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Ingxenye yemakethe yezinhlelo zokuqandisa zokufaka amanzi kanye namaphampu okushisa isencane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-compressor zendabuko. Naphezu kwenzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa ukushisa okushibhile (esikhundleni somsebenzi kagesi obizayo), ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezisekelwe ezimisweni zokufaka amanzi kusakhawulelwe ezinhlelweni ezimbalwa ezithile. Inkinga enkulu okudingeka isuswe ukwehla kwamandla athile ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi kanye nokuqina okuphansi kwe-adsorbent. Izinhlelo zokuqandisa zokufaka amanzi zokuhweba zesimanjemanje zisekelwe kuma-adsorber asekelwe kuma-plate heat exchangers ambozwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okupholisa. Imiphumela yaziwa kahle ukuthi ukunciphisa ukujiya kwengubo kuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-mass transfer impedance, futhi ukwandisa isilinganiso sendawo yobuso kuya kuvolumu yezakhiwo eziqhuba amanzi kwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kahle. Imicu yensimbi esetshenziswa kulo msebenzi inganikeza indawo ethile yobuso ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-2500–50,000 m2/m3. Izindlela ezintathu zokuthola ukumbozwa okuncane kakhulu kodwa okuzinzile kwama-hydrate kasawoti ezindaweni zensimbi, kufaka phakathi imicu yensimbi, yokukhiqiza ukumbozwa zibonisa okokuqala i-heat exchanger enamandla aphezulu. Ukwelashwa kobuso okusekelwe ku-aluminium anodizing kukhethwa ukudala isibopho esiqinile phakathi kwengubo kanye ne-substrate. Isakhiwo se-microsurface esiphumayo sihlaziywe kusetshenziswa i-scanning electron microscopy. I-reduction total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy kanye ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy kusetshenziswe ukuhlola ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezifunwayo ku-assay. Amandla azo okwenza ama-hydrate aqinisekiswe yi-combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Ikhwalithi engeyinhle ngaphezu kuka-0.07 g (amanzi)/g (composite) itholakale ku-MgSO4 coating, ekhombisa izimpawu zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni cishe ku-60 °C futhi ingaphinde ikhiqizwe ngemva kokuphinda ikhiqizwe. Imiphumela emihle yatholakala futhi nge-SrCl2 kanye ne-ZnSO4 ngomehluko wesisindo ongaba ngu-0.02 g/g ngaphansi kuka-100 °C. I-Hydroxyethylcellulose yakhethwa njengesithasiselo sokwandisa ukuzinza nokunamathela kwengubo. Izakhiwo zokungenisa zemikhiqizo zahlolwa yi-TGA-DTG ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ukunamathela kwazo kwabonakala ngendlela esekelwe ezivivinyweni ezichazwe ku-ISO2409. Ukuvumelana nokunamathela kwengubo ye-CaCl2 kuthuthukiswa kakhulu ngenkathi kugcinwa amandla ayo okungenisa ngomehluko wesisindo ongaba ngu-0.1 g/g emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-100 °C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MgSO4 igcina ikhono lokwenza ama-hydrate, okubonisa umehluko wesisindo ongaphezu kuka-0.04 g/g emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-100 °C. Ekugcineni, imicu yensimbi ehlanganisiwe iyahlolwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okusebenzayo kwesakhiwo se-fiber esimbozwe yi-Al2(SO4)3 kungaba phezulu ngokuphindwe ka-4.7 uma kuqhathaniswa nomthamo we-Al2(SO4)3 emsulwa. Ukumbozwa kwengubo ehloliwe kwahlolwa ngokubona, futhi isakhiwo sangaphakathi sahlolwa kusetshenziswa isithombe esincane sezingxenye eziphambene. Kwatholakala ingubo ye-Al2(SO4)3 enobukhulu obungaba ngu-50 µm, kodwa inqubo iyonke kumele yenziwe ngcono ukuze kufezwe ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo.
Izinhlelo zokumunca zithole ukunakwa okukhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengoba zinikeza enye indlela enobungani nemvelo kumaphampu okushisa avamile noma izinhlelo zokuqandisa. Njengoba amazinga okunethezeka ekhuphuka kanye namazinga okushisa ajwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, izinhlelo zokumunca zinganciphisa ukuthembela kumafutha angaphansi komhlaba maduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka ekuqandisweni kokumunca noma amaphampu okushisa kungadluliselwa kwisitoreji samandla okushisa, okumele ukwanda okwengeziwe kwamandla okusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla ayisisekelo. Inzuzo eyinhloko yamaphampu okushisa okumunca kanye nezinhlelo zokuqandisa ukuthi zingasebenza ngokushisa okuphansi. Lokhu kuzenza zifaneleke emithonjeni yokushisa ephansi njengamandla elanga noma ukushisa okulahliwe. Ngokuphathelene nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla, ukumunca kunenzuzo yokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nesitoreji sokushisa esinengqondo noma esicashile.
