Mun gode da ziyartar Nature.com. Sigar burauzar da kuke amfani da ita tana da ƙarancin tallafin CSS. Don mafi kyawun ƙwarewa, muna ba da shawarar ku yi amfani da burauzar da aka sabunta (ko ku kashe Yanayin Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Internet Explorer). A halin yanzu, don tabbatar da ci gaba da tallafi, za mu nuna shafin ba tare da salo da JavaScript ba.
Kasuwar tsarin sanyaya iska da famfunan zafi har yanzu ƙanƙanta ne idan aka kwatanta da tsarin damfara na gargajiya. Duk da babban fa'idar amfani da zafi mai araha (maimakon aikin lantarki mai tsada), aiwatar da tsarin bisa ƙa'idodin shaye-shaye har yanzu yana iyakance ga wasu takamaiman aikace-aikace. Babban rashin amfanin da ake buƙatar kawarwa shine raguwar takamaiman ƙarfi saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki da ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali na mai shaye-shaye. Tsarin sanyaya iska na kasuwanci na yanzu ya dogara ne akan masu shaye-shaye bisa ga masu musayar zafi na faranti da aka lulluɓe don inganta ƙarfin sanyaya. Sakamakon ya kasance sananne cewa rage kauri na murfin yana haifar da raguwar juriyar canja wurin taro, kuma ƙara yawan yankin saman zuwa girman tsarin mai shaye-shaye yana ƙara ƙarfi ba tare da lalata inganci ba. Zaruruwan ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan aikin na iya samar da takamaiman yanki na saman a cikin kewayon 2500-50,000 m2/m3. Hanyoyi uku don samun sirara amma tsayayyen rufin gishiri a saman ƙarfe, gami da zaruruwan ƙarfe, don samar da rufin sun nuna a karon farko mai musayar zafi mai yawan ƙarfi. An zaɓi maganin saman da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da aluminum anodizing don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin murfin da substrate. An yi nazarin tsarin saman da aka samu ta amfani da na'urar duba electron microscopy. An yi amfani da rage yawan haske na Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy da kuma na'urar X-ray dispersive energy dispersive don duba kasancewar nau'in da ake so a cikin gwajin. An tabbatar da ikonsu na samar da hydrates ta hanyar haɗin thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). An sami ƙarancin inganci fiye da 0.07 g (ruwa)/g (composite) a cikin murfin MgSO4, yana nuna alamun bushewa a kusan 60 °C kuma ana iya sake samarwa bayan sake shayarwa. An kuma sami sakamako mai kyau tare da SrCl2 da ZnSO4 tare da bambancin taro na kusan 0.02 g/g ƙasa da 100 °C. An zaɓi Hydroxyethylcellulose a matsayin ƙari don ƙara kwanciyar hankali da mannewar murfin. An kimanta halayen shaye-shayen samfuran ta hanyar TGA-DTG a lokaci guda kuma an siffanta mannewar su da wata hanya bisa ga gwaje-gwajen da aka bayyana a cikin ISO2409. Daidaito da mannewar murfin CaCl2 sun inganta sosai yayin da suke riƙe da ƙarfin shaye-shayensa tare da bambancin nauyi na kusan 0.1 g/g a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 100 °C. Bugu da ƙari, MgSO4 yana riƙe da ikon samar da hydrates, yana nuna bambancin taro na fiye da 0.04 g/g a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 100 °C. A ƙarshe, an binciki zare na ƙarfe mai rufi. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ingantaccen watsawar zafi na tsarin zaren da aka lulluɓe da Al2 (SO4)3 na iya zama mafi girma sau 4.7 idan aka kwatanta da girman Al2 (SO4)3 mai tsarki. An duba murfin murfin da aka yi nazari a gani, kuma an kimanta tsarin ciki ta amfani da hoton ƙananan sassan giciye. An sami murfin Al2 (SO4)3 mai kauri kusan 50 µm, amma dole ne a inganta tsarin gabaɗaya don cimma rarrabawa iri ɗaya.
Tsarin shaye-shaye ya sami kulawa sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata yayin da suke samar da madadin da ya dace da muhalli fiye da famfunan zafi na gargajiya ko tsarin sanyaya. Tare da hauhawar matakan jin daɗi da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya, tsarin shaye-shaye na iya rage dogaro da man fetur a nan gaba. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani ci gaba a cikin firiji ko famfunan zafi za a iya canja shi zuwa ajiyar makamashin zafi, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarin ƙaruwa a cikin yuwuwar amfani da makamashin farko cikin inganci. Babban fa'idar famfunan zafi na shaye-shaye da tsarin sanyaya shine cewa suna iya aiki da ƙarancin zafi. Wannan yana sa su dace da tushen ƙarancin zafin jiki kamar makamashin rana ko zafin sharar gida. Dangane da aikace-aikacen adana makamashi, shaye-shaye yana da fa'idar yawan kuzari da ƙarancin watsar da makamashi idan aka kwatanta da ajiyar zafi mai ma'ana ko ɓoye.
