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Isabelo semarike seenkqubo zokufudumeza ezifakwayo kunye neempompo zobushushu sisesincinci xa sithelekiswa neenkqubo zecompressor zemveli. Nangona kukho inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa ubushushu obungabizi kakhulu (endaweni yomsebenzi wombane obizayo), ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yokufudumeza kusalinganiselwe kwizicelo ezimbalwa ezithile. Ingxaki ephambili ekufuneka isuswe kukuncipha kwamandla athile ngenxa yokuqhuba ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nokuzinza okuphantsi kwe-adsorbent. Iinkqubo zokufudumeza ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zisekelwe kwi-adsorbers ezisekelwe kwi-plate heat exchangers ezigqunywe ukuze kuphuculwe amandla okupholisa. Iziphumo ziyaziwa ukuba ukunciphisa ubukhulu be-coating kukhokelela ekunciphiseni i-mass transfer impedance, kwaye ukwandisa umlinganiselo womphezulu ukuya kwi-volume ratio yezakhiwo eziqhubayo kwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Iifayibha zesinyithi ezisetyenziswa kulo msebenzi zinokubonelela ngendawo ethile yomphezulu kuluhlu lwe-2500–50,000 m2/m3. Iindlela ezintathu zokufumana i-coatings ezibhityileyo kodwa ezizinzileyo ze-hydrate yetyuwa kwiindawo zesinyithi, kubandakanya i-fibers zesinyithi, zokuvelisa i-coatings zibonisa okokuqala i-heat exchanger enobunzima obuphezulu. Unyango lomphezulu olusekelwe kwi-aluminium anodizing lukhethwa ukuze kudalwe unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kwengubo kunye ne-substrate. Isakhiwo se-microsurface esiphumayo sihlalutywe kusetyenziswa i-scanning electron microscopy. I-reduction total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy kunye ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy zisetyenzisiwe ukujonga ubukho beentlobo ezifunekayo kuvavanyo. Amandla azo okwenza ii-hydrate aqinisekiswe yi-combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Umgangatho ophantsi ngaphezu kwe-0.07 g (amanzi)/g (composite) ufunyenwe kwi-MgSO4 coating, ebonisa iimpawu zokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni malunga ne-60 °C kwaye iphinda ivele emva kokuphinda ifumane amanzi emzimbeni. Iziphumo ezilungileyo zifunyenwe nakwi-SrCl2 kunye ne-ZnSO4 ngomahluko wobunzima obumalunga ne-0.02 g/g ngaphantsi kwe-100 °C. I-Hydroxyethylcellulose ikhethwe njengesongezelelo sokwandisa uzinzo kunye nokunamathela kwengubo. Iipropati zokufunxa iimveliso zivavanywe yi-TGA-DTG ngaxeshanye kwaye ukunamathela kwazo kwaphawulwa ngendlela esekelwe kuvavanyo oluchazwe kwi-ISO2409. Ukuhambelana kunye nokunamathela kwengubo ye-CaCl2 kuphuculwe kakhulu ngelixa kugcinwa amandla ayo okufunxa kunye nomahluko wobunzima obumalunga ne-0.1 g/g kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-100 °C. Ukongeza, i-MgSO4 igcina amandla okwenza ii-hydrate, ebonisa umahluko wobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-0.04 g/g kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-100 °C. Ekugqibeleni, iifayibha zesinyithi ezigqunyiweyo ziyahlolwa. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kobushushu okusebenzayo kwesakhiwo se-fiber esigqunywe yi-Al2(SO4)3 kunokuba ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe ka-4.7 xa kuthelekiswa nomthamo we-Al2(SO4)3 ecocekileyo. Ukufunxa kwengubo ezifundweyo kuhlolwe ngokubonakalayo, kwaye isakhiwo sangaphakathi sivavanywe kusetyenziswa umfanekiso omncinci wecandelo elinqamlezileyo. Kufunyenwe ukufunxa kwe-Al2(SO4)3 enobukhulu obumalunga ne-50 µm, kodwa inkqubo iyonke kufuneka iphuculwe ukuze kufezekiswe ukusasazwa okufanayo.
Iinkqubo zokufunxa zifumene ingqwalasela enkulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo njengoko zibonelela ngenye indlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwiimpompo zobushushu zendabuko okanye iinkqubo zokufunxa. Ngenxa yokunyuka kwemigangatho yokuthuthuzela kunye nobushushu obuphakathi kwehlabathi, iinkqubo zokufunxa zinokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kungekudala. Ukongeza, naluphi na uphuculo kwifriji yokufunxa okanye iimpompo zokufunxa zinokudluliselwa kwindawo yokugcina amandla obushushu, nto leyo ebonisa ukwanda okongeziweyo kwamandla okusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla aphambili. Inzuzo ephambili yeempompo zokufunxa kunye neenkqubo zokufunxa kukuba zinokusebenza ngobushushu obuphantsi. Oku kuzenza zilungele imithombo yobushushu obuphantsi njengamandla elanga okanye ubushushu obumdaka. Ngokuphathelele izicelo zokugcina amandla, ukufunxa kunenzuzo yobuninzi bamandla aphezulu kunye nokuchithwa kwamandla okuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nokugcinwa kobushushu okusengqiqweni okanye okufihlakeleyo.
