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Oke ahịa nke sistemu refrigeration adsorption na nfuli ọkụ ka dị ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro mgbako ọdịnala.N'agbanyeghị nnukwu uru nke iji okpomọkụ dị ọnụ ala (kama ọrụ eletrik dị oke ọnụ), mmejuputa usoro nke dabeere na ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi ka na-ejedebe na ngwa ole na ole.Ihe ọghọm dị na ya dị mkpa ka ekpochapụ bụ mbelata nke ike a kapịrị ọnụ n'ihi nkwụsị ọkụ dị ala na nkwụsi ike dị ala nke adsorbent.Sistemụ ikuku refrigeration nke azụmahịa nke ugbu a na-adabere na mgbasa ozi dabere na ihe ndị na-agbanwe ọkụ efere efere ekpuchiri iji kwalite ike jụrụ oyi.Nsonaazụ a maara nke ọma na ibelata ọkpụrụkpụ nke mkpuchi na-eduga n'ịbelata nkwụsị nke mbufe oke, na ịba ụba n'akụkụ elu na oke olu nke ihe ndị na-eduzi na-abawanye ike na-enweghị imebi arụmọrụ.Ngwongwo ígwè a na-eji na-arụ ọrụ a nwere ike inye ebe dị elu nke dị na 2500-50,000 m2 / m3.Ụzọ atọ maka inweta ihe mkpuchi nnu hydrates dị gịrịgịrị ma kwụsie ike n'elu igwe, gụnyere eriri ígwè, maka mmepụta nke mkpuchi na-egosi na nke mbụ nnukwu ike njupụta okpomọkụ.A na-ahọrọ ọgwụgwọ elu nke dabeere na aluminum anodizing iji mepụta njikọ siri ike n'etiti mkpuchi na mkpụrụ.A na-enyocha microstructure nke elu ahụ sitere na iji nyocha microscopy eletrọn.Mbelata nleba anya zuru oke Fourier na-agbanwe infrared spectroscopy na ike mgbasa X-ray spectroscopy ka ejiri chọpụta ọnụnọ nke ụdị a chọrọ na nyocha.A kwadoro ikike ha ịmepụta hydrates site na ngwakọta thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) / differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).Achọpụtara ihe na-adịghị mma karịa 0.07 g (mmiri) / g (composite) na mkpuchi MgSO4, na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na ihe dịka 60 Celsius C na reproducible mgbe rehydration gasịrị.E nwetakwara nsonaazụ dị mma na SrCl2 na ZnSO4 nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị ihe dịka 0.02 g/g n'okpuru 100 Celsius.A họọrọ Hydroxyethylcellulose dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iji mee ka nkwụsi ike na nkwụsi ike nke mkpuchi.A na-enyocha njirimara adsorptive nke ngwaahịa ndị a site na TGA-DTG nke otu oge yana nrapado ha bụ usoro dabere na ule ndị akọwara na ISO2409.A na-eme ka nkwekọ na nchikota nke mkpuchi CaCl2 dịkwuo mma ka ọ na-ejigide ikike mgbasa ozi ya na ọdịiche dị arọ nke ihe dịka 0.1 g / g na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 100 Celsius.Na mgbakwunye, MgSO4 na-ejigide ikike ịmepụta hydrates, na-egosi ọdịiche dị ukwuu karịa 0.04 g / g na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 100 Celsius.N'ikpeazụ, a na-enyocha eriri igwe mkpuchi.Nsonaazụ na-egosi na arụmọrụ thermal dị irè nke usoro eriri nke ejiri Al2 (SO4) 3 nwere ike ịbụ 4.7 ugboro elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere olu nke dị ọcha Al2 (SO4) 3.A na-enyocha ihe mkpuchi nke mkpuchi ndị a na-amụ n'anya, a na-enyochakwa ihe owuwu dị n'ime ya site na iji ihe oyiyi microscopic nke akụkụ obe.E nwetara mkpuchi nke Al2 (SO4) 3 nke nwere ihe dị ka 50 µm, mana a ghaghị imeziwanye usoro niile iji nweta nkesa otu.
Usoro mgbasa ozi enwetala nlebara anya dị ukwuu n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga ka ha na-enye ihe mgbakwunye gburugburu ebe obibi na nfuli okpomọkụ nke ọdịnala ma ọ bụ usoro refrigeration.Site n'ụkpụrụ nkasi obi na-arị elu na nkezi okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, usoro mgbasa ozi nwere ike ibelata ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ n'ọdịnihu dị nso.Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ibufe nkwalite ọ bụla na refrigeration adsorption ma ọ bụ nfuli ọkụ na nchekwa ike ọkụ, nke na-anọchi anya mmụba ọzọ na ikike iji ike nke mbụ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.Isi uru nke nfuli okpomọkụ adsorption na usoro refrigeration bụ na ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na obere okpomọkụ.Nke a na-eme ka ha dị mma maka isi mmalite okpomọkụ dị ka ike anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ikpo ọkụ.N'ihe gbasara ngwa nchekwa ike, adsorption nwere uru nke njupụta ike dị elu na obere nkwụsị ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere nchekwa ọkụ nwere ezi uche ma ọ bụ latent.
