Murakoze gusura Nature.com. Verisiyo ya mushakisha ukoresha ifite ubufasha buke kuri CSS. Kugira ngo ubone uburambe bwiza, turakugira inama yo gukoresha mushakisha ivuguruye (cyangwa uzimye uburyo bwo guhuza na Internet Explorer). Hagati aho, kugira ngo dukomeze gushyigikira, tuzerekana urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Biofilms ni ingenzi mu iterambere ry’indwara zidakira, cyane cyane iyo hari ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi. Iki kibazo gitera imbogamizi ikomeye ku rwego rw’ubuvuzi, kuko imiti isanzwe ishobora kurandura biofilms gusa ku rugero ruto cyane. Kubuza ikorwa rya biofilm byatumye habaho uburyo butandukanye bwo gusiga n’ibikoresho bishya. Ubu buryo bugamije gusiga ubuso mu buryo bubuza ikorwa rya biofilm. Aloyi z’icyuma zimeze nk’ikirahure, cyane cyane izirimo umuringa na titaniyumu, zagaragaye nk’imiti irinda mikorobe. Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga ibinini ryariyongereye kuko ari uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ibikoresho bishobora kwangirika mu bushyuhe. Kimwe mu ntego z’ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugukora ikirahure gishya cy’icyuma cya antibacterial kigizwe na ternary Cu-Zr-Ni hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guteranya. Ifu y’umubumbe igize umusaruro wa nyuma ikoreshwa nk’ibikoresho fatizo byo gusiga ibinini by’icyuma cya stainless ku bushyuhe buke. Substrates zisizwe n’ikirahure cy’icyuma zashoboye kugabanya cyane ikorwa rya biofilm nibura igiti kimwe ugereranije n’icyuma cya stainless.
Mu mateka y’abantu, umuryango uwo ari wo wose washoboye gushushanya no guteza imbere ishyirwaho ry’ibikoresho bishya byujuje ibisabwa byihariye, byatumye habaho imikorere myiza no gushyirwa mu rwego rw’ubukungu ku isi yose1. Byahoraga biterwa n’ubushobozi bw’abantu bwo guteza imbere ibikoresho n’ibikoresho byo gukora n’ibishushanyo mbonera byo gukora ibikoresho no kubigereranya kugira ngo bagere ku ntambwe mu buzima, uburezi, inganda, ubukungu, umuco n’izindi nzego kuva mu gihugu kimwe cyangwa akarere kamwe ujya mu kandi. Intambwe ipimwa hatitawe ku gihugu cyangwa akarere. 2 Mu myaka 60, abahanga mu by’ibikoresho bagiye bakoresha igihe cyabo kinini mu kwibanda ku kintu kimwe gikomeye: gushakisha ibikoresho bishya n’ibigezweho. Ubushakashatsi buherutse bwibanze ku kunoza ireme n’imikorere y’ibikoresho bihari, ndetse no guhuza no guhanga ubwoko bushya bw’ibikoresho.
Kongeramo ibintu bivangavanze, guhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho, no gukoresha tekiniki zo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rya thermo-mechanical byatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu miterere ya mekanike, ikoranabuhanga n’imiterere y’ibikoresho bitandukanye bitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, ibinyabutabire bitari byitezwe byakozwe neza kuri iyi ngingo. Izi ngamba zidahwema zatumye habaho umuryango mushya w’ibikoresho bishya, byose hamwe bizwi nka Advanced Materials2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metal indorerwamo, na high-entropy alloys ni bimwe mu bimenyetso by’ibikoresho bigezweho byinjijwe ku isi kuva hagati mu kinyejana gishize. Iyo hakorwa kandi hagakorwa alloys nshya zifite imiterere myiza, haba mu musaruro wa nyuma cyangwa mu cyiciro cyo hagati cyo gukorwa kwabyo, ikibazo cyo kudahuza gikunze kwiyongera. Kubera gushyira mu bikorwa ubuhanga bushya bwo gukora kugira ngo hatandukanye cyane n’uburinganire, habonetse ubwoko bushya bw’alloys zihindagurika, zizwi nka metal indorerwamo.
Akazi ke muri Caltech mu 1960 kazanye impinduka mu gitekerezo cy’ibyuma bivanze ubwo yakoraga ibishushanyo mbonera bya Au-25 at.% Si by’ikirahure binyuze mu gukonjesha vuba ibinyabutabire hafi dogere miliyoni ku isegonda. 4. Ivumburwa rya Porofeseri Pol Duwezs ntiryatangaje gusa intangiriro y’amateka y’ibirahure by’ibyuma (MG), ahubwo ryanatumye habaho impinduka mu buryo abantu batekereza ku bikoresho bikora. Kuva mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bya MG, hafi ya byose byakozwe hakoreshejwe bumwe muri ubu buryo bukurikira; (i) gukonjesha vuba kw’ingufu zishonga cyangwa umwuka, (ii) guhindagurika kwa atome mu gice cy’urukuta, (iii) uburyo ibintu bidafite imiterere ihamye bihinduka hagati y’ibintu by’icyuma, na (iv) impinduka mu byiciro bifite imiterere ihamye.