Amaphampu okushisa okumunca kanye nezinhlelo zokuqandisa zilandela umjikelezo ofanayo we-thermodynamic njengowokucindezela komusi. Umehluko omkhulu ukufakwa kwezingxenye ze-compressor ngama-adsorber. Isici siyakwazi ukumunca umusi obandayo ophansi emazingeni okushisa aphakathi, sikhiphe umhwamuko omningi ngisho noma uketshezi lubanda. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa njalo kwe-adsorber ukuze kukhishwe i-enthalpy yokumunca (exotherm). I-adsorber ivuselelwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okubangela ukuthi umusi obandayo ukhiphe umhwamuko. Ukushisa kumele kuqhubeke ukunikeza i-enthalpy yokumunca (endothermic). Ngenxa yokuthi izinqubo zokumunca zibonakala ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kudinga ukuqhuba okuphezulu kokushisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuqhuba okuphansi kokushisa kuyisici esiyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni okuningi.
Inkinga enkulu yokuqhuba i-conductivity ukwandisa inani layo elimaphakathi ngenkathi kugcinwa indlela yokuthutha ehlinzeka ngokugeleza komusi wokumunca/wokumunca. Izindlela ezimbili zivame ukusetshenziswa ukufeza lokhu: ama-composite heat exchangers kanye nama-coated heat exchangers. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezithandwa kakhulu neziphumelelayo yilezo ezisebenzisa izithasiselo ezisekelwe ku-carbon, okungukuthi i-expanded graphite, i-activated carbon, noma ama-carbon fibers. U-Oliveira et al. 2 i-expanded graphite powder efakwe i-calcium chloride ukuze ikhiqize i-adsorber enekhono elithile lokupholisa (SCP) elifinyelela ku-306 W/kg kanye ne-coefficient of performance (COP) elifinyelela ku-0.46. U-Zajaczkowski et al. 3 baphakamise inhlanganisela ye-expanded graphite, i-carbon fiber kanye ne-calcium chloride ephethe i-total conductivity engu-15 W/mK. U-Jian et al4 bahlole ama-composite nge-sulfuric acid ephathwe i-expanded natural graphite (ENG-TSA) njenge-substrate emjikelezweni wokupholisa we-adsorption wezigaba ezimbili. Imodeli yabikezela i-COP kusuka ku-0.215 kuya ku-0.285 kanye ne-SCP kusuka ku-161.4 kuya ku-260.74 W/kg.
Isixazululo esisebenza kakhulu yi-coated heat exchanger. Izindlela zokumboza zalezi zi-heat exchanger zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kanye nezinamathiseli. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile, okubandakanya ukwakheka kwezinto ezimboza ngqo ebusweni bezi-heat exchanger ezivela kuma-reagents afanele. I-Sotech5 inelungelo lobunikazi lendlela yokwenza i-zeolite embozwe ukuze isetshenziswe ochungechungeni lwezi-cooler ezenziwe yi-Fahrenheit GmbH. USchnabel et al6 bahlole ukusebenza kwama-zeolite amabili ambozwe ngensimbi engagqwali. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela isebenza kuphela ngama-adsorbents athile, okwenza ukuhlanganiswa ngezinamathiseli kube yindlela ethakazelisayo. Ama-binder ayizinto ezingasebenzi ezikhethiwe ukusekela ukunamathela kwe-sorbent kanye/noma ukudluliselwa kwesisindo, kodwa azidlali indima ekufakweni noma ekuthuthukisweni kokuqhuba. Ama-Freni et al. Ama-heat exchanger angu-7 ambozwe nge-aluminium ene-AQSOA-Z02 zeolite aqiniswe nge-binder esekelwe kubumba. UCalabrese et al.8 bafunde ukulungiswa kwezimbozo ze-zeolite ezinezinamathiseli ze-polymeric. U-Ammann nabanye.9 baphakamise indlela yokulungisa izembozo ze-zeolite ezinezimbobo ezivela ezingxubeni zikagesi ze-polyvinyl alcohol. I-Alumina (i-alumina) nayo isetshenziswa njenge-binder 10 ku-adsorber. Ngokwazi kwethu, i-cellulose ne-hydroxyethyl cellulose kusetshenziswa kuphela ngokuhlanganiswa nama-adsorbents angokwenyama11,12. Ngezinye izikhathi i-glue ayisetshenziswa upende, kodwa isetshenziselwa ukwakha isakhiwo 13 ngokwayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-matrices e-alginate polymer anama-hydrate amaningi kasawoti kwakha izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo zama-composite bead ezivimbela ukuvuza ngesikhathi sokoma futhi zinikeze ukudluliselwa okwanele kwesisindo. Ubumba olufana ne-bentonite ne-attapulgite lusetshenziswe njenge-binder zokulungiselela ama-composites15,16,17. I-Ethylcellulose isetshenziswe ukufaka i-calcium chloride18 noma i-sodium sulfide19.