Mgbasa ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na sistemụ refrigeration na-agbaso otu usoro thermodynamic dị ka ndị mmekọ ha.Isi ihe dị iche bụ ngbanwe nke compressor components na adsorbers.Ihe mmewere na-enwe ike ịgbanye uzuoku refrigerant dị ala na oke okpomọkụ, na-ekupụ ihe refrigerant karịa ọbụlagodi mgbe mmiri dị oyi.Ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na ọ na-adị jụụ mgbe nile nke mgbasa ozi iji wepụ enthalpy nke adsorption (exotherm).A na-eme ka adsorber dị elu na oke okpomọkụ, na-eme ka vepo refrigerant desorb.Kpọọ ọkụ ga-anọgide na-enye enthalpy nke desorption (endothermic).N'ihi na a na-eji usoro mgbasa ozi mara site na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, njupụta ike dị elu na-achọ ikpo ọkụ dị elu.Otú ọ dị, ikuku okpomọkụ dị ala bụ ihe ọjọọ bụ isi n'ọtụtụ ngwa.
Isi nsogbu nke conductivity bụ ịba ụba nkezi uru ya ka ọ na-ejigide ụzọ njem na-enye mgbasa nke adsorption / desorption vapors.A na-ejikarị ụzọ abụọ eme ihe iji nweta nke a: ngwakọta ikpo ọkụ na ihe mkpuchi okpomọkụ.Ngwakọta agwakọta kachasị ewu ewu na nke na-aga nke ọma bụ ndị na-eji ihe mgbakwunye carbon, ya bụ graphite gbasaa, carbon arụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ eriri carbon.Oliveira et al.2 gbasaa graphite ntụ ntụ na calcium chloride iji mepụta adsorber nwere ikike jụrụ oyi (SCP) nke ruru 306 W/kg yana ọnụọgụ arụmọrụ (COP) ruru 0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.3 tụrụ aro ngwakọta nke graphite gbasaa, eriri carbon na calcium chloride nwere ngụkọta conductivity nke 15 W/mK.Jian et al4 nwalere ihe mejupụtara ya na sulfuric acid na-emeso graphite eke gbasaa (ENG-TSA) dị ka mkpụrụ n'ime okirikiri nju oyi nke agba abụọ.Ihe nlereanya ahụ buru amụma COP site na 0.215 ruo 0.285 na SCP site na 161.4 ruo 260.74 W/kg.
N'ebe dị anya ihe ngwọta kachasị mma bụ ihe mkpuchi ọkụ.Enwere ike kewaa usoro mkpuchi nke ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ n'ime ụzọ abụọ: njikọ kpọmkwem na adhesives.Ụzọ kacha aga nke ọma bụ njikọ kpọmkwem, nke gụnyere ịmepụta ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ozugbo n'elu ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ site na reagents kwesịrị ekwesị.Sotech5 ewepụtala usoro maka imepụta zeolite mkpuchi mkpuchi maka ojiji n'ime usoro igwe nju oyi nke Fahrenheit GmbH rụpụtara.Schnabel et al6 nwalere arụmọrụ nke zeolites abụọ kpuchie na igwe anaghị agba nchara.Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-arụ ọrụ nanị na kpọmkwem adsorbents, nke na-eme ka mkpuchi na adhesives bụrụ ihe ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị.Ndị na-ekekọta bụ ihe na-agafe agafe ahọpụtara iji kwado nkwado sorbent adhesion na/ma ọ bụ mbufe oke, mana anaghị arụ ọrụ na nkwalite mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ nkwalite.Freni et al.Ndị na-ekpo ọkụ 7 mkpuchi aluminum nwere AQSOA-Z02 zeolite kwadoro ya na ihe nkedo dabeere na ụrọ.Calabrese et al.8 mụrụ nkwadebe nke mkpuchi zeolite na ihe nkedo polymeric.Ammann et al.9 tụrụ aro usoro maka ịkwadebe mkpuchi zeolite porous sitere na ngwakọta magnetik nke mmanya polyvinyl.A na-ejikwa alumina (alumina) mee ihe dị ka ihe nkedo 10 na mgbasa ozi.Dị ka anyị maara, a na-eji cellulose na hydroxyethyl cellulose na-ejikọta ya na adsorbents anụ ahụ11,12.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a naghị eji gluu mee ihe maka agba, ma a na-eji ya arụ ọrụ 13 n'onwe ya.Nchikota alginate polymer matrices na otutu hydrates nnu na-etolite n'ụdị bead mejupụtara na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-egbochi ntapu n'oge ihicha ma na-enyefe oke oke.A na-eji ụrọ dị ka bentonite na attapulgite mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe maka nkwadebe nke ihe mejupụtara15,16,17.Ejiri ethylcellulose mee microencapsulate calcium chloride18 ma ọ bụ sodium sulfide19.