MG zitandukaniye ku kutagira urutonde rw'atomu rurerure rufitanye isano na kristu, ari na cyo kiranga kristu. Muri iki gihe, hari iterambere rikomeye ryatewe mu rwego rw'ibirahure by'icyuma. Ni ibikoresho bishya bifite imiterere ishimishije idashishikajwe gusa na fiziki y'ibintu bikomeye, ahubwo no mu byuma, ubutabire bwo hejuru, ikoranabuhanga, ibinyabuzima n'ibindi byinshi. Ubu bwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho bugaragaza imiterere itandukanye n'ibyuma bikomeye, bigatuma biba umukandida ushimishije mu ikoranabuhanga mu nzego zitandukanye. Bifite imiterere imwe n'imwe y'ingenzi; (i) ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo buhanitse n'imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro, (ii) ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya rukuruzi bwinshi, (iii) ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo buciriritse, (iv) ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese budasanzwe, (v) ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ubushyuhe bwo gutwara ibintu bwa 6,7.
Uburyo bwo guhuza imashini (MA)1,8 ni uburyo bushya, bwatangijwe bwa mbere mu 19839 na Porofeseri CC Kock na bagenzi be. Bateguye ifu ya Ni60Nb40 idahinduka basya uruvange rw'ibintu by'umwimerere ku bushyuhe buri hafi cyane y'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba. Ubusanzwe, uburyo bwa MA bukorwa hagati yo guhuza ifu y’ibikoresho bya reactant muri reactor, ubusanzwe ikorwa mu cyuma kitagira umugese mu ruganda rwa ball 10 (Ishusho ya 1a, b). Kuva icyo gihe, ubu buryo bwa tekiniki bwa solid-state reaction bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura ifu nshya ya aloyide y’ibirahure idafite imoforufe/metallic hakoreshejwe imashini zikora umupira zikoresha ingufu nke (Ishusho ya 1c) n’imashini zikora umupira zikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ndetse n’imashini zikora umupira11,12,13,14,15, 16. By’umwihariko, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura sisitemu zidahinduka nka Cu-Ta17, ndetse n’imashini zikora ahantu hanini ho gushonga nka sisitemu za Al-transition metal (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb na Ta)18,19 na Fe-W20, zitaboneka hakoreshejwe inzira zisanzwe zo gutegura. Byongeye kandi, MA ifatwa nk'imwe mu bikoresho bikomeye bya nanotechnology mu gutegura uduce tw’ifu ya nanocrystalline na nanocomposite ya oxyde z’ibyuma, carbides, nitrides, hydride, nanotubes za karuboni, nanodiamonds, hamwe no gushimangira imiterere y'umubiri hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 1 bwo hejuru no hasi hamwe n'ibyiciro bihindagurika.
Igishushanyo kigaragaza uburyo bwo gukora bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura irangi ry'icyuma rya Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) / SUS 304 muri ubu bushakashatsi. (a) Gutegura ifu ya MG alloy ifite ingano zitandukanye za Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30 na 40 at.%) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusya umupira ufite ingufu nke. (a) Ibikoresho byo gutangira bishyirwa mu cyuma cy'ibikoresho hamwe n'udupira tw'icyuma, kandi (b) bifunze mu gasanduku kuzuyemo umwuka wa He. (c) Icyitegererezo cy'icyuma gisya kigaragaza imikorere y'umupira mu gihe cyo gusya. Umusaruro wa nyuma w'ifu wabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 50 wakoreshejwe mu gusiga SUS 304 substrate hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutera umuti ukonje (d).
Ku bijyanye n'ubuso bw'ibikoresho byinshi (substrates), ubuhanga bwo gushushanya ubuso bukubiyemo igishushanyo mbonera n'impinduka z'ubuso (substrates) kugira ngo habeho imiterere imwe n'imwe ifatika, iy'imiti n'iy'ikoranabuhanga itari mu bikoresho by'umwimerere. Zimwe mu miterere ishobora kunozwa neza no kuvura ubuso harimo kurwanya kwangirika, kurwanya ogisijeni no kwangirika, coefficient of friction, bio-inertness, imiterere y'amashanyarazi, no gukingira ubushyuhe, ni ukuvuga bike. Ubwiza bw'ubuso bushobora kunozwa hakoreshejwe tekiniki za metallurgike, mekanike cyangwa shimi. Nk'uburyo buzwi cyane, gutwikira bisobanurwa gusa nk'urwego rumwe cyangwa nyinshi z'ibikoresho bishyizwe ku buso bw'ikintu kinini (substrate) cyakozwe mu kindi gikoresho. Bityo, gutwikira bikoreshwa igice kugira ngo bigere ku miterere imwe n'imwe ikenewe ya tekiniki cyangwa imitako, ndetse no kurinda ibikoresho imikoranire iteganijwe ya shimi n'iy'umubiri n'ibidukikije bikikije23.
Kugira ngo hashyirweho ibice bikwiye byo kurinda ubuso bifite ubunini kuva kuri mikorometero nke (munsi ya mikorometero 10-20) kugeza kuri mikorometero zirenga 30 cyangwa milimetero nke, hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bwinshi n'amayeri menshi. Muri rusange, inzira zo gusiga zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: (i) uburyo bwo gusiga amazi butose, harimo gukoresha electroplating, gukoresha electroless plating, n'uburyo bwo gusiga amazi ashyushye, na (ii) uburyo bwo gusiga amazi yumye, harimo gukoresha brazing, surfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD), gukoresha chemical vapor deposition (CVD), uburyo bwo gusiga amazi ashyushye n'uburyo bwo gusiga amazi ashyushye vuba aha 24 (Ishusho ya 1d).
