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He iti tonu te wāhi mākete o ngā pūnaha whakamatao mimiti me ngā papu wera ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūnaha kōpeke tuku iho. Ahakoa te painga nui o te whakamahi i te wera iti (kaua ki te mahi hiko utu nui), ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā pūnaha e hangai ana ki ngā mātāpono mimiti he iti tonu ki ētahi tono motuhake. Ko te ngoikoretanga matua me whakakore ko te hekenga o te mana motuhake nā te iti o te kawe wera me te iti o te pumau o te adsorbent. Ko ngā pūnaha whakamatao mimiti arumoni o nāianei e hangai ana ki ngā adsorbers e hangai ana ki ngā whakawhiti wera pereti kua pania hei whakapai ake i te kaha whakamatao. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ngā hua ko te whakaiti i te matotoru o te paninga ka arahi ki te hekenga o te aukati whakawhiti papatipu, ā, ko te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga horahanga mata ki te rōrahi o ngā hanganga kawe ka whakanui ake i te mana me te kore e whakararu i te whai huatanga. Ka taea e ngā muka whakarewa e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei mahi te whakarato i tētahi horahanga mata motuhake i roto i te awhe o te 2500–50,000 m2/m3. E toru ngā tikanga mō te whiwhi paninga tino angiangi engari pumau o ngā waikura tote ki runga i ngā mata whakarewa, tae atu ki ngā muka whakarewa, mō te hanga paninga e whakaatu ana mō te wā tuatahi i tētahi whakawhiti wera kiato mana teitei. Ko te maimoatanga mata i runga i te whakakorikori konumohe i whiriwhiria hei hanga i tētahi hononga kaha ake i waenga i te paninga me te papa. I tātarihia te hanganga moroiti o te mata i puta mai mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko matawai. I whakamahia te tirotiro irahiko whatuwhatu whakaata Fourier katoa i whakaitihia me te tirotiro irahiko X-ray marara hei tirotiro i te aroaro o te momo e hiahiatia ana i roto i te whakamātautau. I whakaūhia tō rātou kaha ki te hanga hydrates e te tātaritanga thermogravimetric whakakotahi (TGA)/tātaritanga thermogravimetric rerekētanga (DTG). I kitea te kounga ngoikore neke atu i te 0.07 g (wai)/g (whakakotahi) i roto i te paninga MgSO4, e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu o te maroke i te 60 °C pea, ā, ka taea te whakaputa anō i muri i te whakamakuku. I whiwhihia hoki ngā hua pai me te SrCl2 me te ZnSO4 me te rerekētanga papatipu tata ki te 0.02 g/g i raro i te 100 °C. I whiriwhiria te Hydroxyethylcellulose hei tāpiri hei whakanui ake i te pumau me te piri o te paninga. I arotakehia ngā āhuatanga mimiti o ngā hua mā te TGA-DTG i te wā kotahi, ā, i tautuhia tō rātou piri mā te tikanga i ahu mai i ngā whakamātautau i whakaahuatia i roto i te ISO2409. Kua tino pai ake te ōritetanga me te piri o te paninga CaCl2, me te pupuri tonu i tōna kaha mimiti me te rerekētanga taumaha tata ki te 0.1 g/g i ngā pāmahana i raro iho i te 100 °C. Hei tāpiri, ka mau tonu te kaha o te MgSO4 ki te hanga i ngā waihā, e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga papatipu neke atu i te 0.04 g/g i ngā pāmahana i raro iho i te 100 °C. Hei whakamutunga, ka tirohia ngā muka whakarewa kua pania. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te kawe wera whai hua o te hanganga muka kua pania ki te Al2(SO4)3 ka 4.7 ngā wā teitei ake i te rōrahi o te Al2(SO4)3 parakore. I tirohia te paninga o ngā paninga i akohia mā te tirohanga, ā, i arotakehia te hanganga o roto mā te whakamahi i te whakaahua moroiti o ngā wāhanga whakawhiti. I whiwhihia he paninga o te Al2(SO4)3 me te matotoru tata ki te 50 µm, engari me whakapai ake te tukanga whānui kia tutuki ai he tohatoha ōrite ake.
Kua nui te aro ki ngā pūnaha mimiti i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, nā te mea he huarahi pai ki te taiao hei whakakapi i ngā papu wera pēhi tuku iho, i ngā pūnaha pouaka whakamātao rānei. Mā te pikinga ake o ngā paerewa whakamarie me ngā pāmahana toharite o te ao, ka taea e ngā pūnaha mimiti te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua i roto i ngā wā tata nei. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā whakapainga katoa o te pouaka whakamātao mimiti, ngā papu wera rānei, ka taea te whakawhiti ki te rokiroki pūngao wera, e tohu ana i te pikinga ake o te kaha mō te whakamahinga pai o te pūngao tuatahi. Ko te painga matua o ngā papu wera mimiti me ngā pūnaha pouaka whakamātao ko te taea e rātou te mahi me te papatipu wera iti. Nā tēnei ka pai mō ngā pūtake pāmahana iti pērā i te pūngao rā, te wera para rānei. Mō ngā tono rokiroki pūngao, ko te painga o te mimiti ko te kiato pūngao teitei ake me te iti ake o te tohatoha pūngao ki te whakataurite ki te rokiroki wera mohio, huna rānei.