Iimpompo zobushushu ze-Adsorption kunye neenkqubo zefriji zilandela umjikelo ofanayo we-thermodynamic kunye nee-counterparts zazo zoxinzelelo lomphunga. Umahluko ophambili kukutshintshwa kwezinto ze-compressor nge-adsorbers. I-element iyakwazi ukufunxa umphunga wefriji ophantsi koxinzelelo kubushushu obuphakathi, ikhuphe umphunga ngakumbi kwifriji nokuba ulwelo lubanda. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa rhoqo kwe-adsorber ukuze kuthintelwe i-enthalpy ye-adsorption (exotherm). I-adsorber ivuselelwa kubushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umphunga wefriji ukhuphe i-sorb. Ukufudumala kufuneka kuqhubeke ukubonelela nge-enthalpy ye-desorption (endothermic). Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ze-adsorption zibonakaliswa kukutshintsha kobushushu, uxinano lwamandla aphezulu lufuna i-thermal conductivity ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-thermal conductivity ephantsi yeyona nto ingalunganga kakhulu kwiisicelo ezininzi.
Ingxaki ephambili yokuqhuba umbane kukunyusa ixabiso layo eliqhelekileyo ngelixa kugcinwa indlela yokuthutha enika ukuhamba komphunga we-adsorption/desorption. Iindlela ezimbini zisetyenziswa rhoqo ukufezekisa oku: ii-composite heat exchangers kunye nee-coated heat exchangers. Ezona zinto zidibeneyo zidumileyo neziphumelelayo zezo zisebenzisa izongezo ezisekelwe kwikhabhoni, ezizezi i-expanded graphite, i-activated carbon, okanye ii-carbon fibers. U-Oliveira et al. 2 umgubo we-graphite expanded ofakwe kwi-calcium chloride ukuvelisa i-adsorber enekhono elithile lokupholisa (SCP) elifikelela kwi-306 W/kg kunye ne-coefficient of performance (COP) elifikelela kwi-0.46. U-Zajaczkowski et al. 3 bacebise indibaniselwano ye-graphite expanded, i-carbon fiber kunye ne-calcium chloride ene-conductivity iyonke ye-15 W/mK. U-Jian et al4 bavavanye ii-composites ezine-sulfuric acid ephathwe nge-expanded natural graphite (ENG-TSA) njenge-substrate kumjikelo wokupholisa we-adsorption onezigaba ezibini. Le modeli iqikelele ukuba i-COP izakuba phakathi kwe-0.215 ne-0.285 kunye ne-SCP ukusuka kwi-161.4 ukuya kwi-260.74 W/kg.
Isisombululo esisebenzayo kakhulu sisitshintshi sobushushu esigqunywe nge-coated. Iindlela zokugqunywa kwezi zitshintshi zobushushu zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ukwenziwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nezincamathelisi. Eyona ndlela iphumelele kakhulu kukwenziwa ngokuthe ngqo, okubandakanya ukwenziwa kwezinto ezifunxa ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu wezitshintshi zobushushu ezivela kwii-reagents ezifanelekileyo. I-Sotech5 inelungelo elilodwa lomenzi we-zeolite egqunywe nge-coated ukuze isetyenziswe kuthotho lwee-coolers ezenziwe yiFahrenheit GmbH. USchnabel et al6 uvavanye ukusebenza kwee-zeolite ezimbini ezigqunywe ngentsimbi engagqwali. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela isebenza kuphela ngee-adsorbents ezithile, okwenza ukugqunywa ngee-adhesives kube yindlela enomdla. Ii-binders zizinto ezingasebenziyo ezikhethiweyo ukuxhasa ukunamathela kwe-sorbent kunye/okanye ukudluliselwa kobunzima, kodwa azidlali indima ekufakweni okanye ekuphuculweni kokuqhuba. UFreni et al. Ii-7 coated aluminium heat exchangers ezine-AQSOA-Z02 zeolite ezizinzileyo nge-binder esekelwe kudongwe. UCalabrese et al.8 bafunde ukulungiswa kwee-zeolite coatings ezine-polymeric binders. U-Ammann nabanye.9 bacebise indlela yokulungiselela iingubo ze-zeolite ezinemibhobho ezivela kwimixube ye-magnetic ye-polyvinyl alcohol. I-Alumina (i-alumina) ikwasetyenziswa njenge-binder 10 kwi-adsorber. Ngokolwazi lwethu, i-cellulose kunye ne-hydroxyethyl cellulose zisetyenziswa kuphela xa zidityaniswe ne-physical adsorbents11,12. Ngamanye amaxesha i-glue ayisetyenziselwa ipeyinti, kodwa isetyenziselwa ukwakha isakhiwo 13 sodwa. Ukudibanisa i-alginate polymer matrices kunye ne-salt hydrates ezininzi kwenza izakhiwo ze-composite bead eziguquguqukayo ezithintela ukuvuza ngexesha lokomisa kwaye zibonelela ngokudluliselwa kobunzima okwaneleyo. Iidongwe ezifana ne-bentonite kunye ne-attapulgite zisetyenzisiwe njenge-binder zokulungiselela ii-composites15,16,17. I-Ethylcellulose isetyenzisiwe ukufaka i-calcium chloride18 okanye i-sodium sulfide19.
