Murakoze gusura Nature.com. Verisiyo ya mushakisha ukoresha ifite ubufasha buke bwa CSS. Kugira ngo ubone uburambe bwiza, turakugira inama yo gukoresha mushakisha ivuguruye (cyangwa ugahagarika uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu muri Internet Explorer). Hagati aho, kugira ngo dukomeze gushyigikira, tuzatanga urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Isoko ry’uburyo bwo gukonjesha bukoresha amazi n’imashini zishyushya riracyari rito ugereranije n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gukonjesha. Nubwo hari inyungu nyinshi zo gukoresha ubushyuhe buhendutse (aho gukoresha amashanyarazi ahenze), ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya sisitemu rishingiye ku mahame yo gukonjesha riracyari ku bikorwa bike byihariye. Ingorane nyamukuru igomba gukurwaho ni ukugabanuka kw’ingufu runaka bitewe n’ubushyuhe buke n’ubudahangarwa buke bw’umuyoboro w’amazi. Sisitemu zigezweho zo gukonjesha zikoresha amazi zishingiye ku bikoresho bikonjesha bikoresha amazi akoreshwa mu gukonjesha kugira ngo birusheho gukonjesha. Ibisubizo bizwi neza ko kugabanya ubunini bw’igitambaro bitera kugabanuka kwa impedance yo kohereza ibintu, kandi kongera ubuso kugeza ku bunini bw’imiterere y’ibikoresho bikonjesha byongera ingufu bitabangamiye imikorere. Imigozi y’icyuma ikoreshwa muri iki gikorwa ishobora gutanga ubuso bwihariye buri hagati ya 2500–50.000 m2/m3. Uburyo butatu bwo kubona igitambaro cyoroheje cyane ariko gihamye cy’umunyu ku buso bw’icyuma, harimo n’imigozi y’icyuma, mu gukora igitambaro bugaragaza ku nshuro ya mbere uburyo bwo gukonjesha ubushyuhe bufite ingufu nyinshi. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso bushingiye kuri anodizing ya aluminiyumu bwatoranijwe kugira ngo habeho isano ikomeye hagati y’igitambaro n’igice cy’ubutaka. Imiterere y’ubuso bwavuyemo yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya elegitoroniki yo gupima. Isesengura rya Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ryagabanutseho reflection yose hamwe na energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy byakoreshejwe kugira ngo harebwe niba hari ubwoko bwifuzwa mu isuzuma. Ubushobozi bwazo bwo gukora hydrate bwemejwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Ubwiza bubi burenze 0.07 g (amazi) / g (composite) bwabonetse muri MgSO4 coating, bugaragaza ibimenyetso byo kubura amazi kuri dogere selisiyusi 60 kandi bushobora kongera gukoreshwa nyuma yo kongera amazi. Ibisubizo byiza byabonetse hamwe na SrCl2 na ZnSO4 hamwe n’itandukaniro ry’uburemere rya dogere selisiyusi zigera kuri 0.02 g / g munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 100. Hydroxyethylcellulose yatoranijwe nk'inyongera kugira ngo yongere ubutuze n'ubufatanye bw'igitambaro. Imiterere y’ibicuruzwa byasuzumwe icyarimwe hakoreshejwe TGA-DTG kandi gufatana kwabyo kwaranzwe n’uburyo bushingiye ku bipimo byasobanuwe muri ISO2409. Gukomera no gufatana kwa CaCl2 birarushaho kuba byiza mu gihe bigumana ubushobozi bwo gufatana hamwe n’itandukaniro ry’uburemere bwa 0.1 g/g ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 100 °C. Byongeye kandi, MgSO4 igumana ubushobozi bwo gukora hydrate, igaragaza itandukaniro ry’uburemere rya 0.04 g/g ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 100 °C. Amaherezo, imigozi y’icyuma irasuzumwa. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bw’imiterere ya fibre itwikiriwe na Al2 (SO4)3 bushobora kuba bwikubye inshuro 4.7 ugereranije n’ingano ya Al2 (SO4)3 yonyine. Gufatana kwa fibre yasuzumwe hakoreshejwe amaso, kandi imiterere y’imbere irasuzumwa hakoreshejwe ishusho ntoya y’ibice byambukiranya. Habonetse gukanda kwa Al2 (SO4)3 ifite ubugari bwa µm 50, ariko inzira yose igomba kunozwa kugira ngo igere ku gukwirakwira kumwe.
Sisitemu zo gushyushya zakunze kwitabwaho cyane mu myaka mike ishize kuko zitanga ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda ibidukikije aho gukoresha pompe zishyushya cyangwa pompe zikonjesha. Bitewe n’uko ubushyuhe bukomeje kwiyongera ndetse n’ubushyuhe bw’isi yose, sisitemu zo gushyushya zishobora kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bikomoka kuri peteroli mu gihe cya vuba. Byongeye kandi, iterambere ryose mu gushyushya cyangwa pompe zishyushya rishobora kwimurirwa mu bubiko bw’ingufu zishyushya, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko hari ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ingufu z’ibanze. Akamaro gakomeye k’ipompe zishyushya na pompe zikonjesha ni uko zishobora gukora zifite ubushyuhe buke. Ibi bituma zikoreshwa mu bushyuhe buke nko gukoresha ingufu z’izuba cyangwa ubushyuhe bw’imyanda. Mu bijyanye no kubika ingufu, gushyushya bifite inyungu yo kuba ingufu nyinshi kandi zigatakaza ingufu nke ugereranije no kubika ubushyuhe busanzwe cyangwa buhishe.
