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ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka māhele mākeke o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe adsorption a me nā pā wela i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana compressor maʻamau. ʻOiai ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela haʻahaʻa (ma kahi o ka hana uila pipiʻi), ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana e pili ana i nā kumu adsorption i kekahi mau noi kikoʻī. ʻO ka hemahema nui e pono e hoʻopau ʻia ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka mana kikoʻī ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka adsorbent. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe adsorption ʻoihana i kēia manawa ma luna o nā adsorbers e pili ana i nā mea hoʻololi wela pā i uhi ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻomaha. Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia nā hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka uhi e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka impedance hoʻoili nui, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili i ka ratio leo o nā hale conductive e hoʻonui i ka mana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pono. Hiki i nā mea metala i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia hana ke hāʻawi i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī ma kahi o 2500-50,000 m2 / m3. ʻEkolu mau ʻano no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā uhi ʻili lahilahi akā kūpaʻa o nā wai paʻakai ma luna o nā ʻili metala, me nā fiber metala, no ka hana ʻana o nā uhi e hōʻike ana i kahi mea hoʻololi wela mana kiʻekiʻe. Ua koho ʻia ka mālama ʻana ma luna o ka anodizing alumini e hana i kahi paʻa ikaika ma waena o ka uhi a me ka substrate. Ua kālailai ʻia ka microstructure o ka ʻili i hopena me ka scanning electron microscopy. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ka huina hoʻohālikelike ʻo Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy a me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ua hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i ke ʻano o nā mea i makemake ʻia i ka hoʻāʻo. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā hydrates e ka hui ʻana i ka thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Loaʻa ka maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o 0.07 g (wai)/g (composite) i loko o ka uhi MgSO4, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka maloʻo ma kahi o 60 °C a hiki ke hana hou ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana. Loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi me SrCl2 a me ZnSO4 me kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma kahi o 0.02 g/g ma lalo o 100 °C. Ua koho ʻia ʻo Hydroxyethylcellulose ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui e hoʻonui i ka paʻa a me ka pili ʻana o ka uhi. Ua loiloi ʻia nā waiwai adsorptive o nā huahana e ka TGA-DTG i ka manawa like a ua ʻike ʻia ko lākou adhesion e kahi ala e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua i wehewehe ʻia ma ISO2409. Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi CaCl2 me ka mālama ʻana i kona hiki adsorption me kahi ʻokoʻa kaumaha ma kahi o 0.1 g/g ma nā mahana ma lalo o 100 °C. Eia kekahi, mālama ʻo MgSO4 i ka hiki ke hana i nā hydrates, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma mua o 0.04 g/g ma nā mahana ma lalo o 100 °C. ʻO ka hope, nānā ʻia nā ʻili metala i uhi ʻia. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa e hiki ke piʻi i ka 4.7 manawa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka conductivity wela o ka hale fiber i uhi ʻia me Al2(SO4)3 i ka nui o ka Al2(SO4)3 maʻemaʻe. Ua nānā ʻia ka uhi ʻana o nā ʻili i aʻo ʻia, a ua loiloi ʻia ke ʻano o loko me ke kiʻi microscopic o nā ʻāpana keʻa. Ua loaʻa kahi uhi o Al2(SO4)3 me ka mānoanoa o kahi o 50 µm, akā pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mahele like ʻole.
Ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui o nā ʻōnaehana adsorption i nā makahiki i hala aku nei i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ke kaiapuni i nā pamu wela hoʻoemi kuʻuna a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōnaehana refrigeration. Me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kūlana hōʻoluʻolu a me nā mahana awelika o ka honua, hiki i nā ʻōnaehana adsorption ke hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā wahie fossil i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka adsorption refrigeration a i ʻole nā ​​paila wela i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela, kahi e hōʻike ai i kahi hoʻonui hou i ka hiki ke hoʻohana pono i ka ikehu mua. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā paila wela adsorption a me nā ʻōnaehana refrigeration hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka haʻahaʻa wela wela. He kūpono kēia no nā kumu wela haʻahaʻa e like me ka ikehu lā a i ʻole ka wela wela. Ma nā ʻōlelo o nā noi mālama ikehu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka adsorption i ka nui o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama wela a i ʻole latent.