Biofilms zisobanurwa nk'udukoko duto dufata ku buso ku buryo budasubirwaho kandi tukikijwe na polymers zikora hanze y'umubiri (EPS). Kwirema kwa biofilms bikuze cyane bishobora gutera igihombo gikomeye mu nzego nyinshi z'inganda, harimo n'inganda zikora ibiribwa, amazi, n'ibidukikije by'ubuvuzi. Mu bantu, iyo biofilms zivutse, abantu barenga 80% banduye mikorobe (harimo Enterobacteriaceae na Staphylococci) biragoye kuvura. Byongeye kandi, biofilms zikuze byavuzwe ko zirwanya imiti ya antibiyotike inshuro 1000 ugereranije n'uturemangingo twa bagiteri twa planktonic, ibi bikaba bifatwa nk'ikibazo gikomeye mu kuvura. Ibikoresho byo gutwikira hejuru bya antibiyotike bikomoka ku bintu bisanzwe bya organic byakoreshejwe mu mateka. Nubwo ibyo bikoresho akenshi biba birimo ibintu by'uburozi bishobora guteza akaga ku bantu, 25,26 bishobora gufasha kwirinda kwandura bagiteri no kwangiza ibintu.
Ubudahangarwa bwa bagiteri ku miti irwanya udukoko bitewe no gukora biofilm byatumye hakenerwa gukorwa ubuso bufite ubushobozi bwo gukingira udukoko bushobora gushyirwaho mu buryo bwizewe27. Guteza imbere ubuso busanzwe cyangwa bwa shimi burwanya udukoko bufata aho uturemangingo twa bagiteri tubuzwa gufata no kubaka biofilm bitewe no gufatana ni bwo buryo bwa mbere muri ubu buryo27. Ikoranabuhanga rya kabiri ni ugukora irangi rituma imiti irwanya udukoko igera aho ikenewe, mu rugero rwinshi kandi rwakozwe neza. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu gukora ibikoresho byihariye byo gutwikira nka graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 na ZnO-doped diamond-like coatings30 zirwanya bagiteri, ikoranabuhanga ryongerera uburozi n'iterambere ryo guhangana n'irangi bitewe no gukora biofilm biragabanuka cyane. Byongeye kandi, irangi rikoresha imiti yica udukoko mu buso kugira ngo ritange uburinzi bw'igihe kirekire ku kwandura kwa bagiteri ririmo gukundwa cyane. Nubwo uburyo bwose butatu bushobora gutanga ingaruka za antibiyotike ku buso bupfutse, buri bumwe bufite imbogamizi zabwo zigomba kwitabwaho mu gutegura ingamba zo kubukoresha.
Ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko ubu birabangamiwe no kubura umwanya uhagije wo gusesengura no gupima irangi ririnda ibintu bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'umuntu. Ibigo bivuga ko ibicuruzwa byabo bizaha ababikoresha imikorere myiza; icyakora, ibi byabaye imbogamizi ku ntsinzi y'ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko ubu. Ibivanze bikomoka kuri feza bikoreshwa mu buryo bwinshi bwo kuvura mikorobe ubu buboneka ku baguzi. Ibi bicuruzwa byakozwe kugira ngo birinde ababikoresha ingaruka mbi zishobora guterwa na mikorobe. Ingaruka za mikorobe zitinze hamwe n'uburozi bujyana na byo by'ibinyabutabire bya feza byongera igitutu ku bashakashatsi cyo gukora ubundi buryo budatera ingaruka mbi36,37. Gukora irangi rirwanya mikorobe ku isi rikora imbere no hanze biracyari akazi katoroshye. Ibi biterwa n'ingaruka zijyanye nabyo ku buzima no ku mutekano. Kubona umuti urwanya mikorobe udatera ingaruka mbi ku bantu no gushaka uburyo washyirwa mu bikoresho bikingira kandi bimara igihe kirekire ni intego ishakishwa cyane38. Ibikoresho bishya birwanya mikorobe n'ibirwanya biofilm byagenewe kwica bagiteri hafi, haba binyuze mu gukoranaho cyangwa nyuma yuko umuti ukora urekuwe. Bashobora kubikora babuza bagiteri gufatana (harimo no kurwanya ikorwa rya poroteyine hejuru) cyangwa bakica bagiteri bivanga urukuta rw'uturemangingo.
Mu by'ibanze, gusiga hejuru ni inzira yo gushyira urundi rwego ku buso bw'igice kugira ngo hongerwe imiterere ijyanye n'ubuso. Intego yo gusiga hejuru ni uguhindura imiterere mito cyangwa imiterere y'agace k'ubuso bw'igice39. Ubuhanga bwo gusiga hejuru bushobora kugabanywamo uburyo butandukanye, bukubiye mu ishusho ya 2a. Gusiga hejuru bishobora kugabanywamo ibice by'ubushyuhe, ibinyabutabire, ibinyabutabire, n'ibinyabutabire, bitewe n'uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gukora gusiga hejuru.