Izinhlanganisela ezinesakhiwo sensimbi esinezimbobo zingahlukaniswa zibe izishintshi zokushisa ezengeziwe kanye nezishintshi zokushisa ezimboziwe. Inzuzo yalezi zakhiwo yindawo ephezulu yobuso. Lokhu kuphumela endaweni enkulu yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-adsorbent nensimbi ngaphandle kokwengezwa kwesisindo esingangenisi, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo wokuqandisa. ULang et al. 20 bathuthukise ukuhanjiswa kwe-adsorber ye-zeolite enesakhiwo se-aluminium honeycomb. UGillerminot et al. 21 bathuthukise ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal kwezingqimba ze-NaX zeolite nge-copper ne-nickel foam. Nakuba izinhlanganisela zisetshenziswa njengezinto zokushintsha isigaba (ama-PCM), okutholakele kukaLi et al. 22 noZhao et al. 23 nakho kuyathakazelisa nge-chemisorption. Baqhathanise ukusebenza kwe-graphite enwetshiwe kanye ne-metal foam futhi baphetha ngokuthi lokhu kwakamuva kungcono kuphela uma ukugqwala kwakungeyona inkinga. UPalomba et al. muva nje baqhathanise ezinye izakhiwo zensimbi ezinezimbobo24. UVan der Pal et al. bafunde usawoti wensimbi ofakwe kuma-foam 25. Zonke izibonelo zangaphambilini zihambisana nezendlalelo ezixineneyo ze-particulate adsorbents. Izakhiwo zensimbi ezinezimbobo cishe azisetshenziswa ukumboza ama-adsorber, okuyisisombululo esingcono kakhulu. Isibonelo sokubopha kuma-zeolite singatholakala kuWittstadt et al. 26 kodwa akukho mzamo owenziwe wokubopha ama-hydrate kasawoti naphezu kobuningi bawo bamandla aphezulu 27.
Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezintathu zokulungiselela izembozo ze-adsorbent zizohlolwa kulesi sihloko: (1) isembozo se-binder, (2) ukusabela okuqondile, kanye (3) ukwelashwa kobuso. I-Hydroxyethylcellulose yayiyi-binder ekhethwayo kulo msebenzi ngenxa yokuqina okubikiwe ngaphambilini kanye nokunamathela okuhle kwe-coating kuhlanganiswe ne-adsorbents ebonakalayo. Le ndlela yaqale yahlolwa ngezembozo ezisicaba futhi kamuva yasetshenziswa ezakhiweni ze-fiber yensimbi. Ngaphambilini, kwabikwa ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kokungenzeka kokusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokwakhiwa kwezembozo ze-adsorbent. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini manje kudluliselwa ekumbozweni kwezakhiwo ze-fiber yensimbi. Ukwelashwa kobuso okukhethiwe kulo msebenzi kuyindlela esekelwe ku-aluminium anodizing. I-aluminium anodizing ihlanganiswe ngempumelelo nosawoti wensimbi ngezinjongo zobuhle29. Kulezi zimo, izembozo ezizinzile kakhulu nezimelana nokugqwala zingatholakala. Kodwa-ke, azikwazi ukwenza noma iyiphi inqubo ye-adsorption noma ye-desorption. Leli phepha liveza uhlobo lwale ndlela evumela ukuthi isisindo sithuthwe kusetshenziswa izakhiwo ze-adhesive zenqubo yokuqala. Ngokwazi kwethu okuhle, azikho izindlela ezichazwe lapha eziye zafundwa ngaphambilini. Zimelela ubuchwepheshe obusha obuthakazelisa kakhulu ngoba zivumela ukwakheka kwezimbozo ze-adsorbent ezimanzi, ezinezinzuzo eziningana kunezimbozo zomzimba ezifundwa njalo.
Amapuleti e-aluminium agxiviziwe asetshenziswe njengezinto ezisetshenziswa kulezi zivivinyo anikezwe yi-ALINVEST Břidličná, eCzech Republic. Aqukethe i-aluminium engu-98.11%, insimbi engu-1.3622%, i-manganese engu-0.3618% kanye neminonjana yethusi, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-titanium, i-zinc, i-chromium kanye ne-nickel.
Izinto ezikhethiwe zokwenziwa kwezinhlanganisela zikhethwa ngokuhambisana nezakhiwo zazo ze-thermodynamic, okungukuthi, kuye ngokuthi zingamunca/zisuse amanzi kangakanani emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-120°C.
I-Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ingenye yezinhlobo zikasawoti ezimanzi ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezifundwe kahle ezingama-30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Izakhiwo ze-thermodynamic zilinganiswe ngokuhlelekile futhi zitholakale zifanele ukusetshenziswa emikhakheni yokuqandisa i-adsorption, amaphampu okushisa kanye nokugcina amandla. I-magnesium sulfate eyomile i-CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yasetshenziswa.
I-calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) ingenye usawoti ofundwe kahle ngoba i-hydrate yayo inezakhiwo ezithakazelisayo ze-thermodynamic41,42,43,44. I-calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% esetshenzisiwe (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
I-Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) kanye nama-hydrate ayo anezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic ezifanele izinqubo zokumuncwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi45,46. I-Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yasetshenziswa.
I-Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) nayo inezakhiwo ezithakazelisayo ze-thermodynamic4,45,47 yize ivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-ammonia ocwaningweni lwe-adsorption heat pump noma isitoreji samandla. I-Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) yasetshenziswa ekwenzeni i-synthesis.
I-Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) ayiyona phakathi kwama-hydrate atholakala kaningi ezincwadini zobungcweti, yize izakhiwo zayo ze-thermodynamic zithakazelisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi48,49. I-Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) yasetshenziswa ekwenzeni lokhu.