ʻO nā pāpaʻa wela Adsorption a me nā ʻōnaehana refrigeration e hahai i ka pōʻaiapuni thermodynamic like me ko lākou mau hoa hoʻoemi mahu. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana compressor me nā adsorbers. Hiki i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ke hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa i ka mahu ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa, e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻoi aʻe ke anuanu ka wai. Pono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaha mau o ka adsorber i mea e kāpae ʻia ai ka enthalpy o adsorption (exotherm). Hoʻokumu hou ʻia ka adsorber i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻoneʻe i ka mahu o ka refrigerant. Pono e hoʻomau ka hoʻomehana i ka enthalpy o ka desorption (endothermic). No ka mea, ʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana adsorption e nā loli wela, pono ka mana kiʻekiʻe i ka conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka hemahema nui i ka hapa nui o nā noi.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka conductivity ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna waiwai awelika ʻoiai e mālama ana i ke ala kaʻa e hāʻawi ai i ke kahe o nā mahu adsorption / desorption. ʻElua ala maʻamau e hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokō i kēia: nā mea hoʻololi wela hui a me nā mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia. ʻO nā mea hoʻohui kaulana loa a kūleʻa, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻohui kalapona, ʻo ia hoʻi ka graphite hoʻonui, carbon activated, a i ʻole carbon fibers. Oliveira et al. 2 i hoʻonui ʻia i ka pauka graphite me ka calcium chloride e hana i kahi adsorber me kahi mana hoʻomaha kūikawā (SCP) a hiki i 306 W/kg a me ka coefficient of performance (COP) a hiki i 0.46. Zajaczkowski et al. Manaʻo ʻo 3 i ka hui ʻana o ka graphite i hoʻonui ʻia, ke kalapona kalapona a me ka calcium chloride me ka huina conductivity o 15 W/mK. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Jian et al4 i nā mea hui me ka sulfuric acid i mālama ʻia i hoʻonui ʻia i ka graphite kūlohelohe (ENG-TSA) ma ke ʻano he substrate i kahi pōʻai hoʻomaha adsorption ʻelua. Ua wānana ke kumu hoʻohālike COP mai 0.215 a i 0.285 a me SCP mai 161.4 a i 260.74 W/kg.
ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa ka mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hana uhi o kēia mau mea hoʻololi wela i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: pololei synthesis a me nā adhesives. ʻO ke ala kūleʻa loa ʻo ia ka synthesis pololei, e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea adsorbing pono ma ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻololi wela mai nā reagents kūpono. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Sotech5 i kahi ala no ka synthesizing zeolite i uhi ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea ʻoluʻolu i hana ʻia e Fahrenheit GmbH. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Schnabel et al6 i ka hana o ʻelua zeolites i uhi ʻia ma ke kila kila. Eia nō naʻe, hana wale kēia ʻano me nā adsorbents kikoʻī, e hana ana i ka uhi ʻana me nā adhesives i mea hoihoi. ʻO nā mea paʻa nā mea paʻa i koho ʻia e kākoʻo i ka sorbent adhesion a/a i ʻole ka hoʻoili nui ʻana, akā ʻaʻohe kuleana i ka adsorption a i ʻole ka hoʻonui conductivity. ʻO Freni et al. ʻO 7 mau mea hoʻololi wela alumini i uhi ʻia me AQSOA-Z02 zeolite i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi mea hoʻopili pālolo. Ua aʻo ʻo Calabrese et al.8 i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā uhi zeolite me nā mea hoʻopili polymeric. Hāʻawi ʻo Ammann et al.9 i kahi ʻano hana no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā uhi porous zeolite mai nā huila magnetic o ka waiʻona polyvinyl. Hoʻohana ʻia ka alumina (alumina) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa 10 i ka adsorber. I ko mākou ʻike, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka cellulose a me ka hydroxyethyl cellulose i hui pū me nā adsorbents kino11,12. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kāpili no ka pena, akā hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu i ka hale 13 ma kāna iho. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā matrices polymer alginate me nā hydrates paʻakai he nui i hana ʻia i nā ʻano bead composite maʻalahi e pale ai i ka leakage i ka wā e hoʻomaloʻo ai a hāʻawi i ka hoʻoili nui ʻana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pālolo e like me ka bentonite a me ka attapulgite i mea hoʻopaʻa no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā composites15,16,17. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Ethylcellulose e microencapsulate calcium chloride18 a i ʻole sodium sulfide19.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā composites me kahi ʻano metala porous i nā mea hoʻololi wela hoʻohui a me nā mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia. ʻO ka maikaʻi o kēia mau hale ʻo ia ka ʻāpana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa kēia i kahi ʻili pili nui ma waena o ka adsorbent a me ka metala me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi inert mass, e hōʻemi ana i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ka pōʻai refrigeration. Lang et al. 20 ua hoʻomaikaʻi i ka conductivity holoʻokoʻa o kahi adsorber zeolite me kahi ʻano honeycomb alumina. ʻO Gillerminot et al. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo 21 i ka conductivity wela o nā papa zeolite NaX me ke keleawe a me ka nickel foam. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā composites e like me nā mea hoʻololi i ka pae (PCM), nā ʻike o Li et al. 22 a me Zhao et al. He 23 ka hoihoi no ka chemisorption. Ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i ka hana o ka graphite i hoʻonui ʻia a me ka ʻūhā metala a manaʻo ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā ʻaʻole pilikia ka corrosion. Palomba et al. ua hoʻohālikelike i nā hale porous ʻē aʻe24. Van der Pal et al. ua aʻo i nā paʻakai metala i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka huʻa 25 . ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mua a pau e pili ana i nā ʻāpana paʻa o nā adsorbents particulate. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā hale porous metala e kāhiko i nā adsorbers, ʻo ia ka hopena maikaʻi loa. Hiki ke loaʻa kahi laʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā zeolite ma Wittstadt et al. 26 akā ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i nā hydrates paʻakai ʻoiai ko lākou ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu 27 .
