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Cov biofilms yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov khoom siv kho mob koom nrog. Qhov teeb meem no ua rau muaj kev cov nyom loj rau lub zej zog kho mob, vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob ib txwm tsuas yog tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov biofilms rau qee qhov tsawg heev. Kev tiv thaiv kev tsim cov biofilm tau ua rau muaj kev tsim ntau txoj hauv kev txheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Cov txheej txheem no lub hom phiaj yog txheej cov nto hauv txoj kev uas tiv thaiv kev tsim cov biofilm. Cov hlau iav alloys, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj tooj liab thiab titanium hlau, tau tshwm sim ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo tagnrho. Tib lub sijhawm, kev siv cov thev naus laus zis txias tsuag tau nce ntxiv vim nws yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim nyog rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv rhiab heev rau qhov kub. Ib feem ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog los tsim cov iav tiv thaiv kab mob tshiab uas muaj ternary Cu-Zr-Ni siv cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke. Cov hmoov spherical uas ua rau cov khoom kawg yog siv ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev txheej txias tsuag ntawm cov hlau stainless hlau ntawm qhov kub qis. Cov substrates coated nrog iav hlau tau txo qis biofilm tsim los ntawm tsawg kawg 1 log piv rau stainless hlau.
Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm tib neeg, txhua lub zej zog tau muaj peev xwm tsim thiab txhawb nqa kev qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas ua tau raws li nws cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, uas tau ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo dua thiab qeb duas hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb1. Nws ib txwm tau raug suav hais tias yog tib neeg lub peev xwm los tsim cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv tsim khoom thiab cov qauv tsim rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv thiab tus cwj pwm kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm, kev lag luam, kev lag luam, kab lis kev cai thiab lwm yam teb los ntawm ib lub tebchaws lossis thaj chaw mus rau lwm qhov Kev nce qib raug ntsuas tsis hais lub tebchaws lossis thaj chaw.2 Tau 60 xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv tau siv sijhawm ntau los tsom mus rau ib qho kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb: kev nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab txiav tshiab. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, nrog rau kev sib xyaw thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab kiag li.
Kev ntxiv cov khoom sib xyaw, kev hloov kho cov qauv me me ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab kev siv cov txheej txheem ua thermal, mechanical lossis thermo-mechanical tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho zoo hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab, tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev ntawm ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Ntxiv mus, cov tshuaj sib xyaw uas tsis tau hnov ​​​​dua tau raug tsim ua tiav ntawm lub sijhawm no. Cov kev siv zog no tau tsim ib tsev neeg tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab, hu ua Advanced Materials2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, thiab high-entropy alloys tsuas yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv siab heev uas tau qhia rau hauv ntiaj teb txij li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua dhau los. Thaum tsim thiab tsim cov alloys tshiab nrog cov khoom zoo dua, tsis hais hauv cov khoom kawg lossis hauv cov theem nruab nrab ntawm nws cov khoom tsim tawm, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis sib npaug feem ntau ntxiv. Vim yog kev siv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshiab los ua kom tsis sib npaug, ib chav kawm tshiab ntawm metastable alloys, hu ua metallic glasses, tau pom.
Nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Caltech xyoo 1960 tau coj kev hloov pauv hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw thaum nws tsim cov iav Au-25 ntawm.% Si alloys los ntawm kev ua kom cov kua dej khov sai sai ntawm ze li ntawm ib lab degrees ib ob 4. Xibfwb Pol Duwezs qhov kev tshawb pom tsis yog tsuas yog tshaj tawm qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov iav hlau (MG), tab sis kuj ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv paradigm hauv txoj kev uas tib neeg xav txog cov hlau sib xyaw. Txij li thaum cov kev tshawb fawb thawj zaug hauv kev tsim cov MG alloys, yuav luag txhua lub iav hlau tau tsim los ntawm kev siv ib qho ntawm cov hauv qab no; (i) kev khov sai ntawm cov yaj lossis pa dej, (ii) atomic disordering ntawm lub lattice, (iii) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv amorphization ntawm cov hlau ntshiab, thiab (iv) kev hloov pauv ntawm cov theem metastable.