Imashini zishyushya zikoresha amazi n'ubukonje zikurikiza imikorere imwe ya thermodynamic nk'iy'izindi mashini zikoresha amazi zikoresha amazi. Itandukaniro rikomeye ni ugusimbuza ibice bya compressor na adsorbers. Iki gice gishobora gufata umwuka ukoresha amazi ukoresha umuvuduko muto ku bushyuhe buringaniye, kikazana umwuka ukoresha amazi menshi muri frigo ndetse n'igihe amazi akonje. Ni ngombwa kugenzura ko adsorber ikomeza gukonja kugira ngo hatabaho enthalpy yo gukoresha amazi (exotherm). Adsorber ivugururwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma umwuka ukoresha amazi uva muri frigo. Gushyushya bigomba gukomeza gutanga enthalpy yo gukoresha amazi (endothermic). Kubera ko inzira zo gukoresha amazi zirangwa n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe, ubucucike bwinshi bw'ingufu busaba ko ubushyuhe bwinshi butwara amazi. Ariko, ubushobozi buke bwo gukoresha amazi ni yo mbogamizi ikomeye mu bikorwa byinshi.
Ikibazo nyamukuru cy’uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu ni ukongera agaciro kayo mu gihe hagumaho inzira yo gutwara ibintu itanga urujya n’uruza rw’umwuka uva mu kirere. Uburyo bubiri bukunze gukoreshwa kugira ngo ibi bigerweho: ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe n’ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe bitwikiriwe. Ibikoresho bihuza ibintu bikunzwe kandi byatsinze ni ibikoresha inyongera zishingiye kuri karuboni, ari byo grafiti yagutse, karuboni ikora, cyangwa fibre za karuboni. Oliveira n’abandi 2 bashyizeho ifu ya grafiti yagutse irimo calcium chloride kugira ngo hakorwe adsorber ifite ubushobozi bwihariye bwo gukonjesha (SCP) bugera kuri 306 W/kg n’igipimo cy’imikorere (COP) kigera kuri 0.46. Zajaczkowski n’abandi 3 batanze igitekerezo cyo guhuza grafiti yagutse, fibre ya karuboni na calcium chloride hamwe n’ubushobozi bwose bwa 15 W/mK. Jian n’abandi 4 bagerageje ibikoresho bihuza na grafiti karemano yavuwe na aside sulfurike (ENG-TSA) nk’ishingiro mu gihe cyo gukonjesha cya adsorption cy’ibyiciro bibiri. Icyitegererezo cyahanuye COP kuva kuri 0.215 kugeza kuri 0.285 na SCP kuva kuri 161.4 kugeza kuri 260.74 W/kg.
Kugeza ubu igisubizo cyiza cyane ni imashini ihindura ubushyuhe ikoresheje irangi. Uburyo bwo gusiga ubushyuhe bw’izi mashini bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: imashini ihindura ubushyuhe ikoresheje irangi n’imashini zifata ubushyuhe. Uburyo bwiza cyane ni imashini ihindura ubushyuhe ikoresheje irangi, irimo gukora ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe ku buso bw’imashini zihindura ubushyuhe zikoresheje imashini zifata ubushyuhe. Sotech5 ifite uburenganzira bwo gukora imashini ihindura ubushyuhe ikoresheje irangi kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu bikoresho bikonjesha byakozwe na Fahrenheit GmbH. Schnabel et al6 bagerageje imikorere ya zeolite ebyiri zishushanyije ku cyuma kitagira umugese. Ariko, ubu buryo bukora gusa ku bikoresho byihariye bishyiraho irangi, bituma irangi rikoresheje irangi riba ubundi buryo bushimishije. Ibikoresho bifata ubushyuhe ni ibintu bidakora byatoranijwe kugira ngo bishyigikire irangi rya sorbent cyangwa ihererekanya ry’ibintu, ariko nta ruhare bigira mu kongera irangi cyangwa ubwikorezi bw’amashanyarazi. Freni et al. Ibikoresho 7 bihindura ubushyuhe bya aluminiyumu bifite AQSOA-Z02 zeolite bihamye hakoreshejwe ibumba. Calabrese et al.8 bigaga itegurwa rya zeolite hakoreshejwe imashini zifata ubushyuhe zikoresheje irangi rya polymer. Ammann n'abandi 9 batanze uburyo bwo gutegura irangi rya zeolite rifite imyenge rivangwa n'imvange ya polyvinyl alcohol. Alumina (alumina) ikoreshwa kandi nk'ifatanirizo 10 muri adsorber. Uko tubizi, cellulose na hydroxyethyl cellulose bikoreshwa gusa hamwe n'ifatanirizo ry'umubiri11,12. Hari igihe kole idakoreshwa mu irangi, ahubwo ikoreshwa mu kubaka imiterere 13 ubwayo. Uruvange rwa alginate polymer matrices hamwe n'imvange nyinshi z'umunyu bikora imiterere y'amasaro yoroshye ibuza amazi gusohoka mu gihe cyo kuma kandi igatanga uburyo buhagije bwo kohereza. Ibumba nka bentonite na attapulgite ryakoreshejwe nk'ifatanirizo mu gutegura imvange15,16,17. Ethylcellulose yakoreshejwe mu gufunga kalisiyumu chloride18 cyangwa sodium sulfide19.