Ii-composites ezinesakhiwo sesinyithi esineembobo zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-heat exchangers ezongeziweyo kunye nee-heat exchangers ezigqunywe nge-coated. Inzuzo yezi zakhiwo yindawo ephezulu yomphezulu. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho umphezulu omkhulu woqhagamshelwano phakathi kwe-adsorbent kunye nesinyithi ngaphandle kokongeza ubunzima obungenamsebenzi, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle komjikelo wokufriji. ULang et al. 20 baphucule ukuhanjiswa kwe-zeolite adsorber enesakhiwo se-aluminium honeycomb. UGillerminot et al. 21 baphucule ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal kwee-NaX zeolite layers ezine-copper kunye ne-nickel foam. Nangona ii-composites zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokutshintsha isigaba (ii-PCM), iziphumo zikaLi et al. 22 kunye noZhao et al. 23 nazo zinomdla kwi-chemisorption. Bathelekise ukusebenza kwe-graphite eyandisiweyo kunye ne-metal foam baza bagqiba kwelokuba le yokugqibela ikhethwa kuphela ukuba ukugqwala bekungeyongxaki. UPalomba et al. kutshanje bathelekise ezinye izakhiwo zesinyithi ezineembobo24. UVan der Pal et al. bafunde iityuwa zesinyithi ezifakwe kwi-foams 25. Yonke imizekelo yangaphambili ihambelana nee-dense layers ze-particle adsorbents. Izakhiwo ezinemingxuma yesinyithi azisetyenziswa kangako ukugquma ii-adsorbers, nto leyo eyisisombululo esifanelekileyo. Umzekelo wokubopha kwi-zeolites unokufumaneka kuWittstadt et al. 26 kodwa akukho mzamo wenziweyo wokubopha ii-hydrate zetyuwa nangona zinobunzima obuphezulu 27.
Ngoko ke, iindlela ezintathu zokulungiselela ii-adsorbent coats ziza kuhlolwa kweli nqaku: (1) i-binder coating, (2) i-response ethe ngqo, kunye (3) unyango lomphezulu. I-Hydroxyethylcellulose yayiyeyona binder ikhethiweyo kulo msebenzi ngenxa yokuzinza okuxeliweyo ngaphambili kunye nokunamathela okuhle kwe-coating xa kudityaniswa nee-adsorbents zomzimba. Le ndlela yaqala ukuphandwa kwii-flat coatings kwaye kamva yasetyenziswa kwizakhiwo ze-metal fiber. Ngaphambili, uhlalutyo lokuqala lokunokwenzeka kwee-chemical reactions kunye nokwenziwa kwee-adsorbent coatings zaxelwa. Amava angaphambili ngoku adluliselwa kwi-coating yezakhiwo ze-metal fiber. Unyango lomphezulu olukhethiweyo kulo msebenzi yindlela esekelwe kwi-aluminium anodizing. I-aluminium anodizing idityaniswe ngempumelelo neetyuwa zesinyithi ngeenjongo zobuhle29. Kule meko, ii-coating ezizinzileyo kakhulu nezimelana nokugqwala zinokufunyanwa. Nangona kunjalo, azinakwenza nayiphi na inkqubo ye-adsorption okanye ye-desorption. Eli phepha libonisa uhlobo lwale ndlela evumela ukuba ubunzima buhanjiswe kusetyenziswa iimpawu ze-adhesive zenkqubo yokuqala. Ngokolwazi lwethu, akukho nanye kwezi ndlela zichazwe apha eziye zafundwa ngaphambili. Zimela iteknoloji entsha enomdla kakhulu kuba zivumela ukwenziwa kweengubo ezinamanzi ezinamanzi, ezineenzuzo ezininzi kunezo zifundwa rhoqo.