MGs yog qhov txawv los ntawm lawv tsis muaj qhov kev txiav txim siab ntev ntawm cov atomic uas cuam tshuam nrog cov siv lead ua, uas yog ib qho cim qhia txog cov siv lead ua. Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, kev vam meej zoo tau ua tiav hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov iav hlau. Lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nrog cov khoom nthuav uas tsis yog tsuas yog txaus siab rau hauv cov khoom khov kho, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv metallurgy, nto chemistry, thev naus laus zis, biology thiab ntau lwm yam teb. Hom khoom tshiab no qhia txog cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov hlau khov, ua rau nws yog tus neeg sib tw nthuav rau kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv ntau yam teb. Lawv muaj qee yam khoom tseem ceeb; (i) siab mechanical ductility thiab yield zog, (ii) siab magnetic permeability, (iii) qis coercivity, (iv) tsis tshua muaj corrosion tsis kam, (v) kub ywj pheej Lub conductivity ntawm 6,7.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hlau (MA) 1,8 yog ib txoj kev tshiab, thawj zaug tau qhia hauv xyoo 19839 los ntawm Prof. CC Kock thiab cov npoj yaig. Lawv tau npaj cov hmoov Ni60Nb40 amorphous los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov khoom ntshiab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ze rau qhov kub thiab txias hauv chav. Feem ntau, qhov kev tshuaj tiv thaiv MA yog ua tiav ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov hmoov khoom siv reactant hauv lub reactor, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb rau hauv lub tshuab zeb pob 10 (Daim Duab 1a, b). Txij thaum ntawd los, cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv khoom khov kho no tau siv los npaj cov hmoov hlau amorphous / hlau iav tshiab siv cov tshuab zeb pob qis (Daim Duab 1c) thiab lub zog siab, nrog rau cov tshuab zeb pas nrig 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Tshwj xeeb, txoj kev no tau siv los npaj cov txheej txheem immiscible xws li Cu-Ta17, nrog rau cov hlau melting point siab xws li Al-hloov pauv hlau systems (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb thiab Ta) 18, 19 thiab Fe-W20, uas tsis tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov kev npaj ib txwm muaj. Ntxiv mus, MA yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej nanotechnology muaj zog tshaj plaws rau kev npaj cov khoom siv nanocrystalline thiab nanocomposite hmoov hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov hlau oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, Ib yam li kev ruaj khov dav dav los ntawm kev siv txoj hauv kev saum toj mus rau hauv qab 1 thiab theem metastable.
Daim duab qhia txog txoj kev tsim khoom siv los npaj Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) iav hlau (MG) txheej / SUS 304 hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no. (a) Kev npaj cov hmoov hlau MG nrog cov Ni sib txawv x (x; 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 at.%) siv cov txheej txheem sib tsoo pob zog qis. (a) Cov khoom pib raug thauj mus rau hauv lub tog raj kheej cuab yeej ua ke nrog cov pob hlau cuab yeej, thiab (b) raug kaw hauv lub thawv hnab looj tes uas muaj He huab cua. (c) Ib qho qauv pob tshab ntawm lub thawv sib tsoo uas qhia txog kev txav pob thaum sib tsoo. Cov khoom kawg ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 teev tau siv los txheej SUS 304 substrate siv txoj kev tsuag txias (d).
Thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom siv ntau ntawm cov khoom siv (substrates), kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom siv suav nrog kev tsim thiab kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom siv (substrates) kom muab qee yam khoom siv lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev siv tshuab uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv thawj. Qee yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo los ntawm kev kho cov khoom siv nto suav nrog kev tiv taus kev sib txhuam, kev tiv taus oxidation thiab corrosion, coefficient of friction, bio-inertness, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab thermal insulation, yog qee yam piv txwv. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj yeem txhim kho tau los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem metallurgical, mechanical lossis chemical.Raws li cov txheej txheem paub zoo, ib txheej txheej tsuas yog txhais tau tias yog ib txheej lossis ntau txheej ntawm cov khoom siv dag tso rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv loj (substrate) ua los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv. Yog li, txheej txheej yog siv ib feem los ua tiav qee yam khoom siv lossis kho kom zoo nkauj, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv cov khoom siv los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev nrog ib puag ncig ib puag ncig23.
Yuav kom tso cov txheej tiv thaiv saum npoo uas tsim nyog nrog cov tuab ntawm ob peb micrometers (qis dua 10-20 micrometers) mus txog ntau dua 30 micrometers lossis txawm tias ob peb millimeters, ntau txoj kev thiab cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem siv tau. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: (i) cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntub dej, suav nrog electroplating, electroless plating, thiab cov txheej txheem galvanizing kub-dip, thiab (ii) cov txheej txheem txheej txheem qhuav, suav nrog brazing, surfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray techniques thiab tsis ntev los no cold spray techniques 24 (Daim duab 1d).
Cov biofilms yog txhais tias yog cov zej zog microbial uas txuas nrog cov chaw thiab nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov polymers extracellular uas tsim tawm (EPS). Kev tsim cov biofilm uas loj hlob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev poob loj hauv ntau lub lag luam, suav nrog kev lag luam zaub mov, cov dej, thiab cov chaw kho mob. Hauv tib neeg, thaum cov biofilms tsim, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov neeg mob microbial (suav nrog Enterobacteriaceae thiab Staphylococci) nyuaj rau kho. Ntxiv mus, cov biofilms loj hlob tau tshaj tawm tias muaj zog dua 1000 npaug rau kev kho mob tshuaj tua kab mob piv rau cov hlwb planktonic, uas suav tias yog qhov kev sib tw kho mob loj. Cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kab mob saum npoo av uas tau los ntawm cov organic sib xyaw ua ke tau siv yav dhau los. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau muaj cov khoom lom uas muaj kev pheej hmoo rau tib neeg,25,26 nws yuav pab tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom.