Ibikoresho bifite imiterere y'icyuma ifite imyenge bishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe n'ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe bitwikiriwe. Akamaro k'ibi bikoresho ni ubuso bufite ubuso bwihariye. Ibi bituma habaho ubuso bunini hagati y'ibintu bihindura ubushyuhe n'icyuma hatabayeho kongeramo ikintu kidakora neza, ibyo bigatuma imikorere rusange y'ubukonje igabanuka. Lang n'abandi 20 bongereye ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu muri rusange bw'icyuma gihindura ubuki gifite imiterere ya aluminiyumu. Gillerminot n'abandi 21 bongereye ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu mu bushyuhe bw'ibice bya NaX zeolite hamwe n'umuringa na nikeli. Nubwo ibintu bivanze bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bihindura phase (PCMs), ibyavumbuwe na Li et al. 22 na Zhao et al. 23 nabyo ni ingenzi ku bijyanye na chemisorption. Bagereranije imikorere ya grafiti yagutse n'umuringa w'icyuma maze bemeza ko icya nyuma ari cyiza gusa iyo ingese itari ikibazo. Palomba n'abandi baherutse kugereranya izindi imiterere y'ibyuma ifite imyenge24. Van der Pal n'abandi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku myunyu y'icyuma iri mu ifuro 25. Ingero zose zabanje zihuye n'imiterere y'ibice binini by'ibintu bihindura ubushyuhe. Inyubako zifite imyenge y'icyuma ntabwo zikoreshwa mu gutwikira adsorbers, ikaba ari igisubizo cyiza kurushaho. Urugero rwo gufatana na zeolites ruboneka muri Wittstadt et al. 26 ariko nta kigeragezo cyakozwe cyo gufatanya umunyu nubwo ufite ingufu nyinshi 27.
Bityo, muri iyi nkuru hazasuzumwa uburyo butatu bwo gutegura irangi rituma ibintu birushaho kumera neza: (1) irangi rituma ibintu birushaho kumera neza, (2) uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo butaziguye, na (3) uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso. Hydroxyethylcellulose ni yo yari irangi rituma ibintu birushaho kumera neza muri ubu buryo bitewe n’uko byari byaravuzwe mbere ko bihamye kandi ko bifatanye neza n’irangi rituma ibintu birushaho kumera neza. Ubu buryo bwabanje gukorwaho ubushakashatsi ku irangi rigororotse hanyuma nyuma bukoreshwa ku miterere y’irangi rituma ibintu birushaho kumera neza. Ubunararibonye bwa mbere ubu buri kwimurirwa ku irangi ry’i ... Bigaragaza ikoranabuhanga rishya rishimishije cyane kuko ryemerera gukora irangi rituma umuntu arushaho kugira amazi, rifite inyungu nyinshi ugereranyije n’iry’ibintu bikunze kwigwaho.
Amasahani ya aluminiyumu yakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho byo gukoresha muri ubu bushakashatsi yatanzwe na ALINVEST Břidličná, Repubulika ya Tchèque. Arimo 98.11% bya aluminiyumu, 1.3622% by'icyuma, 0.3618% bya manganese n'ibice bya umuringa, manyeziyumu, silikoni, titaniyumu, zinki, chromium na nikeli.
Ibikoresho byatoranijwe mu gukora ibivanze bitoranywa hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo ya thermodynamic, ni ukuvuga, bitewe n'ingano y'amazi bishobora gukurura/gukuramo ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 120°C.
Sulfate ya Manyeziyumu (MgSO4) ni imwe mu myunyungugu ishimishije kandi yizweho 30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Imiterere ya thermodynamic yapimwe neza kandi yagaragaye ko ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bijyanye no gukonjesha, gukoresha imashini zishyushya no kubika ingufu. Sulfate yumye ya Manyeziyumu CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Ubudage) yakoreshejwe.
Kalisiyumu chloride (CaCl2) (H319) ni umunyu wizewe neza kuko hydrate yayo ifite imiterere ishimishije ya thermodynamic41,42,43,44. Kalisiyumu chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% ikoreshwa (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Ubudage).
Sulfate ya zinki (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) hamwe na hydrate zayo bifite imiterere ya thermodynamic ikwiriye uburyo bwo kuyungurura ubushyuhe buke45,46. Sulfate ya zinki heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Ubudage) yakoreshejwe.
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) ifite kandi imiterere ishimishije ya thermodynamic4,45,47 nubwo ikunze guhuzwa na ammonia mu bushakashatsi ku imashini zishyushya cyangwa mu kubika ingufu. Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) yakoreshejwe mu gukora isesengura.
Sulfate y'umuringa (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) ntabwo iri mu bintu bikunze kuboneka mu nyandiko z'abahanga, nubwo imiterere yayo ya thermodynamic ifitiye akamaro ikoreshwa mu bushyuhe buke48,49. Sulfate y'umuringa CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) yakoreshejwe mu gukora isesengura.
Kloride ya Manyeziyumu (MgCl2) ni imwe mu myunyu yuzuye amazi iherutse kwitabwaho cyane mu bijyanye no kubika ingufu zishyuha50,51. Hexahydrate ya Manyeziyumu kloride CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 pure farumasi grade (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Ubudage) yakoreshejwe muri ubwo bushakashatsi.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, hydroxyethyl cellulose yatoranijwe kubera ibisubizo byiza byakoreshejwe mu buryo busa. Ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu gukora isesengura ryacu ni hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Imigozi y'icyuma ikorwa mu nsinga ngufi zifatanye hamwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukanda no gusya, uburyo buzwi nka crucible melt extraction (CME)52. Ibi bivuze ko uburyo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwazo budashingira gusa ku buryo ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gukora n'uburyo imiterere yabyo ihinduka, ahubwo no ku bwiza bw'imigozi iri hagati y'imigozi. Imigozi ntabwo ari isotropic kandi ikunda gukwirakwizwa mu cyerekezo runaka mu gihe cyo gukora, ibyo bigatuma uburyo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe mu cyerekezo cyambukiranya bugabanuka cyane.
