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Kasuwancin kasuwa na tsarin tallan firiji da famfunan zafi har yanzu yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kwampreso na gargajiya.Duk da babbar fa'ida ta yin amfani da zafi mai arha (maimakon aikin lantarki mai tsada), aiwatar da tsarin bisa ka'idodin talla har yanzu yana iyakance ga takamaiman takamaiman aikace-aikacen.Babban rashin lahani da ake buƙatar kawar da shi shine raguwar ƙayyadaddun iko saboda ƙananan ƙarancin thermal da rashin kwanciyar hankali na adsorbent.Tsarin fasahar tallan tallan tallan kasuwanci na yanzu yana dogara ne akan tallan tallace-tallacen da aka yi akan farantin zafi mai rufi don haɓaka ƙarfin sanyaya.Sakamakon da aka sani da cewa rage kauri daga cikin shafi haifar da raguwa a cikin taro canja wurin impedance, da kuma kara da surface yankin zuwa girma rabo na conductive Tsarin kara iko ba tare da compromising yadda ya dace.Filayen ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan aikin na iya samar da wani yanki na musamman a cikin kewayon 2500-50,000 m2 / m3.Hanyoyi guda uku don samun siriri amma kwanciyar hankali na gishiri mai hydrates a saman saman ƙarfe, gami da filaye na ƙarfe, don samar da kayan kwalliya a karon farko na babban ƙarfin zafi mai ƙarfi.Ana zaɓin jiyya na saman da ke kan aluminum anodizing don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin sutura da ma'auni.An yi nazarin ƙananan tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar yin amfani da microscope na lantarki.Rage jimlar tunani Fourier ya canza infrared spectroscopy da makamashi tarwatsawa na X-ray spectroscopy an yi amfani da shi don bincika kasancewar nau'in da ake so a cikin gwajin.An tabbatar da ikon su na samar da hydrates ta hanyar nazarin thermogravimetric (TGA) / differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).An samo ƙarancin ingancin sama da 0.07 g (ruwa) / g (haɗin) a cikin murfin MgSO4, yana nuna alamun rashin ruwa a kusan 60 ° C kuma ana iya sake sakewa bayan an sake dawo da ruwa.Hakanan an sami sakamako mai kyau tare da SrCl2 da ZnSO4 tare da babban bambanci na kusan 0.02 g/g ƙasa 100 °C.An zaɓi Hydroxyethylcellulose azaman ƙari don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da mannewa na sutura.An kimanta kaddarorin abubuwan tallan samfuran ta hanyar TGA-DTG na lokaci guda kuma an siffanta mannewar su ta hanyar da aka danganta da gwajin da aka bayyana a cikin ISO2409.An inganta daidaituwa da mannewa na murfin CaCl2 sosai yayin da yake riƙe ƙarfin tallan sa tare da bambancin nauyi na kusan 0.1 g / g a yanayin zafi a ƙasa 100 ° C.Bugu da ƙari, MgSO4 yana riƙe da ikon samar da hydrates, yana nuna bambancin taro fiye da 0.04 g / g a yanayin zafi a ƙasa 100 ° C.A ƙarshe, ana bincika zaruruwan ƙarfe masu rufi.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasiri na thermal conductivity na fiber tsarin rufi da Al2 (SO4) 3 iya zama 4.7 sau mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da girma na tsarki Al2 (SO4) 3.An yi nazarin suturar suturar da aka yi nazari a gani, kuma an yi la'akari da tsarin ciki ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan ƙananan sassan sassan giciye.An sami shafi na Al2 (SO4) 3 tare da kauri na kusan 50 µm, amma dole ne a inganta tsarin gabaɗaya don samun ƙarin rarraba iri ɗaya.
Tsarin tallatawa ya sami kulawa mai yawa a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata yayin da suke samar da madadin yanayin muhalli zuwa ga dumbin zafi na gargajiya ko tsarin sanyi.Tare da haɓaka ƙa'idodin jin daɗi da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya, tsarin tallatawa na iya rage dogaro da albarkatun mai a nan gaba kaɗan.Bugu da ƙari, duk wani haɓakawa a cikin firiji na adsorption ko famfo mai zafi za a iya canjawa wuri zuwa ma'ajin makamashi na thermal, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarin karuwa a cikin yuwuwar ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na farko.Babban fa'idar adsorption zafi famfo da tsarin refrigeration shi ne cewa za su iya aiki tare da ƙananan zafi taro.Wannan ya sa su dace da ƙananan yanayin zafi kamar makamashin rana ko sharar gida.Dangane da aikace-aikacen ajiyar makamashi, adsorption yana da fa'idar mafi girman ƙarfin makamashi da ƙarancin ƙarancin kuzari idan aka kwatanta da ma'ana ko ajiyar zafi mai ɓoye.