He rite tonu te huringa thermodynamic o ngā papu wera adsorption me ngā pūnaha pouaka whakamātao ki ō rātou hoa kōpeketanga kohu. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te whakakapinga o ngā wāhanga compressor ki ngā adsorptors. Ka taea e te huānga te mimiti i te kohu hauhautanga pēhanga iti i ngā pāmahana reo, ka mimiti ake te hauhautanga ahakoa he makariri te wai. He mea tika kia whakarite kia whakamatao tonu te adsorptor kia kore ai e puta te enthalpy o te adsorption (exotherm). Ka hangaia anō te adsorptor i te pāmahana teitei, ka mimiti te kohu hauhautanga. Me haere tonu te whakamahana kia puta ai te enthalpy o te desorption (endothermic). Nā te mea he rerekē te pāmahana o ngā tukanga adsorption, me nui te kawe wera o te matūriki mana teitei. Heoi, ko te kawe wera iti te ngoikoretanga matua i roto i te nuinga o ngā tono.
Ko te raru matua o te kawe hiko ko te whakanui ake i tōna uara toharite me te pupuri tonu i te ara kawe e whakarato ana i te rere o ngā kohu mimiti/whakakore. E rua ngā huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakatutuki i tēnei: ​​ko ngā whakawhiti wera hiato me ngā whakawhiti wera pania. Ko ngā rauemi hiato rongonui me te angitu ko ērā e whakamahi ana i ngā tāpiri waro-ā-ringa, arā, ko te karāwhata whānui, te waro whakahohe, ngā muka waro rānei. I whakakīia e Oliveira et al. 2 te paura karāwhata whānui ki te konupūmā hauota hei whakaputa i tētahi kaimomomi me te kaha whakamatao motuhake (SCP) tae atu ki te 306 W/kg me te tauwehenga mahi (COP) tae atu ki te 0.46. I whakaarohia e Zajaczkowski et al. 3 he huinga o te karāwhata whānui, te muka waro me te konupūmā hauota me te kawe hiko katoa o te 15 W/mK. I whakamatauria e Jian et al4 ngā hiato me te waikawa whanariki i rongoatia ki te karāwhata taiao whānui (ENG-TSA) hei papa i roto i te huringa whakamatao mimiti e rua-wāhanga. I matapaetia e te tauira te COP mai i te 0.215 ki te 0.285 me te SCP mai i te 161.4 ki te 260.74 W/kg.
Ko te otinga tino whai hua ko te whakawhiti wera pania. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga paninga o ēnei whakawhiti wera ki ngā wāhanga e rua: te hanga tika me ngā piri. Ko te tikanga tino angitu ko te hanga tika, e uru ana ki te hanganga o ngā rauemi mimiti tika ki runga i te mata o ngā whakawhiti wera mai i ngā tauhohenga tika. Kua patent a Sotech5 i tētahi tikanga mō te hanga zeolite pania hei whakamahi i roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā whakamatao i hangaia e Fahrenheit GmbH. I whakamatauria e Schnabel me ētahi atu te mahi a ngā zeolite e rua kua pania ki te maitai kore waikura. Heoi, ka mahi noa tēnei tikanga me ngā mea mimiti motuhake, e hanga ana i te paninga me ngā piri hei huarahi kē atu. Ko ngā mea here he matū kore e whiriwhiria hei tautoko i te piri o te mimiti me/ranei te whakawhiti papatipu, engari kāore he mahi i roto i te whakarei ake i te mimiti, i te kawe hiko rānei. Freni me ētahi atu 7 ngā whakawhiti wera konumohe pania me te zeolite AQSOA-Z02 kua whakaukia ki te here uku. I ako a Calabrese me ētahi atu i te whakaritenga o ngā paninga zeolite me ngā here polymeric. I whakaarohia e Ammann et al.9 tētahi tikanga mō te whakarite i ngā paninga zeolite porous mai i ngā ranunga aukume o te waipiro polyvinyl. Ka whakamahia hoki te Alumina (alumina) hei here 10 i roto i te adsorber. Ki tā mātou e mōhio ana, ka whakamahia noa te cellulose me te hydroxyethyl cellulose me ngā adsorbents ā-tinana11,12. I ētahi wā, kāore te kāpia e whakamahia mō te peita, engari ka whakamahia hei hanga i te hanganga 13 i a ia anō. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā matrices polymer alginate me ngā hydrates tote maha ka hangaia he hanganga piripiri hiato ngāwari e ārai ana i te turuturu i te wā whakamaroke me te whakarato i te whakawhiti papatipu e tika ana. Kua whakamahia ngā uku pēnei i te bentonite me te attapulgite hei here mō te whakarite i ngā hiato15,16,17. Kua whakamahia te Ethylcellulose hei microencapsulate i te konupūmā chloride18 te konutai sulfide rānei19.