Imiterere y’amazi yasuzumwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "thermogravimetric analysis" (TGA)/ "differential thermogravimetric analysis" (DTG) mu gikoresho cyo mu bwoko bwa "vacuum package" (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). Ibipimo byakozwe mu kirere cya azote gitemba ku muvuduko wa 10 ml/min n’ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 25 na 150 °C mu byuma bya aluminiyumu oxide. Umuvuduko wo gushyushya wari 1 °C/min, uburemere bw’icyitegererezo bwari hagati ya 10 na 20 mg, "resolution" yari 0.1 μg. Muri iki gikorwa, tugomba kumenya ko itandukaniro ry’uburemere kuri buri gice cy’ubuso rifite ikibazo gikomeye. Ingero zakoreshejwe muri TGA-DTG ni nto cyane kandi ziciwe mu buryo butari bwo, bigatuma igena ry’ubuso bwazo ritagaragara neza. Izi gaciro zishobora kongerwa mu gace kanini gusa iyo hafashwe ingamba zo kugabanya ibintu binini.
Spektara ya Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) yafashwe kuri spectrometer ya Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Ubudage) hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya ATR platine (Bruker Optik GmbH, Ubudage). Spektara ya kristu zumutse za diyama zapimwe mu buryo butaziguye mu cyuma mbere yo gukoresha ingero nk'inyuma yo gupima. Ingero zapimwe mu cyuma hakoreshejwe spectrale ya cm 2-1 n'umubare mpuzandengo wa scan wa 32. Umubare w'imiraba uri hagati ya cm 8000 na cm 500-1. Isesengura rya spectra ryakozwe hakoreshejwe gahunda ya OPUS.
Isesengura rya SEM ryakozwe hakoreshejwe DSM 982 Gemini ivuye kuri Zeiss ku muvuduko wihuta wa 2 na 5 kV. Isuzuma rya X-ray rikwirakwiza ingufu (EDX) ryakozwe hakoreshejwe Thermo Fischer System 7 hamwe na Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Gutegura amasahani y'icyuma byakozwe hakurikijwe uburyo busa n'ubwavuzwe muri 53. Ubwa mbere, shyira isahani muri aside sulfure 50% mu minota 15. Hanyuma binjizwa mu gikoresho cya 1 M sodium hydroxide mu gihe cy'amasegonda 10. Hanyuma ingero zogejwe n'amazi menshi yaciwe, hanyuma zikinjizwa mu mazi yaciwe mu minota 30. Nyuma yo gusukura ubuso bwa mbere, ingero zashyizwe mu gikoresho cyuzuye cya 3% HEC n'umunyu. Amaherezo, zikuremo hanyuma uzimye kuri 60°C.
Uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta bunongera kandi bugakomeza urwego rw’umwimerere rwa okiside ku cyuma kidakora. Uduce twa aluminiyumu twashyizwemo aside sulfuriki mu buryo bwo gukomera hanyuma dufungwa mu mazi ashyushye. Gusiga amavuta byakurikiyeho habanje gucibwamo mol/l NaOH (600 s) hagakurikiraho gucikamo ibice muri mol/l HNO3 (60 s). Umuti wa electrolyte ni uruvange rwa 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, na 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. Gusiga amavuta byakozwe kuri (40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 mu masegonda 1200. Uburyo bwo gufunga bwakozwe mu bisubizo bitandukanye by’amazi nk'uko byasobanuwe mu bikoresho (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Icyitegererezo gitekwamo amasegonda 1800.
Uburyo butatu butandukanye bwo gukora ibintu bivanze bwarasuzumwe: gusiga irangi ku gitambaro, gukora neza, no gutunganya ubuso. Ibyiza n'ibibi bya buri buryo bwo guhugura bisesengura kandi biganirwaho ku buryo burambuye. Kwitegereza neza, gushushanya amashusho, no gusesengura imiti/ibintu byakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi.