(a) Ishusho yerekana uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukora bukoreshwa ku buso, na (b) ibyiza n'ibibi byatoranijwe byo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti ishyushye risanzwe rifitanye isano n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gutera imiti ishyushye. Ariko kandi, hari imiterere y’ingenzi ituma uburyo bwo gutera imiti ishyushye bukonje n’ibikoresho bishyushye bidasanzwe. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti ishyushye riracyari mu ntangiriro, ariko rifite ahazaza heza. Mu mikoreshereze imwe n’imwe, imiterere yihariye yo gutera imiti ishyushye itanga inyungu nini, irenga imbogamizi zisanzwe zo gutera imiti ishyushye. Itanga uburyo bwo gutsinda imbogamizi zikomeye z’ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ryo gutera imiti ishyushye, aho ifu igomba gushonga kugira ngo igere ku butaka. Birumvikana ko ubu buryo busanzwe bwo gutera imiti ishyushye budakwiriye ibikoresho bishobora kwangirika cyane nk’amakristale, uduce duto, indorerwamo zidafite isura n’iz’icyuma40, 41, 42. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gutera imiti ishyushye bihora bigaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw’ubushyuhe na okiside. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti ishyushye rifite inyungu nyinshi ziruta ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti ishyushye, nko (i) ubushyuhe buke bujya muri ubu butaka, (ii) guhinduka mu guhitamo gutera imiti ishyushye, (iii) kutagira impinduka mu byiciro no gukura kw’ingano, (iv) imbaraga nyinshi zo gufatanya 1,39 (Ishusho ya 2b). Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gutera imiti ishyushye bifite ubudahangarwa bwinshi bwo kwangirika, imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukana, amashanyarazi menshi kandi afite ubucucike bwinshi41. Bitandukanye n'ibyiza byo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutera amazi mu buryo bukonje, haracyari ingaruka mbi zo gukoresha ubu buryo, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2b. Mu gihe cyo gusiga ifu ya keramike nziza nka Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, nibindi, uburyo bwo gutera amazi mu buryo bukonje ntibushobora gukoreshwa. Ku rundi ruhande, ifu ya keramike/icyuma ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gutera amazi mu buryo bukonje. Ni kimwe no ku bundi buryo bwo gutera amazi mu buryo bushyushye. Ahantu hagoye no ku miyoboro yo imbere biragoye gutera amazi mu buryo bunoze.
Bitewe n'uko akazi kariho ubu kagamije gukoresha ifu y'icyuma imeze nk'ikirahure nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gusiga, biragaragara ko gutera ubushyuhe busanzwe ku buryo busanzwe bidashobora gukoreshwa muri iki gikorwa. Ibi biterwa nuko ifu y'icyuma imeze nk'ikirahure ihinduka ifu ku bushyuhe bwinshi1.
Ibikoresho byinshi bikoreshwa mu buvuzi n'ibiribwa bikozwe mu byuma bitagira umugese (SUS316 na SUS304) bifite chromium iri hagati ya 12 na 20% mu gukora ibikoresho byo kubaga. Muri rusange byemewe ko ikoreshwa rya chromium metal nk'ikintu gitera imbaraga mu byuma bishobora kongera cyane imbaraga mu kurwanya ingese z'ibyuma bisanzwe. Ibyuma bitagira umugese, nubwo bifite imbaraga nyinshi mu kurwanya ingese, ntibigaragaza ubushobozi buhambaye bwo kurwanya ingese38,39. Ibi bitandukanye n'imbaraga zabyo zo kurwanya ingese nyinshi. Nyuma y'ibi, iterambere ry'ubwandu n'ububyimbirwe rishobora gusobanurwa, ahanini riterwa no gufatana kwa bagiteri no kwinjirira ku buso bw'ibikoresho by'ibyuma bitagira umugese. Ingorane zikomeye zishobora kuvuka bitewe n'ingorane zikomeye zijyanye no gufatana kwa bagiteri no gukora biofilm, bishobora gutuma ubuzima bwangirika, bishobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi zishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye.
Ubu bushakashatsi ni igice cya mbere cy'umushinga uterwa inkunga n'Ikigo cya Kuwait gishinzwe iterambere ry'ubumenyi (KFAS), amasezerano No. 2010-550401, kugira ngo harebwe niba bishoboka gukora ifu ya Cu-Zr-Ni y'icyuma ikoze mu kirahuri hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya MA (Imbonerahamwe ya 1) mu gukora irangi ririnda bagiteri/SUS304. Icyiciro cya kabiri cy'umushinga, kizatangira muri Mutarama 2023, kizasuzuma imiterere ya electrochemical corruption n'imiterere ya mekanike y'uyu mushinga mu buryo burambuye. Hazakorwa ibizamini birambuye bya mikorobe ku moko atandukanye ya bagiteri.