No laila, ʻekolu mau ʻano hana no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā uhi adsorbent e ʻimi ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala: (1) ka uhi paʻa, (2) ka pane pololei, a (3) ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili. ʻO Hydroxyethylcellulose ka mea hoʻopaʻa koho i kēia hana ma muli o ke kūpaʻa i hōʻike mua ʻia a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka uhi maikaʻi i hui pū ʻia me nā adsorbents kino. Ua noiʻi mua ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā uhi palahalaha a ma hope i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hale fiber metala. Ma mua, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi mua o ka hiki ʻana o nā hopena kemika me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā adsorbent coatings. Ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka ʻike ma mua i ka uhi ʻana o nā hale fiber metala. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻili i koho ʻia no kēia hana he ala e pili ana i ka anodizing alumini. Ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka anodizing alumini me nā paʻakai metala no nā kumu aesthetic29. I kēia mau hihia, hiki ke loaʻa nā uhi kūpaʻa a me ka corrosion. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i kekahi kaʻina hana adsorption a desorption. Hōʻike kēia pepa i kahi ʻano like ʻole o kēia ala e hiki ai ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka nuipaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai pili o ka hana kumu. I ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻole i aʻo mua ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano i wehewehe ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. Hōʻike lākou i kahi ʻenehana hou hoihoi loa no ka mea ua ʻae lākou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā uhi adsorbent hydrated, a he nui nā mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā adsorbents kino i aʻo pinepine ʻia.
Na ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he substrate no kēia mau hoʻokolohua. Loaʻa iā lākou he 98.11% aluminika, 1.3622% hao, 0.3618% manganese a me nā ʻāpana o ke keleawe, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium a me nickel.
Ua koho ʻia nā mea i koho ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā composites e like me ko lākou ʻano thermodynamic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka nui o ka wai e hiki ai iā lākou ke adsorb/desorb ma nā mahana ma lalo o 120°C.
ʻO Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kekahi o nā paʻakai hydrated hoihoi a aʻo ʻia 30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Ua ana ʻia nā waiwai thermodynamic a ua ʻike ʻia he kūpono ia no nā noi ma nā kahua o ka adsorption refrigeration, nā pā wela a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Kelemānia).
ʻO ka paʻakai ʻo Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) kekahi paʻakai i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia no ka mea he mau waiwai thermodynamic hoihoi kona hydrate41,42,43,44. Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% hoʻohana (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Kelemānia).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) a me kona hydrates i thermodynamic waiwai kūpono no ka haʻahaʻa wela adsorption kaʻina hana45,46. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Kelemānia).
ʻO Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) kekahi mau waiwai thermodynamic hoihoi4,45,47 ʻoiai ua hui pinepine ʻia me ka amonia i loko o ka adsorption heat pump a i ʻole ka noiʻi mālama mālama. ʻO Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka synthesis.
ʻAʻole ʻo Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) i waena o nā hydrates i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ka palapala ʻoihana, ʻoiai ʻo kona mau waiwai thermodynamic he mea hoihoi no nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa48,49. Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka synthesis.