Uburyo bwo gusiga anodizing bwatoranyijwe nk'uburyo bwo guhindura ubuso kugira ngo bwongere gufatana kw'amazi y'umunyu. Ubu buryo bwo gutunganya ubuso butuma habaho imiterere y'amazi y'umunyu (alumina) ku buso bwa aluminiyumu. Ubusanzwe, ubu buryo bugizwe n'ibice bibiri: icyiciro cya mbere gishyiraho imiterere y'amazi y'umunyu (oxyde aluminium), naho icyiciro cya kabiri gishyiraho irangi rya hydroxide aluminium rifunga imyenge. Ubu buryo bubiri bwo kuziba umunyu nta kubuza kwinjira muri gaze. Ubwa mbere bugizwe n'uburyo bw'ubuki bukoresha imiyoboro mito ya aluminium oxide (Al2O3) iboneka mu ntambwe ya mbere kugira ngo ifate kristu nto ziyongera kandi zongere gufatana kwayo ku buso bw'icyuma. Ibinyabuki bivamo bifite umurambararo wa 50 nm n'uburebure bwa 200 nm (Ishusho ya 1a). Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, ubu buryo bukunze gufungwa mu ntambwe ya kabiri hamwe n'urwego rworoshye rwa Al2O(OH)2 boehmite rushyigikiwe n'uburyo bwo guteka umuyoboro wa aluminiyumu. Mu buryo bwa kabiri, iyi gahunda yo gufunga irahinduka ku buryo kristu z'umunyu zifatwa mu gice kimwe cya boehmite (Al2O(OH)), kitakoreshwa mu gufunga muri iki kibazo. Icyiciro cya kabiri gikorerwa mu gisubizo cyuzuye cy'umunyu ujyanye nacyo. Imiterere yasobanuwe ifite ingano iri hagati ya 50–100 nm kandi isa n'ibitonyanga byasutswe (Ishusho ya 1b). Ubuso buboneka bitewe n'iyi gahunda yo gufunga bufite imiterere igaragara hamwe n'ahantu ho gukoraho. Iyi miterere y'ubuso, hamwe n'imiterere myinshi yo gufatanya, ni nziza yo gutwara no gufata kristu z'umunyu. Imiterere yombi yasobanuwe isa nkaho ifite imyenge koko kandi ifite utwobo duto tugaragara ko dukwiriye kubika amazi y'umunyu no kwinjiza umwuka mu munyu mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa rya adsorber. Ariko, isesengura ry'ibi bice hakoreshejwe EDX rishobora kubona ingano nto ya manyeziyumu na sulfur ku buso bwa boehmite, bitagaragara mu gihe hari ubuso bwa alumina.
ATR-FTIR y'icyitegererezo yemeje ko ikintu ari magnesium sulfate (reba Ishusho ya 2b). Ishusho igaragaza imiterere y'iyoni ya sulfate kuri cm 610-680 na cm 1080-1130 n'imiterere y'amazi ya lattice kuri cm 1600-1700 na cm 3200-3800 (reba Ishusho ya 2a, c). Kuba hariho iyoni ya magnesium hafi ya byose ntibihindura imiterere y'iyoni54.
(a) EDX y'isahani ya aluminiyumu ya MgSO4 itwikiriwe na boehmite, (b) spectra ya ATR-FTIR y'imyambaro ya boehmite na MgSO4, (c) spectra ya ATR-FTIR ya MgSO4 yonyine.
Gukomeza gukoresha neza amazi mu mazi byemejwe na TGA. Ku ishusho ya 3b hagaragara uburebure bw'amazi bugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 60. Ubu bushyuhe ntibuhuye n'ubushyuhe bw'impinga ebyiri zagaragaye muri TGA y'umunyu mwiza (Ishusho ya 3a). Uburyo amazi asubiramo hagati y'amazi n'amazi byapimwe, kandi umurongo umwe wagaragaye nyuma yo gushyira ingero mu kirere gishyushye (Ishusho ya 3c). Itandukaniro ryagaragaye mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo gukoresha amazi mu mazi rishobora kuba riterwa no kubura amazi mu kirere gitemba, kuko akenshi ibi bituma amazi abura amazi neza. Izi gaciro zigera kuri 17.9 g/m2 mu gukura amazi kwa mbere na 10.3 g/m2 mu gukura amazi kwa kabiri.
Kugereranya isesengura rya TGA rya boehmite na MgSO4: Isesengura rya TGA rya MgSO4 (a) y’umwimerere, uruvange (b) na nyuma yo kongera amazi mu mubiri (c).
Uburyo bumwe bwakozwe hakoreshejwe calcium chloride nk'umuyoboro w'amazi. Ibisubizo bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Isuzuma ry'ubuso ryagaragaje impinduka nto mu rumuri rw'icyuma. Ubwoya ntibugaragara neza. SEM yemeje ko hari utuntu duto dukwirakwiriye ku buso. Ariko, TGA ntiyagaragaje ko hari amazi munsi ya 150°C. Ibi bishobora guterwa n'uko igipimo cy'umunyu ari gito cyane ugereranije n'uburemere bwose bw'umuyoboro kugira ngo TGA iwubone.
Ibisubizo byo gutunganya hejuru y’igitambaro cya sulfate y’umuringa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusiga anodizing bigaragara ku ishusho ya 5. Muri iki gihe, kwinjizwa kwa CuSO4 mu miterere ya okiside ya Al ntibyabayeho. Ahubwo, inshinge zirekuye zagaragaye kuko zikunze gukoreshwa muri hydroxide y’umuringa Cu (OH)2 ikoreshwa n’irangi risanzwe rya turquoise.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso bwa anodized nabwo bwageragejwe hamwe na strontium chloride. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko hari ubushyuhe budahagije (reba Ishusho ya 6a). Kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umunyu watwikiriye ubuso bwose, hakozwe isesengura rya EDX. Umuvuduko w'agace k'umukara (agace ka 1 ku Ishusho ya 6b) ugaragaza strontium nke n'aluminium nyinshi. Ibi bigaragaza ko hari ubushyuhe buke bwa strontium mu gace kapimwe, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko hari ubushyuhe buke bwa strontium chloride. Ku rundi ruhande, ahantu hera hari ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa strontium n'ubushyuhe buke bwa aluminium (agace ka 2-6 ku Ishusho ya 6b). Isesengura rya EDX ku gace k'umweru rigaragaza utudomo twijimye (agace ka 2 na 4 ku Ishusho ya 6b), hari ubushyuhe buke na sulfure nyinshi. Ibi bishobora kwerekana ko habayeho strontium sulfate. Utudomo twiza cyane tugaragaza chlorine nyinshi n'ubushyuhe buke bwa sulfure (agace ka 3, 5, na 6 ku Ishusho ya 6b). Ibi bishobora gusobanurwa n'uko igice kinini cy'ubushyuhe bwera kigizwe na strontium chloride iteganijwe. TGA y'icyitegererezo yemeje isesengura ry'isesengura ku bushyuhe busanzwe bwa strontium chloride (Ishusho ya 6c). Agaciro kabo gato gashobora kwemezwa n'agace gato k'umunyu ugereranije n'uburemere bw'icyuma gishyigikiwe. Uburemere bwo kuvanga bwagaragajwe mu igerageza buhuye n'ingano ya 7.3 g/m2 yatanzwe kuri buri gice cy'agace k'umuyoboro ku bushyuhe bwa 150°C.