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā mea honohono he hanganga konganuku porowhita ki ngā whakawhiti wera tāpiri me ngā whakawhiti wera pania. Ko te painga o ēnei hanganga ko te horahanga mata motuhake teitei. Ka hua ake he mata pa nui ake i waenga i te adsorbent me te konganuku me te kore e tāpirihia he papatipu kore mahi, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga whānui o te huringa whakamatao. Kua whakapai ake a Lang et al. 20 i te kawe whānui o te adsorbent zeolite me te hanganga honikoma konumohe. I whakapai ake a Gillerminot et al. 21 i te kawe wera o ngā paparanga zeolite NaX me te pahuka parahi me te nikara. Ahakoa e whakamahia ana ngā mea honohono hei rauemi huringa āhua (PCM), he mea whakamere hoki ngā kitenga a Li et al. 22 me Zhao et al. 23 mō te chemisorption. I whakaritea e rātou te mahi a te graphite whānui me te pahuka konganuku, ā, i whakatau ko te mea whakamutunga he pai ake mena kāore he take o te waikura. Nō nā tata nei i whakaritea e Palomba et al. ētahi atu hanganga porowhita konganuku24. Kua ako a Van der Pal et al. i ngā tote konganuku kua whakauruhia ki roto i ngā pahuka 25. Ko ngā tauira katoa o mua e rite ana ki ngā paparanga matotoru o ngā adsorbent matūriki. Kāore rawa ngā hanganga pūwero whakarewa e whakamahia ana hei pani i ngā mea mimiti, he otinga pai ake tēnei. Kei roto i a Wittstadt et al. 26 tētahi tauira o te herenga ki ngā zeolite, engari kāore anō kia nganahia kia herea ngā hydrates tote ahakoa te nui ake o te kaha o te matū 27.
Nō reira, e toru ngā tikanga mō te whakarite i ngā paninga mimiti ka tūhuratia i roto i tēnei tuhinga: (1) te paninga here, (2) te tauhohenga tika, me (3) te maimoatanga mata. Ko te Hydroxyethylcellulose te here i whiriwhiria i roto i tēnei mahi nā te pumau me te piri pai o te paninga i kōrerotia i mua me ngā mimiti tinana. I rangahauhia tuatahitia tēnei tikanga mō ngā paninga papatahi, ā, i muri mai ka whakamahia ki ngā hanganga muka whakarewa. I mua, i kōrerotia he tātaritanga tuatahi mō te āheinga o ngā tauhohenga matū me te hanganga o ngā paninga mimiti. Kei te whakawhitihia ngā wheako o mua ki te paninga o ngā hanganga muka whakarewa. Ko te maimoatanga mata i whiriwhiria mō tēnei mahi he tikanga e hangai ana ki te whakakorikori konumohe. Kua angitu te whakakotahi i te whakakorikori konumohe me ngā tote whakarewa mō ngā kaupapa ataahua29. I roto i ēnei take, ka taea te whiwhi paninga tino pumau me te ātete-waikura. Heoi, kāore e taea e rātou te whakahaere i tētahi tukanga mimiti, whakakorikori rānei. E whakaatu ana tēnei pepa i tētahi momo o tēnei huarahi e taea ai te neke i te papatipu mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga piri o te tukanga taketake. Ki tā mātou mōhio pai rawa atu, kāore anō kia akohia i mua tētahi o ngā tikanga kua whakaahuatia i konei. He hangarau hou tino whakamere ēnei nā te mea ka taea te hanga i ngā paninga mimiti wai, he maha ngā painga ki ngā paninga mimiti ā-tinana e rangahaua pinepinetia ana.
Nā ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic i whakarato ngā pereti konumohe kua tāia hei papa mō ēnei whakamātautau. Kei roto i ēnei pereti he 98.11% konumohe, 1.3622% rino, 0.3618% manganese me ētahi wahi iti o te parahi, te konupūmā, te silicon, te titanium, te konutea, te chromium me te nickel.
Ko ngā rauemi i whiriwhiria mō te hanga i ngā mea hiato ka tīpakohia i runga anō i ō rātou āhuatanga pāmahana, arā, i runga i te nui o te wai ka taea e rātou te mimiti/te tango i ngā pāmahana i raro i te 120°C.
Ko te konupūmā whanariki (MgSO4) tētahi o ngā tote waikura tino whakamere, kua rangahaua hoki30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Kua inehia ngā āhuatanga thermodynamic, ā, kua kitea he pai mō ngā tono i roto i ngā mara o te whakamatao adsorption, ngā papu wera me te rokiroki pūngao. I whakamahia te konupūmā whanariki maroke CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Tiamana).
Ko te konupūmā hauota (CaCl2) (H319) tētahi atu tote kua rangahaua whānuitia nā te mea he āhuatanga whakamere o tōna haitare41,42,43,44. Ko te konupūmā hauota hexahydrate CAS-Nama 7774-34-7 97% i whakamahia (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Tiamana).
He āhuatanga thermodynamic tō te konutea whanariki (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) me ōna hydrates e tika ana mō ngā tukanga mimiti pāmahana iti45,46. I whakamahia te konutea whanariki heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Tiamana).
He āhuatanga whakamere anō hoki o te strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) mō te thermodynamic4,45,47 ahakoa he maha tonu te wā e honoa ana ki te haukini i roto i te papu wera adsorption, i te rangahau rokiroki pūngao rānei. I whakamahia te strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) mō te hanga.
Kāore te konupūmā parahi (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) i roto i ngā hydrates e kitea pinepine ana i roto i ngā tuhinga ngaio, ahakoa he mea nui ōna āhuatanga thermodynamic mō ngā tono pāmahana iti48,49. I whakamahia te konupūmā parahi CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) mō te hanga.
