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Isabelo semakethe sezinhlelo zesiqandisi se-adsorption namaphampu okushisa kusekuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-compressor zendabuko.Naphezu kwenzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa ukushisa okushibhile (esikhundleni somsebenzi kagesi obizayo), ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezisekelwe ezimisweni ze-adsorption kusakhawulelwe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa.Ukungalungi okuyinhloko okudingeka kuqedwe ukwehla kwamandla athile ngenxa ye-conductivity ephansi yokushisa kanye nokuzinza okuphansi kwe-adsorbent.Iziqandisi zesiqandisi se-adsorption yezohwebo zamanje zisekelwe kuma-adsorbers asuselwe kwizishintshisi zokushisa zamapuleti ezimbozwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthamo wokupholisa.Imiphumela yaziwa kahle ukuthi ukunciphisa ukushuba kokumboza kuholela ekwehleni kwe-impedance yokudlulisa ubuningi, futhi ukwandisa indawo engaphezulu kuya kumthamo wesilinganiso sezakhiwo zokuqhuba kwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukusebenza kahle.Imicu yensimbi esetshenziswa kulo msebenzi inganikeza indawo ethile endaweni ebangeni le-2500-50,000 m2/m3.Izindlela ezintathu zokuthola okunamathelayo okuzacile kakhulu kodwa okuzinzile kwama-hydrates kasawoti endaweni yensimbi, okuhlanganisa imicu yensimbi, yokukhiqiza okunamathelayo kubonisa okokuqala ngqa isishintshi sokushisa esiminyaniswe kakhulu samandla.Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu okusekelwe ku-aluminum anodizing kukhethwa ukuze kwakhiwe isibopho esiqinile phakathi kwe-coating ne-substrate.I-microstructure yendawo ewumphumela yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa imakroskopu ye-electron yokuskena.Ukuboniswa okuphelele kwe-Fourier okuguqula i-infrared spectroscopy kanye ne-X-ray dispersive spectroscopy kwasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezifunwayo ekuhlolweni.Amandla abo okwenza ama-hydrates aqinisekiswe ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric okuhlanganisiwe (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).Izinga eliphansi elingaphezu kuka-0.07 g (amanzi)/g (inhlanganisela) litholwe embotsheni ye-MgSO4, ebonisa izimpawu zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni cishe ku-60 °C futhi ikwazi ukukhiqizwa ngemva kokubuyiselwa emanzini.Imiphumela emihle iphinde yatholwa nge-SrCl2 ne-ZnSO4 ngomehluko omkhulu ongaba ngu-0.02 g/g ngaphansi kuka-100 °C.I-Hydroxyethylcellulose yakhethwa njengesengezo ukuze kwandiswe ukuzinza nokunamathela kokunamathela.Izici ezikhangayo zemikhiqizo zahlolwa ngasikhathi sinye i-TGA-DTG futhi ukunamathela kwayo kwabonakala ngendlela esuselwe ekuhlolweni okuchazwe ku-ISO2409.Ukungaguquguquki nokunamathela kwe-CaCl2 inamathela kuthuthukiswa kakhulu ngenkathi kugcinwa umthamo wayo we-adsorption umehluko wesisindo ongaba ngu-0.1 g/g emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-100 °C.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MgSO4 igcina ikhono lokwakha ama-hydrates, ikhombisa umehluko omkhulu ongaphezu kuka-0.04 g/g emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-100 °C.Ekugcineni, imicu yensimbi eboshiwe iyahlolwa.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ukuhanjiswa okushisayo okusebenzayo kwesakhiwo se-fiber esihlanganiswe ne-Al2(SO4)3 singaba izikhathi ezingu-4.7 ngaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nevolumu ye-Al2 (SO4)3 ehlanzekile.Ukumbozwa kwezingubo ezifundisiwe kwahlolisiswa ngokubonakalayo, futhi isakhiwo sangaphakathi sahlolwa kusetshenziswa isithombe esincane sezingxenye eziphambanayo.Kutholwe uqweqwe lwe-Al2(SO4)3 olunogqinsi olulinganiselwa ku-50 µm, kodwa inqubo iyonke kufanele ithuthukiswe ukuze kuzuzwe ukusabalalisa okufanayo.
Izinhlelo ze-Adsorption zithole ukunakwa okukhulu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule njengoba zinikeza enye indlela evumelana nemvelo kumaphampu okushisa acindezelayo noma amasistimu wesiqandisi.Ngokukhuphuka kwezindinganiso zokunethezeka kanye namazinga okushisa amaphakathi omhlaba, amasistimu e-adsorption angase anciphise ukuncika kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi maduze nje.Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kwesiqandisi se-adsorption noma amaphampu okushisa kungadluliselwa kusitoreji samandla ashisayo, okumelela ukwanda okwengeziwe kwamandla okusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla ayisisekelo.Inzuzo eyinhloko yamaphampu okushisa e-adsorption kanye nezinhlelo zesiqandisi ukuthi zingasebenza ngobuningi bokushisa obuphansi.Lokhu kubenza bafaneleke emithonjeni yamazinga okushisa aphansi njengamandla elanga noma ukushisa okumoshayo.Mayelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesitoreji samandla, i-adsorption inenzuzo yokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nokuchithwa kwamandla amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nesitoreji sokushisa esizwakalayo noma esicashile.