Qhov kev tiv thaiv dav dav ntawm cov kab mob rau kev kho mob tshuaj tua kab mob vim yog biofilm tsim tau ua rau muaj qhov xav tau los tsim ib qho chaw tiv thaiv kab mob zoo uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo27. ​​Kev tsim cov chaw tiv thaiv kab mob lossis tshuaj uas cov hlwb kab mob raug txwv tsis pub khi thiab tsim cov biofilms vim yog kev nplaum yog thawj txoj hauv kev hauv cov txheej txheem no27. Cov thev naus laus zis thib ob yog tsim cov txheej txheem uas ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob xa mus rau qhov chaw uas lawv xav tau, hauv cov khoom siv ntau thiab tsim kho. Qhov no ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem tshwj xeeb xws li graphene / germanium28, pob zeb diamond dub29 thiab ZnO-doped pob zeb diamond zoo li carbon30 uas tiv taus cov kab mob, ib qho thev naus laus zis uas ua rau muaj kev lom thiab kev tiv thaiv vim yog biofilm tsim tau txo qis heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem uas suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau hauv cov chaw kom muab kev tiv thaiv mus sij hawm ntev los ntawm kev kis kab mob tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam dua. Txawm hais tias tag nrho peb txoj kev txheej txheem muaj peev xwm tsim cov teebmeem antimicrobial ntawm cov chaw coated, lawv txhua tus muaj lawv cov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau xav txog thaum tsim cov tswv yim thov.
Cov khoom lag luam uas tam sim no muaj nyob hauv khw raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sijhawm tsis txaus los tshuaj xyuas thiab sim cov txheej tiv thaiv rau cov khoom xyaw biologically active. Cov tuam txhab hais tias lawv cov khoom yuav muab cov neeg siv nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo; txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau ua ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau kev vam meej ntawm cov khoom lag luam tam sim no hauv kev ua lag luam. Cov tshuaj uas tau los ntawm nyiaj yog siv rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tam sim no muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov khoom no tau tsim los tiv thaiv cov neeg siv los ntawm cov teebmeem txaus ntshai ntawm cov kab mob me me. Cov teebmeem tua kab mob qeeb thiab cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj nyiaj ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb muaj kev nyuaj siab los tsim lwm txoj hauv kev uas tsis muaj kev phom sij 36,37. Kev tsim cov txheej txheem tua kab mob thoob ntiaj teb uas ua haujlwm hauv tsev thiab sab nraud tseem ua pov thawj tias yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb. Kev tshawb pom cov neeg sawv cev tua kab mob uas tsis muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab xam seb yuav ua li cas koom nrog nws rau hauv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem nrog lub sijhawm ntev dua yog lub hom phiaj nrhiav tom qab 38. Cov ntaub ntawv tua kab mob thiab tiv thaiv biofilm tshiab tshaj plaws yog tsim los tua cov kab mob ntawm qhov ze, los ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha lossis tom qab tus neeg sawv cev nquag raug tso tawm. Lawv tuaj yeem ua qhov no los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub cov kab mob pib lo rau (suav nrog kev tawm tsam kev tsim cov txheej protein ntawm qhov chaw) lossis los ntawm kev tua cov kab mob los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog phab ntsa cell.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, kev txheej txheej saum npoo yog txheej txheem ntawm kev muab lwm txheej rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib qho khoom los txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txheej txheej saum npoo yog los kho cov qauv me me thiab/lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm thaj chaw ze ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom39. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheej saum npoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau txoj kev sib txawv, uas tau muab sau ua ke hauv daim duab 2a. Cov txheej txheej tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg thermal, chemical, physical, thiab electrochemical, nyob ntawm txoj kev siv los tsim cov txheej txheej.
(a) Daim duab ntxig qhia txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tseem ceeb siv rau qhov chaw, thiab (b) xaiv cov txiaj ntsig thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tsuag txias.