Ko te konupūmā konupūmā (MgCl2) tētahi o ngā tote waikura kua nui ake te aro ki te ao rokiroki pūngao wera50,51. I whakamahia te konupūmā konupūmā hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 karaehe rongoā parakore (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Tiamana) mō ngā whakamātautau.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, i whiriwhiria te hydroxyethyl cellulose nā te mea he pai ngā hua i puta i roto i ngā tono ōrite. Ko te rauemi i whakamahia i roto i tā mātou hanga ko te hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
He mea hanga ngā muka whakarewa mai i ngā waea poto e herea ana mā te pēhi me te whakapūtanga, he tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te tango whakarewa (CME)52. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko tō rātou kawe wera ehara i te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kawe nui o ngā konganuku e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga me te porosity o te hanganga whakamutunga anake, engari ki te kounga o ngā hononga i waenga i ngā miro. Kāore ngā muka i te isotropic, ā, he maha ngā wā ka tohatohahia ki tētahi ahunga i te wā e hangaia ana, ka iti ake te kawe wera i te ahunga whakawhiti.
I tirotirohia ngā āhuatanga mimiti wai mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga wera-momihana ōrite (TGA)/tātaritanga wera-momihana rerekē (DTG) i roto i te kete korehau (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). I mahia ngā inenga i roto i te hau hauota e rere ana i te tere rere o te 10 ml/min me te awhe pāmahana mai i te 25 ki te 150°C i roto i ngā ipu konumohe waikura. Ko te tere whakamahana he 1 °C/min, ko te taumaha tauira i rerekē mai i te 10 ki te 20 mg, ko te taumira he 0.1 μg. I roto i tēnei mahi, me mōhio he nui te koretake o te rerekētanga papatipu mō ia mata. He tino iti ngā tauira i whakamahia i roto i te TGA-DTG, ā, he tapahi koretake, ka kore e tika te whakatau i tō rātou horahanga. Ka taea anake te whakawhānui i ēnei uara ki tētahi horahanga nui ake mēnā ka whakaarohia ngā rerekētanga nui.
I tangohia ngā hihi o te whakaata katoa o te Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) i runga i te ine hihi o te Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Tiamana) mā te whakamahi i te taputapu konukawata ATR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Tiamana). I inehia tika ngā hihi o ngā tioata taimana maroke parakore i roto i te korehau i mua i te whakamahi i ngā tauira hei papamuri mō ngā inenga whakamātautau. I inehia ngā tauira i roto i te korehau mā te whakamahi i te taumira hihi o te 2 cm-1 me te toharite o ngā matawai o te 32. Ko te awhe o te tau ngaru mai i te 8000 ki te 500 cm-1. I mahia te tātari hihi mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa OPUS.
I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga SEM mā te whakamahi i te DSM 982 Gemini mai i Zeiss i ngā ngaohiko whakatere o te 2 me te 5 kV. I whakahaerehia te tirotiro hihi-X marara pūngao (EDX) mā te whakamahi i te Pūnaha Thermo Fischer 7 me te pūoko nekeneke silicon whakamatao (SSD) a Peltier.
I mahia te whakarite o ngā pereti whakarewa i runga i te tikanga rite ki te mea i whakaahuatia i te 53. Tuatahi, rumakina te pereti ki te waikawa whanariki 50%. 15 meneti. Kātahi ka whakaurua ki roto i te otinga 1 M konutai hauwai mō te 10 hēkona. Kātahi ka horoia ngā tauira ki te nui o te wai whakapūkara, kātahi ka rumakina ki te wai whakapūkara mō te 30 meneti. I muri i te maimoatanga mata tuatahi, ka rumakina ngā tauira ki roto i te otinga 3% kua mākū. HEC me te tote ūnga. Hei whakamutunga, tangohia atu ka whakamaroke ki te 60°C.
Mā te tikanga whakakoi ka whakarei ake, ka whakakaha ake hoki i te paparanga waikura tūturu i runga i te konganuku kore mahi. I whakakoitia ngā panera konumohe ki te waikawa whanariki i roto i te āhua whakapakeke, kātahi ka hiritia ki te wai wera. I whai muri i te whakakoi ka tārai tuatahi ki te 1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) ā, i muri mai ka whakakorengia ki te 1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s). Ko te otinga electrolyte he ranunga o te 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, me te 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. I mahia te whakakoi i te (40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 mō te 1200 hēkona. I mahia te tukanga hiri i roto i ngā otinga tote maha e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i roto i ngā rauemi (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Ka kohuatia te tauira ki roto mō te 1800 hēkona.
E toru ngā tikanga rerekē mō te hanga rauemi honohono kua rangahaua: te paninga piri, te tauhohenga tika, me te maimoatanga mata. Ka tātarihia, ka matapakihia hoki ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga whakangungu. I whakamahia te mātakitaki tika, te whakaahua nano, me te tātari matū/huānga hei aromatawai i ngā hua.