ʻO Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) kekahi o nā paʻakai hydrated i loaʻa hou i ka nānā ʻana ma ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela50,51. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 maʻemaʻe lāʻau lapaʻau (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Kelemānia) no nā hoʻokolohua.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ua koho ʻia ka hydroxyethyl cellulose ma muli o nā hopena maikaʻi i nā noi like. ʻO ka mea i hoʻohanaʻia i kā mākou synthesis he hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Hana ʻia nā ʻili metala mai nā uwea pōkole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka sintering, kahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo crucible melt extraction (CME)52. ʻO ke ʻano o kā lākou thermal conductivity ʻaʻole wale i ka conductivity bulk o nā metala i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana a me ka porosity o ka hoʻolālā hope, akā i ka maikaʻi o nā mea paʻa ma waena o nā kaula. ʻAʻole isotropic nā fibers a makemake ʻia e kahele ʻia i kekahi kuhikuhi i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka conductivity thermal i ke ala transverse.
Ua noiʻi ʻia nā waiwai hoʻoheheʻe wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu maloʻo (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). Ua hana ʻia nā ana i loko o kahi ea hau hau e kahe ana i ka 10 ml / min a me kahi pae wela mai 25 a 150 ° C i nā crucibles alumini oxide. ʻO ka helu hoʻomehana he 1 °C / min, ʻokoʻa ke kaumaha o ka hāpana mai 10 a 20 mg, ʻo 0.1 μg ka hopena. Ma kēia hana, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui o kēlā me kēia ʻili he nui ka maopopo ʻole. ʻO nā laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia ma TGA-DTG he liʻiliʻi loa a ʻoki ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea i pololei ʻole ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kā lākou wahi. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau waiwai i kahi ʻāpana nui inā e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā deviations nui.
Attenuated total reflect Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra i loaʻa ma Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Kelemānia) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kōkua platinum ATR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Kelemānia). Ua ana pololei ʻia ke ʻano o nā kristal daimana maloʻo maʻemaʻe i loko o ka ʻūhā ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā laʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu no nā ana hoʻokolohua. Ua ana ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ka hakahaka me ka hoʻonā spectral o 2 cm-1 a me ka helu awelika o nā scans o 32. Wavennumber range from 8000 to 500 cm-1. Ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana Spectral me ka polokalamu OPUS.
Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana SEM me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi DSM 982 Gemini mai Zeiss ma ka wikiwiki o nā voltages o 2 a me 5 kV. Ua hana ʻia ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) me ka Thermo Fischer System 7 me ka Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
ʻO ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i nā papa metala i hanaʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana e like me ka mea i ho'ākākaʻia ma 53. ʻO ka mua, e hoʻokomo i ka pā i ka 50% sulfuric acid. 15 minuke. A laila hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o ka solution 1 M sodium hydroxide no kahi o 10 kekona. A laila holoi ʻia nā laʻana me ka nui o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe no 30 mau minuke. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana i ka ʻili, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana i loko o kahi hopena saturated 3%. HEC a me ka paʻakai paʻakai. ʻO ka hope, lawe iā lākou i waho a hoʻomaloʻo iā lākou ma 60 ° C.
ʻO ke ʻano anodizing e hoʻonui a hoʻoikaika i ka papa oxide kūlohelohe ma ka metala passive. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana alumini me ka sulfuric acid i kahi kūlana paʻakikī a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wai wela. Ua hahai ka anodizing i ka etching mua me 1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) a me ka neutralization ma 1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s). ʻO ka solution electrolyte kahi hui ʻana o 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, a me 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. Hana ʻia ka anodizing ma (40 ± 1) ° C, 30 mA/cm2 no 1200 kekona. Ua hanaʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa ma nāʻano brine solution e like me ia i ho'ākākaʻia ma nā mea (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Hoʻomoʻa ʻia ka hāpana i loko ona no 1800 kekona.
ʻEkolu mau ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hana ʻana i nā composites i noiʻi ʻia: ka uhi paʻa, ka pane pololei, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi a me nā pōʻino o kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa e nānā ʻia a kūkākūkā ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nānā pololei, nanoimaging, a me kemika/element analysis no ka loiloi i nā hopena.
