Mahalo no ke kipa ʻana iā Nature.com. Loaʻa i ka mana polokalamu kele pūnaewele āu e hoʻohana nei ke kākoʻo CSS palena. No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele i hōʻano hou ʻia (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma Internet Explorer). I kēia manawa, no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kākoʻo mau, e hōʻike mākou i ka pūnaewele me ka ʻole o nā kaila a me JavaScript.
ʻO ka māhele mākeke o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili adsorption a me nā pamu wela he liʻiliʻi nō ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana compressor kuʻuna. ʻOiai ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela haʻahaʻa (ma kahi o ka hana uila pipiʻi), ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo adsorption ua kaupalena ʻia i kekahi mau noi kikoʻī. ʻO ka hemahema nui e pono e hoʻopau ʻia ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka mana kikoʻī ma muli o ka conductivity thermal haʻahaʻa a me ka paʻa haʻahaʻa o ka adsorbent. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili adsorption kalepa o kēia manawa e pili ana i nā adsorbers e pili ana i nā mea hoʻololi wela pā i uhi ʻia e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻalili. Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia nā hopena ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka uhi ʻana e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka impedance hoʻoili nuipa, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lakio o ka ʻili i ka nui o nā hale conductive e hoʻonui i ka mana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka pono. Hiki i nā olonā metala i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia hana ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻili kikoʻī ma ka laulā o 2500-50,000 m2/m3. ʻEkolu mau ʻano no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā uhi lahilahi loa akā paʻa o nā hydrates paʻakai ma nā ʻili metala, me nā olonā metala, no ka hana ʻana o nā uhi e hōʻike ana no ka manawa mua i kahi mea hoʻololi wela mana kiʻekiʻe. Ua koho ʻia ka mālama ʻili e pili ana i ka anodizing alumini e hana i kahi pilina ikaika ma waena o ka uhi a me ka substrate. Ua kālailai ʻia ka microstructure o ka ʻili hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microscopy electron scanning. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka spectroscopy infrared Fourier transform reflection total i hoʻemi ʻia a me ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive ikehu e nānā i ke alo o nā ʻano i makemake ʻia i ka assay. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā hydrates e ka loiloi thermogravimetric hui pū ʻia (TGA) / loiloi thermogravimetric differential (DTG). Ua loaʻa ka maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o 0.07 g (wai) / g (composite) i loko o ka uhi MgSO4, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka dehydration ma kahi o 60 °C a hiki ke hana hou ʻia ma hope o ka rehydration. Ua loaʻa pū nā hopena maikaʻi me SrCl2 a me ZnSO4 me ka ʻokoʻa nui o kahi o 0.02 g / g ma lalo o 100 °C. Ua koho ʻia ʻo Hydroxyethylcellulose ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi. Ua loiloi ʻia nā waiwai adsorptive o nā huahana e ka TGA-DTG like a ua hōʻike ʻia ko lākou hoʻopili ʻana e kahi ʻano hana e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua i wehewehe ʻia ma ISO2409. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ke kūlike a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi CaCl2 me ka mālama ʻana i kona hiki ke adsorption me ka ʻokoʻa kaumaha ma kahi o 0.1 g/g ma nā mahana ma lalo o 100 °C. Eia kekahi, mālama ʻo MgSO4 i ka hiki ke hana i nā hydrates, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma mua o 0.04 g/g ma nā mahana ma lalo o 100 °C. ʻO ka hope loa, ua nānā ʻia nā olonā metala i uhi ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena hiki i ka conductivity thermal maikaʻi o ke ʻano fiber i uhi ʻia me Al2(SO4)3 ke 4.7 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o Al2(SO4)3 maʻemaʻe. Ua nānā ʻia ka uhi ʻana o nā uhi i aʻo ʻia ma ka ʻike maka, a ua loiloi ʻia ke ʻano o loko me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kiʻi microscopic o nā ʻāpana kea. Ua loaʻa kahi uhi o Al2(SO4)3 me ka mānoanoa o kahi o 50 µm, akā pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa e hoʻokō i kahi hoʻolaha like.
Ua loaʻa i nā ʻōnaehana adsorption ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i kahi koho ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni i nā pamu wela compression kuʻuna a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻōnaehana refrigeration. Me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kūlana hōʻoluʻolu a me nā mahana awelika honua, hiki i nā ʻōnaehana adsorption ke hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā wahie fossil i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia kekahi hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka refrigeration adsorption a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​pumps wela i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu thermal, kahi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻohana pono i ka ikehu mua. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā pamu wela adsorption a me nā ʻōnaehana refrigeration hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka nui o ka wela haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia ka mea e kūpono ai lākou no nā kumu mahana haʻahaʻa e like me ka ikehu lā a i ʻole ka wela ʻōpala. Ma ke ʻano o nā noi mālama ikehu, loaʻa i ka adsorption ka pōmaikaʻi o ka nui o ka ikehu a me ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama wela sensible a i ʻole latent.