Enwere ike kewaa ihe ndị nwere ihe owuwu ọla gbawara agbawa n'ime ihe mgbakwunye ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na mkpuchi okpomọkụ.Uru nke ihe owuwu ndị a bụ ebe dị elu akọwapụtara nke ọma.Nke a na-ebute nnukwu kọntaktị dị n'etiti adsorbent na metal na-enweghị mgbakwunye nke inert uka, nke na-ebelata arụmọrụ zuru oke nke usoro refrigeration.Lang et al.20 emewo ka arụmọrụ zuru oke nke zeolite adsorber nwere usoro ebuanu aluminom.Gillerminot et al.21 kwalitere conductivity thermal conductivity nke NaX zeolite layers na ọla kọpa na ụfụfụ nickel.Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ihe mgbagwoju anya eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbanwe oge (PCMs), nchọpụta nke Li et al.22 na Zhao et al.23 nwekwara mmasị maka chemisorption.Ha tụnyere arụmọrụ nke graphite gbasaa na ụfụfụ ígwè wee kwubie na nke ikpeazụ a ka mma ma ọ bụrụ na corrosion abụghị nsogbu.Palomba et al.atụnyere na nso nso a ọla ndị ọzọ porous Ọdịdị24.Van der Pal et al.amụla nnu ígwè ndị agbakwunyere na foams 25 .Ọmụmaatụ niile gara aga kwekọrọ n'ígwé dị ukwuu nke adsorbents particulate.A naghị eji ihe owuwu ọla kọpa mee ihe mkpuchi mgbasa ozi, nke bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị mma.Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke njide na zeolites na Wittstadt et al.26 ma ọ dịghị mgbalị e mere ijikọ nnu hydrates n'agbanyeghị ike ha dị elu 27 .
Ya mere, a ga-enyocha ụzọ atọ maka ịkwadebe mkpuchi adsorbent n'isiokwu a: (1) mkpuchi mkpuchi, (2) mmeghachi omume kpọmkwem, na (3) ọgwụgwọ elu.Hydroxyethylcellulose bụ onye na-ekekọta nhọrọ na ọrụ a n'ihi nkwụsi ike a kọrọ na mbụ yana ezigbo mkpuchi mkpuchi yana yana mgbakwunye anụ ahụ.A na-enyocha usoro a na mbụ maka mkpuchi dị larịị ma mesịa tinye ya na ihe owuwu ígwè.Na mbụ, a na-akọ nyocha mbụ nke ohere nke mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na nhazi nke mkpuchi adsorbent.A na-ebufe ahụmahụ gara aga na mkpuchi nke ihe owuwu ígwè.Ngwọta elu nke a họọrọ maka ọrụ a bụ usoro dabere na aluminom anodizing.Ejikọtala aluminom anodizing nke ọma na nnu igwe maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma29.N'okwu ndị a, enwere ike nweta mkpuchi siri ike na corrosion na-eguzogide.Agbanyeghị, ha enweghị ike ịme usoro mgbasa ozi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ desorption.Akwụkwọ a na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro a nke na-enye ohere ịmegharị uka site na iji ihe nrapado nke usoro mbụ.Ruo n'ókè anyị maara, ọ dịghị ụzọ ọ bụla akọwara ebe a ka a mụọburu.Ha na-anọchi anya nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu n'ihi na ha na-ekwe ka e guzobe mkpuchi adsorbent hydrated, nke nwere ọtụtụ uru karịa mgbasa ozi anụ ahụ a na-amụkarị.
Ọ bụ ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic wetara efere aluminom ahụ akara akara ejiri dị ka ihe eji eme nnwale ndị a.Ha nwere 98.11% aluminium, 1.3622% iron, 0.3618% manganese na akara ọla kọpa, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium na nickel.
A na-ahọrọ ihe ndị a na-ahọrọ maka imepụta ihe ndị mejupụtara dịka ihe ha si dị na thermodynamic, ya bụ, dabere na oke mmiri ha nwere ike ịgbanye / desorb na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 120 ° C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) bụ otu n'ime nnu hydrated kachasị adọrọ mmasị ma mụọ 30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.A na-atụle ihe ndị dị na thermodynamic n'usoro ma chọpụta na ọ dị mma maka ngwa n'ọhịa nke adsorption refrigeration, nfuli ọkụ na nchekwa ike.A na-eji magnesium sulfate akọrọ CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) bụ nnu ọzọ a na-amụ nke ọma n'ihi na hydrate ya nwere ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-adọrọ mmasị41,42,43,44.Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Ọ dịghị.7774-34-7 97% ejiri (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) na hydrates ya nwere thermodynamic Njirimara adabara ala okpomọkụ adsorption Filiks45,46.Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) ji mee ihe.
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) nwekwara mmasị thermodynamic Njirimara4,45,47 ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ejikarị amonia na adsorption okpomọkụ mgbapụta ma ọ bụ ike nchekwa nnyocha.A na-eji Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) mee ihe maka njikọ ahụ.
Ọla kọpa sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) esoghị na hydrates na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara, ọ bụ ezie na njirimara thermodynamic ya nwere mmasị maka ngwa okpomọkụ dị ala48,49.A na-eji ọla kọpa sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) mee ihe maka njikọ.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) bụ otu n'ime nnu hydrated nke enwetala nlebara anya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ọhịa nchekwa ike ọkụ50,51.Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 dị ọcha pharmaceutical ọkwa (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) ji mee ihe maka nnwale.
Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, a họọrọ hydroxyethyl cellulose n'ihi nsonaazụ dị mma na ngwa ndị yiri ya.Ihe eji eme ihe na njikọ anyị bụ hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
A na-eme eriri igwe site na obere wires jikọtara ọnụ site na mkpakọ na ịmegharị, usoro a maara dị ka crucible melt extract (CME)52.Nke a pụtara na conductivity thermal ha na-adabere ọ bụghị naanị na nnukwu conductivity nke ọla ndị a na-eji na-emepụta na porosity nke usoro ikpeazụ, kamakwa na àgwà nke njikọ dị n'etiti eri.Eriri ahụ abụghị isotropic ma na-ekesa ya n'otu ntụziaka n'oge mmepụta, nke na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik dị na ntụgharị ntụgharị dị ntakịrị.