Famfon zafi na adsorption da tsarin sanyaya suna bin zagayowar thermodynamic iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na matse tururin. Babban bambanci shine maye gurbin sassan compressor da adsorbers. Abun yana iya ɗaukar tururin refrigerant mai ƙarancin matsin lamba a matsakaicin zafin jiki, yana fitar da iska mai yawa koda lokacin da ruwan yake sanyi. Yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da sanyaya adsorber akai-akai don cire enthalpy na adsorption (exotherm). Adsorber yana sake farfaɗowa a babban zafin jiki, wanda ke haifar da tururin refrigerant ya ɓace. Dole ne a ci gaba da dumama don samar da enthalpy na desorption (endothermic). Saboda hanyoyin adsorption suna da alaƙa da canje-canjen zafin jiki, yawan ƙarfi mai yawa yana buƙatar babban conductivity na thermal. Duk da haka, ƙarancin conductivity na thermal shine babban rashin amfani a yawancin aikace-aikacen.
Babbar matsalar da ke tattare da amfani da wutar lantarki ita ce ƙara yawan matsakaicin ƙimarta yayin da take kula da hanyar sufuri wadda ke samar da kwararar tururin shaƙa/shaƙa. Ana amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu don cimma wannan: masu musayar zafi da masu musayar zafi masu rufi. Mafi shahara da nasara kayan haɗin lantarki sune waɗanda ke amfani da ƙarin abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin carbon, wato graphite mai faɗaɗa, carbon mai kunnawa, ko zaruruwan carbon. Oliveira et al. 2 sun haɗa foda graphite mai faɗaɗa tare da calcium chloride don samar da adsorber mai takamaiman ƙarfin sanyaya (SCP) na har zuwa 306 W/kg da kuma coefficient na aiki (COP) na har zuwa 0.46. Zajaczkowski et al. 3 sun ba da shawarar haɗakar graphite mai faɗaɗa, fiber carbon da calcium chloride tare da jimlar watsawa na 15 W/mK. Jian et al4 sun gwada haɗin lantarki tare da sulfuric acid da aka yi wa magani da aka faɗaɗa (ENG-TSA) a matsayin substrate a cikin zagayowar sanyaya iska mai matakai biyu. Tsarin ya annabta COP daga 0.215 zuwa 0.285 da SCP daga 161.4 zuwa 260.74 W/kg.
A yanzu dai mafita mafi inganci ita ce mai musayar zafi mai rufi. Tsarin rufewa na waɗannan masu musayar zafi za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni biyu: haɗa kai tsaye da manne. Hanya mafi nasara ita ce haɗa kai tsaye, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar kayan shaye-shaye kai tsaye a saman masu musayar zafi daga abubuwan da suka dace. Sotech5 ya ba da izinin mallakar wata hanya don haɗa zeolite mai rufi don amfani a cikin jerin masu sanyaya da Fahrenheit GmbH ya ƙera. Schnabel et al6 sun gwada aikin zeolite guda biyu da aka shafa akan bakin ƙarfe. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar tana aiki ne kawai da takamaiman masu shaye-shaye, wanda ke sa shafa mai da manne ya zama madadin ban sha'awa. Masu ɗaurewa abubuwa ne masu wucewa da aka zaɓa don tallafawa mannewa mai narkewa da/ko canja wurin taro, amma ba su da wani tasiri a cikin shaye-shaye ko haɓaka motsi. Freni et al. Masu musayar zafi na aluminum 7 masu rufi tare da zeolite AQSOA-Z02 an daidaita su da mai ɗaure yumbu. Calabrese et al.8 sun yi nazarin shirye-shiryen murfin zeolite tare da masu ɗaure polymeric. Ammann da abokan aikinsa sun gabatar da wata hanya ta shirya rufin zeolite mai ramuka daga gaurayen maganadisu na barasar polyvinyl. Haka kuma ana amfani da Alumina (alumina) a matsayin mai ɗaurewa 10 a cikin mai ɗaurewa. A saninmu, ana amfani da cellulose da hydroxyethyl cellulose ne kawai tare da masu ɗaurewa na zahiri11,12. Wani lokaci ba a amfani da manne don fenti, amma ana amfani da shi don gina tsarin 13 da kansa. Haɗin matrices na alginate polymer tare da gishiri da yawa yana samar da tsarin bead mai sassauƙa waɗanda ke hana zubewa yayin bushewa kuma suna samar da isasshen canja wurin taro. An yi amfani da yumbu kamar bentonite da attapulgite azaman masu ɗaurewa don shirya mahaɗan15,16,17. An yi amfani da Ethylcellulose don ƙara microcapsulate calcium chloride18 ko sodium sulfide19.