Hahai nā pamu wela adsorption a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili i ke kaʻina hana thermodynamic like me ko lākou mau hoa hoʻopili mahu. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻāpana compressor me nā adsorbers. Hiki i ka element ke adsorb i ka mahu refrigerant haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma nā mahana kūpono, e hoʻomāhu ana i ka refrigerant hou aʻe ʻoiai ke anuanu ka wai. Pono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaʻalili mau ʻana o ka adsorber i mea e kāpae ai i ka enthalpy o ka adsorption (exotherm). Hoʻoulu hou ʻia ka adsorber ma ke ana wela kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ka mahu refrigerant. Pono e hoʻomau ka hoʻomehana ʻana e hāʻawi i ka enthalpy o ka desorption (endothermic). No ka mea, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana adsorption e nā loli o ka mahana, pono ka conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe i ka density mana kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka conductivity thermal haʻahaʻa ka hemahema nui loa i ka hapa nui o nā noi.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka conductivity ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona waiwai awelika me ka mālama ʻana i ke ala halihali e hāʻawi ana i ke kahe o nā mahu adsorption/desorption. ʻElua mau ala e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻokō ai i kēia: nā mea hoʻololi wela composite a me nā mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia. ʻO nā mea composite kaulana loa a holomua hoʻi nā mea e hoʻohana ana i nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kalapona, ʻo ia hoʻi ka graphite i hoʻonui ʻia, ke kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​fiber kalapona. Ua hoʻopiha ʻo Oliveira et al. 2 i ka pauka graphite i hoʻonui ʻia me ka calcium chloride e hana i kahi adsorber me kahi mana hoʻoluʻu kikoʻī (SCP) a hiki i ka 306 W/kg a me kahi coefficient of performance (COP) a hiki i ka 0.46. Ua hāpai ʻo Zajaczkowski et al. 3 i kahi hui pū ʻana o ka graphite i hoʻonui ʻia, ke kalapona fiber a me ka calcium chloride me ka conductivity holoʻokoʻa o 15 W/mK. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Jian et al4 i nā composites me ka sulfuric acid i mālama ʻia me ka graphite kūlohelohe i hoʻonui ʻia (ENG-TSA) ma ke ʻano he substrate i loko o kahi pōʻaiapuni hoʻoluʻu adsorption ʻelua-paepae. Ua wānana ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka COP mai 0.215 a i 0.285 a me SCP mai 161.4 a i 260.74 W/kg.
ʻO ka hopena kūpono loa ka mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hana uhi o kēia mau mea hoʻololi wela i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: synthesis pololei a me nā mea hoʻopili. ʻO ke ʻano holomua loa ka synthesis pololei, e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea adsorbing pololei ma luna o ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻololi wela mai nā reagents kūpono. Ua patent ʻo Sotech5 i kahi ʻano hana no ka synthesizing zeolite i uhi ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko o kahi moʻo o nā mea hoʻoluʻu i hana ʻia e Fahrenheit GmbH. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Schnabel et al6 i ka hana o ʻelua zeolites i uhi ʻia ma ke kila kila. Eia nō naʻe, hana wale kēia ʻano hana me nā adsorbents kikoʻī, kahi e hana ai i ka uhi ʻana me nā mea hoʻopili i kahi koho hoihoi. ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa he mau mea passive i koho ʻia e kākoʻo i ka hoʻopili sorbent a me/a i ʻole ka hoʻoili nui ʻana, akā ʻaʻohe kuleana i ka adsorption a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka conductivity. ʻO Freni et al. 7 mau mea hoʻololi wela alumini i uhi ʻia me ka zeolite AQSOA-Z02 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi mea hoʻopaʻa lepo. Ua aʻo ʻo Calabrese et al.8 i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā uhi zeolite me nā mea hoʻopaʻa polymeric. Ua hāpai ʻo Ammann et al.9 i kahi ʻano hana no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā uhi zeolite porous mai nā hui magnetic o ka polyvinyl alcohol. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ʻo Alumina (alumina) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa 10 i loko o ka adsorber. I ko mākou ʻike, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka cellulose a me ka hydroxyethyl cellulose me nā adsorbents kino11,12. I kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kāpili no ka pena, akā hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu i ke ʻano 13 ma kāna iho. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā matrices polymer alginate me nā hydrates paʻakai he nui e hana i nā ʻano bead composite flexible e pale ai i ka leakage i ka wā maloʻo a hāʻawi i ka hoʻoili nui kūpono. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pālolo e like me ka bentonite a me ka attapulgite ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā composites15,16,17. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Ethylcellulose e microencapsulate calcium chloride18 a i ʻole sodium sulfide19.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Composites me kahi ʻano metala porous i nā mea hoʻololi wela hoʻohui a me nā mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia mau ʻano, ʻo ia ka ʻili kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia ka hopena i kahi ʻili pili nui ma waena o ka adsorbent a me ka metala me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi nui inert, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ke kaʻina hana refrigeration. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Lang et al. 20 i ka conductivity holoʻokoʻa o kahi adsorber zeolite me kahi ʻano honeycomb alumini. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Gillerminot et al. 21 i ka conductivity thermal o nā papa zeolite NaX me ke keleawe a me ka nickel foam. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā composites ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻololi pae (PCM), ʻo nā ʻike a Li et al. 22 a me Zhao et al. 23 he mea hoihoi nō hoʻi no ka chemisorption. Ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i ka hana o ka graphite i hoʻonui ʻia a me ka huʻa metala a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ka mea hope he mea makemake wale nō inā ʻaʻole he pilikia ka corrosion. Ua hoʻohālikelike hou ʻo Palomba et al. i nā ʻano metala porous ʻē aʻe24. Ua aʻo ʻo Van der Pal et al. i nā paʻakai metala i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā huʻa 25. Pili nā hiʻohiʻona mua a pau i nā papa mānoanoa o nā adsorbents particulate. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano metala porous e uhi i nā adsorbers, ʻo ia kahi hopena kūpono loa. Hiki ke loaʻa kahi laʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā zeolites ma Wittstadt et al. 26 akā ʻaʻohe hoʻāʻo i hana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i nā hydrates paʻakai ʻoiai ko lākou nui o ka ikehu 27.