Iipleyiti ze-aluminium ezifakwe uphawu ezisetyenzisiweyo njengezisekelo zezi zilingo zinikezelwe yi-ALINVEST Břidličná, eCzech Republic. Ziqulathe i-aluminium engama-98.11%, i-1.3622% yentsimbi, i-0.3618% ye-manganese kunye neempawu zekopolo, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-titanium, i-zinc, i-chromium kunye ne-nickel.
Izinto ezikhethiweyo zokwenza izinto ezidityanisiweyo zikhethwa ngokweempawu zazo ze-thermodynamic, oko kukuthi, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bamanzi ezinokufunxa/zisuse kubushushu obungaphantsi kwe-120°C.
I-Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) yenye yezona tyuwa zinomdla nezifundwe kakhulu ezingama-30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Iimpawu ze-thermodynamic zilinganiswe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye zifunyenwe zifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokufudumeza i-adsorption, iipompo zobushushu kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla. I-magnesium sulfate eyomileyo i-CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) isetyenzisiwe.
I-calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) yenye ityuwa efundwe kakuhle kuba i-hydrate yayo ineempawu ezinomdla ze-thermodynamic41,42,43,44. I-calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% esetyenzisiweyo (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
I-Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) kunye nee-hydrate zayo zineempawu ze-thermodynamic ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokufunxa ubushushu obuphantsi45,46. I-Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yasetyenziswa.
I-Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) ikwanazo neempawu ezinomdla ze-thermodynamic4,45,47 nangona idla ngokudityaniswa ne-ammonia kuphando lwe-adsorption heat pump okanye kuphando lokugcina amandla. I-Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, eSt. Louis, eMissouri, e-USA) yasetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-synthesis.
I-Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) ayikho phakathi kwee-hydrate ezifumaneka rhoqo kwiincwadi zobungcali, nangona iipropati zayo ze-thermodynamic zinomdla kwizicelo zobushushu obuphantsi48,49. I-Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, eSt. Louis, MO, e-USA) yasetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-synthesis.
I-Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) yenye yeetyuwa ezimanzi ezisandula ukufumana ingqwalasela engakumbi kwicandelo lokugcina amandla obushushu50,51. I-Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 pure pharmaceutical grade (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) yasetyenziswa kolu vavanyo.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose ikhethwe ngenxa yeziphumo ezilungileyo kwizicelo ezifanayo. Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwi-synthesis yethu yi-hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, eSt. Louis, MO, e-USA).
Iifayibha zesinyithi zenziwe ngeengcingo ezimfutshane ezidityaniswe kunye ngokucinezela nangokusinta, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-crucible melt extraction (CME)52. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwazo kobushushu akuxhomekanga kuphela ekuhanjisweni kweentsimbi ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kwazo kunye nobukhulu besakhiwo sokugqibela, kodwa nakumgangatho weebhondi phakathi kweentambo. Iifayibha aziyiyo i-isotropic kwaye zihlala zisasazwa kwicala elithile ngexesha lokuveliswa, nto leyo eyenza ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kwicala elinqamlezileyo kube phantsi kakhulu.
Iipropati zokufunxa amanzi ziphandwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric ngaxeshanye (TGA)/uhlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric oluhlukeneyo (DTG) kwiphakheji ye-vacuum (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). Ukulinganiswa kwenziwe kwi-atmosphere ye-nitrogen ehambayo ngesantya sokuhamba se-10 ml/min kunye nobubanzi bobushushu obuvela kwi-25 ukuya kwi-150°C kwii-crucibles ze-aluminium oxide. Isantya sokufudumeza sasiyi-1 °C/min, ubunzima besampulu bahluka ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-20 mg, isisombululo sasiyi-0.1 μg. Kulo msebenzi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umahluko wobunzima ngomphezulu weyunithi unokungaqiniseki okukhulu. Iisampuli ezisetyenzisiweyo kwi-TGA-DTG zincinci kakhulu kwaye zinqunyulwe ngokungacwangciswanga, nto leyo eyenza ukuqinisekiswa kwendawo yazo kungachanekanga. La maxabiso anokugqithiselwa kuphela kwindawo enkulu ukuba kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuphambuka okukhulu.
Iispectra ze-ATR-FTIR ezibonakalisiweyo ngokupheleleyo ze-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) zifunyenwe kwi-spectrometer ye-Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR (Bruker Optik GmbH, eLeipzig, eJamani) kusetyenziswa isixhobo se-ATR platinum (Bruker Optik GmbH, eJamani). Iispectra zeekristale zedayimani ezomileyo ezicocekileyo zilinganiswe ngqo kwi-vacuum ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iisampuli njengemvelaphi yokulinganisa uvavanyo. Iisampuli zilinganiswe kwi-vacuum kusetyenziswa isisombululo se-spectral se-2 cm-1 kunye nenani eliqhelekileyo leeskeni ezingama-32. Inani le-wavenumber liqala kwi-8000 ukuya kwi-500 cm-1. Uhlalutyo lwe-Spectral lwenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-OPUS.