Muri iyi nyandiko, ingaruka z'ibice bya Zr alloying ku bushobozi bwo gukora ikirahure (GFA) ziraganirwaho hashingiwe ku miterere n'imiterere y'ibirahure. Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya antibiyotike y'ifu y'ikirahure ya metali/SUS304 composite nayo yaraganiriweho. Byongeye kandi, hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gusuzuma niba ifu y'ikirahure ya metali ishobora guhinduka mu gihe cyo gutera irahure mu gace k'amazi akonje mu buryo bw'ikirahure cya metali. Nk'ingero zigaragaza, ifu y'ikirahure ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Muri iki gice, hagaragazwa impinduka mu miterere y’ifu y’ibanze ya Cu, Zr na Ni mu gusya umupira ufite ingufu nke. Nk’ingero z’icyitegererezo, sisitemu ebyiri zitandukanye zigizwe na Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizakoreshwa nk’ingero zigaragaza. Uburyo bwa MA bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu bitandukanye, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’imiterere y’ifu ikorwa mu gihe cyo gusya (Ishusho ya 3).
Imiterere ya metallographic y'ifu ya alloy (MA) iboneka nyuma y'ibyiciro bitandukanye by'igihe cyo gusya umupira. Amashusho ya microscopy ya electron scanning field emission (FE-SEM) y'ifu ya MA na Cu50Zr40Ni10 yabonetse nyuma y'igihe cyo gusya umupira gifite ingufu nke cy'amasaha 3, 12 na 50 agaragara muri (a), (c) na (e) kuri sisitemu ya Cu50Zr20Ni30, mu gihe muri MA imwe amashusho ajyanye na sisitemu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 yafashwe nyuma y'igihe agaragara muri (b), (d) na (f).
Mu gihe cyo gusya umupira, ingufu za kinetiki zishobora koherezwa mu ifu y'icyuma zigirwaho ingaruka no guhuza ibipimo, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1a. Ibi birimo gukubitana hagati y'imipira n'ifu, gukata ifu cyane hagati cyangwa hagati y'ibikoresho byo gusya, ingaruka z'imipira igwa, gukata no kwangirika bitewe no gukurura ifu hagati y'ibikoresho byo gusya umupira bigenda, n'umuraba unyura mu bihingwa. Imipira igwa yakwirakwiriye mu bihingwa (Ishusho ya 1a). Ifu ya Cu, Zr, na Ni yangiritse cyane bitewe no gusudira ikonje mu ntangiriro za MA (amasaha 3), bigatuma habaho uduce duto tw'ifu (> mm 1 y'umurambararo). Utu duce duto twa kinetiki turangwa no gukora ibice binini by'ibintu bivangavanze (Cu, Zr, Ni), nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3a, b. Kongera igihe cya MA kugeza ku masaha 12 (icyiciro cyo hagati) byatumye ingufu za kinetiki z'uruganda rw'umupira ziyongera, bigatuma ifu ivanze ihinduka ifu nziza (munsi ya 200 µm), nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3c, d. Kuri iyi Icyiciro, imbaraga zo gukata zikoreshwa zituma habaho ubuso bushya bw'icyuma bufite ibice byiza bya Cu, Zr, Ni, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3c, d. Kubera uburyo bwo kunoza urwego, ibikorwa bikomeye bibaho ku ruhande rw'ibice kugira ngo habeho ibice bishya.
Mu mpera y'igikorwa cya MA (nyuma y'amasaha 50), metallography y'ibice byacitse yagaragaraga gato gusa (Ishusho ya 3e, f), ariko ubuso bwasekuye bw'ifu bwagaragaje metallography y'indorerwamo. Ibi bivuze ko igikorwa cya MA cyarangiye kandi habayeho ikorwa ry'icyiciro kimwe cyo gukora. Imiterere y'ibice byagaragajwe ku Ishusho ya 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) yagenwe hakoreshejwe mikoroskopi ya elegitoroniki yo gupima imyuka yo mu murima (FE-SEM) ihujwe na energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Mu mbonerahamwe ya 2, ingano y’ibice by’ingenzi by’ibintu bivanze igaragazwa nk’ijanisha ry’uburemere bwose bwa buri gace katoranijwe mu ishusho ya 3e, f. Iyo ugereranije ibi bisubizo n’ibice by’ibanze bya Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 byavuzwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, bigaragara ko ibice by’ibi bicuruzwa bibiri bya nyuma bifite agaciro gasa cyane n’ibice by’ingenzi. Byongeye kandi, agaciro k’ibice by’ingenzi ku turere twavuzwe mu ishusho ya 3e, f ntibivuze kwangirika cyangwa ihindagurika rikomeye mu miterere ya buri rugero kuva mu gace kamwe ujya mu kandi. Ibi bigaragazwa n’uko nta mpinduka mu miterere kuva mu gace kamwe ujya mu kandi. Ibi bigaragaza ko ifu y’ibice by’ingenzi ikorwa, nk’uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
Mikorografi za FE-SEM z'ifu ya Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) ya nyuma yabonetse nyuma y'inshuro 50 za MA, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4a–d, aho x ari 10, 20, 30 na 40 kuri.%, uko bikurikirana. Nyuma y'iyi ntambwe yo gusya, ifu iraterana bitewe n'ingaruka za van der Waals, bigatuma habaho ihurizo rinini rigizwe n'uduce duto cyane dufite umurambararo kuva kuri 73 kugeza 126 nm, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.
Imiterere y’imiterere y’ifu ya Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) yabonetse nyuma y’igihe cya MA cy’amasaha 50. Kuri sisitemu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, amashusho ya FE-SEM y’ifu yabonetse nyuma y’inshuro 50 za MA agaragara muri (a), (b), (c) na (d), uko bikurikirana.