A na-enyocha ihe nrịbama mmiri ahụ site na iji nyocha thermogravimetric (TGA) / dị iche iche thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) na ngwugwu agụụ (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).A na-eme nha ndị ahụ na ikuku nitrogen na-asọpụta na ọsọ ọsọ nke 10 ml / min yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ sitere na 25 ruo 150 Celsius na aluminom oxide crucibles.Ọnụ ọkụ ọkụ bụ 1 Celsius C / min, ihe atụ dị iche iche sitere na 10 ruo 20 mg, mkpebi ahụ bụ 0.1 μg.N'ime ọrụ a, ekwesịrị iburu n'uche na oke dị iche iche nke otu unit nwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka.Ihe nlele ejiri na TGA-DTG dị obere ma na-egbutu oge, nke na-eme ka mkpebi mpaghara ha ezighi ezi.Enwere ike ịwepụ ụkpụrụ ndị a na mpaghara buru ibu ma ọ bụrụ na eburu n'uche nnukwu ndịiche.
Enwetara nlebara anya zuru oke nke Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra na Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) site na iji ngwa ATR platinum (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany).A tụrụ ụdịdị dị iche iche nke kristal diamond kpọrọ nkụ ozugbo na oghere tupu i jiri ihe nlele ahụ dị ka ndabere maka nha nnwale.A na-atụle ihe nlele ahụ na oghere site na iji spectral mkpebi nke 2 cm-1 na nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nyocha nke 32. Wavenumber dị site na 8000 ruo 500 cm-1.A na-eme nyocha Spectral site na iji mmemme OPUS.
Emere nyocha SEM site na iji DSM 982 Gemini sitere na Zeiss n'ịgbalite voltaji nke 2 na 5 kV.Emere ike na-ekesa X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) site na iji Thermo Fischer System 7 nwere Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
A na-eme nkwadebe nke efere ígwè dị ka usoro yiri nke a kọwara na 53. Nke mbụ, gbanye efere na 50% sulfuric acid.Nkeji 15.Mgbe ahụ, ewebata ha n'ime 1 M sodium hydroxide ngwọta maka ihe dị ka sekọnd iri.Mgbe ahụ, a na-asacha ihe atụ ndị ahụ na nnukwu mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, wee tinye ya na mmiri mmiri ọkụ maka nkeji iri atọ.Mgbe ọgwụgwọ elu nke mbụ gasịrị, a na-emikpu ihe nlele ahụ na ngwọta 3% juputara.HEC na lekwasịrị nnu.N'ikpeazụ, wepụ ha ma kpoo ha na 60 Celsius.
Usoro anodizing na-akwalite ma na-ewusi oyi akwa oxide ike na metal na-agafe agafe.A na-eji sulfuric acid mee ihe ndị ahụ aluminom na ọnọdụ siri ike wee mechie ya na mmiri ọkụ.Anodizing sochiri mmalite etching na 1 mol / l NaOH (600 s) na-esote neutralization na 1 mol / l HNO3 (60 s).Ihe ngwọta electrolyte bụ ngwakọta nke 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2 (SO4) 3, na 1 MgSO4 + 7H2O.A na-eme anodizing na (40 ± 1) ° C, 30 mA / cm2 maka 1200 sekọnd.Emere usoro akara akara na ngwọta brine dị iche iche dị ka akọwara na ihe ndị ahụ (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).A na-esi nri n'ime ya maka 1800 sekọnd.
Achọpụtala ụzọ atọ dị iche iche maka imepụta ihe ngwakọta: mkpuchi nrapado, mmeghachi omume ozugbo, na ọgwụgwọ elu.A na-enyocha uru na ọghọm dị na usoro ọzụzụ ọ bụla nke ọma ma tụle ya.Ejiri nleba anya ozugbo, nanoimaging, na nyocha kemịkalụ / elemental iji nyochaa nsonaazụ ya.