No laila, e ʻimi ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻano no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā uhi adsorbent ma kēia ʻatikala: (1) ka uhi ʻana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa, (2) ka hopena pololei, a me (3) ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili. ʻO Hydroxyethylcellulose ka mea hoʻopaʻa i koho ʻia ma kēia hana ma muli o ke kūpaʻa i hōʻike mua ʻia a me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana o ka uhi ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana me nā adsorbents kino. Ua noiʻi mua ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā uhi pālahalaha a ma hope ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻano fiber metala. Ma mua, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi mua o ka hiki ke hana i nā hopena kemika me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā uhi adsorbent. Ke hoʻoili ʻia nei ka ʻike ma mua i ka uhi ʻana o nā ʻano fiber metala. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili i koho ʻia no kēia hana he ʻano hana e pili ana i ka anodizing alumini. Ua hui pū ʻia ka anodizing alumini me nā paʻakai metala no nā kumu aesthetic29. I kēia mau hihia, hiki ke loaʻa nā uhi paʻa loa a pale i ka corrosion. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i kekahi kaʻina hana adsorption a desorption paha. Hōʻike kēia pepa i kahi ʻano like ʻole o kēia ʻano hana e hiki ai ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai hoʻopili o ke kaʻina hana mua. I ka maikaʻi o kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe o nā ʻano hana i wehewehe ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i aʻo mua ʻia. Hōʻike lākou i kahi ʻenehana hou hoihoi loa no ka mea e ʻae lākou i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā uhi adsorbent hydrated, nona ka nui o nā pono ma luna o nā adsorbents kino i aʻo pinepine ʻia.
Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā papa alumini i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he substrates no kēia mau hoʻokolohua e ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic. Loaʻa iā lākou he 98.11% alumini, 1.3622% hao, 0.3618% manganese a me nā koena o ke keleawe, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium a me nickel.
Ua koho ʻia nā mea i koho ʻia no ka hana ʻana o nā composites e like me ko lākou mau waiwai thermodynamic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka nui o ka wai e hiki ai iā lākou ke adsorb/desorb ma nā mahana ma lalo o 120°C.
ʻO ka Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kekahi o nā paʻakai hydrated hoihoi loa a i aʻo ʻia30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Ua ana ʻia nā waiwai thermodynamic me ka ʻōnaehana a ua ʻike ʻia he kūpono no nā noi ma nā kahua o ka hoʻomaʻalili adsorption, nā pamu wela a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka magnesium sulfate maloʻo CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Kelemānia).
ʻO ka calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) kekahi paʻakai i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia no ka mea he mau waiwai thermodynamic hoihoi kona hydrate41,42,43,44. Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% i hoʻohana ʻia (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Kelemānia).
Loaʻa i ka zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) a me kāna mau hydrates nā waiwai thermodynamic kūpono no nā kaʻina hana adsorption haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa45,46. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Kelemānia).
Loaʻa i ka Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) nā waiwai thermodynamic hoihoi4,45,47 ʻoiai ua hui pinepine ʻia me ka ammonia i loko o ka pamu wela adsorption a i ʻole ka noiʻi mālama ikehu. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) no ka synthesis.
ʻAʻole ʻo Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) i waena o nā hydrates i loaʻa pinepine i nā palapala ʻoihana, ʻoiai ʻo kona mau waiwai thermodynamic he mea hoihoi ia no nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa48,49. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) no ka synthesis.