I-Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) ingenye yama-hydrated salts asanda kuthola ukunakwa okwengeziwe emkhakheni wokugcina amandla okushisa50,51. I-Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 pure pharmaceutical grade (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) yasetshenziswa kulezi zivivinyo.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose yakhethwa ngenxa yemiphumela emihle ekusetshenzisweni okufanayo. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwethu yi-hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Imicu yensimbi yenziwe ngezintambo ezimfushane ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ngokucindezelwa nokusinta, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-crucible melt extraction (CME)52. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqhutshwa kwayo kokushisa akuxhomekile kuphela ekuqhutshweni okukhulu kwezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kanye nokwakheka kwesakhiwo sokugcina, kodwa futhi nasezingeni lezibopho phakathi kwemicu. Imicu ayiyona i-isotropic futhi ivame ukusatshalaliswa ngendlela ethile ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa, okwenza ukuqhutshwa kokushisa ohlangothini oluphambene kube phansi kakhulu.
Izakhiwo zokumunca amanzi zihlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric ngesikhathi esisodwa (TGA)/ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric okuhlukile (DTG) kuphakheji ye-vacuum (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). Ukulinganisa kwenziwa emoyeni ogelezayo we-nitrogen ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-10 ml/min kanye nobubanzi bokushisa obusukela ku-25 kuya ku-150°C ezitsheni ze-aluminium oxide. Izinga lokushisa lalingu-1 °C/min, isisindo sesampula sasihluka kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-20 mg, isinqumo sasingu-0.1 μg. Kulo msebenzi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umehluko wobuningi ngobuso beyunithi ngayinye unokungaqiniseki okukhulu. Amasampula asetshenziswe ku-TGA-DTG mancane kakhulu futhi asikiwe ngendlela engajwayelekile, okwenza ukunqunywa kwendawo yawo kunganembile. Lawa manani angadluliselwa kuphela endaweni enkulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuphambuka okukhulu.
Ama-spectra e-ATR-FTIR ancishisiwe atholakala ku-spectrometer ye-Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) kusetshenziswa isesekeli se-ATR platinum (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany). Ama-spectra amakristalu edayimane eyomile amsulwa alinganiswa ngqo ku-vacuum ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amasampula njengesizinda sokulinganisa kokuhlola. Amasampula alinganiswa ku-vacuum kusetshenziswa isinqumo se-spectral esingu-2 cm-1 kanye nenani elimaphakathi lama-scan angu-32. I-Wavenumber isukela ku-8000 kuya ku-500 cm-1. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Spectral kwenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-OPUS.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM kwenziwe kusetshenziswa i-DSM 982 Gemini evela ku-Zeiss ngama-voltage asheshayo angu-2 no-5 kV. I-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) yenziwe kusetshenziswa i-Thermo Fischer System 7 ene-Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Ukulungiswa kwamapuleti ensimbi kwenziwa ngokwenqubo efana naleyo echazwe ku-53. Okokuqala, cwilisa ipuleti ku-50% sulfuric acid. imizuzu eyi-15. Bese befakwa kusisombululo se-1 M sodium hydroxide cishe imizuzwana eyi-10. Ngemuva kwalokho amasampula agezwa ngamanzi amaningi acwecwe, bese ecwiliswa emanzini acwecwe imizuzu engama-30. Ngemva kokwelashwa kokuqala kwendawo, amasampula acwiliswa kusisombululo esigcwalisiwe esingu-3%. HEC kanye nosawoti oqondiwe. Ekugcineni, wakhiphe bese uwomisa ku-60°C.
Indlela ye-anodizing ithuthukisa futhi iqinise ungqimba lwe-oxide yemvelo ensimbini engasebenzi. Amaphaneli e-aluminium afakwa i-sulfuric acid esimweni esiqinile abese evalwa emanzini ashisayo. I-anodizing ilandele ukuqoshwa kokuqala nge-1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) kulandelwe ukuncishiswa ku-1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s). Isixazululo se-electrolyte siyingxube ye-2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, kanye ne-1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. I-anodizing yenziwa ku-(40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 imizuzwana eyi-1200. Inqubo yokuvala yenziwe ngezixazululo ezahlukahlukene ze-brine njengoba kuchaziwe ezintweni (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Isampula ibilisiwe kuyo imizuzwana eyi-1800.
Izindlela ezintathu ezahlukene zokukhiqiza izinhlanganisela ziye zahlolwa: ukunamathela okunamathelayo, ukusabela okuqondile, kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo. Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwendlela ngayinye yokuqeqesha kuhlaziywa futhi kuxoxwe ngakho ngokuhlelekile. Ukubuka okuqondile, ukuthwebula izithombe ezincane, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali/izinto eziyisisekelo kusetshenziswe ukuhlola imiphumela.