Za a iya raba abubuwan haɗin da ke da tsarin ƙarfe mai ramuka zuwa masu musayar zafi da masu musayar zafi mai rufi. Fa'idar waɗannan tsarin ita ce babban yanki na saman da aka keɓe. Wannan yana haifar da babban saman hulɗa tsakanin mai shaye-shaye da ƙarfe ba tare da ƙara wani taro mai inert ba, wanda ke rage ingancin zagayowar sanyaya gabaɗaya. Lang et al. 20 sun inganta gabaɗayan watsawar mai shaye-shaye na zeolite tare da tsarin saƙar zuma na aluminum. Gillerminot et al. 21 sun inganta watsawar zafi na yadudduka na NaX zeolite tare da kumfa tagulla da nickel. Duk da cewa ana amfani da haɗakarwa azaman kayan canjin lokaci (PCMs), binciken Li et al. 22 da Zhao et al. 23 suma suna da sha'awar kemisorption. Sun kwatanta aikin faɗaɗa graphite da kumfa na ƙarfe kuma sun kammala da cewa na ƙarshen ya fi dacewa ne kawai idan ba matsala ba ce ta lalata. Palomba et al. kwanan nan sun kwatanta wasu tsarin ramuka na ƙarfe24. Van der Pal et al. sun yi nazarin gishirin ƙarfe da aka saka a cikin kumfa 25. Duk misalan da suka gabata sun yi daidai da yadudduka masu yawa na masu shaye-shaye masu yawa. Ba a amfani da tsarin ramuka na ƙarfe don shafa mai a kan masu shaye-shaye, wanda shine mafi kyawun mafita. Misali na ɗaurewa ga zeolites za a iya samu a cikin Wittstadt et al. 26 amma ba a yi ƙoƙarin ɗaure gishirin ba duk da yawan kuzarin da suke da shi ba 27.
Saboda haka, za a binciki hanyoyi guda uku na shirya murfin shaye-shaye a cikin wannan labarin: (1) murfin ɗaurewa, (2) amsawa kai tsaye, da (3) maganin saman. Hydroxyethylcellulose shine abin da aka fi so a cikin wannan aikin saboda kwanciyar hankali da aka ruwaito a baya da kuma kyakkyawan mannewa na rufi tare da masu shaye-shaye na zahiri. An fara binciken wannan hanyar don rufin lebur kuma daga baya an yi amfani da shi ga tsarin zaren ƙarfe. A baya, an ba da rahoton bincike na farko game da yiwuwar halayen sinadarai tare da ƙirƙirar murfin shaye-shaye. Yanzu ana canja gogewar da ta gabata zuwa ga rufin tsarin zaren ƙarfe. Maganin saman da aka zaɓa don wannan aikin hanya ce da ta dogara da anodizing na aluminum. An haɗa anodizing na aluminum da gishirin ƙarfe cikin nasara don dalilai na ado29. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, ana iya samun rufin da ke da karko da juriya ga tsatsa. Duk da haka, ba za su iya aiwatar da wani tsari na shaye-shaye ko cirewa ba. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wani nau'in wannan hanyar da ke ba da damar motsa taro ta amfani da halayen manne na ainihin aikin. Ga mafi kyawun iliminmu, babu ɗayan hanyoyin da aka bayyana a nan da aka yi nazari a baya. Suna wakiltar wata sabuwar fasaha mai ban sha'awa saboda suna ba da damar samar da rufin shaye-shaye masu ruwa, waɗanda ke da fa'idodi da yawa fiye da masu shaye-shaye na zahiri da ake yawan nazari a kansu.
ALINVEST Břidličná, Jamhuriyar Czech ce ta samar da faranti na aluminum da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don waɗannan gwaje-gwajen. Sun ƙunshi kashi 98.11% na aluminum, kashi 1.3622% na baƙin ƙarfe, kashi 0.3618% na manganese da kuma alamun jan ƙarfe, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium da nickel.
An zaɓi kayan da aka zaɓa don ƙera kayan haɗin kai daidai da halayen thermodynamic ɗinsu, wato, ya danganta da adadin ruwan da za su iya sha/sharewa a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 120°C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) yana ɗaya daga cikin gishirin da aka fi sha'awa kuma aka yi nazari a kansu. 30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. An auna halayen thermodynamic cikin tsari kuma an gano cewa sun dace da amfani a fannonin sanyaya iska, famfunan zafi da kuma adana makamashi. An yi amfani da busasshen magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Jamus).
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) wani gishiri ne da aka yi nazari sosai a kansa domin sinadarin hydrate yana da kyawawan halaye na thermodynamic41,42,43,44. Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% an yi amfani da shi (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Jamus).
Sinadarin zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) da sinadaransa suna da kaddarorin thermodynamic waɗanda suka dace da hanyoyin shaƙatawa masu ƙarancin zafi45,46. An yi amfani da sinadarin zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Jamus).
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) kuma yana da kyawawan halaye na thermodynamic4,45,47 kodayake sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da ammonia a cikin famfon zafi na sha ko binciken adana makamashi. An yi amfani da Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, Amurka) don haɗa shi.
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) ba ya cikin sinadaran hydrates da ake samu akai-akai a cikin wallafe-wallafen ƙwararru, kodayake halayen thermodynamic ɗinsa suna da ban sha'awa ga aikace-aikacen ƙananan zafin jiki48,49. An yi amfani da copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka) don haɗa su.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) yana ɗaya daga cikin gishirin da aka sha ruwa wanda kwanan nan ya sami ƙarin kulawa a fannin adana makamashin zafi50,51. An yi amfani da Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 pure pharmaceutical grade (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Jamus) don gwaje-gwajen.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an zaɓi hydroxyethyl cellulose saboda sakamako mai kyau a cikin irin wannan aikace-aikacen. Kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin haɗakar mu shine hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka).