ʻO ka Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) kekahi o nā paʻakai hydrated i loaʻa hou aku ka nānā ʻana i ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu thermal50,51. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 papa lāʻau lapaʻau maʻemaʻe (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Kelemānia) no nā hoʻokolohua.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ua koho ʻia ka hydroxyethyl cellulose ma muli o nā hopena maikaʻi i nā noi like. ʻO ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i kā mākou synthesis ʻo hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Hana ʻia nā olonā metala mai nā uea pōkole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka compression a me ka sintering, kahi hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka crucible melt extraction (CME)52. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻaʻole pili wale ko lākou conductivity thermal i ka conductivity nui o nā metala i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana a me ka porosity o ka ʻōnaehana hope loa, akā, i ka maikaʻi o nā pilina ma waena o nā kaula. ʻAʻole isotropic nā olonā a maʻamau ka hoʻolaha ʻia ʻana i kahi kuhikuhi i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, kahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i ka conductivity thermal ma ke kuhikuhi transverse.
Ua noiʻi ʻia nā waiwai omo wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi thermogravimetric simultaneous (TGA)/ʻano loiloi thermogravimetric differential (DTG) i loko o kahi pūʻolo vacuum (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). Ua hana ʻia nā ana i loko o kahi lewa nitrogen e kahe ana ma kahi kahe o 10 ml/min a me kahi mahana mai 25 a 150°C i loko o nā ipu hoʻoheheʻe alumini oxide. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomehana ʻana he 1°C/min, ua loli ke kaumaha o ka laʻana mai 10 a 20 mg, ʻo ka hoʻonā he 0.1 μg. Ma kēia hana, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he nui ka maopopo ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa o ka nuipa ma kēlā me kēia ʻili. He liʻiliʻi loa nā laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia ma TGA-DTG a ʻoki ʻia me ke ʻano ʻole, kahi e hewa ai ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ko lākou wahi. Hiki ke hoʻonui wale ʻia kēia mau waiwai i kahi wahi nui inā e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui.
Ua loaʻa nā spectra Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) ma kahi spectrometer Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Kelemānia) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kōkua platinum ATR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Kelemānia). Ua ana pololei ʻia nā spectra o nā kristal daimana maloʻo maʻemaʻe i loko o ka vacuum ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā laʻana ma ke ʻano he hope no nā ana hoʻokolohua. Ua ana ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ka vacuum me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻonā spectral o 2 cm-1 a me ka awelika o nā scans o 32. ʻO ka laulā o ka Wavenumber mai 8000 a 500 cm-1. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi spectral me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papahana OPUS.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi SEM me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi DSM 982 Gemini mai Zeiss ma nā voltages wikiwiki o 2 a me 5 kV. Ua hana ʻia ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive ikehu (EDX) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Thermo Fischer System 7 me kahi mea ʻike drift silicon cooled Peltier (SSD).
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā papa metala e like me ke kaʻina hana e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma 53. ʻO ka mua, e hoʻoluʻu i ka papa i loko o ka waikawa sulfuric 50%. 15 mau minuke. A laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o ka hopena sodium hydroxide 1 M no kahi o 10 kekona. A laila ua holoi ʻia nā laʻana me ka nui o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no 30 mau minuke. Ma hope o ka mālama mua ʻana i ka ʻili, ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia nā laʻana i loko o kahi hopena saturated 3%. HEC a me ka paʻakai pahuhopu. ʻO ka hope, e lawe iā lākou i waho a hoʻomaloʻo iā lākou ma 60°C.
Hoʻonui a hoʻoikaika ke ʻano anodizing i ka papa oxide kūlohelohe ma luna o ka metala passive. Ua anodized ʻia nā panela alumini me ka waikawa sulfuric i loko o kahi kūlana paʻakikī a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai wela. Ua hahai ʻo Anodizing i kahi etching mua me 1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) a ukali ʻia e ka neutralization i 1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s). ʻO ka hopena electrolyte he hui ʻana o 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, a me 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. Ua hana ʻia ka Anodizing ma (40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 no 1200 kekona. Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana sila i loko o nā hopena brine like ʻole e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma nā mea hana (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Hoʻolapalapa ʻia ka laʻana i loko no 1800 kekona.
Ua noiʻi ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hana ʻana i nā composites: ka uhi ʻana i ka pipili, ka hopena pololei, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili. Ua kālailai ʻia a kūkākūkā ʻia nā pono a me nā hemahema o kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nānā pololei ʻana, ka nanoimaging, a me ka loiloi kemika/elemental e loiloi i nā hopena.