Uhlalutyo lwe-SEM lwenziwe kusetyenziswa i-DSM 982 Gemini evela kwi-Zeiss kwi-voltage ekhawulezayo ye-2 kunye ne-5 kV. I-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) yenziwe kusetyenziswa i-Thermo Fischer System 7 ene-Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Ukulungiswa kweepleyiti zesinyithi kwenziwa ngokwenkqubo efana naleyo ichazwe kwi-53. Okokuqala, faka ipleyiti kwi-50% ye-sulfuric acid. imizuzu eli-15. Emva koko zafakwa kwisisombululo se-1 M sodium hydroxide malunga nemizuzwana eli-10. Emva koko iisampuli zahlanjwa ngamanzi amaninzi acociweyo, zaza zacwiliswa emanzini acociweyo imizuzu engama-30. Emva konyango lokuqala lomphezulu, iisampuli zacwiliswa kwisisombululo esigcwalisiweyo se-3%. I-HEC kunye netyuwa ekujoliswe kuyo. Ekugqibeleni, zikhuphe uze uzomise kwi-60°C.
Indlela yokufunxa i-oxidation iphucula kwaye yomeleza umaleko we-oxide yendalo kwisinyithi esingasebenziyo. Iiphaneli ze-aluminium zafunxa i-sulfuric acid kwimeko eqinileyo zaza zavalwa emanzini ashushu. Ukufunxa kulandela ukukrola kokuqala nge-1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) kulandele ukuthomalalisa kwi-1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s). Isisombululo se-electrolyte singumxube we-2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, kunye ne-1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. Ukufunxa kwenziwa kwi-(40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 imizuzwana eyi-1200. Inkqubo yokutywina yenziwe kwizisombululo ezahlukeneyo ze-brine njengoko kuchaziwe kwizinto (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Isampuli ibilisiwe kuyo imizuzwana eyi-1800.
Iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokwenza izinto ezidityanisiweyo ziye zaphandwa: ukunamathela okunamathelayo, ukusabela ngqo, kunye nonyango lomphezulu. Iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kwendlela nganye yoqeqesho zihlalutywa kwaye zixoxwe ngokucwangcisiweyo. Ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo, i-nanoimaging, kunye nohlalutyo lweekhemikhali/izinto ezisisiseko zisetyenzisiwe ukuvavanya iziphumo.
I-Anodizing ikhethwe njengendlela yokuguqula umphezulu ukuze kwandiswe ukunamathelana kwetyuwa. Olu nyango lomphezulu ludala isakhiwo esinemingxunya ye-alumina (alumina) ngqo kumphezulu we-alumina. Ngokwesiko, le ndlela inamanqanaba amabini: inqanaba lokuqala lenza isakhiwo esinemingxunya ye-alumina oxide, kwaye inqanaba lesibini lenza ugqubuthelo lwe-alumina hydroxide oluvala iimbobo. Ezi zilandelayo ziindlela ezimbini zokuvala ityuwa ngaphandle kokuvala ukufikelela kwisigaba segesi. Eyokuqala inenkqubo yehoneycomb esebenzisa iityhubhu ezincinci ze-alumina oxide (Al2O3) ezifunyenwe kwinyathelo lokuqala lokubamba iikristale ezifunxayo kunye nokwandisa ukunamathela kwazo kumphezulu wesinyithi. Iihoneycomb eziphumayo zinobubanzi obumalunga ne-50 nm kunye nobude obuyi-200 nm (Umzobo 1a). Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ezi mingxunya zihlala zivalwe kwinyathelo lesibini ngomaleko omncinci we-Al2O(OH)2 boehmite oxhaswa yinkqubo yokubilisa ityhubhu ye-alumina. Kwindlela yesibini, le nkqubo yokutywina iguqulwa ngendlela yokuba iikristale zetyuwa zibanjwe kumaleko ogquma ngokulinganayo we-boehmite (Al2O(OH)), engasetyenziswayo ekutywineni kule meko. Inqanaba lesibini lenziwa kwisisombululo esigcweleyo setyuwa ehambelanayo. Iipateni ezichaziweyo zinobukhulu obuphakathi kwe-50–100 nm kwaye zibukeka njengamathontsi atshiziweyo (Umzobo 1b). Umphezulu ofunyenwe ngenxa yenkqubo yokutywina unesakhiwo esicacileyo sendawo esinendawo yokunxibelelana eyandisiweyo. Le pateni yomphezulu, kunye neendlela ezininzi zokubopha, ifanelekile ukuthwala nokubamba iikristale zetyuwa. Zombini izakhiwo ezichaziweyo zibonakala zinemingxuma yokwenene kwaye zinemingxuma emincinci ebonakala ifanelekile ukugcina ityuwa kunye nokufunxa umphunga kwityuwa ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-adsorber. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwezinto ezisisiseko lwale mimandla kusetyenziswa i-EDX lunokufumanisa ubungakanani obuncinci be-magnesium kunye nesulfure kumphezulu we-boehmite, obungafunyanwanga kwimeko yomphezulu we-alumina.