I whiriwhiria te whakanikoniko hei tikanga maimoatanga mata hurihanga hei whakanui ake i te piri o ngā waikura tote. Ka hangaia e tēnei maimoatanga mata he hanganga porous o te alumina (alumina) ki runga tonu i te mata konumohe. I ngā wā o mua, e rua ngā wāhanga o tēnei tikanga: ko te wāhanga tuatahi ka hangaia he hanganga porous o te waikura konumohe, ā, ko te wāhanga tuarua ka hangaia he paninga o te waikura konumohe e kati ana i ngā pore. Ko ngā tikanga e rua e whai ake nei hei aukati i te tote me te kore e aukati i te urunga ki te wāhanga hau. Ko te tuatahi he pūnaha honikoma e whakamahi ana i ngā ngongo waikura konumohe iti (Al2O3) i whiwhihia i te taahiraa tuatahi hei pupuri i ngā tioata mimiti me te whakanui ake i tōna piri ki ngā mata whakarewa. Ko te diameter o ngā honikoma hua he tata ki te 50 nm me te roa o te 200 nm (Pikitia 1a). E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ko ēnei poka ka katihia i te taahiraa tuarua me te paparanga angiangi o te boehmite Al2O(OH)2 e tautokona ana e te tukanga kohua ngongo alumina. I te tikanga tuarua, ka whakarerekētia tēnei tukanga hiri kia mau ai ngā tioata tote ki roto i te paparanga boehmite (Al2O(OH)) e hipoki ana, kāore e whakamahia mō te hiri i tēnei take. Ko te wāhanga tuarua ka mahia i roto i te wairewa kua mākū o te tote e rite ana. Ko ngā tauira kua whakaahuatia he rahi kei roto i te awhe 50–100 nm, ā, he rite ki ngā pata kua tauhiuhi (Pikitia 1b). Ko te mata i puta mai i te tukanga hiri he hanganga ā-wāhi tino kitea me te horahanga whakapā kua piki ake. He pai rawa atu tēnei tauira mata, me ō rātou whirihoranga hononga maha, mō te kawe me te pupuri i ngā tioata tote. Ko ngā hanganga e rua kua whakaahuatia he āhua pūwero, ā, he iti ngā kōhao e āhua pai ana mō te pupuri i ngā wai tote me te mimiti i ngā kohu ki te tote i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te kaitātari. Heoi, mā te tātari huānga o ēnei mata mā te whakamahi i te EDX ka taea te kite i ngā rahinga iti o te konupora me te whanariki i runga i te mata o te boehmite, kāore e kitea i roto i te mata alumina.
I whakaū te ATR-FTIR o te tauira ko te huānga he konupora whanariki (tirohia te Pikitia 2b). E whakaatu ana te whānuitanga i ngā tihi katote whanariki āhua i te 610–680 me te 1080–1130 cm–1 me ngā tihi wai whatunga āhua i te 1600–1700 cm–1 me te 3200–3800 cm–1 (tirohia te Pikitia 2a, c). ). Ko te noho mai o ngā katote konupora kāore e tino whakarerekē i te whānuitanga54.
(a) EDX o tētahi pereti konumohe MgSO4 kua pania ki te boehmite, (b) Ngā hihi ATR-FTIR o ngā paninga boehmite me te MgSO4, (c) Ngā hihi ATR-FTIR o te MgSO4 parakore.
I whakaūtia te pupuri i te whai huatanga o te mimiti e te TGA. I te pikitia 3b e whakaatu ana i te tihi mimiti tata ki te 60°C. Kāore tēnei tihi e rite ki te pāmahana o ngā tihi e rua i kitea i roto i te TGA o te tote parakore (Pikitia 3a). I aromatawaihia te auau o te huringa mimiti-mimi, ā, i kitea te pihi kotahi i muri i te whakatakotoranga o ngā tauira ki roto i te hau makuku (Pikitia 3c). Ko ngā rerekētanga i kitea i te wāhanga tuarua o te mimiti he hua pea nō te maroke i roto i te hau e rere ana, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka arahi tēnei ki te maroketanga kāore i oti. Ko ēnei uara e rite ana ki te 17.9 karamu/m2 i te mimiti tuatahi me te 10.3 karamu/m2 i te mimiti tuarua.
Te whakataurite i te tātaritanga TGA o te boehmite me te MgSO4: Te tātaritanga TGA o te MgSO4 parakore (a), te ranunga (b) me muri i te whakamakuku (c).
I whakahaerehia te tikanga kotahi me te konupūmā hauota hei mea mimiti. Kei te Pikitia 4 ngā hua. I te tirotiro ā-kanohi o te mata i kitea he iti noa ngā huringa o te kanapa whakarewa. Kāore i te tino kitea te huruhuru. I whakaū te SEM i te aroaro o ngā tioata iti kua horapa ōrite ki runga i te mata. Heoi, kāore i whakaatuhia e te TGA he maroke i raro i te 150°C. Tērā pea nā te mea he iti rawa te ōwehenga o te tote ki te taumaha katoa o te papa hei kitea e te TGA.
Ko ngā hua o te maimoatanga mata o te paninga parahi whanariki mā te tikanga anodizing e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 5. I tēnei take, kāore i puta te whakaurunga e tumanakohia ana o te CuSO4 ki roto i te hanganga waikura Al. Engari, ka kitea ngā ngira wetewete nā te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te waikura parahi Cu(OH)2 e whakamahia ana me ngā tae turquoise noa.