Adsorption zafi famfo da tsarin refrigeration suna bin yanayin yanayin zafi iri ɗaya kamar takwarorinsu na matsawa tururi.Babban bambanci shine maye gurbin kayan aikin compressor tare da adsorbers.Sinadarin yana iya jujjuya tururin sanyi mai ƙarancin matsa lamba a matsakaicin yanayin zafi, yana fitar da ƙarin refrigerate koda lokacin da ruwan yayi sanyi.Ya zama dole don tabbatar da sanyaya na yau da kullun na adsorber don ware enthalpy na adsorption (exotherm).Ana sabunta adsorber a babban zafin jiki, yana haifar da tururi mai sanyi zuwa barewa.Dumama dole ne ya ci gaba da samar da enthalpy na desorption (endothermic).Saboda matakan adsorption suna halin canjin yanayin zafi, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin yana buƙatar haɓakar zafin jiki mai girma.Koyaya, ƙarancin ƙarancin wutar lantarki shine nisa babban hasara a yawancin aikace-aikacen.
Babban matsalar haɓakawa shine haɓaka matsakaicin ƙimar sa yayin da yake kiyaye hanyar sufuri wanda ke ba da kwararar tururin talla.Ana amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu don cimma wannan: haɗaɗɗen masu musayar zafi da masu musayar zafi mai rufi.Shahararrun kayan haɗin gwiwar da suka fi shahara kuma masu nasara sune waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da carbon, wato faɗaɗa graphite, carbon da aka kunna, ko filayen carbon.Oliveira et al.2 impregnated faɗaɗa graphite foda tare da alli chloride don samar da adsorber tare da takamaiman ƙarfin sanyaya (SCP) na har zuwa 306 W/kg da ƙididdiga na aiki (COP) har zuwa 0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.3 ya ba da shawarar haɗakar graphite da aka faɗaɗa, fiber carbon da calcium chloride tare da jimlar gudanarwa na 15 W/mK.Jian et al4 sun gwada composites tare da sulfuric acid da aka bi da faɗaɗɗen graphite na halitta (ENG-TSA) azaman maɗaukaki a cikin zagayowar sanyaya mataki biyu.Samfurin ya annabta COP daga 0.215 zuwa 0.285 da SCP daga 161.4 zuwa 260.74 W/kg.
Ya zuwa yanzu mafita mafi inganci ita ce mai rufaffiyar zafi.Hanyoyin sutura na waɗannan masu musayar zafi za a iya raba su zuwa kashi biyu: haɗin kai tsaye da adhesives.Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce haɗin kai tsaye, wanda ya haɗa da samar da kayan adsorbing kai tsaye a kan saman masu musayar zafi daga reagents masu dacewa.Sotech5 ya ƙirƙira wata hanya don haɗa zeolite mai rufi don amfani a cikin jerin masu sanyaya da Fahrenheit GmbH ke ƙera.Schnabel et al6 sun gwada aikin zeolites guda biyu da aka rufe akan bakin karfe.Koyaya, wannan hanyar tana aiki ne kawai tare da takamaiman adsorbents, wanda ke sanya sutura tare da adhesives madadin mai ban sha'awa.Masu ɗaure abubuwa ne masu wucewa waɗanda aka zaɓa don tallafawa mannewar sorbent da/ko canja wurin taro, amma ba su taka rawa wajen haɓakawa ko haɓakawa.Freni et al.7 masu musayar zafi na aluminium mai rufi tare da AQSOA-Z02 zeolite an daidaita shi tare da ɗauren yumbu.Calabrese et al.8 sun yi nazarin shirye-shiryen kayan ado na zeolite tare da ma'auni na polymeric.Ammann et al.9 sun ba da shawarar wata hanya don shirya suturar zeolite mai lalacewa daga gaurayawan magnetic na barasa na polyvinyl.Alumina (alumina) kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ɗaure 10 a cikin talla.Don saninmu, cellulose da hydroxyethyl cellulose ana amfani dasu kawai tare da adsorbents na jiki11,12.Wani lokaci ba a amfani da manne don fenti, amma ana amfani da shi don gina tsarin 13 da kansa.Haɗin alginate polymer matrices tare da hydrates na gishiri da yawa suna samar da sassauƙan sifofi masu sassauƙa waɗanda ke hana zubewa yayin bushewa kuma suna ba da isassun canja wurin taro.An yi amfani da yumbu irin su bentonite da attapulgite a matsayin masu ɗaure don shirya abubuwan da aka haɗa15,16,17.An yi amfani da Ethylcellulose don microencapsulate calcium chloride18 ko sodium sulfide19.
Abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da tsarin ƙarfe mara ƙarfi za a iya raba su zuwa ƙari masu musayar zafi da masu musayar zafi mai rufi.Amfanin waɗannan sifofin shine babban yanki na musamman.Wannan yana haifar da mafi girma lamba surface tsakanin adsorbent da karfe ba tare da ƙari na inert taro, wanda ya rage gaba daya yadda ya dace da refrigeration sake zagayowar.Lang et al.20 sun inganta haɓakar gaba ɗaya na adsorber zeolite tare da tsarin saƙar zuma na aluminum.Gillerminot et al.21 ya inganta yanayin zafi na NaX zeolite layers tare da jan karfe da kumfa nickel.Kodayake ana amfani da abubuwan haɗin kai azaman kayan canjin lokaci (PCMs), binciken Li et al.22 da Zhao et al.23 kuma suna da sha'awar yin amfani da sinadarai.Sun kwatanta aikin faɗaɗa graphite da kumfa na ƙarfe kuma sun kammala cewa ƙarshen ya fi dacewa kawai idan lalata ba batun bane.Palomba et al.kwanan nan idan aka kwatanta da sauran karfe porous Tsarin24.Van der Pal et al.sun yi nazarin gishirin ƙarfe da aka saka a cikin kumfa 25.Duk misalan da suka gabata sun yi daidai da yadudduka masu yawa na adsorbents.A zahiri ba a amfani da sifofin porous na ƙarfe don ɗaukar tallan talla, wanda shine mafi kyawun mafita.Ana iya samun misali na ɗaure ga zeolites a Wittstadt et al.26 amma babu wani yunƙuri da aka yi don ɗaure hydrates na gishiri duk da ƙarfin ƙarfin su 27 .
Don haka, za a bincika hanyoyi guda uku don shirya suturar adsorbent a cikin wannan labarin: (1) suturar ɗaure, (2) amsa kai tsaye, da (3) jiyya na saman.Hydroxyethylcellulose shine mai ɗaure zaɓi a cikin wannan aikin saboda an bayar da rahoton kwanciyar hankali a baya da mannewa mai kyau a hade tare da adsorbents na jiki.An fara bincikar wannan hanyar don suturar lebur kuma daga baya an yi amfani da ita akan sifofin fiber na ƙarfe.A baya can, an ba da rahoton bincike na farko na yiwuwar halayen sinadaran tare da samar da suturar adsorbent.Ƙwarewar da ta gabata yanzu ana canjawa wuri zuwa rufin sifofin fiber na ƙarfe.Jiyya na saman da aka zaɓa don wannan aikin shine hanyar da ta dogara akan aluminum anodizing.Aluminum anodizing an yi nasarar haɗa shi da gishirin ƙarfe don dalilai na ado29.A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya samun kwanciyar hankali sosai kuma ana iya samun suturar lalata.Duk da haka, ba za su iya aiwatar da wani tsari na talla ko lalatawa ba.Wannan takarda tana gabatar da bambance-bambancen wannan hanyar da ke ba da damar motsa taro ta amfani da abubuwan mannewa na ainihin tsari.A iyakar saninmu, babu ɗayan hanyoyin da aka kwatanta a nan da aka yi nazari a baya.Suna wakiltar sabuwar fasaha mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa saboda suna ba da izinin samar da kayan kwalliyar hydrated, wanda ke da fa'idodi da yawa akan abubuwan da aka yi nazari akai-akai.
ALINVEST Břidličná, Jamhuriyar Czech ne ya samar da faranti na aluminium da aka hatimi da aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan aiki don waɗannan gwaje-gwajen.Sun ƙunshi 98.11% aluminum, 1.3622% baƙin ƙarfe, 0.3618% manganese da burbushin jan karfe, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium da nickel.
An zaɓi kayan da aka zaɓa don kera abubuwan haɗin gwiwar daidai da kaddarorinsu na thermodynamic, wato, dangane da adadin ruwan da za su iya shafa/desorb a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 120°C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) yana daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da kuma nazarin hydrated salts30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.An ƙididdige kaddarorin thermodynamic da tsari kuma an gano sun dace da aikace-aikace a cikin fagagen tallan tallan, famfo mai zafi da ajiyar makamashi.Dry magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Jamus) da aka yi amfani.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) wani gishiri ne da aka yi nazari sosai saboda hydrate ɗinsa yana da kaddarorin thermodynamic masu ban sha'awa41,42,43,44.Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No.7774-34-7 97% amfani (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Jamus).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) da hydrates suna da kaddarorin thermodynamic dace da ƙananan matakan tallan zafin jiki45,46.Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Jamus).
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) kuma yana da kaddarorin thermodynamic masu ban sha'awa4,45,47 kodayake galibi ana haɗe shi da ammonia a cikin famfo mai zafi na adsorption ko bincike na ajiyar makamashi.An yi amfani da Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, Amurka) don haɗakarwa.
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) baya cikin hydrates akai-akai da ake samu a cikin wallafe-wallafen ƙwararru, kodayake abubuwan da ke cikin thermodynamic suna da sha'awar aikace-aikacen ƙananan zafin jiki48,49.Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka) da aka yi amfani da shi.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) yana ɗaya daga cikin gishiri mai ruwa wanda kwanan nan ya sami ƙarin kulawa a fagen ajiyar makamashi na thermal50,51.Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 an yi amfani da nau'ikan magunguna masu tsabta (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Jamus) don gwaje-gwajen.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an zaɓi hydroxyethyl cellulose saboda sakamako mai kyau a cikin aikace-aikace iri ɗaya.Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin haɗinmu shine hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka).