I-ATR-FTIR yesampulu iqinisekisile ukuba i-element yayiyi-magnesium sulfate (jonga uMfanekiso 2b). I-spectrum ibonisa iincopho ze-ion ze-sulfate eziphawulekayo kwi-610–680 kunye ne-1080–1130 cm–1 kunye neencopho zamanzi ze-lattice eziphawulekayo kwi-1600–1700 cm–1 kunye ne-3200–3800 cm–1 (jonga uMfanekiso 2a, c). ). Ubukho bee-ion ze-magnesium abuyitshintshi phantse i-spectrum54.
(a) I-EDX yepleyiti ye-aluminium ye-MgSO4 egqunywe yi-boehmite, (b) Iispectra ze-ATR-FTIR zeengubo ze-boehmite kunye ne-MgSO4, (c) Iispectra ze-ATR-FTIR ze-MgSO4 ecocekileyo.
Ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokufunxa amanzi kuqinisekiswe yi-TGA. Kumfanekiso 3b ubonisa incochoyi yokufunxa amanzi emalunga nama-60°C. Le ncochoyi ayihambelani nobushushu beencochoyi ezimbini ezibonwe kwi-TGA yetyuwa ecocekileyo (Umfanekiso 3a). Ukuphindaphinda komjikelo wokufunxa amanzi kunye nokufunxa amanzi kuhlolwe, kwaye igophe elifanayo labonwa emva kokubeka iisampuli kwindawo enomswakama (Umfanekiso 3c). Umahluko obonwe kwinqanaba lesibini lokufunxa amanzi unokuba ngumphumo wokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kwindawo egelezayo, njengoko oku kudla ngokukhokelela ekuphelelweni ngamanzi ngokupheleleyo. La maxabiso ahambelana malunga ne-17.9 g/m2 kwindawo yokuqala yokufunxa amanzi kunye ne-10.3 g/m2 kwindawo yesibini yokufunxa amanzi.
Ukuthelekiswa kohlalutyo lwe-TGA lwe-boehmite kunye ne-MgSO4: Uhlalutyo lwe-TGA lwe-MgSO4 ecocekileyo (a), umxube (b) kunye nasemva kokuphinda kufakwe amanzi emzimbeni (c).
Le ndlela ifanayo yenziwe nge-calcium chloride njenge-adsorbent. Iziphumo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo komphezulu kubonise utshintsho oluncinci ekukhanyeni kwesinyithi. Uboya abubonakali kangako. I-SEM iqinisekisile ukubakho kweekristale ezincinci ezisasazwe ngokulinganayo phezu komphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-TGA ayibonisanga kuphelelwa ngamanzi ngaphantsi kwe-150°C. Oku kusenokubangelwa kukuba umlinganiselo wetyuwa uncinci kakhulu xa uthelekiswa nobunzima be-substrate ukuze ifunyanwe yi-TGA.
Iziphumo zonyango lomphezulu we-copper sulfate coating ngendlela ye-anodizing ziboniswe kumzobo 5. Kule meko, ukufakwa okulindelekileyo kwe-CuSO4 kwisakhiwo se-Al oxide akuzange kwenzeke. Endaweni yoko, iinaliti ezikhululekileyo ziyabonwa njengoko zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 esetyenziswa needayi ze-turquoise eziqhelekileyo.