Nanone hageragejwe irangi rya zinc sulfate ryavuwe na Eloxal. Mu buryo bwa macroscopic, irangi ni urwego ruto cyane kandi rungana (Ishusho ya 7a). Ariko, SEM yagaragaje ubuso butwikiriwe na kristu nto zitandukanyijwe n'ahantu hadafite ikintu (Ishusho ya 7b). TGA y'irangi na substrate yagereranyijwe n'iy'umunyu mwiza (Ishusho ya 7c). Umunyu mwiza ufite uburebure bumwe butaringaniye kuri 59.1°C. Aluminium yapfutse yagaragaje uburebure bubiri buto kuri 55.5°C na 61.3°C, bigaragaza ko hari hydrate ya zinc sulfate. Itandukaniro ry'uburemere ryagaragaye mu igerageza ringana na 10.9 g/m2 ku bushyuhe bwa 150°C bwo kubura amazi.
Nkuko byakoreshejwe mbere53, hydroxyethyl cellulose yakoreshejwe nk'ikintu gifunga kugira ngo inoze gufatana no kudahindagurika kw'igitambaro cya sorbent. Uburyo ibintu bihuye n'ingaruka ku mikorere y'igitambaro byagenzuwe na TGA. Isesengura rikorwa hakurikijwe uburemere bwose, ni ukuvuga icyitegererezo kirimo icyapa cy'icyuma gikoreshwa nk'igice cyo gutwikira. Gufatana bipimwa hakoreshejwe ikizamini gishingiye ku ikizamini cy'urukiramende cyasobanuwe mu bisobanuro bya ISO2409 (ntibishobora kuzuza ibipimo byo gutandukanya urukiramende bitewe n'ubugari n'ubugari byagenwe).
Gusiga calcium chloride (CaCl2) ku duce (reba Ishusho ya 8a) byatumye habaho gukwirakwira gutandukanye, bitagaragaye mu gipfundikizo cya aluminiyumu cyakoreshejwe mu igerageza rya transverse notch. Ugereranije n'ibyavuye kuri CaCl2 isanzwe, TGA (Ishusho ya 8b) igaragaza imisozi ibiri iranga yahinduye igana ku bushyuhe buri hasi bwa 40 na 20°C, uko bikurikirana. Ikizamini cyo mu gice cya cross-section nticyemera kugereranya neza kuko icyitegererezo cya CaCl2 isanzwe (icyitegererezo kiri iburyo ku Ishusho ya 8c) ni ifu isanzwe, ikuraho uduce two hejuru. Ibisubizo bya HEC byagaragaje igipfundikizo gito cyane kandi kimwe gifite gufatana ku buryo bushimishije. Itandukaniro ry'uburemere rigaragara ku ishusho ya 8b ringana na 51.3 g/m2 kuri buri gice cy'agace k'umuyoboro ku bushyuhe bwa 150°C.
Ibisubizo byiza mu bijyanye no gufatana no guhuza byabonetse na magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (reba Ishusho ya 9). Isesengura ry'uburyo bwo gukuramo irangi ryagaragaje ko hari uburebure bumwe bwa dogere selisiyusi 60. Ubu bushyuhe buhuye n'intambwe nyamukuru yo gukuramo irangi igaragara mu kubura amazi kw'umunyu w'umwimerere, bikaba ari indi ntambwe kuri dogere selisiyusi 44. Bihuye n'impinduka kuva kuri hexahydrate ujya kuri pentahydrate kandi ntibigaragara mu gihe cyo gupfuka hakoreshejwe ibifunga. Ibizamini bya cross section bigaragaza ko ikwirakwizwa no gufatana neza ugereranije n'imyambaro yakozwe hakoreshejwe umunyu w'umwimerere. Itandukaniro ry'uburemere ryagaragaye muri TGA-DTC ringana na 18.4 g/m2 kuri buri gice cy'agace k'umunyu w'amazi ku bushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 150.