Cov txheej txheem txau txias muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws nrog cov txheej txheem txau thermal ib txwm muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qee yam khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau cov txheej txheem txau txias thiab cov khoom siv txau txias tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem txau txias tseem nyob hauv nws thaum yau, tab sis muaj yav tom ntej ci ntsa iab. Hauv qee qhov kev siv, cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txau txias muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo, kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem txau thermal ib txwm muaj. Nws muab txoj hauv kev los kov yeej cov kev txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem txau thermal ib txwm muaj, thaum lub sijhawm uas cov hmoov yuav tsum tau yaj kom tso rau ntawm lub substrate. Pom tseeb, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ib txwm no tsis haum rau cov ntaub ntawv rhiab heev rau qhov kub xws li nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous thiab iav hlau40, 41, 42. Ntxiv mus, cov ntaub ntawv txau thermal ib txwm muaj cov porosity thiab oxides siab. Cov txheej txheem txau txias muaj ntau qhov zoo dua li cov txheej txheem txau thermal, xws li (i) qhov kub tsawg kawg nkaus rau lub substrate, (ii) kev ywj pheej hauv kev xaiv txheej substrate, (iii) tsis muaj kev hloov pauv theem thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob, (iv) lub zog sib txuas siab1,39 (Daim duab 2b). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv txau txias muaj kev xeb siab kev ua haujlwm tsis kam, lub zog siab thiab qhov nyuaj, kev ua hluav taws xob siab thiab qhov ceev siab41. Tsis zoo li qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tsuag txias, tseem muaj qee qhov tsis zoo rau kev siv cov txheej txheem no, raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 2b. Thaum txheej cov hmoov ceramic ntshiab xws li Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, thiab lwm yam, txoj kev tsuag txias tsis tuaj yeem siv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov hmoov ceramic / hlau sib xyaw tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom siv raw rau cov txheej txheem. Tib yam mus rau lwm txoj kev tsuag thermal. Cov nto nyuaj thiab cov yeeb nkab sab hauv tseem nyuaj rau tsuag.
Vim tias txoj haujlwm tam sim no lub hom phiaj yog siv cov hmoov iav hlau ua cov khoom siv txheej txheem raw, nws yog qhov tseeb tias kev txau thermal ib txwm tsis tuaj yeem siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Qhov no yog vim tias cov hmoov iav hlau crystallizes ntawm qhov kub siab1.
Feem ntau cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev kho mob thiab kev lag luam zaub mov yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic (SUS316 thiab SUS304) nrog cov ntsiab lus chromium ntawm 12 thiab 20 wt% rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej phais. Feem ntau lees txais tias kev siv hlau chromium ua cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov hlau sib xyaw tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw txheem. Cov hlau sib xyaw tsis xeb, txawm tias lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab, tsis muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb 38,39. Qhov no sib txawv nrog lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab. Tom qab qhov no, kev loj hlob ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab kev o tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, uas feem ntau yog los ntawm cov kab mob sib txuas thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tsis xeb. Tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem loj vim muaj teeb meem loj cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob sib txuas thiab cov txheej txheem tsim biofilm, uas yuav ua rau kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo, uas yuav muaj ntau yam tshwm sim uas yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj qha rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog thawj theem ntawm ib qhov project uas tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Daim Ntawv Cog Lus No. 2010-550401, los tshawb nrhiav qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov hmoov hlau glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary siv MA technology (Rooj 1) rau kev tsim cov zaj duab xis antibacterial / SUS304 tiv thaiv nto. Theem thib ob ntawm qhov project, uas yuav pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2023, yuav tshuaj xyuas cov yam ntxwv electrochemical corrosion thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm lub system kom ntxaws. Yuav muaj kev ntsuam xyuas microbiological kom ntxaws rau ntau hom kab mob sib txawv.
Hauv tsab ntawv no, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Zr alloying element cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub peev xwm ua iav (GFA) tau tham txog raws li cov yam ntxwv morphological thiab cov qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov hmoov txheej iav hlau / SUS304 composite kuj tau tham txog. Ntxiv mus, kev ua haujlwm tam sim no tau ua los tshawb nrhiav qhov ua tau ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hmoov iav hlau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm txau txias hauv thaj chaw kua dej subcooled ntawm cov iav hlau tsim. Ua piv txwv sawv cev, Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 hlau iav alloys tau siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no.
Hauv seem no, cov kev hloov pauv morphological ntawm cov hmoov Cu, Zr thiab Ni hauv kev sib tsoo pob zog tsawg tau nthuav tawm. Ua piv txwv qhia, ob lub tshuab sib txawv uas muaj Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 yuav raug siv ua piv txwv sawv cev. Cov txheej txheem MA tuaj yeem faib ua peb theem sib txawv, raws li qhia los ntawm cov yam ntxwv metallographic ntawm cov hmoov tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm sib tsoo (Daim Duab 3).
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hmoov hlau (MA) uas tau txais tom qab ntau theem ntawm lub sijhawm sib tsoo pob. Cov duab ntawm Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ntawm MA thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 hmoov tau txais tom qab lub sijhawm sib tsoo pob tsawg zog ntawm 3, 12 thiab 50 teev tau qhia hauv (a), (c) thiab (e) rau Cu50Zr20Ni30 system, thaum nyob hauv tib MA Cov duab sib xws ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 system uas tau coj tom qab lub sijhawm tau qhia hauv (b), (d) thiab (f).