Amaphampu okushisa e-Adsorption namasistimu esiqandisi alandela umjikelezo we-thermodynamic ofanayo nozakwabo bawo wokuminyanisa umhwamuko.Umehluko omkhulu ukushintshwa kwezingxenye ze-compressor ngama-adsorbers.I-elementi iyakwazi ukukhangisa umhwamuko wesiqandisi onomfutho ophansi emazingeni okushisa amaphakathi, ihwamuke isiqandisi esiningi ngisho nalapho uketshezi lubanda.Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa njalo kwe-adsorber ukuze ukhiphe i-enthalpy ye-adsorption (exotherm).I-adsorber ivuselelwa ngokushisa okuphezulu, okubangela ukuthi umhwamuko wesiqandisi unciphe.Ukushisa kufanele kuqhubeke ukunikeza i-enthalpy of desorption (endothermic).Ngenxa yokuthi izinqubo ze-adsorption zibonakala ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kudinga ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuphezulu.Kodwa-ke, i-thermal conductivity ephansi yiyona nto embi kakhulu ezinhlelweni eziningi.
Inkinga eyinhloko ye-conductivity ukwandisa inani layo eliphakathi ngenkathi kugcinwa indlela yokuthutha ehlinzeka ngokugeleza kwe-adsorption / desorption vapors.Izindlela ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa ukufeza lokhu: izishintshi zokushisa eziyinhlanganisela kanye nezishintshisi zokushisa ezimboziwe.Izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezidume kakhulu neziphumelelayo yilezo ezisebenzisa izithasiselo ezisekelwe ku-carbon, okuyi-graphite eyandisiwe, i-activated carbon, noma imicu ye-carbon.U-Oliveira et al.2 kufakwe i-graphite powder enwetshiwe nge-calcium chloride ukuze kukhiqizwe i-adsorber enamandla athile okupholisa (SCP) afika ku-306 W/kg kanye ne-coefficient of performance (COP) efika ku-0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.3 iphakamise inhlanganisela ye-graphite enwetshiwe, i-carbon fiber ne-calcium chloride ene-conductivity ephelele engu-15 W/mK.Izinhlanganisela ezihloliwe ze-Jian et al4 ezine-sulfuric acid ziphathwe i-graphite yemvelo enwetshiwe (ENG-TSA) njenge-substrate kumjikelezo wokupholisa we-adsorption wezigaba ezimbili.Imodeli ibikezele i-COP isuka ku-0.215 iye ku-0.285 kanye ne-SCP isuka ku-161.4 iye ku-260.74 W/kg.
Isixazululo esisebenza kakhulu isishintshi sokushisa esimboziwe.Izindlela zokumboza zalezi zishintshi zokushisa zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile nama-adhesives.Indlela ephumelela kakhulu i-synthesis eqondile, ehlanganisa ukwakheka kwezinto ezikhangisayo ngqo ebusweni bokushintshana kokushisa okuvela kuma-reagents afanelekile.I-Sotech5 inelungelo lobunikazi indlela yokwenza i-zeolite eboshwe ukuze isetshenziswe ochungechungeni lwezipholile ezikhiqizwe i-Fahrenheit GmbH.U-Schnabel et al6 uhlole ukusebenza kwama-zeolite amabili ambozwe ensimbi engagqwali.Kodwa-ke, le ndlela isebenza kuphela ngama-adsorbents athile, okwenza ukunamathela nge-adhesive kube enye into ethakazelisayo.Izibophezelo ziyizinto ezingenzi lutho ezikhethelwe ukusekela ukunamathela kwe-sorbent kanye/noma ukudluliswa kwenqwaba, kodwa azidlali indima ekukhangiseni noma ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza.Freni et al.Izishintshi zokushisa ze-aluminium ezingu-7 ezimbozwe nge-AQSOA-Z02 zeolite eziqiniswe ngesibophezelo esisekelwe kubumba.U-Calabrese et al.8 wafunda ukulungiswa kwezingubo ze-zeolite ezinama-polymeric binders.U-Ammann et al.9 bahlongoze indlela yokulungisa izimbotshana ze-zeolite ezinezimbotshana ezixube kazibuthe ze-polyvinyl alcohol.I-alumina (i-alumina) nayo isetshenziswa njenge-binder 10 ku-adsorber.Ngokwazi kwethu, i-cellulose ne-hydroxyethyl cellulose isetshenziswa kuphela ngokuhambisana nama-adsorbents angokwenyama11,12.Ngezinye izikhathi i-glue ayisetshenziselwa upende, kodwa isetshenziselwa ukwakha isakhiwo 13 ngokwayo.Inhlanganisela yamatrices e-alginate polymer anama-hydrate kasawoti amaningi yakha izakhiwo zobuhlalu eziguquguqukayo ezivimbela ukuvuza ngesikhathi somiswa futhi zinikeze ukudluliswa kwesisindo okwanele.Ama-clays afana ne-bentonite ne-attapulgite asetshenziswe njengezibophezelo zokulungiswa kwama-composites15,16,17.I-Ethylcellulose isetshenziselwe ukwenza i-microencapsulate calcium chloride18 noma i-sodium sulfide19.