I whakamātauria hoki te maimoatanga mata kua whakaanotia me te strontium chloride. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he koretake te hipoki (tirohia te Pikitia 6a). Hei whakatau mena i kapi katoa te mata i te tote, i mahia he tātaritanga EDX. Ko te pihi mō tētahi pūwāhi i te wāhi hina (pūwāhi 1 i te Pikitia 6b) e whakaatu ana i te iti o te strontium me te nui o te konumohe. E tohu ana tēnei he iti te ihirangi o te strontium i roto i te rohe i inehia, e tohu ana hoki i te iti o te hipoki o te strontium chloride. I tetahi atu taha, he nui te ihirangi o te strontium i ngā wāhi mā, he iti hoki te ihirangi o te konumohe (ngā pūwāhi 2–6 i te Pikitia 6b). E whakaatu ana te tātaritanga EDX o te wāhi mā i ngā ira pōuri (ngā pūwāhi 2 me te 4 i te Pikitia 6b), he iti te chlorine, he nui hoki te whanariki. Tērā pea he tohu tēnei i te hanganga o te strontium sulfate. Ko ngā ira kanapa ake e whakaata ana i te ihirangi chlorine teitei me te ihirangi whanariki iti (ngā pūwāhi 3, 5, me te 6 i te Pikitia 6b). Ka taea tēnei te whakamārama mā te meka ko te wāhanga matua o te paninga mā he mea hanga mai i te strontium chloride e tumanakohia ana. Nā te TGA o te tauira i whakaū te whakamāramatanga o te tātari me te tihi i te pāmahana āhuatanga o te strontium chloride parakore (Pikitia 6c). Ka taea te whakamārama i tōna uara iti mā te iti o te tote hei whakataurite ki te papatipu o te tautoko whakarewa. Ko te papatipu mimiti i whakatauhia i roto i ngā whakamātautau e rite ana ki te nui o te 7.3 g/m2 i tukuna mō ia wāhanga horahanga o te adsorber i te pāmahana 150°C.
I whakamātauria hoki ngā paninga konutea whanariki i tukinotia ki te Eloxal. Mā te tirohanga whānui, he paparanga angiangi, he ōrite hoki te paninga (Pikitia 7a). Heoi, i whakaatuhia e te SEM he horahanga mata kua kapihia ki ngā tioata iti i wehea e ngā wāhi takoto kau (Pikitia 7b). I whakaritea te TGA o te paninga me te papa ki te tote parakore (Pikitia 7c). Kotahi te tihi kore-taurite o te tote parakore i te 59.1°C. I whakaatuhia e te konumohe pania e rua ngā tihi iti i te 55.5°C me te 61.3°C, e tohu ana i te aroaro o te konutea whanariki waikura. Ko te rerekētanga papatipu i whakaatuhia i roto i te whakamātautau e rite ana ki te 10.9 g/m2 i te pāmahana maroke o te 150°C.
Pērā i te whakamahinga o mua53, i whakamahia te hydroxyethyl cellulose hei here hei whakapai ake i te piri me te pumau o te paninga mimiti. I aromatawaihia te hototahitanga o ngā rauemi me te pānga ki te mahi mimiti mā te TGA. Ka mahia te tātaritanga e pā ana ki te papatipu katoa, arā, kei roto i te tauira he pereti whakarewa e whakamahia ana hei papa paninga. Ka whakamatautauria te piri mā te whakamātautau i runga i te whakamātautau whakawhiti kua tautuhia i roto i te whakatakotoranga ISO2409 (kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te whakatakotoranga wehenga kokoru i runga i te matotoru me te whānui o te whakatakotoranga).
Nā te paninga o ngā panera ki te konupūmā hauota (CaCl2) (tirohia te Pikitia 8a) i puta ai he tohatoha kore taurite, kāore i kitea i roto i te paninga konumohe parakore i whakamahia mō te whakamātautau whakarara. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hua mō te CaCl2 parakore, e whakaatu ana te TGA (Pikitia 8b) i ngā tihi āhuatanga e rua kua nekehia ki ngā pāmahana iti iho o te 40 me te 20°C. Kāore e taea e te whakamātautau whakawhiti-wāhanga te whakataurite tika nā te mea ko te tauira CaCl2 parakore (te tauira kei te taha matau i te Pikitia 8c) he paura matūriki, e tango ana i ngā matūriki o runga rawa. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua HEC he paninga tino angiangi me te ōrite me te piri pai. Ko te rerekētanga papatipu e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 8b e rite ana ki te 51.3 g/m2 mō ia wāhanga horahanga o te adsorber i te pāmahana o te 150°C.
I puta mai hoki ngā hua pai mō te piri me te ōritetanga me te konupora whanariki (MgSO4) (tirohia te Pikitia 9). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga o te tukanga mimiti o te paninga te aroaro o tētahi tihi tata ki te 60°C. E rite ana tēnei pāmahana ki te taahiraa mimiti matua i kitea i roto i te whakamaroketanga o ngā tote parakore, e tohu ana i tētahi atu taahiraa i te 44°C. E rite ana ki te whakawhiti mai i te hexahydrate ki te pentahydrate, ā, kāore i kitea i roto i te take o ngā paninga me ngā here. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau whakawhiti wāhanga i te pai ake o te tohatoha me te piri ki te whakataurite ki ngā paninga i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te tote parakore. Ko te rerekētanga papatipu i kitea i roto i te TGA-DTC e rite ana ki te 18.4 g/m2 mō ia wāhanga horahanga o te adsorber i te pāmahana o te 150°C.