Thaum lub sijhawm milling pob, lub zog kinetic zoo uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov hmoov hlau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kev ntsuas, raws li pom hauv daim duab 1a. Qhov no suav nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov pob thiab cov hmoov, kev txiav cov hmoov uas daig ntawm lossis ntawm cov khoom sib tsoo, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pob poob, shear thiab hnav vim yog hmoov rub ntawm cov khoom sib tsoo pob txav mus los, thiab nthwv dej poob los ntawm Cov pob poob kis mus rau cov khoom qoob loo (Daim duab 1a). Cov hmoov Cu, Zr, thiab Ni tau raug deformed hnyav vim yog kev vuam txias thaum ntxov ntawm MA (3 teev), ua rau cov hmoov loj (> 1 hli hauv txoj kab uas hla). Cov khoom sib xyaw loj no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej tuab ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw (Cu, Zr, Ni), raws li pom hauv daim duab 3a, b. Kev nce lub sijhawm MA mus rau 12 teev (theem nrab) ua rau lub zog kinetic ntawm lub pob zeb nce ntxiv, ua rau cov hmoov sib xyaw ua cov hmoov zoo dua (tsawg dua 200 µm), raws li pom hauv daim duab 3c, d. Ntawm theem no, lub zog shear siv ua rau muaj ib qho hlau tshiab nrog cov txheej Cu, Zr, Ni zoo, raws li pom hauv daim duab 3c, d. Vim yog qhov ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov txheej, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv theem khov kho tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov flakes los tsim cov theem tshiab.
Thaum kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem MA (tom qab 50 teev), cov metallography flaky tsuas yog pom me ntsis xwb (Daim duab 3e, f), tab sis qhov saum npoo ntawm cov hmoov polished qhia txog daim iav metallography. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov txheej txheem MA tau ua tiav thiab kev tsim ntawm ib theem tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tshwm sim. Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov cheeb tsam indexed hauv Daim duab 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ua ke nrog lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Hauv Rooj 2, qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying tau qhia ua feem pua ​​ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm txhua thaj tsam xaiv hauv Daim Duab 3e, f. Thaum piv cov txiaj ntsig no nrog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke pib ntawm Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 teev nyob rau hauv Rooj 1, nws tuaj yeem pom tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob yam khoom kawg no muaj cov nqi zoo sib xws rau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Ntxiv mus, cov nqi sib piv rau cov cheeb tsam teev nyob rau hauv Daim Duab 3e, f tsis txhais tau tias muaj kev puas tsuaj loj lossis kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txhua tus qauv los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov. Qhov no taw qhia rau kev tsim cov hmoov sib xyaw ua ke, raws li tau qhia hauv Rooj 2.
Cov duab FE-SEM micrographs ntawm cov khoom kawg Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 MA lub sijhawm, raws li pom hauv daim duab 4a-d, qhov twg x yog 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 ntawm.%, feem. Tom qab cov kauj ruam milling no, cov hmoov sib sau ua ke vim yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm van der Waals, ua rau muaj cov khoom sib sau ua ke loj uas muaj cov khoom me me nrog cov kab uas hla ntawm 73 txog 126 nm, raws li pom hauv daim duab 4.
Cov yam ntxwv morphological ntawm Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sijhawm ntawm 50 teev. Rau Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 systems, cov duab FE-SEM ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 MA lub sijhawm tau qhia hauv (a), (b), (c) thiab (d), raws li.
Ua ntej muab cov hmoov tso rau hauv lub tshuab txau txias, lawv tau raug sonicated ua ntej hauv analytical qib ethanol rau 15 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd ziab ntawm 150 ° C rau 2 teev. Cov kauj ruam no yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav los tawm tsam kev sib sau ua ke uas feem ntau ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem loj thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem txheej. Tom qab cov txheej txheem MA tiav lawm, cov yam ntxwv ntxiv tau ua los tshawb xyuas qhov sib xws ntawm cov hmoov hlau. Daim duab 5a-d qhia cov duab FE-SEM micrographs thiab cov duab EDS sib xws ntawm Cu, Zr thiab Ni alloying ntsiab lus ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy tau txais tom qab 50 teev ntawm M lub sijhawm, raws li. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov hmoov hlau tsim tawm tom qab cov kauj ruam no yog homogeneous vim lawv tsis qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw dhau ntawm qib sub-nanometer, raws li pom hauv Daim duab 5.
Morphology thiab kev faib tawm hauv zos ntawm MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 MA zaug los ntawm FE-SEM / zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (a) SEM thiab X-ray EDS mapping ntawm (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα thiab (d) Ni-Kα duab.