Izinhlanganisela ezinokwakheka kwensimbi enezimbotshana zingahlukaniswa zibe izishintshi zokushisa ezingeziwe kanye nezishintshisi zokushisa ezimboziwe.Inzuzo yalezi zakhiwo indawo ephezulu ethize.Lokhu kubangela indawo enkulu yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-adsorbent nensimbi ngaphandle kokwengezwa kwenqwaba ye-inert, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele komjikelezo wesiqandisi.Langa et al.I-20 ithuthukise ukusebenza okuphelele kwe-adsorber ye-zeolite ngesakhiwo sezinyosi ze-aluminium.Gillerminot et al.21 ithuthukise ukusebenza okushisayo kwezingqimba ze-NaX zeolite nge-copper ne-nickel foam.Nakuba izinhlanganisela zisetshenziswa njengezinto zokushintsha kwesigaba (PCMs), okutholwe nguLi et al.22 kanye noZhao et al.23 nazo zinentshisekelo ku-chemisorption.Baqhathanisa ukusebenza kwe-graphite enwetshiwe negwebu lensimbi futhi baphetha ngokuthi lokhu kwakamuva kwakungcono kuphela uma ukugqwala kungeyona inkinga.UPalomba et al.muva nje baqhathanise nezinye izakhiwo ezimbotshana zensimbi24.Van der Pal et al.baye bafunda usawoti wensimbi ofakwe ku-foams 25.Zonke izibonelo zangaphambilini zihambisana nezendlalelo eziminyene zama-adsorbent ezinhlayiyana.Izakhiwo ze-Metal ezinama-porous cishe azisetshenziselwa ukumboza ama-adsorbers, okuyisixazululo esingcono kakhulu.Isibonelo sokubophezela kuma-zeolite singatholakala ku-Wittstadt et al.I-26 kodwa akukho mzamo owenziwe ukubopha ama-hydrates kasawoti naphezu kokuqina kwawo okuphezulu kwamandla i-27.
Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezintathu zokulungiselela i-adsorbent coatings zizocutshungulwa kulesi sihloko: (1) i-binder coating, (2) ukusabela okuqondile, kanye (3) nokwelashwa kwendawo.IHydroxyethylcellulose yayiyisibopho esikhethwayo kulo msebenzi ngenxa yokuzinza okubikiwe ngaphambilini nokunamathela okuhle kokunamathela kuhlanganiswe nama-adsorbent angokomzimba.Le ndlela yaqale yaphenywa ngezingubo eziyisicaba futhi kamuva yasetshenziswa ezakhiweni zemicu yensimbi.Ngaphambilini, ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kokuthi kungenzeka ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokwakhiwa kwezingubo ze-adsorbent kwabikwa.Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini manje kudluliselwa embotsheni yezakhiwo ze-metal fibre.Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu okukhethiwe kulo msebenzi kuyindlela esekelwe ku-anodizing ye-aluminium.I-aluminum anodizing ihlanganiswe ngempumelelo nosawoti wensimbi ngezinjongo zobuhle29.Kulezi zimo, izigqoko ezizinzile futhi ezimelana nokugqwala zingatholakala.Kodwa-ke, abakwazi ukwenza noma iyiphi inqubo ye-adsorption noma i-desorption.Leli phepha lethula okuhlukile kwale ndlela evumela ukuthi ubuningi buhanjiswe kusetshenziswa izici zokunamathela zenqubo yokuqala.Ngokwazi kwethu, azikho izindlela ezichazwe lapha ezike zacwaningwa ngaphambilini.Bamele ubuchwepheshe obusha obuthakazelisa kakhulu ngoba bavumela ukwakheka kwe-hydrated adsorbent coatings, enenani lezinzuzo ngaphezu kwama-adsorbents angokwenyama afundwa njalo.
Amapuleti e-aluminium anesitembu asetshenziswa njengama-substrates alokhu kuhlolwa anikezwe i-ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic.Ziqukethe i-98.11% ye-aluminium, i-iron engu-1.3622%, i-0.3618% ye-manganese kanye nezinhlamvu zethusi, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-titanium, i-zinc, i-chromium ne-nickel.
Izinto ezikhethelwe ukwakhiwa kwezinhlanganisela zikhethwa ngokuhambisana nezici zazo ze-thermodynamic, okungukuthi, kuye ngenani lamanzi ezingawakhangisa/awadabule emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-120°C.
I-Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ingenye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezifundwayo ezinosawoti we-hydrated30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.Izakhiwo ze-thermodynamic zikalwe ngokuhlelekile futhi zatholakala zilungele ukusetshenziswa emikhakheni yesiqandisi se-adsorption, amaphampu okushisa nokugcina amandla.I-magnesium sulfate eyomile i-CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) isetshenzisiwe.
I-Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) ingenye usawoti ofundwe kahle ngoba i-hydrate yayo inezinto ezithakazelisayo ze-thermodynamic41,42,43,44.I-Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No.7774-34-7 97% esetshenzisiwe (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
I-Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) kanye nama-hydrates ayo anezici ze-thermodynamic ezifanele izinqubo zokukhangiswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi45,46.I-Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yasetshenziswa.
I-Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) nayo inezici ezithakazelisa ze-thermodynamic4,45,47 nakuba ivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-ammonia empompini yokushisa ye-adsorption noma ucwaningo lokugcina amandla.I-Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa.
I-Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) ayikho phakathi kwama-hydrates avame ukutholakala ezincwadini zobuchwepheshe, nakuba izakhiwo zayo ze-thermodynamic zinesithakazelo ekusetshenzisweni kokushisa okuphansi48,49.I-Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa.
