na Tx subcooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx = na nsonaazụ na-egosi Txg). Cu50Zr40Ni10 sample (Fig. 10a), etinyere na 526 ° C na 612 ° C, gbanwee ọdịnaya (x) gaa na 20 na.% n'akụkụ akụkụ okpomọkụ dị ala nke 482 ° C na 563 ° C na-abawanye ọdịnaya Ni (x), n'otu n'otu , dị ka e gosiri na Figure 10b.Z N'ihi ya, na 5 Δ0C 480 Δ0C. (Fig 10a) na 81 Celsius C maka Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig 10b) .N'ihi na MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, a na-ahụkwa na ụkpụrụ nke Tg, Tx na ΔTx na-ebelata n'ogo nke 447 ° C, 526 ° C na 79 ° C na-eduga na-abawanye na ọdịnaya nke Ni. Nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke MG alloy. N'ụzọ dị iche, uru Tg (507 ° C) nke MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy dị ala karịa nke MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; ka o sina dị, Tx ya na-egosi uru yiri nke mbụ (612 Celsius) .Ya mere, ΔTx na-egosipụta uru dị elu (87 Celsius C), dị ka e gosiri na 10c.
The MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) Sistemu, na-ewere MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy dị ka ihe atụ, crystallizes site a nkọ exothermic elu n'ime kristal n'ụzọ nke fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 na orthorhombic-ZrNi (Fig. 10c) nke a na-egosipụta kristal nke kristal kristal. (Fig 10d), nke a na-ekpo ọkụ ruo 700 Celsius na DSC.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 11 na-egosi foto ndị e weere n'oge usoro ịgba mmiri oyi na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. N'ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emepụta iko metal dị ka ntụ ntụ synthesized mgbe MA oge nke 50 h (na-ewere Cu50Zr20Ni30 dị ka ihe atụ) na-eji dị ka antibacterial raw material, na igwe anaghị agba nchara efere (SUS304) bụ mkpuchi site na oyi na-atụ spraying usoro n'ihi na oyi na-atụ usoro usoro a họọrọ maka ịgbasa usoro nke nkà na ụzụ. thermal ịgba usoro na ike ga-eji metal metastable okpomọkụ mmetụta ihe dị ka amorphous na nanocrystalline powders, nke na-adịghị n'okpuru usoro mgbanwe .This bụ isi ihe na-ahọrọ usoro a.The oyi ịgba usoro a rụrụ site tinye n'ọrụ elu-velocity ahụ nke na-agbanwe na kinetic ike nke ahụ n'ime plastic deformation, nje na okpomọkụ n'elu echekwabara urughuru na mbụ.
Foto ndị dị n'ọhịa na-egosi usoro ịgba mmiri oyi a na-eji maka nkwadebe ise n'usoro nke mkpuchi MG/SUS 304 na 550 Celsius.
The kinetic ike nke ahụ, ma si otú ahụ ike nke ọ bụla urughuru na mkpuchi e guzobere, ga-converted n'ime ndị ọzọ iche iche nke ume site na usoro dị ka plastic deformation (mbụ urughuru na urughuru-urughuru interactions na mkpụrụ na urughuru interactions), voids Consolidation, urughuru-urughuru adiana, nje na n'ikpeazụ okpomọkụ 39.Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile na-atụgharị ike n'ime ike ọkụ 39. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ike na-atụgharị n'ime ike 39. N'ihi bụ ihe na-agbanwe nkukota, nke pụtara na ahụ nanị ibiaghachi azụ mgbe impact.It e kwuru na 90% nke mmetụta ike etinyere urughuru / substrate ihe na-converted n'ime obodo okpomọkụ 40 .Ọzọkwa, mgbe mmetụta nrụgide na-etinyere, elu plastic nje ọnụego na-enweta na kọntaktị urughuru / substrate mpaghara, 422 dị nnọọ mkpirikpi oge.
A na-ewerekarị nrụrụ plastik dị ka usoro nke nkwụsị ike, ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem, isi iyi ọkụ na mpaghara interfacial. Otú ọ dị, mmụba okpomọkụ na mpaghara interfacial adịghị ezughị ezu iji mepụta agbaze interfacial ma ọ bụ iji kwalite mgbasa ozi atomic. Ọ dịghị akwụkwọ mara ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-enyocha mmetụta nke ihe onwunwe nke ndị a dara glassy powders na ntụ ntụ ntụ na-eme mgbe oyi na-atụ usoro.
BFI nke MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ntụ ntụ ntụ nwere ike ịhụ na Fig. 12a, bụ nke a na-ekpuchi na SUS 304 substrate (Figs 11, 12b) . Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ntụ ntụ ndị a na-ekpuchi anya na-ejigide ihe owuwu amorphous mbụ ha dị ka ha nwere labyrinth siri ike na-egosi na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-eme ka ihe oyiyi kristal dị n'ihu ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi lattin. extraneous agba, dị ka aro site nanoparticles webatara n'ime MG-kpuchie powder matrix (Fig. 12a) .Figure 12c na-egosi na indexed nanobeam diffraction ụkpụrụ (NBDP) jikọtara na mpaghara I (Figure 12a) .Dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 12c, NBDP na-egosipụta a adịghị ike ụkpụrụ nke na-adịghị ike na-emekọ ihe n'usoro nke diffraction diffraction. crystalline nnukwu cubic Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO phase.The e guzobere CuO nwere ike ekewet oxidation nke ntụ ntụ mgbe njem si nozulu nke ịgba egbe na SUS 304 n'èzí n'okpuru supersonic eruba. N'aka nke ọzọ, na devitrification nke dara glassy powders nweta guzobe mgbe oyi 00 min cubic usoro ats5.
(a) FE-HRTEM oyiyi nke MG ntụ ntụ kpuchie na (b) SUS 304 mkpụrụ (ntinye nke ọnụ ọgụgụ) index NBDP nke akara okirikiri egosiri na (a) na-egosi na (c).
Iji nyochaa usoro a nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, a na-eme nnwale nke onwe ya. Na nnwale a, a na-efesa ntụ ntụ site na egbe ịgba na 550 Celsius C na ntụziaka nke SUS 304 substrate; Otú ọ dị, iji kọwaa mmetụta nkwụsịtụ nke ntụ ntụ, a na-ewepụ ha na SUS304 warara ngwa ngwa o kwere mee (ihe dị ka 60 sekọnd) . A na-eme nyocha ọzọ nke a na-ewepụ ntụ ntụ site na mkpụrụ ihe dịka 180 sekọnd mgbe ntinye.
Ọnụọgụ 13a,b na-egosi ihe oyiyi ọhịa gbara ọchịchịrị (DFI) nwetara site na nyocha nnyefe electron microscopy (STEM) nke abụọ sprayed ihe edebe na SUS 304 substrates maka 60 s na 180 s, n'otu n'otu. The powder image edebe maka 60 sekọnd enweghị morphological nkọwa, na-egosi na featurelessness (Fig. 13a na-egosi site XR) ndị a na-egosikwa n'ozuzu nke powders. amorphous, dị ka e gosiri site na nnukwu isi na nke abụọ diffraction maxima gosiri na Figure 14a. Ndị a na-egosi enweghị metastable / mesophase ọdịda, ebe ntụ ntụ na-ejigide ihe mbụ amorphous Ọdịdị. Foto 13b.