Ana yin zaruruwan ƙarfe ne daga gajerun wayoyi waɗanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar matsawa da ƙwanƙwasa, wani tsari da ake kira crucible melt extracting (CME)52.Wannan yana nufin cewa zafin zafin su ya dogara ba kawai a kan yawancin ƙarfin ƙarfe na ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su a cikin masana'anta da porosity na tsarin ƙarshe ba, amma har ma da ingancin haɗin da ke tsakanin zaren.Zaɓuɓɓukan ba su da isotropic kuma ana iya rarraba su a cikin wani takamaiman jagora yayin samarwa, wanda ke sa haɓakar thermal a cikin madaidaiciyar shugabanci ya ragu sosai.
An bincika kaddarorin shayar da ruwa ta amfani da bincike na thermogravimetric na lokaci guda (TGA)/nazarin thermogravimetric daban-daban (DTG) a cikin fakitin injin (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).An gudanar da ma'auni a cikin yanayin nitrogen mai gudana a cikin adadin 10 ml / min da kuma yanayin zafin jiki daga 25 zuwa 150 ° C a cikin aluminum oxide crucibles.Adadin dumama shine 1 ° C / min, nauyin samfurin ya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 20 MG, ƙuduri shine 0.1 μg.A cikin wannan aikin, ya kamata a lura da cewa babban bambanci a kowane yanki yana da babban rashin tabbas.Samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin TGA-DTG ƙananan ƙananan ne kuma ba a yanke su ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya sa ƙaddarar yankin su ba daidai ba ne.Wadannan dabi'u za a iya fitar da su zuwa wani yanki mafi girma kawai idan an yi la'akari da manyan sabani.
Attenuated jimlar tunani Fourier canza infrared (ATR-FTIR) bakan an samu a kan Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Jamus) ta amfani da ATR platinum m (Bruker Optik GmbH, Jamus).An auna baƙaƙen busassun lu'u-lu'u lu'u-lu'u kai tsaye a cikin sarari kafin amfani da samfuran azaman bango don ma'aunin gwaji.An auna samfurori a cikin injin daskarewa ta amfani da ƙuduri na 2 cm-1 da matsakaicin adadin sikanin 32. Wavenumber kewayon daga 8000 zuwa 500 cm-1.An gudanar da bincike ta musamman ta amfani da shirin OPUS.
An yi nazarin SEM ta amfani da DSM 982 Gemini daga Zeiss a haɓaka ƙarfin lantarki na 2 da 5 kV.An yi aikin tarwatsawa na X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) ta amfani da Thermo Fischer System 7 tare da Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
An gudanar da shirye-shiryen faranti na karfe bisa ga tsarin da aka kwatanta da wanda aka bayyana a cikin 53. Da farko, nutsar da farantin a cikin 50% sulfuric acid.Minti 15.Sannan an shigar da su cikin maganin sodium hydroxide na 1 M na kimanin daƙiƙa 10.Sa'an nan kuma an wanke samfurori da ruwa mai yawa, sa'an nan kuma a jika a cikin ruwa mai tsabta na minti 30.Bayan jiyya na farko na farko, samfuran an nutsar da su a cikin cikakken bayani na 3%.HEC da gishiri gishiri.A ƙarshe, fitar da su kuma bushe su a 60 ° C.
Hanyar anodizing tana haɓakawa da ƙarfafa ƙirar oxide na halitta akan ƙarfe mara ƙarfi.An yi amfani da sassan aluminum tare da sulfuric acid a cikin yanayi mai tauri sannan kuma an rufe su cikin ruwan zafi.Anodizing ya biyo bayan etching na farko tare da 1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) wanda ke biye da neutralization a cikin 1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s).Maganin electrolyte shine cakuda 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2 (SO4) 3, da 1 MgSO4 + 7H2O.Anodizing an gudanar a (40 ± 1) ° C, 30 mA/cm2 na 1200 seconds.An aiwatar da tsarin rufewa a cikin hanyoyin magance brine daban-daban kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin kayan (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).Ana tafasa samfurin a ciki don 1800 seconds.
An bincika hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku don samar da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa: suturar mannewa, amsa kai tsaye, da jiyya na sama.Amfani da rashin amfanin kowace hanyar horarwa ana yin nazari da kuma tattauna cikin tsari.An yi amfani da lura da kai tsaye, nanoimaging, da kuma nazarin sinadarai / abubuwan bincike don kimanta sakamakon.