I-Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) ingenye yamasawoti ane-hydrated esanda kuthola ukunakwa okwengeziwe emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwamandla okushisa50,51.I-Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 grade yezemithi ehlanzekile (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) yasetshenziswa ekuhloleni.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose yakhethwa ngenxa yemiphumela emihle ekusetshenzisweni okufanayo.Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwethu yi-hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Imicu yensimbi yenziwa ngezintambo ezimfishane ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ngokucindezelwa nokucwiliswa, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-crucible melt extraction (CME)52.Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-conductivity yabo eshisayo ayixhomekile kuphela ekuqhumeni kwenqwaba yezinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kanye ne-porosity yesakhiwo sokugcina, kodwa futhi nekhwalithi yezibopho phakathi kwezintambo.Imicu ayiyona i-isotropic futhi ijwayele ukusatshalaliswa ngendlela ethile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, okwenza ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal ekuqondeni okuphambene kube phansi kakhulu.
Izakhiwo zokumunca amanzi zaphenywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya okufanayo kwe-thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) kuphakheji ye-vacuum (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).Izilinganiso zenziwa emkhathini ogelezayo we-nitrogen ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-10 ml/min kanye nezinga lokushisa elisuka ku-25 kuya ku-150°C ku-aluminium oxide crucibles.Izinga lokushisa lalingu-1 °C/min, isisindo sesampula sahluka kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-20 mg, ukulungiswa kube ngu-0.1 μg.Kulo msebenzi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umehluko omkhulu ngeyunithi ngayinye unokungaqiniseki okukhulu.Amasampuli asetshenziswa ku-TGA-DTG mancane kakhulu futhi asikwe ngokungavamile, okwenza ukunqunywa kwendawo yawo kungalungile.Lawa manani angadluliselwa endaweni enkulu kuphela uma ukuchezuka okukhulu kucatshangelwa.
Ukubonakaliswa okuphelele okunciphile kwe-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) kutholwe ku-spectrometer ye-Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) kusetshenziswa isesekeli se-ATR platinum (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany).I-spectra yamakristalu edayimane elomile elimsulwa likalwe ngokuqondile ku-vacuum ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amasampuli njengesizinda sezilinganiso zokuhlola.Amasampuli alinganiswa ku-vacuum kusetshenziswa ukulungiswa kwe-spectral okungu-2 cm-1 kanye nenani elimaphakathi lokuskena okungu-32. Ibanga le-Wavenumber lisuka ku-8000 kuya ku-500 cm-1.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Spectral kwenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-OPUS.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-DSM 982 Gemini evela ku-Zeiss ngama-voltage asheshayo angu-2 no-5 kV.I-X-ray dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) yenziwa kusetshenziswa i-Thermo Fischer System 7 ene-Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Ukulungiswa kwamapuleti ensimbi kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nenqubo efana naleyo echazwe ku-53. Okokuqala, cwilisa ipuleti ku-50% sulfuric acid.Imizuzu engu-15.Bese bethulwa kusixazululo se-1 M sodium hydroxide cishe imizuzwana eyi-10.Khona-ke amasampula ahlanjululwa ngenani elikhulu lamanzi a-distilled, bese ecwiliswa emanzini a-distilled imizuzu engu-30.Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokuqala kwendawo, amasampula acwiliswa kusisombululo esigcwele esingu-3%.I-HEC kanye nosawoti ohlosiwe.Ekugcineni, zikhiphe futhi zomise ku-60°C.
Indlela ye-anodizing ithuthukisa futhi iqinise ungqimba lwe-oxide yemvelo phezu kwensimbi yokwenziwa.Amaphaneli e-aluminium ayenziwe nge-anodized nge-sulfuric acid esimweni esiqinile abese evalwa emanzini ashisayo.I-anodizing ilandele ukufakwa kokuqala nge-1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) okulandelwa ukungathathi hlangothi ku-1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s).Isixazululo se-electrolyte siyingxube engu-2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, kanye no-1 MgSO4 + 7H2O.I-anodizing yenziwa ku-(40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 imizuzwana engu-1200.Inqubo yokufaka uphawu yenziwa ngezixazululo ezihlukahlukene ze-brine njengoba kuchazwe ezintweni zokwakha (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).Isampula ibilisiwe kuyo imizuzwana engu-1800.
Izindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokukhiqiza izinhlanganisela ziye zaphenywa: ukunamathela okunamathelayo, ukusabela okuqondile, nokwelashwa kwendawo.Izinzuzo kanye nobubi bendlela ngayinye yokuqeqesha ihlaziywa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi kuxoxwe ngayo.Ukubuka okuqondile, i-nanoimaging, nokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali/okuyisisekelo kusetshenziswe ukuhlola imiphumela.