Ana yin zare na ƙarfe daga wayoyi masu gajeru waɗanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar matsewa da kuma toshewa, wani tsari da aka sani da cirewar narkewar ruwa (CME)52. Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙarfin zafinsu ba wai kawai ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙera da kuma porosity na tsarin ƙarshe ba, har ma da ingancin haɗin da ke tsakanin zaren. Zare ba su da isotropic kuma galibi suna rarrabawa a wani takamaiman alkibla yayin samarwa, wanda ke sa ƙarfin zafin da ke cikin alkiblar juyawa ya ragu sosai.
An binciki halayen shan ruwa ta amfani da nazarin thermogravimetric a lokaci guda (TGA)/binciken thermogravimetric differential (DTG) a cikin fakitin injin (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). An gudanar da ma'aunin a cikin yanayin nitrogen mai gudana a ƙimar kwararar ruwa na 10 ml/min da kuma zafin jiki daga 25 zuwa 150°C a cikin bututun aluminum oxide. Yawan dumama shine 1 °C/min, nauyin samfurin ya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 20 mg, ƙuduri shine 0.1 μg. A cikin wannan aikin, ya kamata a lura cewa bambancin taro a kowane saman naúrar yana da babban rashin tabbas. Samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin TGA-DTG ƙanana ne kuma ba a yanke su ba bisa ƙa'ida, wanda ke sa ƙudurin yankin su bai dace ba. Ana iya fitar da waɗannan ƙimar zuwa babban yanki kawai idan an yi la'akari da manyan karkacewa.
An samo jimillar haske mai rage haske na Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) a kan na'urar Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Jamus) ta amfani da kayan haɗin platinum na ATR (Bruker Optik GmbH, Jamus). An auna jimillar lu'ulu'u masu tsabta na lu'ulu'u masu tsabta kai tsaye a cikin injin tsabtace kafin amfani da samfuran a matsayin bango don ma'aunin gwaji. An auna samfuran a cikin injin tsabtace ta amfani da ƙudurin jimillar 2 cm-1 da matsakaicin adadin duban 32. Lambar raƙuman ruwa tana tsakanin 8000 zuwa 500 cm-1. An gudanar da nazarin jimillar ta amfani da shirin OPUS.
An gudanar da nazarin SEM ta amfani da DSM 982 Gemini daga Zeiss a ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai sauri na 2 da 5 kV. An gudanar da nazarin X-ray mai watsa makamashi (EDX) ta amfani da Thermo Fischer System 7 tare da na'urar gano silikon da aka sanyaya ta Peltier (SSD).
An gudanar da shirye-shiryen faranti na ƙarfe bisa ga tsarin da aka bayyana a shafi na 53. Da farko, a nutsar da faranti a cikin sinadarin sulfuric acid 50%. Minti 15. Sannan a saka su cikin maganin sodium hydroxide mai girman M 1 na tsawon daƙiƙa 10. Sannan a wanke samfuran da ruwa mai yawa, sannan a jiƙa su a cikin ruwan da aka tace na tsawon mintuna 30. Bayan an fara yin maganin saman, an nutsar da samfuran a cikin maganin da ya cika kashi 3%. HEC da gishirin da aka yi niyya. A ƙarshe, a fitar da su a busar da su a zafin jiki na 60°C.
Hanyar anodizing tana ƙara ƙarfafa layin oxide na halitta akan ƙarfe mara aiki. An haɗa bangarorin aluminum da sinadarin sulfuric a cikin yanayi mai tauri sannan a rufe su da ruwan zafi. Anodizing ya biyo bayan fara yin etching da NaOH mol/l 1 (600 s) sannan a haɗa shi da maganin hana kumburi a cikin mol/l 1 HNO3 (60 s). Maganin electrolyte cakuda ne na 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, da 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. An yi anodizing a (40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 na tsawon daƙiƙa 1200. An gudanar da aikin rufewa a cikin mafita na ruwan gishiri daban-daban kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin kayan (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Ana tafasa samfurin a ciki na daƙiƙa 1800.
An binciki hanyoyi guda uku daban-daban na samar da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa: rufin manne, amsawa kai tsaye, da kuma maganin saman. Ana yin nazari da tattaunawa kan fa'idodi da rashin amfanin kowace hanyar horo cikin tsari. An yi amfani da lura kai tsaye, nanoimaging, da nazarin sinadarai/elemental don tantance sakamakon.