Ua koho ʻia ʻo Anodizing ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana hoʻololi ʻili e hoʻonui i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā hydrates paʻakai. Hoʻokumu kēia hana ʻili i kahi ʻano porous o ka alumina (alumina) ma luna o ka ʻili alumini. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻelua mau pae kēia ʻano hana: ʻo ka pae mua e hana i kahi ʻano porous o ka alumini oxide, a ʻo ka pae ʻelua e hana i kahi uhi o ka alumini hydroxide e pani ana i nā pores. Eia nā ʻano hana ʻelua o ka pale ʻana i ka paʻakai me ka ʻole o ka pale ʻana i ke komo ʻana i ka pae kinoea. ʻO ka mua he ʻōnaehana honeycomb e hoʻohana ana i nā paipu alumini oxide liʻiliʻi (Al2O3) i loaʻa i ka hana mua e paʻa i nā kristal adsorbent a hoʻonui i kona hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻili metala. ʻO ke anawaena o nā honeycombs hopena he 50 nm a he 200 nm ka lōʻihi (Kiʻi 1a). E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ua pani pinepine ʻia kēia mau lua i ka lua o ka hana me kahi papa lahilahi o Al2O(OH)2 boehmite i kākoʻo ʻia e ke kaʻina hana paila paipu alumina. Ma ke ʻano hana ʻelua, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana sila i ke ʻano e hopu ʻia ai nā kristal paʻakai i loko o kahi papa uhi like o ka boehmite (Al2O(OH)), ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka sila ʻana i kēia hihia. Hoʻokō ʻia ka lua o ka pae i loko o kahi hopena paʻa o ka paʻakai like. Loaʻa i nā ʻano i wehewehe ʻia nā nui ma ka laulā o 50-100 nm a like me nā kulu i pīpī ʻia (Kiʻi 1b). ʻO ka ʻili i loaʻa ma muli o ke kaʻina hana sila ʻana he ʻano spatial koʻikoʻi me kahi wahi pili i hoʻonui ʻia. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻili, me kā lākou mau hoʻonohonoho hoʻopili he nui, he kūpono no ka lawe ʻana a me ka paʻa ʻana i nā kristal paʻakai. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua i wehewehe ʻia he porous maoli a he mau lua liʻiliʻi e kūpono ana no ka mālama ʻana i nā hydrates paʻakai a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mahu i ka paʻakai i ka wā o ka hana o ka adsorber. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka loiloi elemental o kēia mau ʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā EDX ke ʻike i nā nui liʻiliʻi o ka magnesium a me ka sulfur ma ka ʻili o ka boehmite, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka hihia o kahi ʻili alumina.
Ua hōʻoia ka ATR-FTIR o ka hāpana he magnesium sulfate ka mea (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 2b). Hōʻike ka spectrum i nā piko ion sulfate maʻamau ma 610–680 a me 1080–1130 cm–1 a me nā piko wai lattice maʻamau ma 1600–1700 cm–1 a me 3200–3800 cm–1 (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 2a, c). ). ʻAʻole hoʻololi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ion magnesium i ka spectrum54.
(a) EDX o kahi papa alumini MgSO4 i uhi ʻia me ka boehmite, (b) nā spectra ATR-FTIR o nā uhi boehmite a me MgSO4, (c) nā spectra ATR-FTIR o ka MgSO4 maʻemaʻe.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o ka adsorption e TGA. Ma ke kiʻi 3b e hōʻike ana i kahi piko desorption o kahi kokoke i 60°C. ʻAʻole kūlike kēia piko me ka mahana o nā piko ʻelua i ʻike ʻia ma TGA o ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe (Kiʻi 3a). Ua loiloi ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o ke kaʻina hana adsorption-desorption, a ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like ma hope o ke kau ʻana i nā laʻana i loko o kahi lewa humid (Kiʻi 3c). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia ma ka lua o ka pae o ka desorption he hopena paha ia o ka dehydration i loko o kahi lewa e kahe ana, no ka mea, alakaʻi pinepine kēia i ka dehydration piha ʻole. Pili kēia mau waiwai i kahi kokoke i 17.9 g/m2 i ka dewatering mua a me 10.3 g/m2 i ka lua o ka dewatering.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka loiloi TGA o ka boehmite a me MgSO4: Ka loiloi TGA o ka MgSO4 maʻemaʻe (a), ka hui ʻana (b) a ma hope o ka rehydration (c).