Ahọpụtara anodizing dị ka usoro ntughari n'elu ala iji mee ka adhesion nke nnu hydrates dịkwuo elu.Ngwọta elu a na-emepụta ihe owuwu nke alumina (alumina) na-agbapụta ozugbo n'elu aluminom.Na omenala, usoro a nwere usoro abụọ: nke mbụ na-emepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke aluminum oxide, na nke abụọ na-emepụta mkpuchi nke aluminum hydroxide nke na-emechi pores.Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụzọ abụọ nke igbochi nnu na-enweghị igbochi ohere ịbanye na gas gas.Nke mbụ nwere usoro mmanụ aṅụ na-eji obere aluminom oxide (Al2O3) tubes enwetara na nzọụkwụ mbụ iji jide kristal adsorbent ma mee ka nrapara ya na elu igwe.Ihe si na mmanụ aṅụ na-esi na ya pụta nwere dayameta nke ihe dịka 50 nm na ogologo nke 200 nm (Fig 1a).Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, a na-emechi oghere ndị a na nzọụkwụ nke abụọ na obere oyi akwa nke Al2O (OH) 2 boehmite na-akwado usoro esi esi alumina tube.Na usoro nke abụọ, a na-agbanwe usoro akara a n'ụzọ nke na-ejide kristal nnu n'otu mkpuchi mkpuchi nke boehmite (Al2O (OH)), nke a na-ejighị maka akara na nke a.A na-eme ogbo nke abụọ na ngwọta zuru oke nke nnu kwekọrọ.Usoro ndị a kọwara nwere nha n'ogo nke 50-100 nm ma yie ka mmiri na-agbapụta (Fig 1b).Elu nke enwetara n'ihi usoro akara ahụ nwere nhazi oghere akpọpụtara na mpaghara kọntaktị na-abawanye.Ụkpụrụ elu a, yana ọtụtụ nhazi njikọ ha, dị mma maka iburu na ijide kristal nnu.Ihe owuwu abụọ a akọwara na-egosi na ọ na-asọ oyi n'ezie ma nwee obere oghere ndị na-egosi na ọ dabara nke ọma maka idowe mmiri nnu na ịgbanye vapors na nnu n'oge ọrụ mgbasa ozi.Otú ọ dị, nyocha nke elementrị nke ihe ndị a na-eji EDX nwere ike ịchọpụta ọnụọgụ nke magnesium na sọlfọ n'elu boehmite, nke a na-adịghị ahụ anya n'ihe banyere elu alumina.
ATR-FTIR nke ihe nlele ahụ kwadoro na mmewere bụ magnesium sulfate (lee foto 2b).Ụdị dị iche iche na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ elu nke sulfate ion na 610-680 na 1080-1130 cm-1 na àgwà mmiri lattice na 1600-1700 cm-1 na 3200-3800 cm-1 (lee Fig. 2a, c).).Ọnụnọ nke ion magnesium fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe ụdịdị54.
(a) EDX nke boehmite mkpuchi MgSO4 aluminum plate, (b) ATR-FTIR spectra nke boehmite na MgSO4 mkpuchi, (c) ATR-FTIR spectra nke dị ọcha MgSO4.
TGA kwadoro na-ejigide arụmọrụ mgbasa ozi.Na fig.3b na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu desorption nke ihe ruru.60°C.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu a adabaghị na okpomọkụ nke elu abụọ a hụrụ na TGA nke nnu dị ọcha (Fig 3a).A tụlere nkwughachi nke usoro mgbasa ozi-desorption, ma hụkwara otu akụkụ ahụ mgbe etinyere ihe nlele ahụ na ikuku iru mmiri (Fig 3c).Esemokwu dị iche iche a na-ahụ na ọkwa nke abụọ nke desorption nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ n'ime ikuku na-asọ asọ, n'ihi na nke a na-ebutekarị akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na-ezughị ezu.Ụkpụrụ ndị a kwekọrọ na ihe dịka 17.9 g / m2 na mmiri mmiri mbụ na 10.3 g / m2 na nkwụsị nke abụọ.
Ntụle nke nyocha TGA nke boehmite na MgSO4: nyocha TGA nke dị ọcha MgSO4 (a), ngwakọta (b) na mgbe rehydration (c).
A na-eme otu usoro ahụ na calcium chloride dị ka adsorbent.E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ya na eserese 4. Nleba anya n'elu gosipụtara obere mgbanwe na ọkụ ọla.Ajị anụ anaghị ahụ ya.SEM kwadoro ọnụnọ nke obere kristal na-ekesa nke ọma n'elu.Agbanyeghị, TGA egosighi akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ n'okpuru 150°C.Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na oke nnu dị oke ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ngụkọta nke mkpụrụ maka nchọpụta TGA.
A na-egosi nsonaazụ nke ọgwụgwọ elu nke mkpuchi sulfate ọla kọpa site na usoro anodizing na fig.5. N'okwu a, ntinye a na-atụ anya na CuSO4 n'ime usoro Al oxide emeghị.Kama nke ahụ, a na-ahụ agịga rụrụ arụ ka a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ọla kọpa hydroxide Cu (OH) 2 na-eji agba agba turquoise.
A nwalekwara ọgwụgwọ elu anodized na ngwakọta na strontium chloride.Nsonaazụ gosiri mkpuchi na-ezighi ezi (lee foto 6a).Iji chọpụta ma nnu kpuchiri elu dum, a na-eme nyocha EDX.Ntugharị maka ebe dị na mpaghara isi awọ (isi 1 na Fig. 6b) na-egosi obere strontium na ọtụtụ aluminom.Nke a na-egosi obere ọdịnaya nke strontium na mpaghara a tụrụ atụ, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-egosi mkpuchi dị ala nke strontium chloride.N'aka nke ọzọ, ebe ndị na-acha ọcha nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke strontium na obere aluminom (isi 2-6 na Fig. 6b).Nyocha EDX nke mpaghara ọcha na-egosi ntụpọ gbara ọchịchịrị (isi 2 na 4 na Fig. 6b), obere chlorine na nnukwu sọlfọ.Nke a nwere ike igosi nguzobe nke strontium sulfate.Ntụpọ na-egbuke egbuke na-egosipụta ọdịnaya chlorine dị elu yana ọdịnaya sọlfọ dị ala (isi 3, 5, na 6 na Fig. 6b).Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site n'eziokwu na akụkụ bụ isi nke mkpuchi na-acha ọcha na-agụnye strontium chloride a na-atụ anya ya.TGA nke ihe nlele ahụ kwadoro nkọwa nke nyocha ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na njirimara okpomọkụ nke strontium chloride dị ọcha (Fig 6c).Enwere ike ịkwado obere uru ha site na ntakịrị ntakịrị nnu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwado ígwè.The desorption uka kpebisiri ike na nnwale kwekọrọ na ego nke 7.3 g / m2 enye efep kwa unit ebe nke adsorber na okpomọkụ nke 150 ° C.