I-anodizing yakhethwa njengendlela yokwelapha yokuguqula indawo yokwandisa ukunamathela kwama-hydrates kasawoti.Lokhu kwelashwa okungaphezulu kwakha isakhiwo esinezimbotshana ze-alumina (i-alumina) ngqo endaweni ye-aluminium.Ngokwesiko, le ndlela iqukethe izigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuqala sakha isakhiwo esinezimbotshana ze-aluminium oxide, futhi isigaba sesibili sidala ukumbozwa kwe-aluminium hydroxide evala ama-pores.Okulandelayo izindlela ezimbili zokuvimbela usawoti ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukufinyelela esigabeni segesi.Esokuqala siqukethe uhlelo lwekhekheba lezinyosi olusebenzisa amashubhu amancane e-aluminium oxide (Al2O3) atholwe esinyathelweni sokuqala ukuze abambe amakristalu e-adsorbent futhi akhulise ukunamathela kwawo ezindaweni zensimbi.Amakhekheba ezinyosi atholakalayo anobubanzi obungama-50 nm nobude obungama-200 nm (Fig. 1a).Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, le migodi ivamise ukuvalwa esinyathelweni sesibili ngongqimba oluncane lwe-Al2O(OH)2 boehmite olusekelwa inqubo yokubilisa yeshubhu ye-alumina.Ngendlela yesibili, le nqubo yokufaka uphawu iguqulwa ngendlela yokuthi amakristalu kasawoti abanjwe ungqimba olumboze ngokulinganayo lwe-boehmite (Al2O(OH)), olungasetshenziselwa ukuvala kuleli cala.Isigaba sesibili senziwa ngesisombululo esigcwele usawoti ohambisanayo.Amaphethini achaziwe anosayizi ebangeni le-50-100 nm futhi abukeka njengamaconsi afafaziwe (Fig. 1b).Ingaphezulu elitholwe ngenxa yenqubo yokufaka uphawu linesakhiwo esimenyezelwe sendawo enendawo yokuxhumana eyandisiwe.Le phethini yangaphezulu, kanye nokuhlelwa kwayo okuningi kokubopha, ilungele ukuthwala nokubamba amakristalu kasawoti.Zombili lezi zakhiwo ezichazwe zibonakala zinezimbobo ngempela futhi zinezimbotshana ezincane ezibonakala zifaneleka kahle ukugcina ama-hydrate kasawoti kanye nezihwamuko ezikhangayo kusawoti ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-adsorber.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya okuyisisekelo kwalezi zindawo kusetshenziswa i-EDX kungathola ukulandelela amanani e-magnesium nesibabule ebusweni be-boehmite, angatholakali esimweni sendawo ye-alumina.
I-ATR-FTIR yesampula iqinisekise ukuthi i-elementi kwakuyi-magnesium sulfate (bona Umfanekiso 2b).I-spectrum ibonisa izici ze-sulfate ion peaks ku-610-680 kanye no-1080-1130 cm-1 kanye neziqongo zamanzi ze-lattice ku-1600-1700 cm-1 kanye no-3200-3800 cm-1 (bona i-Fig. 2a, c).).Ukuba khona kwe-magnesium ion cishe akushintshi i-spectrum54.
(a) I-EDX ye-boehmite ehlanganiswe ne-MgSO4 aluminium plate, (b) i-ATR-FTIR ye-spectra ye-boehmite ne-MgSO4 yezingubo, (c) i-ATR-FTIR spectra ye-MgSO4 emsulwa.
Ukugcina ukusebenza kahle kwe-adsorption kwaqinisekiswa yi-TGA.Emkhiwaneni.I-3b ibonisa inani eliphakeme le-desorption cishe.60°C.Lesi siqongo asihambisani nezinga lokushisa leziqongo ezimbili ezibonwa ku-TGA kasawoti omsulwa (Fig. 3a).Ukuphindaphinda komjikelezo we-adsorption-desorption kwahlolwa, futhi ijika elifanayo labonwa ngemva kokubeka amasampula endaweni enomswakamo (Fig. 3c).Umehluko obonwe esigabeni sesibili sokuncibilika kungase kube umphumela wokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ogelezayo, njengoba lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni okungaphelele.Lawa manani ahambisana cishe nokungu-17.9 g/m2 ekukhishweni kwamanzi kokuqala kanye no-10.3 g/m2 ekukhishweni kwamanzi kwesibili.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kwe-boehmite ne-MgSO4: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kwe-MgSO4 ehlanzekile (a), ingxube (b) nangemva kokubuyisela amanzi emanzini (c).
Indlela efanayo yenziwa nge-calcium chloride njenge-adsorbent.Imiphumela yethulwa kuMfanekiso 4. Ukuhlolwa okubonwayo kwendawo kwembule izinguquko ezincane ekukhanyeni kwensimbi.Uboya abubonakali.I-SEM iqinisekise ukuba khona kwamakristalu amancane asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phezu komhlaba.Nokho, i-TGA ayizange ibonise ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ngaphansi kuka-150°C.Lokhu kungase kubangelwe ukuthi ingxenye kasawoti incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nengqikithi yesisindo se-substrate ukuze itholwe yi-TGA.
Imiphumela yokwelashwa okungaphezulu kwe-copper sulfate yokugqoka ngendlela ye-anodizing iboniswa emkhiwaneni.5. Kulesi simo, ukufakwa okulindelekile kwe-CuSO4 esakhiweni se-Al oxide akuzange kwenzeke.Esikhundleni salokho, izinaliti ezixegayo ziyabonwa njengoba zivame ukusetshenziselwa i-copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 esetshenziswa odayi abajwayelekile be-turquoise.