Bitewe n’ubusumbane bw’ubuso, strontium chloride (SrCl2) ifite igishishwa kitaringaniye ku mababa (Ishusho ya 10a). Ariko, ibyavuye mu isuzuma rya transverse notch byagaragaje ko ikwirakwira rimwe hamwe n’uburyo bwo gufatana neza cyane (Ishusho ya 10c). Isesengura rya TGA ryagaragaje itandukaniro rito cyane mu buremere, rigomba kuba riterwa n’umunyu muke ugereranije n’icyuma gikozwemo. Ariko, intambwe ziri ku murongo zigaragaza ko hari inzira yo kubura amazi, nubwo uburebure bufitanye isano n’ubushyuhe buboneka iyo hagaragazwa umunyu mwiza. Imisozi iri kuri 110°C na 70.2°C yagaragaye mu Ishusho ya 10b nayo yabonetse mu gusesengura umunyu mwiza. Ariko, intambwe nyamukuru yo kubura amazi yagaragaye mu munyu mwiza kuri 50°C ntiyagaragaye mu mirongo ikoresha umugozi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, uruvange rw’umugozi rwagaragaje imisozi ibiri kuri 20.2°C na 94.1°C, itapimwe ku munyu mwiza (Ishusho ya 10b). Ku bushyuhe bwa 150 °C, itandukaniro ry'uburemere ryagaragaye ringana na 7.2 g/m2 kuri buri gice cy'agace k'umuyoboro w'amazi.
Uruvange rwa HEC na zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) ntirwatanze ibisubizo byiza (Ishusho ya 11). Isesengura rya TGA ku cyuma gitwikiriwe ntiryagaragaje inzira zo kubura amazi mu mubiri. Nubwo ikwirakwira n'uburyo gifatana byarushijeho kuba byiza, imiterere yacyo iracyari kure cyane.
Uburyo bworoshye bwo gusiga imigozi y'icyuma urwego rworoshye kandi rungana ni uguteranya imigozi (Ishusho ya 12a), irimo gutegura umunyu w'icyitegererezo no guteranya imigozi y'icyuma n'umuti w'amazi.
Mu gihe cyo kwitegura gutera amazi mu mazi, hari ibibazo bibiri by'ingenzi bihura nabyo. Ku ruhande rumwe, imbaraga z'ubuso bw'umunyu zibuza amazi kwinjira neza mu buryo bufatika mu buryo butose. Gushyira kristalo ku buso bwo hanze (Ishusho ya 12d) n'udupira tw'umwuka dufungiye mu buryo butose (Ishusho ya 12c) bishobora kugabanuka gusa mu kugabanya imbaraga z'ubuso no kubanza kunywesha icyitegererezo n'amazi yaciwe. Gushonga ku ngufu mu cyitegererezo binyuze mu gukura umwuka imbere cyangwa mu gutuma amazi atembera mu buryo butose ni ubundi buryo bwiza bwo kwemeza ko ubwuzuye neza mu cyitegererezo.
Ikibazo cya kabiri cyagaragaye mu gihe cyo gutegura ni ugukuramo agace k’umunyu mu gice cy’umunyu (reba Ishusho ya 12b). Iki kintu kirangwa no gukora irangi ryumye ku buso bushonga, rihagarika kumisha kw’amazi kandi rigatangira inzira yo gukwirakwiza amazi. Uburyo bwa kabiri buratinda cyane ugereranyije n’ubwa mbere. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubushyuhe bwinshi burakenewe kugira ngo habeho igihe gikwiye cyo kuma, ibyo byongera ibyago byo kurema uduheri mu gipimo. Iki kibazo gikemurwa no gushyiraho ubundi buryo bwo gushushanya bushingiye ku mpinduka z’ibipimo (guhinduka kw’amazi), ahubwo bushingiye ku mpinduka z’ubushyuhe (nk’uko bigaragara ku rugero rwa MgSO4 ku Ishusho ya 13).
Ishusho y'icyitegererezo y'uburyo bwo gushushanya kristali mu gihe cyo gukonjesha no gutandukanya ibice bikomeye n'ibikomoka ku mazi hakoreshejwe MgSO4.
Umuti wuzuye umunyu ushobora gutegurwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba cyangwa hejuru yacyo (HT) hakoreshejwe ubu buryo. Mu rubanza rwa mbere, gushushanya byakozwe ku ngufu no kugabanya ubushyuhe buri munsi y'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba. Mu rubanza rwa kabiri, gushushanya byakozwe igihe icyitegererezo cyakonjeshejwe kikagera ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba (RT). Umusaruro ni uruvange rwa kristu (B) n'izishongeshejwe (A), igice cy'amazi kikavanwaho n'umwuka ufunze. Ubu buryo ntiburinda gusa ikorwa rya firime kuri izi mvubura, ahubwo bunagabanya igihe gisabwa mu gutegura izindi mvange. Ariko, gukuraho amazi hakoreshejwe umwuka ufunze bituma umunyu urushaho gushushanya, bigatuma habaho irangi rinini.
Ubundi buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mu gusiga hejuru y'icyuma bukubiyemo gukora mu buryo butaziguye umunyu ukomoka ku bintu bikomoka ku binyabutabire. Ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe bikozwe n'uburyo aside ikora ku buso bw'icyuma bw'amababa n'imiyoboro bifite ibyiza byinshi, nk'uko byatangajwe mu bushakashatsi bwacu bwabanje. Gukoresha ubu buryo ku migozi byatumye habaho umusaruro mubi cyane bitewe no kurema imyuka mu gihe cyo gukora. Umuvuduko w'udusimba tw'umwuka wa hydrogen wiyongera imbere mu gice cy'icyuma kandi uhinduka uko umusaruro usohoka (Ishusho ya 14a).
Igipfundikizo cyahinduwe binyuze mu buryo bwa shimi kugira ngo kigenzure neza ubugari n'ikwirakwizwa ry'igipfundikizo. Ubu buryo burimo kunyuza umugezi w'igihu cya aside mu gipimo (Ishusho ya 14b). Biteganijwe ko ibi bizavamo igipfundikizo kimwe binyuze mu buryo bwa substrate metal. Ibisubizo byari bishimishije, ariko inzira yari itinze cyane ku buryo itafatwa nk'uburyo bwiza (Ishusho ya 14c). Igihe gito cyo gukora gishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bwaho.