Ua koho ʻia ʻo Anodizing e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻonui ai i ka pili ʻana o nā hydrates paʻakai. Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano lapaʻau i kahi ʻano porous o ka alumina (alumina) pololei ma ka ʻili alumini. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu kēia ʻano: hana ka pae mua i kahi ʻano porous o ka alumini oxide, a ʻo ka lua o ka hana e hana i kahi uhi o ka alumini hydroxide e pani i nā pores. ʻElua mau ala no ka pale ʻana i ka paʻakai me ka pale ʻole i ke komo ʻana i ka pae kinoea. ʻO ka mua he ʻōnaehana honeycomb me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu liʻiliʻi alumini oxide (Al2O3) i loaʻa i ka hana mua e hoʻopaʻa i nā kristal adsorbent a hoʻonui i kona pili ʻana i nā ʻili metala. ʻO ka hopena o nā honeycombs he 50 nm ke anawaena a he 200 nm ka lōʻihi (Fig. 1a). E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ua pani ʻia kēia mau lua i ka lua me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o Al2O(OH)2 boehmite i kākoʻo ʻia e ke kaʻina hana paila alumina. Ma ke kaʻina hana ʻelua, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano e hopu ʻia ai nā kristal paʻakai i loko o kahi papa uhi like ʻole o ka boehmite (Al2O(OH)), ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka sila ʻana i kēia hihia. Hoʻokō ʻia ka hana ʻelua i kahi hopena saturated o ka paʻakai pili. Loaʻa ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona i wehewehe ʻia ma ka laulā o 50-100 nm a me ke ʻano o nā kulu paʻi (Fig. 1b). ʻO ka ʻili i loaʻa ma muli o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana he ʻano spatial i haʻi ʻia me kahi wahi pili i hoʻonui ʻia. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona ili, me kā lākou mau hoʻonohonoho hoʻopaʻa ʻana he mea kūpono no ka lawe ʻana a paʻa i nā kristal paʻakai. ʻIke ʻia nā hale ʻelua i wehewehe ʻia he porous maoli a loaʻa nā lua liʻiliʻi i kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i nā hydrates paʻakai a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mahu i ka paʻakai i ka wā e hana ai ka adsorber. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻike kumu o kēia mau ʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā EDX i ka nui o ka magnesium a me ka sulfur ma ka ʻili o ka boehmite, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻili alumina.
Ua hōʻoia ka ATR-FTIR o ka hāpana he magnesium sulfate ka mea (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 2b). Hōʻike ka spectrum i nā piko ion sulfate maʻamau ma 610–680 a me 1080–1130 cm–1 a me nā piko wai lattice maʻamau ma 1600–1700 cm–1 a me 3200–3800 cm–1 (e nānā i ke kiʻi 2a, c). ). ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka spectrum54 ka hiki ʻana o nā ion magnesium.
(a) EDX o kahi papa alumini MgSO4 i uhi ʻia i ka boehmite, (b) ATR-FTIR kikoʻī o nā uhi boehmite a me MgSO4, (c) ATR-FTIR kikoʻī o MgSO4 maʻemaʻe.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia e TGA ka mālama ʻana i ka pono adsorption. Ma ka fig. Hōʻike ʻo 3b i kahi kiʻekiʻe desorption o approx. 60°C. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia piko i ka mahana o nā piko ʻelua i ʻike ʻia ma TGA o ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe (Fig. 3a). Ua loiloi ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka pōʻai adsorption-desorption, a ua ʻike ʻia ka pihi like ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i nā laʻana i loko o kahi ea humid (Fig. 3c). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia ma ka lua o ka desorption ʻo ia paha ka hopena o ka dehydration i loko o kahi ea kahe, no ka mea, alakaʻi pinepine kēia i ka dehydration ʻole. Hoʻopili kēia mau waiwai i ka 17.9 g/m2 i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana mua a me 10.3 g/m2 i ka hoʻoheheʻe lua.
Ka hoohalike ana o ka TGA ana o boehmite a me MgSO4: TGA ana o ka maemae MgSO4 (a), huikau (b) a ma hope o rehydration (c).
Ua hana ʻia ke ʻano like me ka calcium chloride e like me adsorbent. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke Kiʻi 4. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili i hōʻike ʻia i nā loli liʻiliʻi o ka ʻālohilohi metala. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hulu. Ua hōʻoia ʻo SEM i ka hele ʻana o nā kristal liʻiliʻi i puʻunaue like ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻo TGA i ka wai maloʻo ma lalo o 150°C. ʻO kēia paha ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o ka substrate no ka ʻike ʻana e TGA.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili o ke keleawe sulfate ma ke ʻano anodizing. 5. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole i hiki mai ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o CuSO4 i loko o ka hale Al oxide. Akā, ʻike ʻia nā nila ʻaloʻalo e like me ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 i hoʻohana ʻia me nā kala turquoise maʻamau.