Ukwelashwa kwe-anodized surface nakho kwahlolwa kuhlanganiswe ne-strontium chloride.Imiphumela yabonisa ukutholakala okungalingani (bheka uMdwebo 6a).Ukuze unqume ukuthi usawoti umboze yonke indawo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDX kwenziwa.Ijika lephoyinti endaweni empunga (iphuzu 1 ku-Fig. 6b) libonisa i-strontium encane ne-aluminium eningi.Lokhu kukhombisa okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-strontium endaweni elinganisiwe, yona, ekhombisa ukumbozwa okuphansi kwe-strontium chloride.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo ezimhlophe zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-strontium kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-aluminium (amaphuzu 2-6 ku-Fig. 6b).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDX kwendawo emhlophe kubonisa amachashazi amnyama (amaphuzu 2 no-4 ku-Fig. 6b), i-chlorine ephansi futhi iphezulu sulfure.Lokhu kungase kubonise ukwakheka kwe-strontium sulfate.Amachashazi agqamile abonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chlorine nokuqukethwe kwesulfure ephansi (amaphuzu 3, 5, no-6 ku-Fig. 6b).Lokhu kungachazwa yiqiniso lokuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yokugqoka okumhlophe iqukethe i-strontium chloride elindelekile.I-TGA yesampula iqinisekise ukuhunyushwa kokuhlaziywa ngezinga eliphakeme lokushisa kwesici se-strontium chloride emsulwa (Fig. 6c).Inani labo elincane lingalungiswa ngengxenyana encane kasawoti uma kuqhathaniswa nobuningi bokusekela kwensimbi.Isisindo se-desorption esinqunywe ekuhlolweni sihambisana nenani elingu-7.3 g/m2 elikhishiwe endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye ye-adsorber ezingeni lokushisa elingu-150°C.
Izindwangu ze-zinc sulfate ezenziwe nge-Eloxal nazo zahlolwa.I-Macroscopically, i-coating iyingqimba encane kakhulu futhi efanayo (Fig. 7a).Kodwa-ke, i-SEM yembula indawo engaphezulu ehlanganiswe namakristalu amancane ahlukaniswe izindawo ezingenalutho (Fig. 7b).I-TGA ye-coating ne-substrate yaqhathaniswa naleyo kasawoti omsulwa (Umfanekiso 7c).Usawoti ohlanzekile unokuphakama okukodwa kokungalingani ku-59.1°C.I-aluminium eboshiwe ibonise iziqongo ezimbili ezincane ku-55.5 ° C no-61.3 ° C, okubonisa ukuba khona kwe-zinc sulfate hydrate.Umehluko omkhulu ovezwe esivivinyweni uhambisana no-10.9 g/m2 ezingeni lokushisa lokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni elingu-150°C.
Njengesicelo sangaphambilini53, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose isetshenziswe njengesibopho sokuthuthukisa ukunamathela nokuzinza kwe-sorbent coating.Ukuhambisana kwezinto kanye nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwe-adsorption kwahlolwa yi-TGA.Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngokuphathelene nesamba sengqikithi, okungukuthi isampula ihlanganisa ipuleti lensimbi elisetshenziswa njenge-substrate yokumboza.Ukunamathela kuhlolwa ngokuhlolwa okusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwenotshi yesiphambano echazwe ekucacisweni kwe-ISO2409 (ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nokucaciswa kokuhlukaniswa kwenotshi kuye ngokuqina nobubanzi bokucaciswa).
Ukumboza amaphaneli nge-calcium chloride (CaCl2) (bona u-Fig. 8a) kuholele ekusabalaliseni okungalingani, okungazange kubonwe embotsheni ye-aluminium emsulwa esetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwenotshi eguquguqukayo.Uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela ye-CaCl2 emsulwa, i-TGA (I-Fig. 8b) ibonisa iziqongo ezimbili zesici ezishintshelwe kumazinga okushisa aphansi angu-40 no-20°C, ngokulandelana.Ukuhlolwa kwesigaba esiphambene akukuvumeli ukuqhathanisa okuhlosiwe ngoba isampula ye-CaCl2 emsulwa (isampula kwesokudla ku-Fig. 8c) iwuphuphuphuphu, osusa izinhlayiya eziphezulu kakhulu.Imiphumela ye-HEC ibonise ukunamathela okuncane kakhulu nokufana okufanayo nokunamathela okwanelisayo.Umehluko omkhulu oboniswe ku-fig.I-8b ihambisana no-51.3 g/m2 iyunithi ngayinye yendawo ye-adsorber ezingeni lokushisa elingu-150°C.
Imiphumela emihle mayelana nokunamathela kanye nokufana nayo yatholwa nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (bheka i-Fig. 9).Ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo ye-desorption ye-coating kubonise ukuba khona kwesiqongo esisodwa se-approx.60°C.Lokhu kushisa kuhambisana nesinyathelo esiyinhloko sokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni kasawoti omsulwa, omelela esinye isinyathelo ku-44°C.Ihambisana nokuguquka kusuka ku-hexahydrate kuya ku-pentahydrate futhi ayibonwa endabeni yokumbozwa ngezibophezelo.Ukuhlolwa kwesigaba esiphambanayo kubonisa ukusatshalaliswa nokunamathela okuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezingubo ezenziwe kusetshenziswa usawoti omsulwa.Umehluko omkhulu obonwe ku-TGA-DTC uhambelana no-18.4 g/m2 endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye ye-adsorber ezingeni lokushisa elingu-150°C.