Unyango lomphezulu olune-anodized luvavanyiwe kunye ne-strontium chloride. Iziphumo zibonise ukugquma okungalinganiyo (jonga uMfanekiso 6a). Ukufumanisa ukuba ityuwa igqume umphezulu wonke, kwenziwe uhlalutyo lwe-EDX. I-curve yenqaku kwindawo engwevu (inqaku 1 kuMfanekiso 6b) ibonisa i-strontium encinci kunye ne-aluminium eninzi. Oku kubonisa umxholo ophantsi we-strontium kwindawo elinganisiweyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukugquma okuphantsi kwe-strontium chloride. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iindawo ezimhlophe zinomxholo ophezulu we-strontium kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-aluminium (amanqaku 2-6 kuMfanekiso 6b). Uhlalutyo lwe-EDX lwendawo emhlophe lubonisa amachaphaza amnyama (amanqaku 2 kunye no-4 kuMfanekiso 6b), i-chlorine ephantsi kunye ne-sulfur ephezulu. Oku kunokubonisa ukwakheka kwe-strontium sulfate. Amachaphaza akhanyayo abonisa umxholo ophezulu we-chlorine kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-sulfur (amanqaku 3, 5, kunye no-6 kuMfanekiso 6b). Oku kunokuchazwa yinto yokuba inxalenye ephambili yombala omhlophe iqulathe i-strontium chloride elindelekileyo. I-TGA yesampulu iqinisekisile ukutolikwa kohlalutyo ngencopho kubushushu obuqhelekileyo be-strontium chloride ecocekileyo (Umzobo 6c). Ixabiso labo elincinci linokuqinisekiswa yingxenyana encinci yetyuwa xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima benkxaso yesinyithi. Ubunzima bokunyibilikisa obuchongiweyo kwiimvavanyo buhambelana nobungakanani be-7.3 g/m2 obunikiweyo kwindawo nganye yeyunithi ye-adsorber kubushushu be-150°C.
Iingubo ze-zinc sulfate eziphathwe nge-Eloxal nazo zavavanywa. Ngokwe-macroscopic, ingubo ingumphezulu obhityileyo kakhulu kwaye ufanayo (Umzobo 7a). Nangona kunjalo, i-SEM ityhile indawo engaphezulu egqunywe ziikristale ezincinci ezahlulwe ziindawo ezingenanto (Umzobo 7b). I-TGA yengubo kunye ne-substrate ithelekiswa neyetyuwa ecocekileyo (Umfanekiso 7c). Ityuwa ecocekileyo inencochoyi enye engalinganiyo kwi-59.1°C. I-aluminium egqunyiweyo ibonise iincochoyi ezimbini ezincinci kwi-55.5°C kunye ne-61.3°C, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kukho i-zinc sulfate hydrate. Umahluko wobunzima obutyhilwe kuvavanyo uhambelana ne-10.9 g/m2 kubushushu bokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni obuyi-150°C.
Njengakwisicelo sangaphambili53, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose yayisetyenziswa njenge-binder ukuphucula ukunamathela kunye nokuzinza kwe-sorbent coating. Ukuhambelana kwezinto kunye nefuthe ekusebenzeni kwe-adsorption kuhlolwe yi-TGA. Uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngokunxulumene nobunzima obupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, isampuli ibandakanya ipleyiti yesinyithi esetyenziswa njenge-substrate yokugquma. Ukunamathela kuvavanywa ngovavanyo olusekelwe kuvavanyo lwe-cross notch oluchazwe kwi-ISO2409 specification (ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana ne-notch separation specification ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu kunye nobubanzi be-specification).
Ukugquma iiphaneli nge-calcium chloride (CaCl2) (jonga uMfanekiso 8a) kubangele ukusasazwa okungalinganiyo, okungazange kubonwe kwi-pure aluminium coating esetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo lwe-transverse notch. Xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ze-pure CaCl2, i-TGA (Umfanekiso 8b) ibonisa iincopho ezimbini eziphawulekayo ezitshintshele kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi angama-40 nama-20°C, ngokulandelelana. Uvavanyo lwe-cross-section aluvumeli uthelekiso oluchanekileyo kuba isampuli ye-pure CaCl2 (isampuli esekunene kuMfanekiso 8c) yi-powdery precipitate, esusa amasuntswana aphezulu. Iziphumo ze-HEC zibonise i-coating encinci kakhulu nefanayo ene-adhesion eyanelisayo. Umahluko wobunzima oboniswe kuMfanekiso 8b uhambelana ne-51.3 g/m2 ngeyunithi yendawo ye-adsorber kubushushu be-150°C.
Iziphumo ezilungileyo ngokubhekiselele ekunamatheleni nasekufaneni nazo zifunyenwe nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (jonga uMzobo 9). Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo yokufunxa i-coating lubonise ukuba kukho incochoyi enye emalunga nama-60°C. Olu bushushu luhambelana nenyathelo eliphambili lokufunxa i-coating elibonwa ekuphelisweni kwetyuwa ecocekileyo, nto leyo emele elinye inyathelo kwi-44°C. Luhambelana notshintsho oluvela kwi-hexahydrate ukuya kwi-pentahydrate kwaye alubonwa kwimeko yokufunxa nge-binders. Uvavanyo lwe-cross section lubonisa ukusasazwa okuphuculweyo kunye nokunamathela xa kuthelekiswa nokufunxa okwenziwe kusetyenziswa ityuwa ecocekileyo. Umahluko wobunzima obubonwe kwi-TGA-DTC uhambelana ne-18.4 g/m2 ngeyunithi yendawo ye-adsorber kubushushu be-150°C.