Mbere yo gushyira ifu mu cyuma gikonjesha, babanzaga gushyiramo ethanol mu buryo bwa analytical grade mu gihe cy'iminota 15 hanyuma bakayumisha kuri 150°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Iyi ntambwe igomba gufatwa kugira ngo barwanye neza agglomeration ikunze guteza ibibazo byinshi bikomeye mu gihe cyose cyo gusiga. Nyuma y'uko igikorwa cya MA kirangiye, hakozwe ibindi bisobanuro kugira ngo harebwe uburyo ifu ya alloy ingana. Ishusho ya 5a–d yerekana mikorographe za FE-SEM n'amashusho ya EDS ajyanye n'ibintu bya Cu, Zr na Ni by'alloy ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 byabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 50 y'igihe cya M, uko bikurikirana. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ifu ya alloy ikorwa nyuma y'iyi ntambwe ari imwe kuko itagaragaza impinduka zirenze urugero rwa sub-nanometer, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5.
Imiterere n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibice by'ingenzi bya MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 ifu yabonetse nyuma y'inshuro 50 za MA hakoreshejwe FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Ishusho ya SEM na X-ray EDS ya (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα na (d) Ni-Kα.
Imiterere ya XRD y'ifu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 yakozwe mu buryo bwa mashini nyuma y'amasaha 50 ya MA igaragara ku ishusho ya 6a–d, uko bikurikirana. Nyuma y'iki cyiciro cyo gusya, ingero zose zifite ingano zitandukanye za Zr zagaragaje imiterere idahinduka ifite imiterere yihariye yo gukwirakwiza halo igaragara ku ishusho ya 6.
Imiterere ya XRD ya (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 ifu nyuma y'igihe cya MA cy'amasaha 50. Ingero zose nta kurobanura zagaragaje imiterere y'urukiramende, bivuze ko habayeho ihinduka ry'icyiciro kidahinduka.
Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yohereza amashanyarazi mu murima (FE-HRTEM) yakoreshejwe mu kureba impinduka mu miterere no gusobanukirwa imiterere y’aho ifu ituruka mu gusya umupira mu bihe bitandukanye bya MA. Amashusho ya FE-HRTEM y’ifu yabonetse nyuma y’amasaha ya mbere (6) n’ay’igihe gito (amasaha 18) yo gusya ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 agaragara ku ishusho ya 7a, c, uko bikurikirana. Dukurikije ishusho y’ifu yakozwe nyuma ya MA​ amasaha 6, ifu igizwe n’ibinyampeke binini bifite imbibi zisobanutse neza z’ibintu fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr na fcc-Ni, kandi nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko icyiciro cyo gukora cyakozwe, nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 7a. Byongeye kandi, imiterere y’ahantu hatandukanye hatandukanye (SADP) yakuwe mu gace ko hagati ka (a) yagaragaje imiterere y’ipfundo rya cusp (Ishusho ya 7b), igaragaza ko hari kristali nini kandi ko nta gice cyo gukora.
Imiterere y'imiterere y'ifu ya MA yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 6 (6) n'igihe cyo hagati (amasaha 18). (a) Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yohereza umwuka mwinshi mu murima (FE-HRTEM), na (b) ishusho ijyanye n'aho ihuzwa n'amazi (SADP) y'ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 nyuma yo kuvurwa na MA mu gihe cy'amasaha 6. Ishusho ya FE-HRTEM ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 18 ya MA igaragara muri (c).
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7c, kongera igihe cya MA kugeza ku masaha 18 byateje inenge zikomeye za lattice hamwe no kwangirika kwa pulasitiki. Muri iki cyiciro cyo hagati cy'imikorere ya MA, ifu igaragaza inenge zitandukanye, harimo amakosa yo gupfunyika, inenge za lattice, n'inenge z'ingingo (Ishusho ya 7). Izi nenge zituma impeke nini zicamo ibice ku mbibi z'ingano zazo mu duce duto dufite ingano iri munsi ya nanometero 20 (Ishusho ya 7c).
Imiterere y’aho ifu ya Cu50Z30Ni20 itunganywa mu gihe cy’amasaha 36 ya MA ifite imiterere ya nanograins nziza cyane zishyizwe muri matrix nziza idahinduka, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8a. Isesengura rya EDS ryerekanye ko izo nanoclusters zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8a zari zifitanye isano n’ibintu bitaratunganywa bya Cu, Zr na Ni. Muri icyo gihe, ingano ya Cu muri matrix yahindutse kuva kuri ~32 at.% (agace gato) kugeza kuri ~74 at.% (agace gakungahaye), bigaragaza ko habayeho imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, SADPs zijyanye n’ifu zabonetse nyuma yo gusya muri iki cyiciro zigaragaza impeta z’ibanze n’iz’inyongera z’urwego rudahinduka, zifatanye n’ingingo zityaye zijyanye n’ibyo bintu bito bivangavanze, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8b.
Ibiranga imiterere y'ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 birenga h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Ishusho y'umurima ugaragara (BFI) n'ibijyanye nayo (b) SADP y'ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 yabonetse nyuma yo gusya amasaha 36 ya MA.