An zaɓi Anodizing azaman hanyar jujjuyawar yanayin saman don ƙara mannewar hydrates na gishiri.Wannan jiyya na saman yana haifar da tsari mai ƙyalli na alumina (alumina) kai tsaye akan saman aluminum.A al'ada, wannan hanya ta ƙunshi matakai guda biyu: mataki na farko yana haifar da tsari mai laushi na aluminum oxide, kuma mataki na biyu ya haifar da suturar aluminum hydroxide wanda ke rufe pores.Wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu ne na toshe gishiri ba tare da toshe hanyar iskar gas ba.Na farko ya ƙunshi tsarin saƙar zuma ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan bututun aluminum oxide (Al2O3) da aka samu a mataki na farko don riƙe da lu'ulu'u na adsorbent da ƙara mannewa zuwa saman ƙarfe.Sakamakon saƙar zuma suna da diamita na kusan nm 50 da tsayin 200 nm (Fig. 1a).Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, waɗannan cavities yawanci rufe a mataki na biyu tare da bakin ciki Layer na Al2O (OH) 2 boehmite goyon bayan da alumina tube tafasar tsari.A hanya ta biyu, ana gyara wannan tsarin hatimi ta yadda za a kama lu'ulu'u na gishiri a cikin wani nau'in rufewa na boehmite (Al2O (OH)), wanda ba a yi amfani da shi don rufewa a wannan yanayin.Ana yin mataki na biyu a cikin cikakken bayani na gishiri mai dacewa.Siffofin da aka kwatanta suna da girma a cikin kewayon 50-100 nm kuma suna kama da faɗuwar ruwa (Fig. 1b).Fuskar da aka samu a sakamakon tsarin hatimi yana da tsarin sararin samaniya da aka bayyana tare da ƙara yawan yanki.Wannan yanayin saman, tare da yawancin tsarin haɗin gwiwa, yana da kyau don ɗaukar da riƙe lu'ulu'u na gishiri.Dukansu sifofin da aka kwatanta suna da ƙuri'a da gaske kuma suna da ƙananan ramuka waɗanda suka bayyana sun dace sosai don riƙe ruwan gishiri da ƙara tururi zuwa gishiri yayin aikin tallan.Koyaya, binciken farko na waɗannan saman ta amfani da EDX na iya gano adadin magnesium da sulfur akan saman boehmite, waɗanda ba a gano su a yanayin yanayin alumina ba.
ATR-FTIR na samfurin ya tabbatar da cewa kashi shine magnesium sulfate (duba Hoto 2b).Bakan yana nuna halayen sulfate ion kololuwa a 610-680 da 1080-1130 cm-1 da kuma sifa mai tsaftataccen ruwa a 1600-1700 cm-1 da 3200-3800 cm-1 (duba siffa 2a, c).).Kasancewar ions na magnesium kusan baya canza bakan54.
(a) EDX na boehmite mai rufi MgSO4 aluminum farantin, (b) ATR-FTIR spectra na boehmite da MgSO4 coatings, (c) ATR-FTIR spectra na MgSO4.
TGA ta tabbatar da ci gaba da aikin talla.A kan fig.3b yana nuna kololuwar lalacewa na kusan.60°C.Wannan kololuwar bai dace da yanayin zafi na kololuwa biyu da aka lura a cikin TGA na gishiri mai tsabta ba (Fig. 3a).An kimanta maimaita sake zagayowar adsorption-desorption, kuma an lura da irin wannan lanƙwasa bayan sanya samfurori a cikin yanayi mai laushi (Fig. 3c).Bambance-bambancen da aka gani a mataki na biyu na desorption na iya zama sakamakon rashin ruwa a cikin yanayi mai gudana, saboda wannan yakan haifar da rashin cika ruwa.Wadannan dabi'u sun dace da kusan 17.9 g/m2 a farkon dewatering da 10.3 g/m2 a cikin na biyu dewatering.
Kwatanta nazarin TGA na boehmite da MgSO4: TGA bincike na MgSO4 (a), cakuda (b) da kuma bayan rehydration (c).
An gudanar da wannan hanya tare da calcium chloride a matsayin adsorbent.Ana gabatar da sakamakon a cikin Hoto 4. Duban gani na saman ya nuna ƙananan canje-canje a cikin hasken ƙarfe.Jawo da kyar ake gani.SEM ya tabbatar da kasancewar ƙananan lu'ulu'u da aka rarraba a ko'ina a saman.Duk da haka, TGA bai nuna rashin ruwa a ƙasa 150 ° C ba.Wannan na iya zama saboda gaskiyar cewa rabon gishiri ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai idan aka kwatanta da jimillar ma'auni don ganowa ta TGA.
Ana nuna sakamakon saman jiyya na murfin sulfate na jan karfe ta hanyar anodizing a cikin fig.5. A wannan yanayin, ƙaddamarwar da ake tsammanin na CuSO4 a cikin tsarin Al oxide bai faru ba.Maimakon haka, ana lura da allura maras kyau kamar yadda ake amfani da su don jan ƙarfe hydroxide Cu (OH) 2 da aka yi amfani da su tare da rini na turquoise.