An zaɓi Anodizing a matsayin hanyar gyara saman da za a iya canzawa don ƙara mannewar gishiri. Wannan maganin saman yana ƙirƙirar tsarin alumina (alumina) kai tsaye a saman aluminum. A al'ada, wannan hanyar ta ƙunshi matakai biyu: mataki na farko yana ƙirƙirar tsarin alumina mai ramuka, mataki na biyu kuma yana ƙirƙirar shafi na aluminum hydroxide wanda ke rufe ramuka. Waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyu ne na toshe gishiri ba tare da toshe hanyar shiga matakin iskar gas ba. Na farko ya ƙunshi tsarin saƙar zuma ta amfani da ƙananan bututun aluminum oxide (Al2O3) da aka samu a mataki na farko don riƙe lu'ulu'u masu sha da kuma ƙara mannewa ga saman ƙarfe. Sakamakon zumar zuma yana da diamita na kusan 50 nm da tsawon 200 nm (Hoto na 1a). Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, waɗannan ramuka galibi ana rufe su a mataki na biyu tare da siririn Layer na Al2O(OH)2 boehmite wanda tsarin tafasa bututun alumina ke tallafawa. A hanya ta biyu, ana gyara wannan tsarin rufewa ta yadda za a kama lu'ulu'un gishiri a cikin wani Layer na boehmite mai rufewa iri ɗaya (Al2O(OH)), wanda ba a amfani da shi don rufewa a wannan yanayin. Mataki na biyu ana gudanar da shi a cikin cikakken bayani na gishirin da ya dace. Tsarin da aka bayyana suna da girma a cikin kewayon 50-100 nm kuma suna kama da digo mai feshi (Hoto na 1b). Fuskar da aka samu sakamakon tsarin rufewa tana da tsari mai faɗi tare da ƙara yawan wurin hulɗa. Wannan tsarin saman, tare da tsarin haɗin gwiwarsu da yawa, ya dace don ɗauka da riƙe lu'ulu'un gishiri. Duk tsarin da aka bayyana suna da ramuka da gaske kuma suna da ƙananan ramuka waɗanda suka dace da riƙe ruwan gishiri da kuma sha tururi zuwa gishirin yayin aiki da mai sha. Duk da haka, nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan saman ta amfani da EDX na iya gano adadin magnesium da sulfur a saman boehmite, waɗanda ba a gano su ba idan aka kwatanta da saman alumina.
ATR-FTIR na samfurin ya tabbatar da cewa sinadarin magnesium sulfate ne (duba Hoto na 2b). Bakan yana nuna kololuwar ion sulfate na musamman a 610–680 da 1080–1130 cm–1 da kuma kololuwar ruwan layi na musamman a 1600–1700 cm–1 da 3200–3800 cm–1 (duba Hoto na 2a, c). Kasancewar ions na magnesium kusan bai canza bakan ba54.
(a) EDX na farantin aluminum na MgSO4 mai rufi da boehmite, (b) ATR-FTIR spectra na shafa boehmite da MgSO4, (c) ATR-FTIR spectra na MgSO4 tsantsa.
An tabbatar da ingancin shaƙar iska ta hanyar TGA. A hoto na 3b, an nuna kololuwar shaƙar iska ta kusan 60°C. Wannan kololuwar ba ta yi daidai da zafin jiki na kololuwar biyu da aka gani a cikin TGA na gishiri mai tsabta ba (Hoto na 3a). An kimanta maimaita zagayowar shaƙar iska da shaƙar iska, kuma an lura da lanƙwasa iri ɗaya bayan sanya samfuran a cikin yanayi mai danshi (Hoto na 3c). Bambance-bambancen da aka lura a mataki na biyu na shaƙar iska na iya zama sakamakon shaƙar iska a cikin yanayi mai gudana, saboda wannan yakan haifar da bushewar iska. Waɗannan ƙimar sun yi daidai da kusan 17.9 g/m2 a cikin shaƙar iska ta farko da 10.3 g/m2 a cikin shaƙar iska ta biyu.
Kwatanta nazarin TGA na boehmite da MgSO4: nazarin TGA na tsantsar MgSO4 (a), cakuda (b) da kuma bayan sake sha ruwa (c).
An yi irin wannan hanyar tare da sinadarin calcium chloride a matsayin mai shaƙa. An gabatar da sakamakon a Hoto na 4. Dubawar gani a saman ya nuna ƙananan canje-canje a cikin hasken ƙarfe. Jawo ba a iya gani sosai. SEM ya tabbatar da kasancewar ƙananan lu'ulu'u a ko'ina a saman. Duk da haka, TGA bai nuna rashin ruwa a ƙasa da 150°C ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda gaskiyar cewa rabon gishiri ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da jimlar nauyin substrate don gano shi ta hanyar TGA.
An nuna sakamakon maganin saman rufin jan ƙarfe sulfate ta hanyar hanyar anodizing a cikin fig. 5. A wannan yanayin, ana tsammanin haɗa CuSO4 cikin tsarin Al oxide bai faru ba. Madadin haka, ana lura da allurar da ba ta da ƙarfi domin ana amfani da su akai-akai don amfani da jan ƙarfe hydroxide Cu(OH)2 tare da rini na turquoise na yau da kullun.