I-Anodizing yakhethwa njengendlela yokwelapha ubuso obuguqukayo ukuze kwandiswe ukunamathelana kwama-hydrate kasawoti. Lokhu kwelashwa kobuso kudala isakhiwo esinezimbobo se-alumina (alumina) ngqo ebusweni be-aluminium. Ngokwesiko, le ndlela inezigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuqala sakha isakhiwo esinezimbobo se-aluminium oxide, kanti isigaba sesibili sakha uqweqwe lwe-aluminium hydroxide oluvala izimbobo. Okulandelayo izindlela ezimbili zokuvimba usawoti ngaphandle kokuvimba ukufinyelela esigabeni segesi. Esokuqala siqukethe uhlelo lwezinyosi olusebenzisa amashubhu amancane e-aluminium oxide (Al2O3) atholakala esinyathelweni sokuqala ukuze abambe amakristalu amukelayo futhi andise ukunamathela kwawo ezindaweni zensimbi. Ama-honeycomb aphumelayo anobubanzi obungaba ngu-50 nm kanye nobude obungu-200 nm (Isithombe 1a). Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, la ma-cavities avame ukuvalwa esinyathelweni sesibili ngesendlalelo esincane se-Al2O(OH)2 boehmite esisekelwa inqubo yokubilisa ishubhu le-alumina. Endleleni yesibili, le nqubo yokuvala iguqulwa ngendlela yokuthi amakristalu kasawoti abanjwe ungqimba olumboza ngokulinganayo lwe-boehmite (Al2O(OH)), olungasetshenziselwa ukuvala kulokhu. Isigaba sesibili senziwa ngesisombululo esigcwele sikasawoti ohambisanayo. Amaphethini achazwe anobukhulu obuphakathi kuka-50–100 nm futhi abukeka njengamaconsi achithekile (Isithombe 1b). Ubuso obutholakale ngenxa yenqubo yokuvala bunesakhiwo sendawo esicacile esinendawo yokuxhumana eyengeziwe. Le patheni yobuso, kanye nokwakheka kwayo okuningi kokubopha, ilungele ukuthwala nokubamba amakristalu kasawoti. Zombili izakhiwo ezichazwe zibonakala zinezimbobo ngempela futhi zinezimbobo ezincane ezibonakala zifaneleka kahle ukugcina amanzi kasawoti kanye nokumunca umphunga kusawoti ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-adsorber. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zangaphakathi kwalezi zindawo kusetshenziswa i-EDX kungabona inani elincane le-magnesium nesulfure ebusweni be-boehmite, ezingatholakali esimweni sobuso be-alumina.
I-ATR-FTIR yesampula iqinisekisile ukuthi i-element yayiyi-magnesium sulfate (bheka uMfanekiso 2b). I-spectrum ikhombisa iziqongo ze-sulfate ion ezihlukile ku-610–680 kanye no-1080–1130 cm–1 kanye neziqongo zamanzi ze-lattice ezihlukile ku-1600–1700 cm–1 kanye no-3200–3800 cm–1 (bheka uMfanekiso 2a, c). ). Ukuba khona kwama-ion e-magnesium cishe akushintshi i-spectrum54.
(a) I-EDX yepuleti le-aluminium le-MgSO4 elimbozwe yi-boehmite, (b) ama-spectra e-ATR-FTIR e-boehmite kanye ne-MgSO4, (c) ama-spectra e-ATR-FTIR e-MgSO4 emsulwa.
Ukugcina ukusebenza kahle kokumuncwa kwamanzi kuqinisekiswe yi-TGA. Ku-Fig. 3b kukhombisa ukuphakama kokumuncwa kwamanzi okungaba ngu-60°C. Lesi sibalo esiphezulu asihambisani nokushisa kweziqongo ezimbili ezibonwe ku-TGA kasawoti omsulwa (Fig. 3a). Ukuphindaphinda komjikelezo wokumuncwa kwamanzi-ukumuncwa kwahlolwa, futhi ijika elifanayo labonwa ngemva kokubeka amasampula endaweni enomswakama (Fig. 3c). Umehluko obonwe esigabeni sesibili sokumuncwa kwamanzi ungase ube umphumela wokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni endaweni egelezayo, njengoba lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuphelelweni kwamanzi ngokuphelele. Lawa manani ahambisana cishe no-17.9 g/m2 ekususweni kwamanzi kokuqala kanye no-10.3 g/m2 ekususweni kwamanzi kwesibili.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kwe-boehmite ne-MgSO4: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kwe-MgSO4 emsulwa (a), ingxube (b) kanye nangemuva kokubuyiselwa kwamanzi emzimbeni (c).
Indlela efanayo yenziwa nge-calcium chloride njenge-adsorbent. Imiphumela ivezwe ku-Figure 4. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kobuso kuveze izinguquko ezincane ekukhanyeni kwensimbi. Uboya abubonakali kahle. I-SEM iqinisekisile ukuba khona kwamakristalu amancane asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu kobuso. Kodwa-ke, i-TGA ayibonisanga ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ngaphansi kuka-150°C. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye kasawoti incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nesisindo sonke se-substrate ukuze itholwe yi-TGA.
Imiphumela yokwelashwa kwendawo yokumbozwa kwe-copper sulfate ngendlela ye-anodizing iboniswe ku-fig. 5. Kulesi simo, ukufakwa okulindelekile kwe-CuSO4 esakhiweni se-Al oxide akuzange kwenzeke. Esikhundleni salokho, izinaliti ezikhululekile ziyabonwa njengoba zivame ukusetshenziswa ku-copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 esetshenziswa ngamadayi ajwayelekile e-turquoise.