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ke ʻano hana like me ka calcium chloride ma ke ʻano he adsorbent. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke Kiʻi 4. Ua hōʻike ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻili i nā loli liʻiliʻi i ka ʻālohilohi metala. ʻAʻole ʻike nui ʻia ka huluhulu. Ua hōʻoia ʻo SEM i ke alo o nā kristal liʻiliʻi i hoʻolaha like ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻo TGA i ka maloʻo ma lalo o 150°C. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka hapa o ka paʻakai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka substrate no ka ʻike ʻana e TGA.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili o ka uhi keleawe sulfate e ke ʻano anodizing ma ke kiʻi 5. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o CuSO4 i loko o ka ʻōnaehana Al oxide. Akā, ʻike ʻia nā nila wehe e like me ka mea maʻamau no ke keleawe hydroxide Cu(OH)2 i hoʻohana ʻia me nā kala turquoise maʻamau.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili anodized me ka hui pū ʻana me ka strontium chloride. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka uhi ʻole ʻia (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 6a). No ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā ua uhi ka paʻakai i ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa, ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi EDX. Hōʻike ka piʻo no kahi kiko ma ka ʻāpana hina (kiko 1 ma ke Kiʻi 6b) i ka liʻiliʻi o ka strontium a me ka nui o ka alumini. Hōʻike kēia i ka haʻahaʻa o ka strontium ma ka ʻāpana i ana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka uhi ʻana o ka strontium chloride. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā wahi keʻokeʻo kahi nui o ka strontium a me kahi haʻahaʻa o ka alumini (nā kiko 2-6 ma ke Kiʻi 6b). Hōʻike ka loiloi EDX o ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo i nā kiko ʻeleʻele (nā kiko 2 a me 4 ma ke Kiʻi 6b), haʻahaʻa i ka chlorine a kiʻekiʻe i ka sulfur. Hōʻike paha kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka strontium sulfate. Hōʻike nā kiko ʻoi aku ka mālamalama i ka nui o ka chlorine a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur (nā kiko 3, 5, a me 6 ma ke Kiʻi 6b). Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka hapa nui o ka uhi keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia me ka strontium chloride i manaʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻoia ka TGA o ka hāpana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka loiloi me kahi piko ma ka mahana hiʻona o ka strontium chloride maʻemaʻe (Kiʻi 6c). Hiki ke hoʻāpono ʻia ko lākou waiwai liʻiliʻi e kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke kaumaha o ke kākoʻo metala. ʻO ka nui o ka desorption i hoʻoholo ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ka nui o 7.3 g/m2 i hāʻawi ʻia no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka adsorber ma ka mahana o 150°C.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia hoʻi nā uhi zinc sulfate i mālama ʻia me Eloxal. Ma ke ʻano macroscopic, he papa lahilahi a like ka uhi ʻana (Kiʻi 7a). Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo SEM i kahi ʻili i uhi ʻia me nā kristal liʻiliʻi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā wahi hakahaka (Kiʻi 7b). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka TGA o ka uhi ʻana a me ka substrate me ko ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe (Kiʻi 7c). Loaʻa i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe hoʻokahi piko asymmetric ma 59.1°C. Ua hōʻike ka alumini i uhi ʻia i ʻelua mau piko liʻiliʻi ma 55.5°C a me 61.3°C, e hōʻike ana i ke alo o ka zinc sulfate hydrate. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua e pili ana i 10.9 g/m2 ma kahi mahana dehydration o 150°C.
E like me ka noi ma mua53, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hydroxyethyl cellulose ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ke kūpaʻa o ka uhi sorbent. Ua loiloi ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā mea a me ka hopena ma ka hana adsorption e TGA. Hana ʻia ka loiloi e pili ana i ka nuipa holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia ka laʻana i kahi papa metala i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he substrate uhi. Hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana e kahi hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo cross notch i wehewehe ʻia ma ka kikoʻī ISO2409 (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka kikoʻī hoʻokaʻawale notch ma muli o ka mānoanoa a me ka laulā kikoʻī).
ʻO ka uhi ʻana i nā panela me ka calcium chloride (CaCl2) (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 8a) ua hopena i ka hoʻolaha like ʻole, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka uhi alumini maʻemaʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo notch transverse. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hopena no CaCl2 maʻemaʻe, hōʻike ʻo TGA (Kiʻi 8b) i ʻelua mau piko hiʻohiʻona i neʻe ʻia i nā mahana haʻahaʻa o 40 a me 20°C, kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻole ʻae ka hoʻāʻo ʻāpana kea no kahi hoʻohālikelike kūʻokoʻa no ka mea ʻo ka laʻana CaCl2 maʻemaʻe (laʻana ma ka ʻākau ma ke Kiʻi 8c) he pauka precipitate, kahi e wehe ai i nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe loa. Ua hōʻike nā hopena HEC i kahi uhi lahilahi loa a like me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 8b e pili ana i 51.3 g/m2 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka adsorber ma ka mahana o 150°C.
Ua loaʻa pū nā hopena maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ke ʻano like me ka magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 9). Ua hōʻike ka loiloi o ke kaʻina hana desorption o ka uhi ʻana i ke alo o hoʻokahi piko o kahi kokoke i 60°C. Pili kēia mahana i ke kaʻina hana desorption nui i ʻike ʻia i ka dehydration o nā paʻakai maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe ma 44°C. Pili ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hexahydrate a i ka pentahydrate a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o nā uhi me nā mea hoʻopaʻa. Hōʻike nā hoʻāʻo ʻāpana cross i ka hoʻolaha maikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā uhi i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i ʻike ʻia ma TGA-DTC e pili ana i 18.4 g/m2 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka adsorber ma ka mahana o 150°C.