An kuma gwada maganin saman anodized tare da haɗin strontium chloride. Sakamakon ya nuna rashin daidaituwar rufewa (duba Hoto na 6a). Don tantance ko gishirin ya rufe dukkan saman, an yi nazarin EDX. Lanƙwasa don wani wuri a yankin launin toka (maki na 1 a Hoto na 6b) yana nuna ƙaramin strontium da yawa aluminum. Wannan yana nuna ƙarancin abun ciki na strontium a yankin da aka auna, wanda, bi da bi, yana nuna ƙarancin murfin strontium chloride. Akasin haka, yankunan fari suna da babban abun ciki na strontium da ƙarancin abun ciki na aluminum (maki na 2-6 a Hoto na 6b). Binciken EDX na yankin fari yana nuna ɗigogi masu duhu (maki na 2 da 4 a Hoto na 6b), ƙarancin chlorine da kuma babban sulfur. Wannan na iya nuna samuwar strontium sulfate. Digogi masu haske suna nuna babban abun ciki na chlorine da ƙarancin abun ciki na sulfur (maki na 3, 5, da 6 a Hoto na 6b). Ana iya bayanin wannan ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa babban ɓangaren farin murfin ya ƙunshi ana tsammanin strontium chloride. TGA na samfurin ya tabbatar da fassarar binciken da kololuwar yanayin zafin jiki na strontium chloride mai tsabta (Hoto na 6c). Ƙaramin ƙimar su za a iya barata ta hanyar ƙaramin ƙaramin gishiri idan aka kwatanta da nauyin ƙarfen da ke tallafawa ƙarfe. Nauyin cirewar da aka ƙayyade a cikin gwaje-gwajen ya yi daidai da adadin 7.3 g/m2 da aka bayar a kowane yanki na mai sha a zafin jiki na 150°C.
An kuma gwada fenti mai ɗauke da zinc sulfate da aka yi wa magani da Eloxal. A fannin macroscopic, fenti mai laushi ne mai siriri kuma iri ɗaya (Hoto na 7a). Duk da haka, SEM ya bayyana wani yanki na saman da aka rufe da ƙananan lu'ulu'u waɗanda aka raba ta wurare marasa komai (Hoto na 7b). An kwatanta TGA na fenti da substrate da na gishiri mai tsarki (Hoto na 7c). Gishiri mai tsarki yana da kololuwa ɗaya mara daidaituwa a 59.1°C. Aluminum mai rufi ya nuna ƙananan kololuwa biyu a 55.5°C da 61.3°C, wanda ke nuna kasancewar zinc sulfate hydrate. Bambancin taro da aka bayyana a cikin gwajin ya yi daidai da 10.9 g/m2 a zafin jiki na bushewa na 150°C.
Kamar yadda aka yi a aikace-aikacen da ya gabata53, an yi amfani da hydroxyethyl cellulose a matsayin abin ɗaurewa don inganta mannewa da kwanciyar hankali na murfin sorbent. TGA ta tantance daidaiton abu da tasirinsa akan aikin sha. Ana gudanar da binciken ne dangane da jimlar nauyi, watau samfurin ya haɗa da farantin ƙarfe da ake amfani da shi azaman abin rufewa. Ana gwada mannewa ta hanyar gwaji bisa ga gwajin giciye da aka ayyana a cikin ƙayyadaddun ISO2409 (ba zai iya cika ƙayyadaddun rabuwar notch ba dangane da kauri da faɗi na ƙayyadaddun).
Shafa allunan da sinadarin calcium chloride (CaCl2) (duba Hoto na 8a) ya haifar da rarrabawar da ba ta daidaita ba, wanda ba a lura da shi ba a cikin rufin aluminum mai tsarki da aka yi amfani da shi don gwajin ma'aunin giciye. Idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon CaCl2 mai tsarki, TGA (Hoto na 8b) ya nuna kololuwa guda biyu masu halayya waɗanda aka canza zuwa ƙananan yanayin zafi na 40 da 20°C, bi da bi. Gwajin giciye bai ba da damar kwatantawa ta zahiri ba saboda samfurin CaCl2 mai tsarki (samfurin da ke hannun dama a Hoto na 8c) wani abu ne mai ƙura, wanda ke cire barbashi mafi girma. Sakamakon HEC ya nuna sirara da daidaito tare da manne mai gamsarwa. Bambancin taro da aka nuna a Hoto na 8b ya yi daidai da 51.3 g/m2 a kowace yanki na mai shaye-shaye a zafin jiki na 150°C.
An kuma sami sakamako mai kyau dangane da mannewa da daidaito tare da magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (duba Hoto na 9). Binciken tsarin cirewar murfin ya nuna kasancewar kololuwa ɗaya na kusan 60°C. Wannan zafin jiki ya yi daidai da babban matakin cirewar da aka gani a cikin bushewar gishirin tsarki, yana wakiltar wani mataki a 44°C. Ya yi daidai da sauyawa daga hexahydrate zuwa pentahydrate kuma ba a lura da shi ba a yanayin rufewa da masu ɗaurewa. Gwaje-gwajen sashe-sashe suna nuna ingantaccen rarrabawa da mannewa idan aka kwatanta da rufewa da aka yi da gishirin tsarki. Bambancin taro da aka lura a cikin TGA-DTC ya yi daidai da 18.4 g/m2 a kowace yanki na mai ɗaukar ruwa a zafin jiki na 150°C.