Nā te koretake o te mata, he paninga koretake te strontium chloride (SrCl2) i runga i ngā tara (Pikitia 10a). Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te whakamātautau koki whakawhiti he tohatoha ōrite me te piri pai ake (Pikitia 10c). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga TGA he iti noa te rerekētanga o te taumaha, me te iti o te ihirangi tote i whakaritea ki te papa whakarewa. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā taahiraa i runga i te pihi i te aroaro o te tukanga whakamaroke, ahakoa e hono ana te tihi ki te pāmahana i whiwhihia i te wā e whakaahuahia ana te tote parakore. I kitea hoki ngā tihi i te 110°C me te 70.2°C i kitea i roto i ngā Pikitia 10b i te wā e tātarihia ana te tote parakore. Heoi, ko te taahiraa whakamaroke matua i kitea i roto i te tote parakore i te 50°C kāore i whakaatahia i roto i ngā pihi mā te whakamahi i te here. He rerekē, i whakaatuhia e te ranunga here e rua ngā tihi i te 20.2°C me te 94.1°C, kāore i inehia mō te tote parakore (Pikitia 10b). I te pāmahana 150 °C, ko te rerekētanga papatipu i kitea he 7.2 karamu/m2 mō ia horahanga o te kaikōmi.
Kāore i puta he hua pai i te whakakotahitanga o te HEC me te konutea whanariki (ZnSO4) (Pikitia 11). Kāore i kitea he tukanga maroke i roto i te tātaritanga TGA o te konganuku kua pania. Ahakoa kua pai ake te tohatoha me te piri o te paninga, kei tawhiti tonu ōna āhuatanga i te tino pai.
Ko te huarahi māmā ki te pania ngā muka whakarewa ki tētahi paparanga angiangi, ōrite hoki, ko te whakakī mākū (Pikitia 12a), tae atu ki te whakarite i te tote ūnga me te whakakī i ngā muka whakarewa ki tētahi wairewa.
I te wā e whakarite ana mō te whakakī mākū, e rua ngā raruraru matua ka tūtakihia. I tētahi taha, ko te kukū o te mata o te wai tote ka ārai i te whakaurunga tika o te wai ki roto i te hanganga porous. Ko te whakatiotanga i te mata o waho (Pikitia 12d) me ngā mirumiru hau kua mau i roto i te hanganga (Pikitia 12c) ka taea anake te whakaiti mā te whakaiti i te kukū o te mata me te whakamakuku i te tauira ki te wai whakapūkara. Ko te whakarewa ā-kaha i roto i te tauira mā te tango i te hau i roto, mā te waihanga rānei i te rere o te wai i roto i te hanganga he huarahi whai hua hei whakarite kia tino whakakīia te hanganga.
Ko te tuarua o ngā raruraru i pā ki a rātou i te wā whakarite ko te tango i te kiriata mai i tētahi wāhanga o te tote (tirohia te Pikitia 12b). Ko tēnei āhuatanga e tohuhia ana e te hanganga o tētahi paninga maroke i runga i te mata whakarewa, e aukati ana i te whakamaroke e whakaohohia ana e te convective, ā, ka tīmata te tukanga whakaohohia e te horapa. He puhoi ake te tikanga tuarua i te tuatahi. Nō reira, e hiahiatia ana he pāmahana teitei mō te wā whakamaroke tika, e whakanui ana i te tūponotanga o te puta o ngā mirumiru i roto i te tauira. Ka whakatauhia tēnei raruraru mā te whakauru i tētahi atu tikanga tioata e ahu mai ana i te huringa kukū (te mimiti), engari i te huringa pāmahana (pēnei i te tauira me te MgSO4 i te Pikitia 13).
He whakaaturanga kauwhata o te tukanga whakatioata i te wā e whakamatao ana, e wehea ana hoki ngā āhua totoka me te āhua wai mā te whakamahi i te MgSO4.
Ka taea te whakarite i ngā otinga tote kukū i te pāmahana rūma (HT) i runga ake rānei mā te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga. I te tuatahi, i akiakihia te whakatiotanga mā te whakaheke i te pāmahana i raro i te pāmahana rūma. I te tuarua, i puta te whakatiotanga i te wā i whakamataohia ai te tauira ki te pāmahana rūma (RT). Ko te hua he ranunga o ngā tioata (B) me te wairewa (A), ka tangohia te wāhanga wai e te hau kōpeke. Ehara i te mea ka karohia noa e tēnei huarahi te hanganga o tētahi kiriata ki runga i ēnei hydrates, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te wā e hiahiatia ana mō te whakarite i ētahi atu mea whakakotahi. Heoi, ko te tango i te wai e te hau kōpeke ka arahi ki te whakatiotanga atu o te tote, ka hua ake he paninga matotoru ake.
Ko tētahi atu tikanga ka taea te whakamahi hei pani i ngā mata whakarewa ko te whakaputa tika i ngā tote ūnga mā roto i ngā tauhohenga matū. He maha ngā painga o ngā whakawhiti wera pania i hangaia mā te tauhohenga o ngā waikawa ki runga i ngā mata whakarewa o ngā tara me ngā ngongo, e ai ki tā mātou rangahau o mua. Nā te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga ki ngā muka i hua ake ai ngā hua tino kino nā te hanganga o ngā hau i te wā o te tauhohenga. Ka hanga te pēhanga o ngā mirumiru hau hauwai i roto i te tirotiro, ā, ka neke haere i te wā e tukuna ana te hua (Pikitia 14a).
Kua whakarerekētia te paninga mā te tauhohenga matū kia pai ake ai te whakahaere i te matotoru me te tohatoha o te paninga. Ko tēnei tikanga he tuku i te rerenga kohu waikawa mā roto i te tauira (Pikitia 14b). E matapaetia ana ka hua ake he paninga ōrite mā te tauhohenga ki te konganuku papa. He pai ngā hua, engari he puhoi rawa te tukanga kia kiia he tikanga whai hua (Pikitia 14c). Ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā wā tauhohenga poto ake mā te whakamahana ā-rohe.