Ukwelashwa kwendawo ene-anodized kwahlolwa futhi kuhlanganiswe ne-strontium chloride. Imiphumela ibonise ukumbozwa okungalingani (bheka uMfanekiso 6a). Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi usawoti wawumboze wonke umphezulu, kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDX. Ijika lephuzu endaweni empunga (iphuzu 1 kuMfanekiso 6b) libonisa i-strontium encane kanye ne-aluminium eningi. Lokhu kubonisa okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-strontium endaweni elinganisiwe, okubonisa ukumbozwa okuphansi kwe-strontium chloride. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindawo ezimhlophe zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-strontium kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-aluminium (amaphuzu 2-6 kuMfanekiso 6b). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDX kwendawo emhlophe kubonisa amachashazi amnyama (amaphuzu 2 no-4 kuMfanekiso 6b), i-chlorine ephansi kanye ne-sulfur ephezulu. Lokhu kungabonisa ukwakheka kwe-strontium sulfate. Amachashazi akhanyayo abonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chlorine kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-sulfur (amaphuzu 3, 5, kanye no-6 kuMfanekiso 6b). Lokhu kungachazwa iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yengubo emhlophe iqukethe i-strontium chloride elindelekile. I-TGA yesampula iqinisekisile ukuchazwa kokuhlaziywa ngokuphakama ekushiseni okuphawulekayo kwe-strontium chloride emsulwa (Isithombe 6c). Inani labo elincane lingaqinisekiswa yingxenye encane kasawoti uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo sokusekelwa kwensimbi. Isisindo sokukhishwa esinqunywe ekuhlolweni sihambelana nenani elingu-7.3 g/m2 elinikezwe ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo ye-adsorber ekushiseni okungu-150°C.
Izembozo ze-zinc sulfate eziphathwe nge-Eloxal nazo zahlolwa. Ngokwe-macroscopic, isembozo siwungqimba oluncane kakhulu nolulinganayo (Isithombe 7a). Kodwa-ke, i-SEM yembule indawo engaphezulu embozwe ngamakristalu amancane ahlukaniswe izindawo ezingenalutho (Isithombe 7b). I-TGA yesembozo kanye ne-substrate iqhathaniswa nekasawoti omsulwa (Isithombe 7c). Usawoti omsulwa une-peak eyodwa engalingani ku-59.1°C. I-aluminium ehlanganisiwe ibonise iziqongo ezimbili ezincane ku-55.5°C kanye no-61.3°C, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona i-zinc sulfate hydrate. Umehluko wesisindo owembulwe ekuhlolweni uhambelana no-10.9 g/m2 ekushiseni kokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni okungu-150°C.
Njengasekusetshenzisweni kwangaphambilini53, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose yasetshenziswa njenge-binder ukuthuthukisa ukunamathela kanye nokuqina kwengubo ye-sorbent. Ukuhambisana kwezinto kanye nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwe-adsorption kuhlolwe yi-TGA. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa maqondana nesisindo esiphelele, okungukuthi isampula ifaka ipuleti lensimbi elisetshenziswa njenge-substrate yokumboza. Ukunamathela kuhlolwa ngokuhlolwa okusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwe-cross notch okuchazwe ku-ISO2409 specification (ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana ne-notch separation specification kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu nobubanzi be-specification).
Ukumboza amaphaneli nge-calcium chloride (CaCl2) (bheka uMfanekiso 8a) kuholele ekusabalaleni okungalingani, okungazange kubonwe embozweni we-aluminium ohlanzekile osetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-transverse notch. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela ye-CaCl2 ehlanzekile, i-TGA (Umfanekiso 8b) ikhombisa iziqongo ezimbili eziphawulekayo ezishintshele emazingeni okushisa aphansi angu-40 no-20°C, ngokulandelana. Ukuhlolwa kwesigaba esiphambene akuvumeli ukuqhathanisa okuqondile ngoba isampula ye-CaCl2 ehlanzekile (isampula ngakwesokudla kuMfanekiso 8c) iyi-precipitate ewuphuphu, esusa izinhlayiya eziphezulu kakhulu. Imiphumela ye-HEC ibonise ukugqoka okuncane kakhulu nokulinganayo okunamathela okwanelisayo. Umehluko wesisindo oboniswe kuMfanekiso 8b uhambelana no-51.3 g/m2 ngeyunithi ngayinye ye-adsorber ekushiseni okungu-150°C.
Imiphumela emihle maqondana nokunamathelana kanye nokufana nayo itholakale nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (bheka uMfanekiso 9). Ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo yokumunca i-coating kubonise ukuba khona kwe-peak eyodwa engaba ngu-60°C. Lokhu kushisa kuhambisana nesinyathelo esiyinhloko sokumunca esibonakala ekuphelelweni kwamanzi kosawoti omsulwa, okumele esinye isinyathelo ku-44°C. Kuhambisana nokuguquka kusuka ku-hexahydrate kuya ku-pentahydrate futhi akubonwa endabeni yokumboza ngama-binders. Ukuhlolwa kwesigaba esiphambene kukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokunamathela uma kuqhathaniswa nokumboza okwenziwe kusetshenziswa usawoti omsulwa. Umehluko wesisindo obonwe ku-TGA-DTC uhambelana no-18.4 g/m2 ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo ye-adsorber ekushiseni okungu-150°C.