An kuma gwada jiyya ta fuskar anodized a hade tare da strontium chloride.Sakamakon ya nuna rashin daidaituwa (duba hoto 6a).Don sanin ko gishiri ya rufe dukkan farfajiya, an yi nazarin EDX.Lanƙwasa don aya a cikin launin toka (maki 1 a cikin siffa 6b) yana nuna ƙananan strontium da yawancin aluminum.Wannan yana nuna ƙarancin abun ciki na strontium a cikin yankin da aka auna, wanda, bi da bi, yana nuna ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto na strontium chloride.Sabanin haka, wuraren fararen fata suna da babban abun ciki na strontium da ƙananan abun ciki na aluminum (maki 2-6 a cikin siffa 6b).Binciken EDX na yankin farin yana nuna ɗigo masu duhu (maki 2 da 4 a cikin Fig. 6b), ƙananan chlorine kuma mai girma a sulfur.Wannan na iya nuna samuwar strontium sulfate.Dige-dige masu haske suna nuna babban abun ciki na chlorine da ƙananan abun ciki na sulfur (maki 3, 5, da 6 a cikin siffa 6b).Ana iya bayyana wannan ta gaskiyar cewa babban ɓangaren fararen fata ya ƙunshi strontium chloride da ake tsammani.TGA na samfurin ya tabbatar da fassarar bincike tare da kololuwa a yanayin yanayin zafin jiki mai tsabta na strontium chloride (Fig. 6c).Ƙananan ƙimar su za a iya baratar da ɗan ƙaramin gishiri idan aka kwatanta da yawan tallafin ƙarfe.Matsakaicin adadin da aka ƙayyade a cikin gwaje-gwajen ya yi daidai da adadin 7.3 g/m2 da aka ba a kowace yanki na adsorber a zazzabi na 150 ° C.
An kuma gwada suturar zinc sulfate da aka yi wa Eloxal.Macroscopically, da shafi ne mai matukar bakin ciki da kuma uniform Layer (Fig. 7a).Duk da haka, SEM ya bayyana wani wuri da aka rufe da ƙananan lu'ulu'u da aka raba ta wuraren da ba kowa ba (Fig. 7b).An kwatanta TGA na rufi da ƙasa da na gishiri mai tsabta (Hoto 7c).Gishiri mai tsabta yana da kololuwar asymmetric a 59.1°C.Aluminum mai rufi ya nuna ƙananan kololuwa guda biyu a 55.5 ° C da 61.3 ° C, yana nuna kasancewar zinc sulfate hydrate.Bambancin taro da aka bayyana a cikin gwajin ya yi daidai da 10.9 g/m2 a zazzabi na rashin ruwa na 150 ° C.
Kamar yadda a cikin aikace-aikacen da ya gabata53, an yi amfani da hydroxyethyl cellulose azaman mai ɗaure don inganta mannewa da kwanciyar hankali na suturar sorbent.TGA an kimanta dacewa da kayan aiki da tasiri akan aikin talla.Ana gudanar da bincike dangane da jimlar taro, watau samfurin ya haɗa da farantin karfe da aka yi amfani da shi azaman suturar sutura.Ana gwada mannewa ta hanyar gwaji dangane da gwajin ƙimar giciye wanda aka ayyana a cikin ƙayyadaddun ISO2409 (ba zai iya saduwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun rarrabuwa ba dangane da ƙayyadaddun kauri da faɗin).
Rufe bangarorin tare da calcium chloride (CaCl2) (duba siffa 8a) ya haifar da rarraba mara daidaituwa, wanda ba a lura da shi ba a cikin tsantsar murfin aluminum da aka yi amfani da shi don gwajin ƙima.Idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon don tsantsar CaCl2, TGA (Fig. 8b) yana nuna kololuwar halaye guda biyu da aka matsa zuwa ƙananan yanayin zafi na 40 da 20°C, bi da bi.Gwajin giciye baya ba da izinin kwatancen haƙiƙa saboda samfurin CaCl2 mai tsabta (samfurin a dama a cikin siffa 8c) hazo ne mai foda, wanda ke kawar da mafi girman barbashi.Sakamakon HEC ya nuna wani nau'i na bakin ciki sosai kuma mai daidaituwa tare da mannewa mai gamsarwa.Bambancin taro da aka nuna a cikin fig.8b yayi daidai da 51.3 g/m2 a kowace yanki na adsorber a zazzabi na 150 ° C.
An sami sakamako mai kyau dangane da mannewa da daidaituwa tare da magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (duba siffa 9).Binciken tsarin lalacewa na sutura ya nuna kasancewar kololu ɗaya na kusan.60°C.Wannan zafin jiki ya yi daidai da babban matakin ɓarkewar da aka gani a cikin bushewar gishiri mai tsabta, yana wakiltar wani mataki a 44 ° C.Ya dace da sauyawa daga hexahydrate zuwa pentahydrate kuma ba a lura da shi ba a cikin yanayin sutura tare da masu ɗaure.Gwaje-gwajen sassan giciye suna nuna ingantaccen rarrabawa da mannewa idan aka kwatanta da suturar da aka yi ta amfani da gishiri mai tsabta.Bambancin taro da aka gani a TGA-DTC yayi daidai da 18.4 g/m2 a kowace yanki na adsorber a zazzabi na 150 ° C.