Ma muli o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka ʻili, he uhi ʻokoʻa ko ka strontium chloride (SrCl2) ma nā ʻēheu (Kiʻi 10a). Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo notch transverse i ka hoʻolaha like ʻana me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana (Kiʻi 10c). Ua hōʻike ka loiloi TGA i kahi ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi loa o ke kaumaha, pono ia ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka paʻakai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka substrate metala. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā ʻanuʻu ma ke kūlou i ke alo o kahi kaʻina hana dehydration, ʻoiai ua pili ka piko me ka mahana i loaʻa i ka wā e wehewehe ai i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe. Ua loaʻa pū nā piko ma 110°C a me 70.2°C i ʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 10b i ka wā e kālailai ai i ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻanuʻu dehydration nui i ʻike ʻia ma ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe ma 50°C i nā kūlou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻopaʻa. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike ka hui mea hoʻopaʻa i ʻelua mau piko ma 20.2°C a me 94.1°C, ʻaʻole i ana ʻia no ka paʻakai maʻemaʻe (Kiʻi 10b). Ma ka mahana o 150 °C, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka nuipa i ʻike ʻia e like me 7.2 g/m2 no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka adsorber.
ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ka hui pū ʻana o HEC a me ka zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) i nā hopena i ʻae ʻia (Kiʻi 11). ʻAʻole i hōʻike ka loiloi TGA o ka metala i uhi ʻia i kekahi mau kaʻina hana dehydration. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi ʻana, ʻaʻole i kūpono loa kona mau waiwai.
ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa e uhi ai i nā olonā metala me kahi papa lahilahi a like, ʻo ia ka impregnation pulu (Kiʻi 12a), ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka paʻakai i manaʻo ʻia a me ka impregnation o nā olonā metala me kahi hopena wai.
I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka impregnation pulu, ʻelua mau pilikia nui e kū mai ana. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka ʻili o ka hopena saline e pale aku i ka hoʻokomo pono ʻana o ka wai i loko o ke ʻano porous. ʻO ka crystallization ma ka ʻili waho (Kiʻi 12d) a me nā pehu ea i paʻa i loko o ke ʻano (Kiʻi 12c) hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili a me ka hoʻomaʻū mua ʻana i ka laʻana me ka wai distilled. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ikaika ʻia i loko o ka laʻana ma ka hoʻokuke ʻana i ka ea i loko a i ʻole ma ka hana ʻana i kahi kahe hopena i loko o ke ʻano he mau ala kūpono ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana o ke ʻano.
ʻO ka lua o ka pilikia i loaʻa i ka wā hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai kahi ʻāpana o ka paʻakai (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 12b). Hōʻike ʻia kēia hanana e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi uhi maloʻo ma ka ʻili hoʻoheheʻe, kahi e hoʻōki ai i ka maloʻo ʻana i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka convectively a hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoulu ʻia e ka diffusion. ʻOi aku ka lohi o ka lua o ka mīkini ma mua o ka mea mua. ʻO ka hopena, pono ka mahana kiʻekiʻe no ka manawa maloʻo kūpono, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā pehu i loko o ka laʻana. Hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia pilikia ma ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o ka crystallization ma muli ʻole o ka loli o ka noʻonoʻo (evaporation), akā ma ka loli o ka mahana (e like me ka laʻana me MgSO4 ma ke Kiʻi 13).
Hōʻike kiʻi o ke kaʻina hana crystallization i ka wā e hoʻomaʻalili ai a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pae paʻa a me nā pae wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MgSO4.
Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā hopena paʻakai i hoʻomāʻona ʻia ma ka mahana o ka lumi (HT) a i ʻole ma luna me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana. I ka hihia mua, ua koi ʻia ka crystallization ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mahana ma lalo o ka mahana o ka lumi. I ka lua o ka hihia, ua hana ʻia ka crystallization i ka wā i hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ai ka laʻana i ka mahana o ka lumi (RT). ʻO ka hopena he hui ʻana o nā kristal (B) a me ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (A), ka ʻāpana wai i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻano hana e pale aku i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma luna o kēia mau hydrates, akā e hōʻemi pū i ka manawa e pono ai no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā composites ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka wai e ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e alakaʻi ai i ka crystallization hou aʻe o ka paʻakai, e hopena ana i kahi uhi mānoanoa.
ʻO kekahi ʻano hana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e uhi i nā ʻili metala e pili ana i ka hana pololei ʻana o nā paʻakai i manaʻo ʻia ma o nā hopena kemika. ʻO nā mea hoʻololi wela i uhi ʻia i hana ʻia e ka hopena o nā waikawa ma nā ʻili metala o nā peʻa a me nā paipu he nui nā pono, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma kā mākou noiʻi mua. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o kēia ʻano hana i nā olonā i alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā kinoea i ka wā o ka hopena. Hoʻonui ʻia ke kaomi o nā pehu kinoea hydrogen i loko o ka probe a neʻe i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka huahana (Kiʻi 14a).
Ua hoʻololi ʻia ke uhi ʻana ma o kahi hopena kemika e hoʻomalu maikaʻi i ka mānoanoa a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke uhi ʻana. Pili kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi kahawai noe waikawa ma o ka laʻana (Kiʻi 14b). Manaʻo ʻia kēia e hopena i kahi uhi like ma o ka hopena me ka metala substrate. Ua ʻoluʻolu nā hopena, akā ua lohi loa ke kaʻina hana e manaʻo ʻia he ʻano hana kūpono (Kiʻi 14c). Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā manawa hopena pōkole ma o ka hoʻomehana kūloko.