Ngenxa yokungahambi kahle kobuso, i-strontium chloride (SrCl2) ine-coating engalingani emaphinini (Isithombe 10a). Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-transverse notch ibonise ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo nokunamathela okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu (Isithombe 10c). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kubonise umehluko omncane kakhulu ngesisindo, okumele kube ngenxa yokuqukethwe kukasawoti okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-substrate yensimbi. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo ezigobileni zibonisa ukuba khona kwenqubo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, yize i-peak ihlotshaniswa nokushisa okutholakala lapho kuchazwa usawoti omsulwa. Iziqongo ku-110°C kanye no-70.2°C ezibonwe ku-Figs. 10b nazo zitholakale lapho kuhlaziywa usawoti omsulwa. Kodwa-ke, isinyathelo esiyinhloko sokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni esibonwe kusawoti omsulwa ku-50°C asizange sibonakale kuma-curve kusetshenziswa i-binder. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ingxube ye-binder ibonise iziqongo ezimbili ku-20.2°C kanye no-94.1°C, ezingalinganiswanga usawoti omsulwa (Isithombe 10b). Ekushiseni okungu-150 °C, umehluko wesisindo obonwe uhambelana no-7.2 g/m2 ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo ye-adsorber.
Inhlanganisela ye-HEC ne-zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) ayizange inikeze imiphumela eyamukelekayo (Isithombe 11). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kwensimbi emboziwe akuvezanga noma yiziphi izinqubo zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Nakuba ukusatshalaliswa nokunamathela kwengubo kuthuthukile, izakhiwo zayo zisekude kakhulu nokuba ngcono.
Indlela elula yokumboza imicu yensimbi ngesendlalelo esincane nesilinganayo ukuminyana okumanzi (Isithombe 12a), okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kosawoti okuqondiwe kanye nokuminyana kwemicu yensimbi ngesisombululo samanzi.
Lapho kulungiselelwa ukuminza okumanzi, kuhlangatshezwana nezinkinga ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucindezeleka kobuso besisombululo se-saline kuvimbela ukufakwa okufanele koketshezi esakhiweni esinezimbobo. Ukwakheka kwekristalu ebusweni obungaphandle (Isithombe 12d) kanye nama-bubble omoya abanjwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo (Isithombe 12c) kungancishiswa kuphela ngokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso kanye nokumanzisa isampula kusengaphambili ngamanzi acwengekile. Ukuncibilika okuphoqelelwe kusampula ngokukhipha umoya ngaphakathi noma ngokudala ukugeleza kwesisombululo esakhiweni kungenye yezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa okuphelele kwesakhiwo.
Inkinga yesibili ehlangatshezwe ngesikhathi sokulungiselela kwakuwukususwa kwefilimu engxenyeni kasawoti (bheka uMfanekiso 12b). Lesi simo sibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwengubo eyomile ebusweni bokuncibilika, okuvimba ukoma okushukunyiswayo okuguquguqukayo bese kuqala inqubo eshukunyiswayo yokusabalala. Indlela yesibili ihamba kancane kakhulu kuneyokuqala. Ngenxa yalokho, kudingeka izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kube nesikhathi sokumisa esifanele, okwandisa ingozi yokwakheka kwamabhamuza ngaphakathi kwesampula. Le nkinga ixazululwa ngokwethula enye indlela yokwenza ikristalu isekelwe hhayi ekushintsheni kokuhlushwa (ukuhwamuka), kodwa ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa (njengasesibonelweni esine-MgSO4 kuMfanekiso 13).
Ukumelwa kwesimiso senqubo yokwenza ikristalu ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba eziqinile neziwuketshezi kusetshenziswa i-MgSO4.
Izixazululo zikasawoti ogcwele zingalungiswa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi noma ngaphezulu kwalo (HT) kusetshenziswa le ndlela. Esimweni sokuqala, ukwakheka kwekristalu kwaphoqeleka ngokwehlisa izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa legumbi. Esimweni sesibili, ukwakheka kwekristalu kwenzeka lapho isampula ipholiswa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi (RT). Umphumela uba yingxube yamakristalu (B) kanye nokuncibilika (A), ingxenye yawo ewuketshezi esuswa umoya ocindezelwe. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokugwema ukwakheka kwefilimu kulawa ma-hydrate, kodwa futhi inciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokulungiselela ezinye izinhlanganisela. Kodwa-ke, ukususwa koketshezi ngomoya ocindezelwe kuholela ekwenzeni ukwakheka kwekristalu okwengeziwe kukasawoti, okuholela ekumbozweni okukhulu.
Enye indlela engasetshenziswa ukumboza izindawo zensimbi ihilela ukukhiqizwa okuqondile kosawoti oqondiwe ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ama-heat exchanger ambozwe okwenziwe ukusabela kwama-acid ezindaweni zensimbi zamafin nama-tubes anezinzuzo eziningana, njengoba kubikiwe ocwaningweni lwethu lwangaphambilini. Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela kuma-fiber kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwamagesi ngesikhathi sokusabela. Ukucindezela kwama-bubbles egesi ye-hydrogen kuyakheka ngaphakathi kwe-probe futhi kuyashintsha njengoba umkhiqizo ukhishwa (Isithombe 14a).
Isembozo siguqulwe ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze kulawulwe kangcono ukujiya nokusatshalaliswa kwesembozo. Le ndlela ihilela ukudlulisa umfudlana we-acid inkungu ngesampula (Isithombe 14b). Lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kuholele ekuhlanganisweni okufanayo ngokusabela ngensimbi ye-substrate. Imiphumela yayigculisa, kodwa inqubo yayihamba kancane kakhulu ukuba ibhekwe njengendlela ephumelelayo (Isithombe 14c). Izikhathi zokusabela ezimfushane zingatholakala ngokushisa kwendawo.