Hei whakakore i ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā tikanga o runga ake nei, kua rangahaua he tikanga paninga e ahu mai ana i te whakamahinga o ngā piripiri. I tīpakohia te HEC i runga i ngā hua i whakaaturia i te wāhanga o mua. I whakaritea ngā tauira katoa i te 3% wt. Ka konatunatua te mea here ki te tote. I tukatukahia ngā muka i mua i te tukanga kotahi i mahia mō ngā rara, arā, i rumakina ki te 50% vol. i roto i te 15 meneti. waikawa whanariki, kātahi ka rumakina ki te konutai hauwai mō te 20 hēkona, ka horoia ki te wai whakapūkara, ā, i te mutunga ka rumakina ki te wai whakapūkara mō te 30 meneti. I tēnei wā, i tāpirihia he taahiraa anō i mua i te whakapūkara. Rukuhia te tauira mō te wā poto ki roto i te otinga tote whāiti, ka whakamaroke ki te 60°C pea. Kua hangaia te tukanga hei whakarerekē i te mata o te konganuku, hei hanga i ngā wāhi pūhui e whakapai ake ana i te tohatoha o te paninga i te wāhanga whakamutunga. Ko te hanganga muka he taha kotahi kei reira ngā miro angiangi me te piri, ā, ko te taha kē he matotoru ake ngā miro, ā, he iti ake te tohatoha. Koinei te hua o te 52 tukanga hanga.
Ko ngā hua mō te konupūmā pūhaumāota (CaCl2) kua whakarāpopototia, ā, kua whakaaturia ki ngā pikitia i te Ripanga 1. He pai te kapi i muri i te werohanga. Ahakoa ngā miro kāore he tioata e kitea ana i runga i te mata, he iti ake ngā whakaata whakarewa, e tohu ana i te huringa o te mutunga. Heoi, i muri i te whakakīia o ngā tauira ki te ranunga wai o CaCl2 me HEC, ā, i whakamaroketia ki te pāmahana tata ki te 60°C, ka whakaemihia ngā paninga ki ngā whakawhiti o ngā hanganga. He pānga tēnei nā te kukū o te mata o te otinga. I muri i te rumakina, ka noho tonu te wai ki roto i te tauira nā tōna kukū o te mata. Ko te tikanga ka puta i te whakawhiti o ngā hanganga. He maha ngā kōhao kua whakakiia ki te tote i te taha pai rawa atu o te tauira. Kua piki ake te taumaha mā te 0.06 g/cm3 i muri i te paninga.
Nā te paninga ki te konupora whanariki (MgSO4) i nui ake te tote i puta mai i ia rōrahi (Ripanga 2). I tēnei wā, ko te pikinga i inehia ko te 0.09 g/cm3. Nā te tukanga rui i kapi whānuitia te tauira. Whai muri i te tukanga paninga, ka āraia e te tote ngā wāhi nui o te taha angiangi o te tauira. Hei tāpiri, ka āraia ētahi wāhi o te matte, engari ka mau tonu te porosity. I tēnei wā, ka kitea ngāwari te hanganga tote i te whakawhitinga o ngā hanganga, e whakaū ana ko te tukanga paninga te take matua o te kukū o te mata o te wai, ehara i te taunekeneke i waenga i te tote me te papa whakarewa.
Ko ngā hua mō te whakakotahitanga o te strontium chloride (SrCl2) me te HEC i whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga ōrite ki ngā tauira o mua (Ripanga 3). I tēnei take, kua tata kapi katoa te taha angiangi o te tauira. Ko ngā pūwero takitahi anake e kitea ana, i hangaia i te wā whakamaroke hei hua o te tukunga o te mamaoa mai i te tauira. He tino ōrite te tauira i kitea i te taha matte ki te take o mua, kua āraia te rohe e te tote, ā, kāore ngā muka i kapi katoa.
Hei aromatawai i te pānga pai o te hanganga muka ki te mahi wera o te whakawhiti wera, i whakatauhia te kawe wera whai hua o te hanganga muka kua pania, ā, i whakaritea ki te rauemi paninga parakore. I inehia te kawe wera e ai ki te ASTM D 5470-2017 mā te whakamahi i te taputapu papatahi e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 15a mā te whakamahi i te rauemi tohutoro me te kawe wera e mōhiotia ana. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu tikanga ine tauwhiro, he pai tēnei mātāpono mō ngā rauemi pūwero e whakamahia ana i roto i te rangahau o nāianei, nā te mea ka mahia ngā inenga i roto i te āhua pumau me te rahi tauira e ranea ana (te horahanga turanga 30 × 30 mm2, te teitei tata ki te 15 mm). I whakaritea ngā tauira o te rauemi paninga parakore (tohutoro) me te hanganga muka kua pania mō ngā inenga i te ahunga o te muka me te poutū ki te ahunga o te muka hei aromatawai i te pānga o te kawe wera anisotropic. I hurihia ngā tauira ki runga i te mata (kirikiri P320) hei whakaiti i te pānga o te taratara o te mata nā te whakaritenga tauira, kāore e whakaata i te hanganga i roto i te tauira.