Saboda rashin daidaituwa na saman, strontium chloride (SrCl2) yana da rufi mara daidaituwa akan fins (Fig. 10a).Koyaya, sakamakon gwajin ƙima ya nuna rarraba iri ɗaya tare da ingantaccen mannewa (Fig. 10c).Binciken TGA ya nuna ɗan ƙaramin bambanci a cikin nauyi, wanda dole ne ya kasance saboda ƙananan abun ciki na gishiri idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin ƙarfe.Koyaya, matakan da ke kan lanƙwasa suna nuna kasancewar tsarin bushewa, kodayake kololuwar yana da alaƙa da yanayin zafin da aka samu lokacin da aka kwatanta gishiri mai tsabta.Matsakaicin 110 ° C da 70.2 ° C da aka gani a cikin Fig.An kuma sami 10b lokacin nazarin gishiri mai tsafta.Koyaya, babban matakin bushewa da aka lura a cikin gishiri mai tsafta a 50 ° C bai bayyana ba a cikin masu lanƙwasa ta amfani da abin ɗaure.Ya bambanta, cakuda mai ɗaure ya nuna kololuwa biyu a 20.2 ° C da 94.1 ° C, waɗanda ba a auna su don gishiri mai tsabta (Fig. 10b).A zafin jiki na 150 ° C, bambancin taro da aka lura yayi daidai da 7.2 g/m2 kowace yanki na adsorber.
Haɗin HEC da zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) bai ba da sakamako mai karɓa ba (Hoto 11).Binciken TGA na ƙarfe mai rufi bai bayyana kowane tsarin bushewa ba.Ko da yake rarrabawa da mannewa na sutura sun inganta, dukiyarsa har yanzu ba su da kyau.
Hanya mafi sauƙi don suturar zaruruwan ƙarfe tare da sirara mai sirara da daidaituwa shine rigar impregnation (Fig. 12a), wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen gishirin da aka yi niyya da ƙaddamar da filaye na ƙarfe tare da maganin ruwa.
Lokacin shirya rigar impregnation, ana fuskantar manyan matsaloli guda biyu.A gefe ɗaya, tashin hankali na saman maganin saline yana hana daidai shigar da ruwa a cikin tsarin porous.Crystallization a kan m surface (Fig. 12d) da kuma iska kumfa kama a cikin tsarin (Fig. 12c) za a iya kawai rage rage da surface tashin hankali da pre-wetting samfurin tare da distilled ruwa.Rushewar tilastawa a cikin samfurin ta hanyar fitar da iska a ciki ko ta hanyar samar da mafita a cikin tsarin wasu hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don tabbatar da cikakken cika tsarin.
Matsala ta biyu da aka fuskanta yayin shirye-shiryen ita ce cire fim ɗin daga wani ɓangare na gishiri (duba siffa 12b).Wannan sabon abu ne halin da samuwar wani busassun shafi a kan narkar da surface, wanda tsaya a convectively tsokane bushewa da kuma fara watsa zurfafa tsari.Hanya na biyu yana da hankali fiye da na farko.A sakamakon haka, ana buƙatar babban zafin jiki don lokacin bushewa mai dacewa, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kumfa a cikin samfurin.Ana warware wannan matsala ta hanyar gabatar da madadin hanyar crystallization bisa ga canjin maida hankali (evaporation), amma akan canjin zafin jiki (kamar yadda a cikin misali tare da MgSO4 a cikin siffa 13).
Tsarin tsari na tsari na crystallization a lokacin sanyaya da kuma rabuwa da m da ruwa matakai ta amfani da MgSO4.
Za a iya shirya maganin gishiri cikakke a ko sama da zafin jiki (HT) ta amfani da wannan hanya.A cikin yanayin farko, an tilasta crystallization ta rage yawan zafin jiki a ƙasa da zafin jiki.A cikin akwati na biyu, crystallization ya faru lokacin da aka sanyaya samfurin zuwa zafin jiki (RT).Sakamakon shine cakuda lu'ulu'u (B) da narkar da (A), ɓangaren ruwa wanda aka cire shi ta hanyar matsa lamba.Wannan hanya ba wai kawai ya guje wa ƙirƙirar fim a kan waɗannan hydrates ba, amma kuma yana rage lokacin da ake buƙata don shirye-shiryen sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.Duk da haka, kawar da ruwa ta hanyar matsawa iska yana haifar da ƙarin crystallization na gishiri, yana haifar da sutura mai kauri.
Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don suturar saman ƙarfe ta ƙunshi samar da gishiri kai tsaye ta hanyar halayen sinadaran.Masu musanya masu zafi da aka yi ta hanyar halayen acid a saman saman fins da bututu suna da fa'idodi da yawa, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin bincikenmu na baya.Yin amfani da wannan hanyar zuwa zaruruwa ya haifar da sakamako mara kyau saboda samuwar iskar gas a lokacin da ake amsawa.Matsin kumfa na iskar hydrogen yana tasowa a cikin binciken kuma yana motsawa yayin da aka fitar da samfurin (Fig. 14a).
An gyare-gyaren sutura ta hanyar maganin sinadarai don mafi kyawun sarrafa kauri da rarraba sutura.Wannan hanyar ta ƙunshi wucewar rafi na hazo acid ta cikin samfurin (Hoto 14b).Ana sa ran wannan zai haifar da suturar uniform ta hanyar amsawa tare da karfen substrate.Sakamakon ya kasance mai gamsarwa, amma tsarin ya yi jinkirin yin la'akari da hanya mai mahimmanci (Fig. 14c).Ana iya samun gajeriyar lokacin amsawa ta wurin dumama.