No ka lanakila ʻana i nā hemahema o nā ʻano hana i luna, ua aʻo ʻia kahi ʻano uhi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili. Ua koho ʻia ʻo HEC ma muli o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana ma mua. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana āpau ma 3% wt. Ua hui pū ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa me ka paʻakai. Ua mālama mua ʻia nā olonā e like me ke kaʻina hana like me nā iwi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia i loko o 50% vol. i loko o 15 mau minuke. waikawa sulfuric, a laila ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia i loko o ka sodium hydroxide no 20 kekona, holoi ʻia i loko o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a laila ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no 30 mau minuke. I kēia hihia, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hana hou ma mua o ka impregnation. E hoʻokomo i ka laʻana no ka manawa pōkole i loko o kahi hopena paʻakai dilute a hoʻomaloʻo ma kahi o 60°C. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi i ka ʻili o ka metala, e hana ana i nā wahi nucleation e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka uhi ʻana i ka pae hope loa. Loaʻa i ka ʻano fibrous kekahi ʻaoʻao kahi i lahilahi ai nā filaments a paʻa pono, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe kahi i mānoanoa ai nā filaments a emi ka hoʻolaha ʻana. ʻO kēia ka hopena o 52 mau kaʻina hana hana.
Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hopena no ka calcium chloride (CaCl2) a ua hōʻike ʻia me nā kiʻi ma ka Papa 1. Uhi maikaʻi ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. ʻOiai kēlā mau kaula me nā kristal ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻili ua emi iho nā ʻōlinolino metala, e hōʻike ana i kahi loli i ka hoʻopau ʻana. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻia ʻana o nā laʻana me kahi hui wai o CaCl2 a me HEC a maloʻo i ka mahana o kahi 60°C, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā uhi ma nā kihi o nā hale. He hopena kēia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻili o ka hopena. Ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana, noho ka wai i loko o ka laʻana ma muli o kona ʻili. ʻO ke kumu, hana ia ma ke kihi o nā hale. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi loa o ka laʻana he mau lua i piha i ka paʻakai. Ua piʻi ke kaumaha ma 0.06 g/cm3 ma hope o ka uhi ʻana.
ʻO ka uhi ʻana me ka magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ua hoʻopuka i ka paʻakai hou aʻe no kēlā me kēia anakahi leo (Papa 2). I kēia hihia, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana i ana ʻia he 0.09 g/cm3. ʻO ke kaʻina hana lūlū i hopena i ka uhi nui ʻana o ka laʻana. Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana uhi ʻana, ua ālai ka paʻakai i nā wahi nui o ka ʻaoʻao lahilahi o ka laʻana. Eia kekahi, ua ālai ʻia kekahi mau wahi o ka matte, akā ua mālama ʻia kekahi porosity. I kēia hihia, ʻike maʻalahi ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka paʻakai ma ke kihi o nā hale, e hōʻoia ana ʻo ke kaʻina hana uhi ʻana ma muli nui o ka ʻili o ka wai, ʻaʻole ka pilina ma waena o ka paʻakai a me ka substrate metala.
Ua hōʻike nā hopena no ka hui pū ʻana o ka strontium chloride (SrCl2) a me HEC i nā waiwai like me nā laʻana ma mua (Papa 3). I kēia hihia, ua aneane uhi piha ʻia ka ʻaoʻao lahilahi o ka laʻana. ʻIke wale ʻia nā pores pākahi, i hana ʻia i ka wā maloʻo ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mahu mai ka laʻana. Ua like loa ke ʻano i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao matte me ka hihia ma mua, ua ālai ʻia ka wahi me ka paʻakai a ʻaʻole i uhi piha ʻia nā olonā.
I mea e loiloi ai i ka hopena maikaʻi o ke ʻano fibrous i ka hana wela o ka mea hoʻololi wela, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka conductivity thermal kūpono o ke ʻano fibrous i uhi ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea uhi maʻemaʻe. Ua ana ʻia ka conductivity thermal e like me ASTM D 5470-2017 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa panel pālahalaha i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 15a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kuhikuhi me ka conductivity thermal i ʻike ʻia. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ana transient ʻē aʻe, he pono kēia kumumanaʻo no nā mea porous i hoʻohana ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia nā ana ma ke kūlana paʻa a me ka nui o ka laʻana lawa (ʻāpana kumu 30 × 30 mm2, kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 15 mm). Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana o ka mea uhi maʻemaʻe (kuhikuhi) a me ke ʻano fiber i uhi ʻia no nā ana ma ke kuhikuhi o ke fiber a kū pololei i ke kuhikuhi o ke fiber e loiloi i ka hopena o ka conductivity thermal anisotropic. Ua wili ʻia nā specimens ma luna o ka ʻili (P320 grit) e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka ʻili ma muli o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka specimen, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ke ʻano i loko o ka specimen.