Cov qauv XRD ntawm cov hmoov Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 uas tau txais tom qab MA lub sijhawm 50 teev tau qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6a-d, raws li. Tom qab theem no ntawm kev milling, tag nrho cov qauv nrog cov Zr concentration sib txawv tau qhia cov qauv amorphous nrog cov qauv halo diffusion qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6.
Cov qauv XRD ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 hmoov tom qab lub sijhawm MA ntawm 50 teev. Tag nrho cov qauv tsis muaj kev zam qhia txog tus qauv halo diffusion, uas qhia txog kev tsim ntawm theem amorphous.
Kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob xa hluav taws xob siab (FE-HRTEM) los soj ntsuam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv thiab nkag siab txog cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov hmoov uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tsoo pob ntawm ntau lub sijhawm MA sib txawv. Cov duab FE-HRTEM ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab theem thaum ntxov (6 teev) thiab theem nruab nrab (18 teev) ntawm kev sib tsoo rau Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 hmoov tau pom hauv daim duab 7a, c, raws li. Raws li daim duab ci ntsa iab (BFI) ntawm cov hmoov tsim tom qab MA 6 teev, cov hmoov yog tsim los ntawm cov noob loj nrog cov ciam teb zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr thiab fcc-Ni, thiab tsis muaj cim qhia tias theem tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tsim, raws li pom hauv daim duab 7a. Ntxiv mus, tus qauv diffraction cheeb tsam xaiv (SADP) coj los ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm (a) tau qhia txog tus qauv diffraction cusp (Daim duab 7b), qhia txog qhov muaj cov crystallites loj thiab tsis muaj theem tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Kev piav qhia txog cov qauv hauv zos ntawm MA hmoov tau txais tom qab theem thaum ntxov (6 teev) thiab theem nruab nrab (18 teev). (a) Field emission high resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), thiab (b) tus qauv diffraction cheeb tsam xaiv (SADP) ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tom qab kho MA rau 6 teev. Daim duab FE-HRTEM ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 tau txais tom qab lub sijhawm MA ntawm 18 teev tau qhia hauv (c).
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 7c, kev txuas lub sijhawm MA mus txog 18 teev ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov lattice ua ke nrog kev hloov pauv yas. Thaum lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem MA no, cov hmoov muaj ntau yam tsis zoo, suav nrog cov teeb meem stacking, cov teeb meem lattice, thiab cov teeb meem taw tes (Daim duab 7). Cov teeb meem no ua rau cov noob loj faib raws lawv cov ciam teb rau hauv cov noob me me uas muaj qhov loj me tsawg dua 20 nm (Daim duab 7c).
Cov qauv hauv zos ntawm Cu50Z30Ni20 hmoov milled rau 36 teev MA lub sijhawm muaj kev tsim cov ultrafine nanograins embedded nyob rau hauv ib tug amorphous zoo matrix, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 8a. Hauv zos EDS kev tshuaj xyuas qhia tau hais tias cov nanoclusters qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 8a tau txuam nrog cov tsis tau ua tiav Cu, Zr thiab Ni hmoov alloying ntsiab lus. Tib lub sijhawm, cov Cu ntsiab lus ntawm lub matrix hloov pauv los ntawm ~ 32 ntawm.% (lean cheeb tsam) mus rau ~ 74 ntawm.% (nplua nuj cheeb tsam), qhia txog kev tsim ntawm heterogeneous khoom. Ntxiv mus, cov SADPs sib xws ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab milling ntawm theem no qhia halo-diffusing thawj thiab thib ob rings ntawm amorphous theem, overlapping nrog cov ntsiab lus ntse txuam nrog cov raw alloying ntsiab lus, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 8b.
Tshaj 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov nanoscale hauv zos cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv. (a) Duab ci ntsa iab (BFI) thiab sib xws (b) SADP ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau txais tom qab milling rau 36 h MA lub sijhawm.
Nyob ze rau qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 at.% hmoov yeej ib txwm muaj labyrinthine amorphous theem morphology raws li pom hauv daim duab 9a-d. Hauv SADP sib xws ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw, tsis muaj qhov taw tes zoo li diffractions lossis cov qauv annular ntse tuaj yeem pom. Qhov no qhia tau tias tsis muaj hlau crystalline tsis tau ua tiav, tab sis es tsis txhob yog amorphous alloy hmoov tsim. Cov SADPs sib raug zoo no qhia txog cov qauv halo diffusion kuj tau siv ua pov thawj rau kev txhim kho ntawm amorphous theem hauv cov khoom kawg.
Cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov khoom kawg ntawm MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system.FE-HRTEM thiab cov qauv nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) sib raug zoo ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 tau txais tom qab 50 teev ntawm MA.