Hafi y'iherezo ry'igikorwa cya MA (amasaha 50), Cu50 (Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 na 40 at.% ifu ihora ifite imiterere y'icyiciro cya labyrinthine amorphous nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 9a–d. Muri SADP ijyanye na buri gice, nta miterere isa n'ingingo cyangwa imiterere ityaye ya annular byashoboraga kuboneka. Ibi bigaragaza ko nta cyuma kidatunganyijwe kirimo, ahubwo hakozwe ifu ya alloy alloy amorphous. Izi SADP zifitanye isano zigaragaza imiterere ya halo diffusion nazo zakoreshejwe nk'ikimenyetso cy'iterambere ry'icyiciro cya amorphous mu bikoresho bya nyuma by'umusaruro.
Imiterere y'aho umusaruro wa nyuma wa sisitemu ya MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix). FE-HRTEM n'imiterere ya nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ya (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 50 ya MA.
Ubushyuhe buhamye bw'ubushyuhe bw'impinduka y'ikirahure (Tg), agace k'amazi akonjeshejwe (ΔTx) n'ubushyuhe bwa crystallization (Tx) nk'uko bigaragazwa n'ingano ya Ni (x) ya sisitemu ya Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) idahinduka bwakozweho ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe Calorimetry (DSC) yo gupima imiterere y'umwuka wa He. Imiterere ya DSC y'ifu ya aloyi ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr10Ni40 yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 50 ya MA igaragara ku ishusho ya 10a, b, e, uko bikurikirana. Mu gihe umugozi wa DSC wa Cu50Zr20Ni30 udahinduka ugaragara ku ishusho ya 10c. Hagati aho, icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr30Ni20 gishyushye kugeza kuri ~700 °C muri DSC kigaragara ku ishusho ya 10d.
Ubushyuhe bw'ifu ya Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG iboneka nyuma y'igihe cya MA cy'amasaha 50, nk'uko bigaragara ku bushyuhe bw'impinduka z'ikirahure (Tg), ubushyuhe bwa crystallization (Tx), n'akarere k'amazi gakonjeshejwe (ΔTx). Temogaramu zitandukanye za calorimeter (DSC) zo gupima (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powder nyuma y'igihe cya MA cy'amasaha 50. Imiterere ya X-ray diffraction (XRD) y'icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr30Ni20 gishyushye kugeza kuri ~700 °C muri DSC igaragara muri (d).
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10, imirongo ya DSC y’ibice byose bifite ibipimo bitandukanye bya Ni (x) igaragaza ingero ebyiri zitandukanye, imwe iri mu gice cy’inyuma n’indi iri mu gice cy’inyuma. Ikintu cya mbere kiri mu gice cy’inyuma gihuye na Tg, mu gihe icya kabiri gifitanye isano na Tx. Agace k’ubugari buri hagati ya Tg na Tx kitwa agace k’amazi gakonjeshejwe (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko Tg na Tx by’icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Ishusho ya 10a), bishyizwe kuri 526°C na 612°C, byimura ibikubiye (x) kuri 20 kuri % yerekeza ku ruhande rw’ubushyuhe buke bwa 482°C na 563°C hamwe n’ibikubiye muri Ni (x) byiyongera, nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10b. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ΔTx ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 igabanuka kuva kuri 86 °C (Ishusho ya 10a) kugera kuri 81 °C kuri Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Ishusho ya 10a). 10b).Kuri aloyi ya MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, byagaragaye kandi ko agaciro ka Tg, Tx na ΔTx kagabanutse kagera kuri 447°C, 526°C na 79°C (Ishusho ya 10b). Ibi bigaragaza ko kwiyongera kw'ingano ya Ni bitera kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe bw'aloyi ya MG. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, agaciro ka Tg (507°C) k'aloyi ya MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 kari hasi ugereranyije n'ak'aloyi ya MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; nyamara, Tx yayo igaragaza agaciro kangana n'aka mbere (612°C). Kubwibyo, ΔTx igaragaza agaciro kari hejuru (87°C), nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10c.
Sisitemu ya MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix), ifata urugero rwa MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy, ikora crystallize binyuze mu gice cy’inyuma cy’izuba mu byiciro bya crystal bya fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 na orthorhombic-ZrNi (Ishusho ya 10c). Iyi mpinduka y’itsinda rya crystalline yashyizweho na XRD y’icyitegererezo cya MG (Ishusho ya 10d), cyashyushye kugeza kuri 700 °C muri DSC.
Ishusho ya 11 igaragaza amafoto yafashwe mu gihe cyo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje cyakozwe mu kazi ka none. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, uduce tw'ifu y'icyuma tumeze nk'ikirahure twakozwe nyuma y'amasaha 50 ya MA (dufata urugero rwa Cu50Zr20Ni30) twakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya bagiteri, naho icyuma gikingira (SUS304) cyasizwe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje. Uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bwatoranyijwe mu gutera umuti mu buryo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje kuko ari bwo buryo bwiza cyane mu buryo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje kandi bushobora gukoreshwa ku bikoresho by'icyuma bishobora kwangirika mu bushyuhe nk'ifu idafite imvange na nanocrystalline, idahinduka mu buryo bw'impinduka. Iki ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi mu guhitamo ubu buryo. Uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bukorwa hakoreshejwe uduce twihuta cyane duhindura ingufu za kinetic z'uduce mu guhindura imiterere ya plastiki, gukurura no gushyuha iyo bihuye n'ubutaka cyangwa uduce twabitswe mbere.