Saboda rashin daidaituwar saman, strontium chloride (SrCl2) yana da rufin da bai daidaita ba a kan fins (Hoto na 10a). Duk da haka, sakamakon gwajin maƙallin giciye ya nuna rarrabawa iri ɗaya tare da ingantaccen mannewa (Hoto na 10c). Binciken TGA ya nuna ƙaramin bambanci a cikin nauyi, wanda dole ne ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin gishiri idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe. Duk da haka, matakan da ke kan lanƙwasa suna nuna kasancewar tsarin bushewa, kodayake saman yana da alaƙa da zafin da aka samu lokacin da ake kwatanta gishirin tsarki. An kuma gano kololuwar a 110°C da 70.2°C da aka gani a cikin Hoto na 10b lokacin nazarin gishirin tsarki. Duk da haka, babban matakin bushewa da aka gani a cikin gishirin tsarki a 50°C bai bayyana a cikin lanƙwasa ta amfani da maƙallin ba. Sabanin haka, cakuda maƙallin ya nuna kololuwa biyu a 20.2°C da 94.1°C, waɗanda ba a auna su don gishirin tsarki ba (Hoto na 10b). A zafin jiki na 150 °C, bambancin taro da aka lura ya yi daidai da 7.2 g/m2 a kowace yanki na mai ɗaukar abin sha.
Haɗin HEC da zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) bai bayar da sakamako mai kyau ba (Hoto na 11). Binciken TGA na ƙarfe mai rufi bai bayyana wani tsari na bushewar ruwa ba. Duk da cewa rarrabawa da mannewar murfin sun inganta, halayensa har yanzu ba su da kyau.
Hanya mafi sauƙi ta shafa zare na ƙarfe da sirara mai tsari ɗaya ita ce sanya ruwa a cikin ƙasa (Hoto na 12a), wanda ya haɗa da shirya gishirin da aka yi niyya da kuma sanya zare na ƙarfe a cikin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi.
Lokacin da ake shirin yin amfani da ruwa mai danshi, ana fuskantar manyan matsaloli guda biyu. A gefe guda, matsin lamba a saman ruwan gishiri yana hana shigar ruwan daidai cikin tsarin ramuka. Za a iya rage yawan lu'ulu'u a saman waje (Hoto na 12d) da kumfa na iska da aka makale a cikin tsarin (Hoto na 12c) ne kawai ta hanyar rage matsin lamba a saman da kuma jika samfurin da ruwan da aka tace kafin a fara amfani da shi. Narkewar da aka tilasta a cikin samfurin ta hanyar fitar da iskar da ke ciki ko kuma ta hanyar samar da kwararar mafita a cikin tsarin wasu hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don tabbatar da cikakken cike tsarin.
Matsala ta biyu da aka fuskanta yayin shiri ita ce cire fim ɗin daga wani ɓangare na gishirin (duba Hoto na 12b). Wannan lamari yana da alaƙa da samuwar busasshen shafi a saman narkewa, wanda ke dakatar da bushewar da ke haifar da convective kuma yana fara aikin da ke haifar da yaduwar. Hanya ta biyu tana da jinkiri fiye da ta farko. Sakamakon haka, ana buƙatar zafi mai yawa don lokacin bushewa mai ma'ana, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kumfa da ke fitowa a cikin samfurin. Ana magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar gabatar da wata hanyar daban ta crystallization bisa ga canjin taro (ƙanshi), amma akan canjin zafin jiki (kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin tare da MgSO4 a Hoto na 13).
Tsarin tsari na tsarin lu'ulu'u yayin sanyaya da rabuwa da matakai masu ƙarfi da ruwa ta amfani da MgSO4.
Ana iya shirya ruwan gishiri mai cikewa a zafin ɗaki ko sama da haka (HT) ta amfani da wannan hanyar. A yanayi na farko, an tilasta yin amfani da ruwan gishiri ta hanyar rage zafin da ke ƙasa da zafin ɗaki. A yanayi na biyu, yin amfani da ruwan gilashi ya faru ne lokacin da aka sanyaya samfurin zuwa zafin ɗaki (RT). Sakamakon shine cakuda lu'ulu'u (B) da narke (A), wanda iska mai matsewa ke cire ɓangaren ruwan. Wannan hanyar ba wai kawai tana guje wa samuwar fim akan waɗannan ruwan ba, har ma tana rage lokacin da ake buƙata don shirya wasu abubuwan haɗin. Duk da haka, cire ruwa ta hanyar iska mai matsewa yana haifar da ƙarin yin amfani da ruwan gishiri, wanda ke haifar da kauri mai kauri.
Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don shafa saman ƙarfe ta ƙunshi samar da gishiri kai tsaye ta hanyar halayen sinadarai. Masu musayar zafi da aka shafa da aka yi ta hanyar amsawar acid akan saman ƙarfe na fin da bututu suna da fa'idodi da yawa, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin bincikenmu na baya. Amfani da wannan hanyar ga zare ya haifar da mummunan sakamako saboda samuwar iskar gas yayin amsawar. Matsin kumfa na iskar hydrogen yana taruwa a cikin na'urar bincike kuma yana canzawa yayin da samfurin ke fitarwa (Hoto na 14a).