Ngenxa yokungalungi kwendawo, i-strontium chloride (SrCl2) ine-coating engalingani emaphikweni (Fig. 10a).Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenotshi eguquguqukayo ibonise ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo ngokunamathela okuthuthuke kakhulu (Fig. 10c).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kubonise umehluko omncane kakhulu ngesisindo, okumele kube ngenxa yokuqukethwe kukasawoti ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-substrate yensimbi.Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo eziku-curve zibonisa ukuba khona kwenqubo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, nakuba ukuphakama kuhlotshaniswa nezinga lokushisa elitholakala lapho libonisa usawoti ohlanzekile.Iziqongo ku-110°C no-70.2°C ezibonwa kumaFig.I-10b nayo yatholakala lapho kuhlaziywa usawoti omsulwa.Kodwa-ke, isinyathelo esiyinhloko sokuphelelwa amanzi emanzini esibonwe kusawoti omsulwa ku-50 ° C asizange sibonakale kumajika kusetshenziswa i-binder.Ngokuphambene, ingxube ye-binder ibonise iziqongo ezimbili ku-20.2 ° C no-94.1 ° C, ezazingalinganiswa ngosawoti ohlanzekile (Fig. 10b).Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-150 °C, umehluko wesisindo obonwayo uhambisana no-7.2 g/m2 endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye ye-adsorber.
Inhlanganisela ye-HEC ne-zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) ayizange inikeze imiphumela eyamukelekayo (Umfanekiso 11).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TGA kwensimbi eboshiwe akuzange kuveze noma yiziphi izinqubo zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.Nakuba ukusatshalaliswa nokunamathela kwe-coating sekuthuthukile, izakhiwo zayo zisekude kakhulu.
Indlela elula yokugqoka izintambo zensimbi ngesendlalelo esincanyana nesifanayo i-impregnation emanzi (Fig. 12a), ehlanganisa ukulungiswa kosawoti ohlosiwe kanye nokufakwa kwezintambo zensimbi ngesisombululo samanzi.
Lapho ulungiselela ukukhulelwa okumanzi, izinkinga ezimbili eziyinhloko zihlangabezana nazo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungezwani okungaphezulu kwesisombululo saline kuvimbela ukufakwa okulungile koketshezi esakhiweni se-porous.I-Crystallization endaweni yangaphandle (Fig. 12d) kanye namabhamuza omoya avaleleke ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo (Fig. 12c) angancishiswa kuphela ngokunciphisa ukungezwani kwendawo kanye nokumanzisa kuqala isampula ngamanzi acwecwe.Ukuqedwa okuphoqelelwe kusampula ngokukhipha umoya ngaphakathi noma ngokudala ukugeleza kwesisombululo esakhiweni ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa okuphelele kwesakhiwo.
Inkinga yesibili ehlangabezane nayo ngesikhathi sokulungiselela kwaba ukususwa kwefilimu engxenyeni kasawoti (bheka umdwebo 12b).Lesi simo sibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwento eyomile endaweni encibilikayo, emisa ukomisa okuvuselelwa yi-convectively futhi iqale inqubo evuselelwe ukusabalalisa.Indlela yesibili ihamba kancane kuneyokuqala.Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyadingeka ngesikhathi sokumisa esiphusile, okwandisa ubungozi bokwakheka kwamabhamuza ngaphakathi kwesampula.Le nkinga ixazululwa ngokwethula enye indlela ye-crystallization esekelwe ekushintsheni kokuhlushwa (ukuhwamuka), kodwa ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa (njengesibonelo nge-MgSO4 ku-Fig. 13).
Ukumelwa okuhleliwe kwenqubo ye-crystallization ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba eziqinile neziwuketshezi kusetshenziswa i-MgSO4.
Izixazululo zikasawoti ogcwele zingalungiswa ezingeni lokushisa noma ngaphezu kwegumbi lokushisa (HT) kusetshenziswa le ndlela.Esimweni sokuqala, i-crystallization yaphoqeleka ngokunciphisa izinga lokushisa ngaphansi kwegumbi lokushisa.Esimeni sesibili, i-crystallization yenzeke lapho isampula ipholiswe ekamelweni lokushisa (RT).Umphumela uba ingxube yamakristalu (B) kanye nencibilikisiwe (A), ingxenye ewuketshezi ekhishwa umoya ocindezelwe.Le ndlela ayigcini nje ukugwema ukwakheka kwefilimu kulawa ma-hydrates, kodwa futhi inciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokulungiswa kwamanye ama-composites.Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa koketshezi ngomoya ocindezelwe kuholela ekukhanyeni okwengeziwe kosawoti, okuholela ekwengezeni okukhulu.
Enye indlela engasetshenziswa ukumboza izindawo zensimbi ihilela ukukhiqizwa okuqondile kukasawoti oqondiwe ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali.Izishintshi zokushisa ezimboziwe ezenziwe ukusabela kwama-asidi endaweni yensimbi yamafins namashubhu zinezinzuzo eziningi, njengoba kubikiwe ocwaningweni lwethu lwangaphambilini.Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela kumafayibha kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka kwamagesi ngesikhathi sokusabela.Ingcindezi yamabhamuza egesi ye-hydrogen yakha ngaphakathi kwe-probe futhi iyashintsha njengoba umkhiqizo ukhishwa (Fig. 14a).
I-coating ishintshiwe ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze kulawulwe kangcono ukushuba nokusatshalaliswa kwe-coating.Le ndlela ibandakanya ukugeleza kwenkungu ye-asidi kusampula (Umfanekiso 14b).Lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kuphumele ekunambeni okufanayo ngokusabela nge-substrate metal.Imiphumela yayigculisa, kodwa inqubo yayihamba kancane ukuthi ingabhekwa njengendlela ephumelelayo (Fig. 14c).Izikhathi zokusabela ezimfushane zingafinyelelwa ngokushisisa kwendawo.