Don shawo kan rashin amfani da hanyoyin da ke sama, an yi nazarin hanyar da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar yin amfani da manne.An zaɓi HEC bisa sakamakon da aka gabatar a cikin sashin da ya gabata.An shirya duk samfurori a 3% wt.An haxa mai ɗaure da gishiri.An riga an riga an yi maganin zaruruwan bisa ga tsari iri ɗaya da na haƙarƙari, watau an jiƙa a cikin 50% vol.cikin mintuna 15.sulfuric acid, sannan a jika a cikin sodium hydroxide na tsawon dakika 20, a wanke a cikin ruwa mai tsafta sannan a jika a cikin ruwa mai narkewa na tsawon mintuna 30.A wannan yanayin, an ƙara ƙarin mataki kafin ciki.Zuba samfurin a taƙaice a cikin ruwan gishiri mai nisa kuma a bushe a kusan 60 ° C.An tsara tsarin don gyara yanayin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, samar da wuraren ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke inganta rarraba sutura a mataki na ƙarshe.Tsarin fibrous yana da gefe guda inda filaments ɗin suka yi ƙanƙara kuma an cika su sosai, sai kuma gefen kishiyar inda filaments ɗin suka fi girma kuma ba a rarraba su ba.Wannan shi ne sakamakon 52 masana'antu tafiyar matakai.
Sakamakon don calcium chloride (CaCl2) an taƙaita kuma an kwatanta shi tare da hotuna a cikin Tebur 1. Kyakkyawan ɗaukar hoto bayan inoculation.Hatta waɗancan igiyoyin da ba su da lu'ulu'u na bayyane a saman sun rage tunanin ƙarfe, yana nuna canji a ƙarshe.Duk da haka, bayan da aka yi amfani da samfurori tare da cakuda mai ruwa na CaCl2 da HEC kuma an bushe su a zafin jiki na kimanin 60 ° C, an mayar da suturar a cikin tsaka-tsakin gine-gine.Wannan wani tasiri ne da ke haifar da tashin hankali na saman bayani.Bayan jiƙa, ruwan ya kasance a cikin samfurin saboda tashin hankalinsa.Ainihin yana faruwa a tsaka-tsakin gine-gine.Mafi kyawun gefen samfurin yana da ramuka da yawa cike da gishiri.Nauyin ya karu da 0.06 g / cm3 bayan rufewa.
Rufi tare da magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ya samar da ƙarin gishiri a kowace juzu'in naúrar (Table 2).A wannan yanayin, ƙimar da aka auna shine 0.09 g/cm3.Tsarin shuka ya haifar da ɗaukar hoto mai yawa.Bayan tsarin sutura, gishiri yana toshe manyan wurare na gefen bakin ciki na samfurin.Bugu da ƙari, an toshe wasu wurare na matte, amma ana riƙe wasu porosity.A wannan yanayin, ana iya ganin samuwar gishiri a cikin tsaka-tsakin gine-gine, yana tabbatar da cewa tsarin rufewa ya fi dacewa saboda yanayin yanayin ruwa, kuma ba hulɗar da ke tsakanin gishiri da ƙananan ƙarfe ba.
Sakamakon haɗuwa da strontium chloride (SrCl2) da HEC sun nuna irin wannan kaddarorin zuwa misalan da suka gabata (Table 3).A wannan yanayin, gefen bakin ciki na samfurin kusan an rufe shi gaba ɗaya.Ana iya ganin pores guda ɗaya kawai, an kafa su a lokacin bushewa sakamakon sakin tururi daga samfurin.Tsarin da aka lura a gefen matte yana kama da yanayin da ya gabata, an katange yankin da gishiri kuma ba a rufe filaye gaba daya.
Don yin la'akari da tasiri mai kyau na tsarin fibrous akan aikin thermal na mai zafi mai zafi, an ƙaddara ingantaccen tasirin thermal na tsarin fibrous mai rufi kuma idan aka kwatanta da kayan shafa mai tsabta.An auna ƙarfin wutar lantarki bisa ga ASTM D 5470-2017 ta amfani da na'urar fale-falen da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 15a ta amfani da kayan tunani tare da sanannen yanayin zafi.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin aunawa na wucin gadi, wannan ka'ida tana da fa'ida ga kayan porous da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken na yanzu, tunda ana yin ma'aunin a cikin tsayayyen yanayi kuma tare da isasshen girman samfurin (yankin tushe 30 × 30 mm2, tsayi kusan 15 mm).An shirya samfurori na kayan shafa mai tsabta (bayani) da tsarin fiber mai rufi don ma'auni a cikin hanyar fiber da kuma daidai da jagorancin fiber don kimanta tasirin tasirin zafi na anisotropic.Samfurori sun kasance ƙasa a saman (P320 grit) don rage girman tasirin daɗaɗɗa saboda shirye-shiryen samfurin, wanda baya nuna tsarin da ke cikin samfurin.