Ua ho'āʻo pū ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau anodized me ka strontium chloride. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka uhi like ʻole (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 6a). No ka hoʻoholo inā ua uhi ka paʻakai i ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa, ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi EDX. ʻO ke kaha no kahi kiko ma kahi hina (helu 1 ma Fig. 6b) e hōʻike ana i ka strontium liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ka alumini. Hōʻike kēia i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka strontium ma ka ʻāpana i ana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hōʻike ana i kahi uhi haʻahaʻa o ka strontium chloride. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā wahi keʻokeʻo he kiʻekiʻe o ka strontium a me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka alumini (nā helu 2-6 ma Fig. 6b). Hōʻike ka hōʻike EDX o ka wahi keʻokeʻo i nā kiko ʻeleʻele (nā kiko 2 a me 4 i ka Fig. 6b), haʻahaʻa i ka chlorine a kiʻekiʻe i ka sulfur. Hōʻike paha kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o strontium sulfate. Hōʻike nā kiko māmā i ka nui o ka chlorine a me ka sulfur haʻahaʻa (nā kiko 3, 5, a me 6 ma ke kiʻi 6b). Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka hapa nui o ka uhi keʻokeʻo i loko o ka strontium chloride i manaʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻoia ka TGA o ka laʻana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka nānā ʻana me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano wela o ka strontium chloride maʻemaʻe (Fig. 6c). Hiki ke ho'āponoʻia ko lākou waiwai liʻiliʻi e kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me ka nui o ke kākoʻo metala. ʻO ka nui desorption i hoʻoholo ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka nui o 7.3 g/m2 i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia wahi o ka adsorber ma kahi mahana o 150 °C.
Ua hoʻāʻo pū ʻia nā ʻāpana zinc sulfate i mālama ʻia e Eloxal. ʻO ka Macroscopically, ʻo ka uhi ʻana he ʻāpana lahilahi a ʻano like ʻole (Fig. 7a). Eia naʻe, hōʻike ʻo SEM i kahi ʻāpana i uhi ʻia me nā kristal liʻiliʻi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā wahi ʻole (Fig. 7b). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka TGA o ka uhi a me ka substrate me ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe (Figure 7c). Loaʻa i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe hoʻokahi piko asymmetric ma 59.1°C. Ua hōʻike ka alumini i uhi ʻia i ʻelua mau piko liʻiliʻi ma 55.5 ° C a me 61.3 ° C, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka zinc sulfate hydrate. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ka 10.9 g/m2 ma kahi mahana dehydration o 150°C.
E like me ka noi mua53, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hydroxyethyl cellulose ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka paʻa o ka uhi sorbent. Ua loiloi ʻia e TGA ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hopena i ka hana adsorption. Hoʻokō ʻia ka loiloi e pili ana i ka nui o ka nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hāpana me kahi pā metala i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pani pani. Hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻo Adhesion e kahi hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ka hōʻike cross notch i wehewehe ʻia ma ka kikoʻī ISO2409 (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka kikoʻī hoʻokaʻawale notch ma muli o ka mānoanoa kikoʻī a me ka laulā).
ʻO ka uhi ʻana i nā paneli me ka calcium chloride (CaCl2) (e ʻike i ka Fig. 8a) i hopena i ka puʻunaue like ʻole, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka uhi alumini maʻemaʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana notch transverse. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hopena no ka CaCl2 maʻemaʻe, hōʻike ʻo TGA (Fig. 8b) i ʻelua mau piko hiʻohiʻona i neʻe ʻia i nā wela haʻahaʻa o 40 a me 20 ° C. ʻAʻole ʻae ka hoʻāʻo ʻaoʻao i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana no ka mea ʻo ka laʻana CaCl2 maʻemaʻe (ka laʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma Fig. 8c) he pauka pauka, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā ʻāpana ʻoi loa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena HEC i kahi uhi lahilahi a ʻaʻahu me ka hoʻopili ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka fig. 8b pili i ka 51.3 g/m2 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka adsorber ma kahi mahana o 150 ° C.
Loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka adhesion a me ka like ʻole me ka magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (e nānā i ke kiʻi 9). ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ke kaʻina desorption o ka uhi ʻana i hōʻike ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka approx. 60°C. Pili kēia mahana i ka pae desorption nui i ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā paʻakai maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe ma 44°C. E pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hexahydrate i ka pentahydrate a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka hihia o nā uhi me nā mea hoʻopili. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua ʻāpana keʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā uhi i hana ʻia me ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i ʻike ʻia ma TGA-DTC e like me 18.4 g/m2 no kēlā me kēia wahi o ka adsorber ma kahi mahana o 150 ° C.
Ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻili, ua uhi ʻole ʻia ka strontium chloride (SrCl2) ma nā ʻili (Fig. 10a). Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo notch transverse i ka hāʻawi like ʻana me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana (Fig. 10c). Hōʻike ka hōʻike TGA i kahi ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi loa i ke kaumaha, pono ia ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka paʻakai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka substrate metala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻanuʻu ma ka pihi e hōʻike i ke ʻano o kahi kaʻina dehydration, ʻoiai ua pili ka piko me ka mahana i loaʻa i ka wā e hōʻike ana i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā piko ma 110 ° C a me 70.2 ° C i ʻike ʻia ma Fig. Loaʻa ka 10b i ka wā e nānā ana i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka pae dehydration nui i ʻike ʻia i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe ma 50 ° C i nā pihi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻopili. ʻO ka mea likeʻole, ua hōʻike ka hui hoʻopili iʻelua mau piko ma 20.2 ° C a me 94.1 ° C,ʻaʻole i anaʻia no ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe (Fig. 10b). Ma kahi mahana o 150 °C, ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa nui i ʻike ʻia me 7.2 g/m2 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka adsorber.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka hui pū ʻana o HEC a me ka zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) i nā hopena i ʻae ʻia (Figure 11). ʻAʻole hōʻike ka loiloi TGA o ka metala i uhi ʻia i nā kaʻina dehydration. ʻOiai ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi, ʻoi aku ka mamao o kāna mau waiwai mai ka maikaʻi.
ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa e kāhiko ai i nā fiber metala me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi a ʻaʻahu hoʻi ʻo ia ka impregnation pulu (Fig. 12a), ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka paʻakai paʻakai a me ka impregnation o nā fiber metala me kahi wai wai.
I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka impregnation pulu, ʻelua mau pilikia nui e hālāwai ai. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻo ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka wai paʻakai e pale i ka hoʻokomo pono ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka hale porous. Hiki ke hoemi ia ka crystallization ma ka ili o waho (Fig. 12d) a me ka ea i paa i loko o ka hale (Fig. 12c) ma ka hooemi ana i ka ili o ka ili a me ka pulu ana i ka laana me ka wai i hooheheeia. ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka ea i loko a i ʻole ma ka hana ʻana i kahi kahe hopena i loko o ka hale, he mau ala maikaʻi ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana o ka hale.
ʻO ka lua o ka pilikia i loaʻa i ka wā hoʻomākaukau, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai kahi ʻāpana o ka paʻakai (e nānā i ka Fig. 12b). Hōʻike ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi uhi maloʻo ma ka ʻili o ka dissolution, kahi e hoʻōki ai i ka hoʻomaloʻo convectively stimulated a hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoulu ʻia. ʻOi aku ka lohi o ka mīkini ʻelua ma mua o ka mea mua. ʻO ka hopena, koi ʻia kahi wela kiʻekiʻe no kahi manawa maloʻo kūpono, e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia o nā ʻōpū e hana ʻia i loko o ka hāpana. Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia pilikia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ala ʻē aʻe o ka crystallization ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana (evaporation), akā ma ka hoʻololi wela (e like me ka laʻana me MgSO4 ma Fig. 13).
Hōʻike schematic o ke kaʻina crystallization i ka wā hoʻoluʻu a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pae paʻa a me ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MgSO4.
Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā haʻina paʻakai ma luna a i ʻole ma luna o ka lumi wela (HT) me kēia ʻano hana. I ka hihia mua, ua koi ʻia ka crystallization ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mahana ma lalo o ke ana wela. I ka lua o ka hihia, crystallization i ka wā i hoʻomaloʻo ka hāpana i ka lumi wela (RT). ʻO ka hopena he hui ʻana o nā kristal (B) a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (A), ka ʻāpana wai o ia mea e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka ea paʻa. ʻAʻole pale wale kēia ala i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma kēia mau hydrates, akā e hōʻemi ana hoʻi i ka manawa i koi ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā composites ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka wai e ka ea paʻa e alakaʻi i ka crystallization hou aʻe o ka paʻakai, ka hopena i kahi uhi mānoanoa.
ʻO ke ala ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i nā ʻili metala e pili ana i ka hana pololei ʻana o nā paʻakai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma o nā hopena kemika. ʻO nā mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia e ka hopena o nā ʻakika ma nā ʻili metala o nā ʻili a me nā paipu he nui nā pono, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma kā mākou noiʻi mua. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana i nā fibers i alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kinoea i ka wā o ka hopena. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kaomi o nā ʻeaea hydrogen i loko o ka ʻimi noiʻi a hoʻololi i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka huahana (Fig. 14a).
Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka uhi ʻana ma o ka hopena kemika i mea e hoʻomalu maikaʻi ai i ka mānoanoa a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka uhi. ʻO kēia ʻano hana e pili ana i ka hele ʻana i kahi kahawai noe waika ma o ka hāpana (Figure 14b). Manaʻo ʻia kēia e loaʻa i kahi uhi like ʻole e ka pane ʻana me ka metala substrate. Ua ʻoluʻolu nā hopena, akā ua lohi ke kaʻina hana i manaʻo ʻia he ala kūpono (Fig. 14c). Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā manawa pane pōkole ma ka hoʻomehana kūloko.