Ukuze unqobe ukungalungi kwezindlela ezingenhla, indlela yokumboza esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-adhesive iye yafundwa.I-HEC ikhethwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ethulwe esigabeni sangaphambilini.Wonke amasampula alungiswe ku-3% wt.I-binder ixubene nosawoti.Imicu yalungiswa ngendlela efanayo nezimbambo, okungukuthi ifakwe ku-50% vol.phakathi nemizuzu engu-15.i-sulfuric acid, bese icwiliswa ku-sodium hydroxide imizuzwana engu-20, igezwe emanzini acwecwe futhi ekugcineni ifakwe emanzini acwecwe imizuzu engu-30.Kulokhu, isinyathelo esengeziwe sengezwe ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.Gxilisa isampula kafushane kusawoti wethagethi ye-dilute bese womisa cishe ku-60°C.Inqubo iklanyelwe ukuguqula ubuso bensimbi, idale izindawo ze-nucleation ezithuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-coating esigabeni sokugcina.Isakhiwo esine-fibrous sinohlangothi olulodwa lapho imicu izacile futhi ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi lapho imicu iminyene futhi isakazwa kancane.Lokhu kuwumphumela wezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingama-52.
Imiphumela ye-calcium chloride (CaCl2) ifinyezwa futhi iboniswe ngezithombe kuThebula 1. Ukutholakala okuhle ngemva kokujova.Ngisho naleyo micu engenawo amakristalu abonakalayo ebusweni yayinciphise ukubonakaliswa kwensimbi, okubonisa ushintsho ekugcineni.Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuba amasampula afakwe ingxube yamanzi ye-CaCl2 ne-HEC futhi omisiwe ekushiseni okungaba ngu-60 ° C, ukugqoka kwakugxilwe ezimpambanweni zezakhiwo.Lona umphumela obangelwa ukungezwani okungaphezulu kwesixazululo.Ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini, uketshezi luhlala ngaphakathi kwesampula ngenxa yokushuba kwaso ebusweni.Ngokuyisisekelo kwenzeka ezimpambanweni zezakhiwo.Uhlangothi olungcono kakhulu lwesifanekiso lunezimbobo ezimbalwa ezigcwele usawoti.Isisindo sikhuphuke ngo-0.06 g/cm3 ngemva kokumbozwa.
Ukumbozwa nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kukhiqize usawoti owengeziwe ngevolumu yeyunithi (Ithebula 2).Kulesi simo, ukukhuphuka okulinganiselwe kungu-0.09 g/cm3.Inqubo yokuhlwanyela imbewu ibangele ukusabalala kwesampula okukhulu.Ngemva kwenqubo yokumboza, usawoti uvimba izindawo ezinkulu zohlangothi oluncane lwesampula.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindawo ze-matte zivinjelwe, kodwa enye i-porosity igcinwa.Kulokhu, ukwakheka kukasawoti kubonakala kalula ezimpambanweni zezakhiwo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokumboza ibangelwa ikakhulukazi ukungezwani okungaphezulu koketshezi, hhayi ukusebenzisana phakathi kukasawoti kanye ne-substrate yensimbi.
Imiphumela yenhlanganisela ye-strontium chloride (SrCl2) ne-HEC ibonise izakhiwo ezifanayo nezibonelo zangaphambilini (Ithebula 3).Kulokhu, uhlangothi oluncane lwesampula lucishe lumbozwe ngokuphelele.Ama-pores angawodwana kuphela abonakalayo, akhiwe ngesikhathi somiswa njengomphumela wokukhululwa kwesitimu kusampula.Iphethini ebonwe ohlangothini lwe-matte ifana kakhulu necala langaphambilini, indawo ivinjelwe ngosawoti futhi imicu ayihlanganiswa ngokuphelele.
Ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela omuhle wesakhiwo se-fibrous ekusebenzeni okushisayo kwesishintshi sokushisa, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okusebenzayo kwesakhiwo se-fibrous ehlanganisiwe kwanqunywa futhi kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezihlanzekile zokunamathela.I-Thermal conductivity ikalwa ngokuya nge-ASTM D 5470-2017 kusetshenziswa idivayisi yephaneli eyisicaba eboniswe kuMfanekiso 15a kusetshenziswa into eyireferensi ene-thermal conductivity eyaziwayo.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokulinganisa zesikhashana, lesi simiso sinenzuzo ezintweni ezinama-porous ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwamanje, njengoba izilinganiso zenziwa endaweni engaguquki kanye nosayizi wesampula owanele (indawo eyisisekelo 30 × 30 mm2, ukuphakama cishe ngo-15 mm).Amasampula ezinto ezihlanzekile zokugqoka (ireferensi) kanye nesakhiwo se-fiber ehlanganisiwe salungiselelwa izilinganiso ekuqondeni kwe-fiber kanye ne-perpendicular ukuya ekuqondeni kwe-fiber ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela we-anisotropic conductivity thermal conductivity.Ama-specimens agaywe ngaphezulu (P320 grit) ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wobunzima obungaphezulu ngenxa yokulungiswa kwesifanekiso, esingabonisi isakhiwo esingaphakathi kwesifanekiso.