A nwalekwara mkpuchi mkpuchi zinc sulfate nke Eloxal.Macroscopically, mkpuchi bụ ihe dị oke mkpa na akwa oyi akwa (Fig 7a).Otú ọ dị, SEM kpughere mpaghara elu nke ejiri obere kristal kewapụrụ site na ebe efu (Fig 7b).TGA nke mkpuchi na mkpụrụ ka atụnyere nke nnu dị ọcha (Njirimara 7c).Nnu dị ọcha nwere otu ọnụ ọgụgụ asymmetric na 59.1°C.Aluminom mkpuchi mkpuchi gosipụtara obere ọnụ ụzọ abụọ na 55.5 Celsius na 61.3 Celsius, na-egosi ọnụnọ zinc sulfate hydrate.Ọdịiche dị ukwuu nke ekpughere na nnwale ahụ dabara na 10.9 g/m2 na okpomoku akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke 150°C.
Dị ka ọ dị na ngwa gara aga53, a na-eji hydroxyethyl cellulose mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe iji melite nkwụsi ike na nkwụsi ike nke mkpuchi sorbent.TGA tụlere ndakọrịta ihe yana mmetụta na arụmọrụ mgbasa ozi.A na-eme nyocha ahụ n'ihe gbasara mkpokọta mkpokọta, ya bụ, ihe atụ na-agụnye efere ígwè eji dị ka ihe mkpuchi.A na-anwale adhesion site na nnwale dabere na nnwale cross notch akọwapụtara na nkọwapụta ISO2409 (enweghị ike izute nkọwapụta nkewa notch dabere na nha nkọwapụta na obosara).
Ikpuchi oghere na calcium chloride (CaCl2) (lee Fig. 8a) mere ka nkesa na-enweghị isi, nke a na-ahụghị na mkpuchi aluminom dị ọcha ejiri mee nyocha transverse notch.Tụnyere nsonaazụ maka CaCl2 dị ọcha, TGA (Fig. 8b) na-egosi ọnụ elu njirimara abụọ gbanwere gaa na okpomọkụ dị ala nke 40 na 20 Celsius, n'otu n'otu.Nnwale nlegharị anya anaghị ekwe ka e jiri ya tụnyere ebumnuche n'ihi na ihe nlele CaCl2 dị ọcha (ihe nlele n'aka nri na Fig 8c) bụ ntụ ntụ ntụ, nke na-ewepụ ihe ndị kachasị elu.Nsonaazụ HEC gosipụtara mkpuchi dị oke mkpa na nke edo na mgbakwunye na-eju afọ.Ọdịiche nke oke egosiri na fig.8b kwekọrọ na 51.3 g/m2 kwa unit nke adsorber na okpomọkụ nke 150 ° C.
A na-enwetakwa nsonaazụ dị mma n'ihe gbasara adhesion na ịdị n'otu na magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (lee Fig. 9).Nyocha nke usoro desorption nke mkpuchi ahụ gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke otu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.60°C.Okpomọkụ a dabara na isi nzọụkwụ desorption a na-ahụ na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke nnu dị ọcha, na-anọchi anya nzọụkwụ ọzọ na 44°C.Ọ dabara na mgbanwe site na hexahydrate gaa na pentahydrate ma a naghị ahụ ya n'ihe gbasara mkpuchi na ihe nkedo.Nnwale akụkụ obe na-egosi nkesa na nrapanye dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpuchi ejiri nnu dị ọcha mee.Ọdịiche dị ukwuu a hụrụ na TGA-DTC dabara na 18.4 g/m2 kwa mpaghara nke mgbasa ozi na okpomọkụ nke 150°C.
N'ihi adịghị mma n'elu, strontium chloride (SrCl2) nwere mkpuchi na-enweghị isi na ntù (Fig 10a).Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ nke ule transverse notch gosipụtara nkesa otu na nrapado dị mma nke ukwuu (Fig 10c).Nyocha TGA gosipụtara obere ọdịiche dị na ịdị arọ, nke ga-abụrịrị n'ihi ọdịnaya nnu dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere metal substrate.Otú ọ dị, nzọụkwụ ndị dị na ntụgharị ahụ na-egosi ọnụnọ nke usoro mmiri mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na-ejikọta ya na okpomọkụ nke enwetara mgbe a na-akọwa nnu dị ọcha.A na-ahụta na 110 Celsius C na 70.2 Celsius C na fig.Achọkwara 10b mgbe a na-enyocha nnu dị ọcha.Otú ọ dị, isi nzọụkwụ nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ a na-ahụ na nnu dị ọcha na 50 ° C egosighi na ọbịbịa na-eji ihe nkedo.N'ụzọ dị iche, ngwakọta ihe nkedo na-egosi elu abụọ na 20.2 ° C na 94.1 Celsius C, nke a na-ejighị maka nnu dị ọcha (Fig 10b).Na okpomọkụ nke 150 Celsius C, ihe dị iche iche a na-ahụ anya kwekọrọ na 7.2 g / m2 kwa mpaghara nke mgbasa ozi.