Ukuze kunqotshwe ubuthakathaka bezindlela ezingenhla, kuye kwafundwa indlela yokumboza esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinamathelisi. I-HEC ikhethiwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni eyethulwe esigabeni esedlule. Wonke amasampula alungiswa ku-3% wt. I-binder ixutshwe nosawoti. Imicu yalungiswa kusengaphambili ngokwenqubo efanayo neyezimbambo, okungukuthi icwiliswe ku-50% vol. kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15. i-sulfuric acid, bese icwiliswa ku-sodium hydroxide imizuzwana engama-20, igezwe ngamanzi acwengekile bese ekugcineni icwiliswe emanzini acwengekile imizuzu engama-30. Kulesi simo, kwanezelwa isinyathelo esengeziwe ngaphambi kokufakwa. Cwilisa isampula isikhashana kwisisombululo sikasawoti esicwengekile bese womisa cishe ku-60°C. Le nqubo yenzelwe ukuguqula ubuso bensimbi, kwakhiwe izindawo ze-nucleation ezithuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kwengubo esigabeni sokugcina. Isakhiwo se-fibrous sinohlangothi olulodwa lapho imicu icwengekile futhi ihlanganiswe kahle, kanye nohlangothi oluphambene lapho imicu icwengekile futhi isakazeka kancane. Lokhu kungumphumela wezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingama-52.
Imiphumela ye-calcium chloride (CaCl2) ifingqiwe futhi iboniswe ngezithombe kuThebula 1. Ukumbozwa okuhle ngemva kokugonywa. Ngisho nalezo zintambo ezingenazo izikristalu ezibonakalayo ebusweni zazinokukhanya okunciphile kwensimbi, okubonisa ushintsho ekuqedeni. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuba amasampula efakwe ingxube yamanzi ye-CaCl2 ne-HEC futhi omisiwe ekushiseni okungaba ngu-60°C, ukugoqwa kwagxila ezindaweni ezihlangana khona izakhiwo. Lokhu kuwumphumela obangelwa ukucindezelwa kobuso besisombululo. Ngemva kokucwiliswa, uketshezi luhlala ngaphakathi kwesampula ngenxa yokucindezelwa kwalo kobuso. Ngokuyisisekelo kwenzeka lapho kuhlangana khona izakhiwo. Uhlangothi oluhle kakhulu lwesampula lunezimbobo eziningana ezigcwele usawoti. Isisindo sanda ngo-0.06 g/cm3 ngemva kokumbozwa.
Ukumboza nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kukhiqize usawoti owengeziwe ngevolumu ngayinye (Ithebula 2). Kulesi simo, ukwanda okulinganisiwe kungu-0.09 g/cm3. Inqubo yokutshala imbewu iholele ekumbozweni okukhulu kwesampula. Ngemva kwenqubo yokumboza, usawoti uvimba izindawo ezinkulu zohlangothi oluncane lwesampula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindawo ze-matte ziyavinjelwa, kodwa amanye ama-porosity ayagcinwa. Kulesi simo, ukwakheka kukasawoti kubonakala kalula lapho kuhlangana khona izakhiwo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokumboza ibangelwa kakhulu ukucindezelwa kobuso boketshezi, hhayi ukusebenzisana phakathi kukasawoti ne-substrate yensimbi.
Imiphumela yokuhlanganiswa kwe-strontium chloride (SrCl2) kanye ne-HEC ibonise izakhiwo ezifanayo nezibonelo zangaphambilini (Ithebula 3). Kulesi simo, uhlangothi oluncane lwesampula lucishe lumbozwe ngokuphelele. Kubonakala ama-pores ngamanye kuphela, akheka ngesikhathi sokomiswa ngenxa yokukhishwa komusi kusuka kusampula. Iphethini ebonwe ohlangothini olu-matte ifana kakhulu necala langaphambilini, indawo ivinjiwe ngosawoti futhi imicu ayimboziwe ngokuphelele.
Ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela omuhle wesakhiwo se-fibrous ekusebenzeni kokushisa kwe-heat exchanger, ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okusebenzayo kwesakhiwo se-fibrous esimboziwe kwanqunywa futhi kwaqhathaniswa nezinto zokugqoka ezihlanzekile. Ukuhanjiswa kokushisa kwalinganiswa ngokwe-ASTM D 5470-2017 kusetshenziswa idivayisi yephaneli eyisicaba eboniswe ku-Figure 15a kusetshenziswa izinto zokubhekisela ezinokuqhutshwa kokushisa okwaziwayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokulinganisa zesikhashana, lesi simiso sinenzuzo ezintweni ezinezimbobo ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwamanje, njengoba izilinganiso zenziwa esimweni esizinzile futhi zinosayizi owanele wesampula (indawo yesisekelo 30 × 30 mm2, ukuphakama cishe 15 mm). Amasampula ezinto zokugqoka ezihlanzekile (ireferensi) kanye nesakhiwo se-fiber esimboziwe alungiselelwe izilinganiso eziqondiswe ku-fiber futhi aqonde ngqo esiqondisweni se-fiber ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela wokuhanjiswa kokushisa kwe-anisotropic. Amasampula agaywe ebusweni (i-P320 grit) ukuze kuncishiswe umphumela wokuqina kobuso ngenxa yokulungiswa kwesampula, okungabonisi isakhiwo ngaphakathi kwesampula.