An gyara murfin ta hanyar sinadaran amsawa don inganta sarrafa kauri da rarrabawar murfin. Wannan hanyar ta ƙunshi rafin hazo na acid ta cikin samfurin (Hoto na 14b). Ana sa ran wannan zai haifar da shafi iri ɗaya ta hanyar amsawa da ƙarfen substrate. Sakamakon ya gamsar, amma tsarin ya yi jinkiri sosai don a ɗauke shi hanya mai tasiri (Hoto na 14c). Ana iya cimma gajerun lokutan amsawa ta hanyar dumama gida.
Domin shawo kan rashin amfanin hanyoyin da ke sama, an yi nazarin hanyar shafawa bisa ga amfani da manne. An zaɓi HEC bisa ga sakamakon da aka gabatar a sashe na baya. An shirya dukkan samfuran a kashi 3% na wt. An haɗa mannewar da gishiri. An riga an yi wa zare magani bisa ga irin wannan tsari kamar na haƙarƙari, wato a jiƙa a cikin 50% vol. cikin mintuna 15. Sulfuric acid, sannan a jiƙa a cikin sodium hydroxide na daƙiƙa 20, a wanke a cikin ruwan da aka tace sannan a jiƙa a cikin ruwan da aka tace na tsawon mintuna 30. A wannan yanayin, an ƙara wani mataki kafin a yi amfani da shi. A nutsar da samfurin a cikin ruwan gishiri mai narkewa a hankali sannan a bushe a kusan 60°C. An tsara tsarin don gyara saman ƙarfe, yana ƙirƙirar wuraren nucleation waɗanda ke inganta rarrabawar murfin a matakin ƙarshe. Tsarin fibrous yana da gefe ɗaya inda zaren suka yi sirara kuma an lulluɓe su sosai, da kuma gefen da ke gaba inda zaren suka yi kauri kuma ba su da rarrabawa sosai. Wannan shine sakamakon hanyoyin ƙera guda 52.
An taƙaita sakamakon sinadarin calcium chloride (CaCl2) kuma an kwatanta shi da hotuna a cikin Jadawali na 1. Kyakkyawan rufewa bayan allurar riga-kafi. Har ma waɗannan zaren da ba su da lu'ulu'u a bayyane a saman sun rage ƙarfin ƙarfe, wanda ke nuna canjin ƙarewa. Duk da haka, bayan an saka samfuran da cakuda ruwa na CaCl2 da HEC kuma aka busar da su a zafin jiki na kimanin 60°C, an tattara rufin a mahadar gine-ginen. Wannan sakamako ne da ke faruwa sakamakon tashin saman maganin. Bayan jiƙawa, ruwan ya kasance a cikin samfurin saboda tashin samansa. Ainihin yana faruwa ne a mahadar gine-gine. Mafi kyawun gefen samfurin yana da ramuka da yawa da aka cika da gishiri. Nauyin ya ƙaru da 0.06 g/cm3 bayan an shafa.
Shafawa da magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ya samar da ƙarin gishiri a kowace naúrar (Tebur 2). A wannan yanayin, ƙaruwar da aka auna ita ce 0.09 g/cm3. Tsarin shukar ya haifar da rufe samfurin sosai. Bayan aikin shafa, gishirin ya toshe manyan wurare na siraran gefen samfurin. Bugu da ƙari, wasu sassan matte sun toshe, amma ana riƙe wasu ramuka. A wannan yanayin, ana iya ganin samuwar gishiri cikin sauƙi a mahadar gine-ginen, yana tabbatar da cewa tsarin shafa ya samo asali ne daga matsin lamba na saman ruwa, ba hulɗar da ke tsakanin gishirin da ƙarfe ba.
Sakamakon haɗin strontium chloride (SrCl2) da HEC ya nuna irin waɗannan halaye kamar misalan da suka gabata (Tebur 3). A wannan yanayin, gefen siraran samfurin kusan an rufe shi gaba ɗaya. Fusoshin mutum ɗaya ne kawai ake iya gani, waɗanda aka samar yayin bushewa sakamakon sakin tururi daga samfurin. Tsarin da aka lura a gefen matte yayi kama da na baya, yankin ya toshe da gishiri kuma ba a rufe zare gaba ɗaya ba.
Domin tantance tasirin da tsarin fibrous ke da shi a kan aikin zafi na mai musayar zafi, an tantance tasirin da tsarin fibrous mai rufi ke da shi kuma an kwatanta shi da kayan rufi mai tsarki. An auna ƙarfin zafin jiki bisa ga ASTM D 5470-2017 ta amfani da na'urar lebur da aka nuna a Hoto na 15a ta amfani da kayan tunani tare da sanin ƙarfin zafin jiki. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin aunawa na ɗan lokaci, wannan ƙa'ida tana da amfani ga kayan rami da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken na yanzu, tunda ana yin ma'aunin a cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma tare da isasshen girman samfurin (yankin tushe 30 × 30 mm2, tsayi kusan 15 mm). An shirya samfuran kayan rufi mai tsarki (nazari) da tsarin fiber mai rufi don aunawa a cikin alkiblar zaren da kuma daidai da alkiblar zaren don kimanta tasirin ƙarfin zafin jiki na anisotropic. An niƙa samfuran a saman (P320 grit) don rage tasirin rashin ƙarfi na saman saboda shirye-shiryen samfuri, wanda ba ya nuna tsarin da ke cikin samfurin.