Nchikota nke HEC na zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) enyeghị nsonaazụ anabatara (Fig 11).Nyocha TGA nke igwe mkpuchi egosighi usoro akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ ọ bụla.Ọ bụ ezie na nkesa na adhesion nke mkpuchi emewo ka mma, ihe onwunwe ya ka dị anya site na nke kacha mma.
Ụzọ kachasị mfe iji kpuchie eriri igwe nwere akwa dị nro ma dị nro bụ mmiri mmiri (Fig 12a), nke gụnyere nkwadebe nke nnu ebu n'obi na impregnation nke eriri ígwè na ngwọta mmiri.
Mgbe ị na-akwadebe maka ime mmiri mmiri, a na-ezute isi nsogbu abụọ.N'otu aka ahụ, esemokwu elu nke ngwọta saline na-egbochi ntinye ziri ezi nke mmiri mmiri n'ime usoro porous.Crystallization na elu elu (Fig 12d) na ikuku egosipụta tọrọ n'ime Ọdịdị (Fig. 12c) nwere ike na-ebelata site ẹsụhọde elu esemokwu na tupu wetting sample na distilled mmiri.Mgbasa mmanye n'ime ihe nlele site na ịwepụ ikuku n'ime ma ọ bụ site na ịmepụta usoro ngwọta na nhazi ahụ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị irè iji hụ na ejuputa ihe owuwu ahụ zuru oke.
Nsogbu nke abụọ zutere n'oge nkwadebe bụ iwepụ ihe nkiri ahụ site na akụkụ nke nnu (lee Fig. 12b).A na-eji ihe a mara ihe site na ịmepụta mkpuchi akọrọ n'elu mgbasa nke mgbasa, nke na-akwụsị ihicha nke na-eme ka convectively ma malite usoro mgbasa ozi na-akpali akpali.Usoro nke abụọ dị nwayọọ karịa nke mbụ.N'ihi ya, a chọrọ okpomọkụ dị elu maka oge ihicha nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke egosipụta na-etolite n'ime ihe atụ.A na-edozi nsogbu a site n'iwebata usoro ọzọ nke crystallization dabeere na ọ bụghị na mgbanwe mgbanwe (evaporation), ma na okpomọkụ mgbanwe (dị ka ihe atụ na MgSO4 na Fig. 13).
Ngosipụta atụmatụ nke usoro kristal n'oge jụrụ oyi na nkewa nke usoro siri ike na mmiri mmiri na-eji MgSO4.
Enwere ike ịkwadebe ngwọta nnu zuru oke na ma ọ bụ karịa ụlọ okpomọkụ (HT) site na iji usoro a.N'okwu nke mbụ, a na-amanye crystallization site na ibelata okpomọkụ n'okpuru okpomọkụ ụlọ.N'okwu nke abụọ, crystallization mere mgbe ihe nlele ahụ dị jụụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ (RT).Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ngwakọta nke kristal (B) na agbaze (A), akụkụ mmiri mmiri nke ikuku na-ekpochapụ na-ewepụ.Ụzọ a ọ bụghị nanị na-ezere ịmepụta ihe nkiri na hydrates ndị a, ma na-ebelata oge achọrọ maka nkwadebe nke ihe ndị ọzọ.Otú ọ dị, mwepụ nke mmiri mmiri site na ikuku abịakọrọ na-eduga n'ịbawanye crystallization nke nnu, na-eme ka mkpuchi dị arọ.
Ụzọ ọzọ a pụrụ iji kpuchie elu igwe na-agụnye imepụta nnu a chọrọ kpọmkwem site na mmeghachi omume kemịkal.Ndị na-ekpo ọkụ mkpuchi mkpuchi nke mmeghachi omume nke acids dị na elu igwe nke ntù na tubes nwere ọtụtụ uru, dị ka a kọrọ na ọmụmụ anyị gara aga.Ntinye nke usoro a na eriri mere ka ọ pụta ìhè nke ọma n'ihi nhazi nke gas n'oge mmeghachi omume.Nrụgide nke ikuku hydrogen gas na-ewuli elu n'ime nyocha ma na-agbanwe ka ngwaahịa ahụ na-apụ (Fig 14a).
Emezigharịrị mkpuchi ahụ site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ka ọ dị mma ịchịkwa oke na nkesa nke mkpuchi ahụ.Usoro a gụnyere ịfefe iyi alụlụ acid site na nlele (Foto 14b).A na-atụ anya na nke a ga-ebute mkpuchi otu site na mmeghachi omume na metal substrate.Nsonaazụ ndị ahụ na-eju afọ, ma usoro ahụ dị ngwa ngwa ka a na-ewere ya dị ka usoro dị irè (Fig 14c).Enwere ike nweta oge mmeghachi omume dị mkpirikpi site na kpo oku mpaghara.