Qhov kev ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub hloov iav (Tg), thaj chaw kua dej txias (ΔTx) thiab qhov kub crystallization (Tx) ua haujlwm ntawm Ni cov ntsiab lus (x) ntawm amorphous Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system tau raug tshawb nrhiav siv differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ntawm cov khoom hauv qab He gas flow. Cov cim DSC ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sijhawm ntawm 50 teev tau qhia hauv daim duab 10a, b, e, raws li. Thaum lub DSC nkhaus ntawm amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 tau qhia cais hauv daim duab 10c. Lub caij no, Cu50Zr30Ni20 qauv cua sov rau ~ 700 ° C hauv DSC tau qhia hauv daim duab 10d.
Kev ruaj khov ntawm Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG hmoov tau txais tom qab lub sijhawm MA ntawm 50 teev, raws li tau teev los ntawm qhov kub hloov pauv iav (Tg), qhov kub crystallization (Tx), thiab thaj chaw kua dej txias (ΔTx). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy hmoov tom qab lub sijhawm MA ntawm 50 teev. Tus qauv X-ray diffraction (XRD) ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 qauv cua sov rau ~ 700 ° C hauv DSC tau qhia hauv (d).
Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 10, cov kab DSC ntawm txhua cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov Ni sib txawv (x) qhia txog ob qho xwm txheej sib txawv, ib qho endothermic thiab lwm qhov exothermic. Qhov xwm txheej endothermic thawj zaug sib raug rau Tg, thaum qhov thib ob muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Tx. Thaj chaw kab rov tav uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Tg thiab Tx hu ua thaj chaw kua dej txias (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Cov txiaj ntsig qhia tau tias Tg thiab Tx ntawm cov qauv Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Daim Duab 10a), muab tso rau ntawm 526 ° C thiab 612 ° C, hloov cov ntsiab lus (x) mus rau 20 ntawm.% mus rau sab kub qis ntawm 482 ° C thiab 563 ° C nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm Ni cov ntsiab lus (x), raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 10b. Yog li ntawd, ΔTx ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 txo qis los ntawm 86 ° C (Daim Duab 10a) mus rau 81 ° C rau Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Daim Duab. 10b). Rau MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, nws kuj tau pom tias cov nqi ntawm Tg, Tx thiab ΔTx txo qis mus rau theem ntawm 447 ° C, 526 ° C thiab 79 ° C (Daim Duab 10b). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov nce ntawm Ni cov ntsiab lus ua rau txo qis hauv kev ruaj khov thermal ntawm MG alloy. Hauv kev sib piv, tus nqi Tg (507 ° C) ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy qis dua li ntawm MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; txawm li cas los xij, nws Tx qhia tus nqi sib piv rau tus qub (612 ° C). Yog li ntawd, ΔTx qhia tus nqi siab dua (87 ° C), raws li qhia hauv Daim Duab 10c.
Lub MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix) system, siv MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ua piv txwv, crystallizes los ntawm lub ncov exothermic ntse mus rau hauv cov theem siv lead ua ntawm fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 thiab orthorhombic-ZrNi (Daim Duab 10c). Qhov kev hloov pauv amorphous mus rau crystalline theem no tau lees paub los ntawm XRD ntawm MG qauv (Daim Duab 10d), uas tau cua sov rau 700 ° C hauv DSC.
Daim Duab 11 qhia cov duab thaij thaum lub sijhawm txau txias uas tau ua tiav hauv txoj haujlwm tam sim no. Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, cov hmoov hlau zoo li iav uas tau tsim tom qab MA lub sijhawm ntawm 50 teev (piv txwv li Cu50Zr20Ni30) tau siv ua cov khoom siv tua kab mob, thiab lub phaj hlau tsis xeb (SUS304) tau coated los ntawm kev siv tshuab txau txias. Txoj kev txau txias tau xaiv rau kev txheej hauv cov koob tshuaj tsuag thermal vim nws yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov koob tshuaj tsuag thermal thiab tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv kub rhiab xws li amorphous thiab nanocrystalline hmoov, uas tsis raug rau kev hloov pauv theem. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev xaiv txoj kev no. Cov txheej txheem txau txias yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov khoom me me uas hloov lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom me me mus rau hauv cov yas deformation, kev ntxhov siab thiab cua sov thaum cuam tshuam nrog lub substrate lossis cov khoom me me uas tau tso ua ntej.
Cov duab hauv daim teb qhia txog cov txheej txheem txau txias siv rau tsib zaug sib law liag ntawm MG txheej/SUS 304 ntawm 550 °C.
Lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom me me, thiab yog li ntawd lub zog ntawm txhua lub khoom me me hauv cov txheej txheem txheej, yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau lwm hom zog los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li kev hloov pauv yas (kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom me me thiab cov khoom me me hauv cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom me me), voids Consolidation, kev sib hloov ntawm cov khoom me me, kev ntxhov siab thiab thaum kawg cua sov 39. Ntxiv mus, yog tias tsis yog txhua lub zog kinetic nkag mus rau hauv cua sov thiab lub zog ntxhov siab, qhov tshwm sim yog kev sib tsoo elastic, uas txhais tau tias cov khoom me me tsuas yog rov qab los tom qab kev cuam tshuam. Nws tau taw qhia tias 90% ntawm lub zog cuam tshuam siv rau cov khoom me me / cov khoom siv hauv paus yog hloov mus rau hauv cua sov hauv zos 40. Ntxiv mus, thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab cuam tshuam, cov nqi yas siab tau ua tiav hauv thaj chaw sib cuag / cov khoom siv hauv paus hauv lub sijhawm luv luv heev 41,42.
Feem ntau, kev hloov pauv yas yog suav tias yog ib qho txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm lub zog, lossis qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhov chaw cua sov hauv thaj chaw sib tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub nce hauv thaj chaw sib tshuam feem ntau tsis txaus los tsim kev sib tshuam lossis txhawb nqa atomic interdiffusion. Tsis muaj ntawv tshaj tawm uas cov kws sau ntawv paub txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hmoov iav hlau no rau kev nplaum hmoov thiab kev tso tawm uas tshwm sim thaum siv cov txheej txheem txau txias.
Tus BFI ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy hmoov tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab 12a, uas tau coated rau ntawm SUS 304 substrate (Figs. 11, 12b). Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm daim duab, cov hmoov coated khaws lawv cov qauv amorphous qub vim lawv muaj cov qauv labyrinth mos mos tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv crystalline lossis lattice defects. Ntawm qhov tod tes, daim duab qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm theem extraneous, raws li tau hais los ntawm nanoparticles incorporated rau hauv MG-coated hmoov matrix (Daim duab 12a). Daim duab 12c qhia txog cov qauv indexed nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) cuam tshuam nrog thaj tsam I (Daim duab 12a). Raws li tau pom hauv daim duab 12c, NBDP qhia txog cov qauv halo diffusion tsis muaj zog ntawm cov qauv amorphous thiab coexists nrog cov thaj ntse sib xws rau crystalline loj cubic Zr2Ni metastable ntxiv rau tetragonal CuO theem. Kev tsim ntawm CuO yuav raug suav hais tias yog oxidation ntawm cov hmoov thaum mus ncig los ntawm lub nozzle ntawm rab phom tsuag mus rau SUS 304. nyob rau hauv huab cua qhib nyob rau hauv supersonic ntws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov devitrification ntawm cov hmoov iav hlau ua tiav qhov tsim ntawm cov theem cubic loj tom qab kev kho mob txias ntawm 550 ° C rau 30 feeb.
(a) daim duab FE-HRTEM ntawm MG hmoov coated rau ntawm (b) SUS 304 substrate (inset ntawm daim duab). Lub index NBDP ntawm lub cim voj voog qhia nyob rau hauv (a) yog qhia nyob rau hauv (c).
Yuav kom paub tseeb tias qhov mechanism no muaj peev xwm tsim cov Zr2Ni nanoparticles loj, tau ua ib qho kev sim ywj pheej. Hauv qhov kev sim no, cov hmoov tau txau los ntawm rab phom txau ntawm 550 ° C mus rau hauv SUS 304 substrate; txawm li cas los xij, kom piav qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov hmoov, lawv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm SUS304 strip sai li sai tau (kwv yees li 60 vib nas this). Lwm cov kev sim tau ua tiav uas cov hmoov tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub substrate li 180 vib nas this tom qab tso.
Cov Duab 13a, b qhia cov duab tsaus ntuj (DFI) tau los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob (STEM) ntawm ob yam khoom siv uas tau txau rau ntawm SUS 304 substrates rau 60 vib nas this thiab 180 vib nas this, raws li. Cov duab hmoov uas tau txau rau 60 vib nas this tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus morphological, qhia txog qhov tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb (Daim Duab 13a). Qhov no kuj tau lees paub los ntawm XRD, uas qhia tias cov qauv dav dav ntawm cov hmoov no yog amorphous, raws li qhia los ntawm qhov dav dav diffraction maxima qhia hauv Daim Duab 14a. Cov no qhia txog qhov tsis muaj metastable/mesophase precipitation, qhov twg cov hmoov khaws nws cov qauv amorphous qub. Hauv kev sib piv, cov hmoov uas tau txau rau tib qhov kub (550 ° C), tab sis tso rau ntawm substrate rau 180 vib nas this, qhia txog cov nag ntawm cov noob me me, raws li qhia los ntawm cov xub hauv Daim Duab 13b.