Kugira ngo hakemurwe ingaruka mbi z'uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru, hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gusiga hakoreshejwe kole. HEC yatoranijwe hashingiwe ku bisubizo byatanzwe mu gice cyabanje. Ingero zose zateguwe ku kigero cya 3% wt. Igikoresho cyo gufunga kivangwa n'umunyu. Udupira twateguwe mbere hakurikijwe uburyo bumwe nk'ubwo ku mbavu, ni ukuvuga kwinika muri 50% vol. mu minota 15. aside sulfurike, hanyuma yinjizwa muri hydroxide ya sodiyumu mu masegonda 20, yogejwe mu mazi yaciwe hanyuma amaherezo yinjizwa mu mazi yaciwe mu minota 30. Muri iki gihe, hongeweho indi ntambwe mbere yo gutera. Shyira icyitegererezo mu buryo bw'umunyu mu buryo buto hanyuma wumishe kuri dogere selisiyusi 60. Ubu buryo bugamije guhindura ubuso bw'icyuma, hagakorwa ahantu hanini ho gukwirakwiza icyitegererezo mu cyiciro cya nyuma. Imiterere y'udupira ifite uruhande rumwe aho udupira tuba tworoshye kandi dufatanye neza, n'uruhande rutandukanye aho udupira tuba twinshi kandi tudakwirakwira cyane. Ibi ni umusaruro w'ibikorwa 52 byo gukora.
Ibisubizo bya calcium chloride (CaCl2) bikubiye mu ncamake kandi bigaragazwa n'amashusho ari mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Gutwikirwa neza nyuma yo guterwa. Ndetse n'imigozi idafite kristu igaragara hejuru yari ifite umucyo muke w'icyuma, bigaragaza impinduka mu kurangiza. Ariko, nyuma y'uko ingero zitewemo uruvange rw'amazi rwa CaCl2 na HEC hanyuma zikanikwa ku bushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 60, umwambaro washyizwe mu ihuriro ry'inyubako. Ibi ni ingaruka ziterwa n'umuvuduko w'ubuso bw'umuti. Nyuma yo kuvoma, amazi aguma mu ihuriro bitewe n'umuvuduko w'ubuso bwawo. Muri make biba aho ihuriro ry'inyubako rihurira. Uruhande rwiza rw'ingero rufite imyobo myinshi yuzuyemo umunyu. Uburemere bwiyongereyeho 0.06 g / cm3 nyuma yo guterwa.
Gusiga magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) byatanze umunyu mwinshi kuri buri gipimo (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Muri iki gihe, ubwiyongere bwapimwe ni 0.09 g / cm3. Uburyo bwo gutera imbuto bwatumye icyitegererezo gikwirakwira cyane. Nyuma yo gusiga, umunyu ufunga ibice binini by'uruhande rworoshye rw'icyitegererezo. Byongeye kandi, ibice bimwe na bimwe bya matte biraziba, ariko hari imyenge igumaho. Muri iki gihe, ikorwa ry'umunyu rigaragara byoroshye aho inyubako zihurira, byemeza ko uburyo bwo gusiga buterwa ahanini n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi, atari imikoranire iri hagati y'umunyu n'icyuma.
Ibisubizo byo guhuza strontium chloride (SrCl2) na HEC byagaragaje imiterere isa n'ingero zabanje (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Muri iki gihe, uruhande ruto rw'icyitegererezo rutwikiriwe hafi ya rwose. Uduce duto gusa nitwo tugaragara, twakozwe mu gihe cyo kuma bitewe n'isohoka ry'umwuka uva mu cyitegererezo. Imiterere yagaragaye ku ruhande rwa matte isa cyane n'iyabanje, agace karafunze umunyu kandi insinga ntizitwikiriwe neza.
Kugira ngo hasuzumwe ingaruka nziza z’imiterere y’urusobe rw’ibinyabutabire ku mikorere y’ubushyuhe bw’icyuma gihindura ubushyuhe, hagenwe uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bw’imiterere y’urusobe rw’ibinyabutabire byasizweho kandi bigereranywa n’ibikoresho byo kwambara neza. Uburyo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwapimwe hakurikijwe ASTM D 5470-2017 hakoreshejwe igikoresho cy’urusobe rw’ibinyabutabire kigaragara ku Ishusho ya 15a hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by’ingenzi bizwiho gutwara ubushyuhe. Ugereranyije n’ubundi buryo bwo gupima bw’igihe gito, iri hame ni ingirakamaro ku bikoresho bifite imyenge bikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu, kuko ibipimo bikorwa mu buryo buhamye kandi bifite ingano ihagije y’icyitegererezo (ubuso bw’ibanze 30 × 30 mm2, uburebure bwa mm2 hafi 15). Ingero z’ibikoresho byo kwambara neza (icyitegererezo) n’imiterere y’urusobe byateguwe kugira ngo bipimwe mu cyerekezo cya rusobe kandi bihuze n’icyerekezo cya rusobe kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka z’uburyo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwa anisotropic. Ingero zasizwe ku buso (P320 grit) kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka z’ubukana bw’ubuso bitewe no gutegura ingero, zitagaragaza imiterere iri muri urwo rusobe.