Iji merie adịghị ike nke ụzọ ndị a dị n'elu, a mụọla usoro mkpuchi nke dabeere na iji ihe ntanye.A họọrọ HEC dabere na nsonaazụ ewepụtara na ngalaba gara aga.Emebere nlele niile na 3% wt.A na-agwakọta ihe nkedo na nnu.A na-edozi eriri ndị ahụ dịka otu usoro a si dị maka ọgịrịga, ya bụ, tinye ya na 50% vol.n'ime nkeji iri na ise.sulfuric acid, wee tinye ya na sodium hydroxide maka sekọnd 20, na-asa ya na mmiri a na-ekpo ọkụ ma mesịa tinye ya na mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ maka nkeji iri atọ.N'okwu a, agbakwunyere nzọụkwụ ọzọ tupu ime ime.Tinye ihe nlele ahụ na nkenke n'ime ihe ngwọta nnu ebu n'obi na-agbaze ma kpọọ nkụ n'ihe dịka 60 Celsius.Emebere usoro ahụ iji gbanwee elu igwe ahụ, na-emepụta saịtị nucleation nke na-eme ka nkesa nke mkpuchi ahụ dịkwuo mma na njedebe ikpeazụ.Ọdịdị fibrous nwere otu akụkụ ebe filaments dị gịrịgịrị ma na-akpachi anya, na akụkụ nke ọzọ ebe filaments na-adị oke ma na-ekesa obere.Nke a bụ nsonaazụ nke usoro nrụpụta 52.
A na-achịkọta nsonaazụ maka calcium chloride (CaCl2) ma gosipụta ya na foto dị na Tebụl 1. Mkpuchi dị mma mgbe a mụsịrị ya.Ọbụna eriri ndị ahụ na-enweghị kristal a na-ahụ anya n'elu ebelatala nlegharị anya igwe, na-egosi mgbanwe n'ikpeazụ.Otú ọ dị, mgbe a na-agbanye ihe nlele ahụ na ngwakọta mmiri nke CaCl2 na HEC ma kpoo ya na okpomọkụ nke ihe dịka 60 Celsius, ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-etinye uche na nkwụsị nke ihe owuwu ahụ.Nke a bụ mmetụta sitere na esemokwu elu nke ngwọta.Mgbe ịsachara, mmiri mmiri na-anọgide n'ime ihe nlele ahụ n'ihi esemokwu elu ya.N'ụzọ bụ isi, ọ na-eme na nkwụsị nke ihe owuwu.Akụkụ kacha mma nke ihe atụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ oghere jupụtara na nnu.Arọ ahụ mụbara site na 0.06 g / cm3 mgbe mkpuchi.
Mkpuchi na magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) na-emepụta nnu karịa kwa otu olu (Table 2).N'okwu a, mmụba a tụrụ atụ bụ 0.09 g / cm3.Usoro ịgha mkpụrụ butere nnukwu mkpuchi ihe nlele.Mgbe usoro mkpuchi ahụ gasịrị, nnu na-egbochi nnukwu akụkụ nke akụkụ dị mkpa nke ihe nlele ahụ.Na mgbakwunye, a na-egbochi ụfọdụ akụkụ nke matte, mana ụfọdụ porosity na-edobe.N'okwu a, a na-ahụ nhazi nnu n'ụzọ dị mfe na nkwụsị nke ihe owuwu ahụ, na-ekwenye na usoro mkpuchi ahụ bụ isi n'ihi esemokwu elu nke mmiri mmiri, ọ bụghịkwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nnu na metal substrate.
Nsonaazụ maka nchikota nke strontium chloride (SrCl2) na HEC gosipụtara ihe ndị yiri ya na ihe atụ ndị gara aga (Table 3).N'okwu a, akụkụ dị mkpa nke ihe nlele ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpuchie ya kpamkpam.Naanị onye ọ bụla pores ka a na-ahụ anya, nke a na-emepụta n'oge ihicha n'ihi ntọhapụ nke uzuoku sitere na ihe atụ.Ụkpụrụ a na-ahụ n'akụkụ matte dị nnọọ ka nke gara aga, ebe a na-egbochi ya na nnu na eriri anaghị ekpuchi ya kpamkpam.
Iji nyochaa mmetụta dị mma nke ihe owuwu fibrous na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ nke onye na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, a na-ekpebi nrụpụta ọkụ ọkụ dị mma nke ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe mkpuchi dị ọcha.A tụrụ conductivity thermal dị ka ASTM D 5470-2017 site na iji ngwaọrụ dị larịị nke egosiri na eserese 15a site na iji ihe ntụnye aka nwere njikwa ọkụ ama ama.E jiri ya tụnyere usoro nha ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe, ụkpụrụ a bara uru maka ihe ndị na-agba agba na-eji na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na a na-eme nha ahụ na ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ yana nha zuru oke (mpaghara 30 × 30 mm2, ịdị elu dịka 15 mm).A na-akwado ihe nlele nke ihe mkpuchi dị ọcha (ntụaka) na ihe eji eme ihe na-edozi ahụ maka nha na ntụziaka nke eriri na perpendicular na ntụziaka nke eriri iji nyochaa mmetụta nke anisotropic thermal conductivity.A na-akụ ihe atụ ndị ahụ n'elu (P320 grit) iji belata mmetụta nke ịdị nro n'elu n'ihi nkwadebe ihe atụ, nke na-adịghị egosipụta nhazi dị n'ime ihe atụ ahụ.