Amafoto yo mu murima agaragaza uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura inshuro eshanu zikurikiranye MG coating / SUS 304 kuri 550 °C.
Ingufu za kinetiki z'uduce, bityo n'imbaraga za buri gace mu miterere y'igitambaro, bigomba guhindurwamo ubundi bwoko bw'ingufu binyuze mu buryo nko guhindura imiterere ya pulasitiki (imikoranire y'uduce n'uduce mu mikoranire y'uduce), ubusa Guhuza, kuzunguruka kw'uduce, gukurura no gushyuha 39. Byongeye kandi, niba atari imbaraga zose za kinetiki zinjira zihinduka ingufu z'ubushyuhe n'ingufu, ingaruka ni ugukubitana kw'amaboko, bivuze ko uduce dusubira inyuma nyuma yo gukubita. Byagaragajwe ko 90% by'ingufu z'ingufu zikoreshwa ku duce/substrate zihinduka ubushyuhe bwo mu gace 40. Byongeye kandi, iyo hakoreshejwe imbaraga z'ingufu, igipimo cyo hejuru cy'ingufu za pulasitiki kigerwaho mu gace k'uduce/substrate mu gihe gito cyane 41,42.
Guhindura imiterere ya pulasitiki muri rusange bifatwa nk'inzira yo gukwirakwiza ingufu, cyangwa by'umwihariko, isoko y'ubushyuhe mu gace k'urusobe rw'amazi. Ariko, kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe mu gace k'urusobe rw'amazi akenshi ntibihagije kugira ngo bishonge mu rusobe rw'amazi cyangwa ngo bitume habaho gukwirakwira kwa atome mu buryo bugaragara. Nta gitabo abanditsi bazi gisesengura ingaruka z'imiterere y'iyi fu y'icyuma ku gufatana no gupfundika kw'ifu bibaho iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutera ifu bukonje.
BFI ya MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder igaragara ku ishusho ya 12a, yari yasizwe kuri SUS 304 substrate (Amashusho ya 11, 12b). Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho, ifu zitwikiriwe zigumana imiterere yazo ya mbere idahinduka kuko zifite imiterere yoroshye ya labyrinth idafite imiterere ya crystalline cyangwa inenge za lattice. Ku rundi ruhande, ishusho igaragaza ko hari igice cyo hanze, nk'uko bivugwa na nanoparticles zikubiye muri MG-coated powder matrix (Ishusho ya 12a). Ishusho ya 12c igaragaza imiterere ya nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) ijyanye n'akarere ka I (Ishusho ya 12a). Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 12c, NBDP igaragaza imiterere y'ubugari bworoshye bw'imiterere idahinduka kandi ihura n'uduce duto duhuye na crystalline large cubic Zr2Ni metastable hamwe na tetragonal CuO phase. Iremwa rya CuO rishobora guterwa no oxidation y'ifu iyo iva mu ruzi rw'imbunda itera SUS 304 mu kirere cyo hanze munsi y'amazi anyura mu kirere. Ku rundi ruhande, ifu y'icyuma isa n'ikirahure yavuye mu bikoresho byayo byatumye habaho ibice binini bya cubic nyuma yo gusukurwa mu buryo bukonje kuri 550 °C mu gihe cy'iminota 30.
(a) Ishusho ya FE-HRTEM y'ifu ya MG itwikiriwe kuri (b) SUS 304 substrate (ishusho iri imbere). Imbonerahamwe ya NBDP y'ikimenyetso cy'uruziga igaragara muri (a) igaragara muri (c).
Kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bushoboka bwo gukora uduce duto twa Zr2Ni, hakozwe igerageza ryigenga. Muri iri gerageza, ifu yasutswe mu mbunda itera ubushyuhe kuri 550 °C mu cyerekezo cya SUS 304; icyakora, kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z'ifu, yakuwe mu gice cya SUS304 vuba bishoboka (hafi amasegonda 60). Hakozwe irindi gerageza aho ifu yakuwe mu gice cy'ubushyuhe nyuma y'amasegonda 180.
Ishusho ya 13a, b yerekana amashusho y’umurima wijimye (DFI) yabonetse hakoreshejwe microscopy ya electron electron (STEM) y’ibikoresho bibiri byasutswe ku duce twa SUS 304 mu gihe cy’amasegonda 60 na 180, uko bikurikirana. Ishusho y’ifu yasutswe mu masegonda 60 nta bisobanuro birambuye ifite, bigaragaza ko nta miterere ifite (Ishusho ya 13a). Ibi kandi byemejwe na XRD, yagaragaje ko imiterere rusange y’izi fu yari idahinduka, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’urugero rwagutse rw’ibanze n’urwa kabiri rw’impinduka rugaragara ku Ishusho ya 14a. Ibi bigaragaza ko nta mvura ihindagurika/igwa rya mesophase, aho ifu igumana imiterere yayo ya mbere idahinduka. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ifu yasutswe ku bushyuhe bumwe (550 °C), ariko isigara ku duce mu gihe cy’amasegonda 180, yagaragaje ko igwa ry’ibinyampeke bingana na nano, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’imyambi iri ku Ishusho ya 13b.