No ka lanakila ʻana i nā hemahema o nā ʻano i luna, ua aʻo ʻia kahi ʻano uhi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā adhesives. Ua koho ʻia ʻo HEC ma muli o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pauku mua. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana a pau ma 3% wt. Hoʻohui ʻia ka paʻakai me ka paʻakai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia nā fiber e like me ke kaʻina hana e like me nā iwi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ia hoʻi i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i 50% vol. i loko o 15 mau minuke. ʻakika sulfuric, a laila hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka sodium hydroxide no 20 kekona, holoi ʻia i ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe no 30 mau minuke. I kēia hihia, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hana hou ma mua o ka impregnation. E hoʻokomo pōkole i ka hāpana i loko o kahi wai paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a maloʻo ma kahi o 60°C. Hoʻolālā ʻia ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi i ka ʻili o ka metala, e hana ana i nā kahua nucleation e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka uhi i ka pae hope. He ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi ka ʻaoʻao fibrous kahi ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o nā filament a paʻa paʻa, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe kahi i ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o nā filament a me ka liʻiliʻi. ʻO kēia ka hopena o nā kaʻina hana 52.
Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hopena no ka calcium chloride (CaCl2) me nā kiʻi ma ka Papa 1. ʻO ka uhi maikaʻi ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. ʻO kēlā mau kaula i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili, ua hōʻemi i ka noʻonoʻo metala, e hōʻike ana i kahi loli i ka pau ʻana. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā laʻana me kahi hui wai o CaCl2 a me HEC a maloʻo ma kahi mahana o 60 ° C, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā uhi ma nā intersection o nā hale. He hopena kēia ma muli o ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili. Ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, noho ka wai i loko o ka hāpana ma muli o ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili. Hana ʻia ia ma ka hui ʻana o nā hale. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi loa o ka specimen he mau puka i piha i ka paʻakai. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kaumaha e 0.06 g/cm3 ma hope o ka uhi ʻana.
ʻO ka uhi ʻana me ka magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) i hoʻonui i ka paʻakai no kēlā me kēia leo (Paukū 2). I kēia hihia, ʻo 0.09 g/cm3 ka piʻi ʻana. ʻO ke kaʻina hoʻohua i loaʻa i ka uhi laʻana nui. Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana uhi, paʻakai ka paʻakai i nā wahi nui o ka ʻaoʻao lahilahi o ka hāpana. Eia kekahi, paʻa kekahi mau wahi o ka matte, akā paʻa kekahi porosity. I kēia hihia, ʻike maʻalahi ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka paʻakai ma ke kikowaena o nā hale, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ʻo ke kaʻina o ka uhi ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka wai, ʻaʻole ka pilina ma waena o ka paʻakai a me ka substrate metala.
ʻO nā hopena no ka hui pū ʻana o ka strontium chloride (SrCl2) a me HEC i hōʻike i nā waiwai like me nā laʻana mua (Table 3). I kēia hihia, ʻaneʻane uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao lahilahi o ka hāpana. ʻIke ʻia nā pores pākahi wale nō, i hana ʻia i ka wā maloʻo ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mahu mai ka hāpana. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao matte e like loa me ka hihia mua, ua paʻa ka wahi i ka paʻakai a ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia nā fibers.
I mea e loiloi ai i ka hopena maikaʻi o ka hale fibrous ma ka hana wela o ka mea hoʻololi wela, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka conductivity thermal kūpono o ka hale fibrous i uhi ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea uhi maʻemaʻe. Ua ana ʻia ka hoʻoili wela e like me ka ASTM D 5470-2017 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa papa pālahalaha i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 15a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kuhikuhi me ka conductivity thermal i ʻike ʻia. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ana transient ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia kumumanaʻo no nā mea porous i hoʻohana ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia nā ana ma kahi kūlana paʻa a me ka nui o ka laʻana (wahi kumu 30 × 30 mm2, kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 15 mm). Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana o ka mea uhi maʻemaʻe (kuʻi) a me ke ʻano o ka fiber i uhi ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ke kuhikuhi o ka fiber a pololei i ke kuhikuhi o ka fiber e loiloi i ka hopena o ka conductivity thermal anisotropic. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike ma luna o ka ʻili (P320 grit) e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka ʻeleʻele o ka ʻili ma muli o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka specimen, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ke ʻano i loko o ke ʻano.