Ngenxa yokungalungelelani komphezulu, i-strontium chloride (SrCl2) inengubo engalinganiyo kwi-fins (Umzobo 10a). Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-transverse notch zibonise ukusasazwa okufanayo kunye nokunamathela okuphuculweyo kakhulu (Umzobo 10c). Uhlalutyo lwe-TGA lubonise umahluko omncinci kakhulu kubunzima, ekufuneka ukuba kungenxa yomxholo wetyuwa ophantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-substrate yesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo kwi-curve abonisa ubukho benkqubo yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, nangona i-peak inxulunyaniswa nobushushu obufunyenweyo xa kuchazwa ityuwa ecocekileyo. Iincopho kwi-110°C kunye ne-70.2°C ezibonwe kwiMifanekiso 10b nazo zifunyenwe xa kuhlalutywa ityuwa ecocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, inyathelo eliphambili lokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni elibonwe kwityuwa ecocekileyo kwi-50°C alizange libonakaliswe kwii-curves kusetyenziswa i-binder. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umxube we-binder ubonise iincopho ezimbini kwi-20.2°C kunye ne-94.1°C, ezingakhange zilinganiswe kwityuwa ecocekileyo (Umzobo 10b). Kwiqondo lobushushu eliyi-150 °C, umahluko wobunzima obubonwayo uhambelana ne-7.2 g/m2 ngeyunithi yendawo ye-adsorber.
Ukudibana kwe-HEC kunye ne-zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) akuzange kunike iziphumo ezamkelekileyo (Umfanekiso 11). Uhlalutyo lwe-TGA lwesinyithi esigqunyiweyo aluzange lubonise naziphi na iinkqubo zokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni. Nangona ukusasazwa kunye nokunamathela kwengubo kuye kwaphucuka, iimpawu zayo zisekude kakhulu nokuba zilungile.
Eyona ndlela ilula yokugquma imicu yesinyithi ngomaleko obhityileyo nofanayo kukufakelwa okumanzi (Umzobo 12a), okubandakanya ukulungiswa kwetyuwa ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokufakelwa kwemicu yesinyithi ngesisombululo samanzi.
Xa kulungiselelwa ukufunxwa ngamanzi, kuhlangatyezwana neengxaki ezimbini eziphambili. Kwelinye icala, uxinzelelo lomphezulu wesisombululo se-saline luthintela ukufakwa ngokuchanekileyo kolwelo kwisakhiwo esineembobo. Ukwakheka kwekristale kumphezulu ongaphandle (Umzobo 12d) kunye namaqamza omoya abanjwe ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo (Umzobo 12c) kunokunciphisa kuphela ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye nokumanzisa isampuli kwangaphambili ngamanzi acocekileyo. Ukunyibilika okunyanzelekileyo kwisampuli ngokususa umoya ngaphakathi okanye ngokwenza ukuhamba kwesisombululo kwisakhiwo zezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukuzaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwesakhiwo.
Ingxaki yesibini edibene nayo ngexesha lokulungiselela yayikukususwa kwefilimu kwinxalenye yetyuwa (jonga uMzobo 12b). Le meko ibonakaliswa kukwenziwa kwengubo eyomileyo kumphezulu wokunyibilika, okuthintela ukoma okushukunyiswayo okuguquguqukayo kwaye kuqalise inkqubo eshukunyiswayo yokusasazwa. Indlela yesibini icotha kakhulu kuneyokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka ubushushu obuphezulu ukuze kubekho ixesha elifanelekileyo lokomisa, nto leyo eyandisa umngcipheko wokwakheka kwamaqamza ngaphakathi kwesampuli. Le ngxaki isonjululwa ngokuzisa enye indlela yokwenza ikristale ngokusekelwe kutshintsho loxinzelelo (ukufuma), kodwa kutshintsho lobushushu (njengoko kumzekelo oneMgSO4 kuMzobo 13).
Ukubonakaliswa kwesicwangciso senkqubo yokwenza ikristale ngexesha lokupholisa nokwahlulahlula izigaba eziqinileyo nezilulwelo kusetyenziswa iMgSO4.
Izisombululo zetyuwa eyomileyo zingalungiswa kubushushu begumbi okanye ngaphezulu kwalo (HT) kusetyenziswa le ndlela. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukwenziwa kwekristale kwanyanzeleka ngokunciphisa ubushushu obungaphantsi kobushushu begumbi. Kwimeko yesibini, ukwenziwa kwekristale kwenzeke xa isampuli ipholiswa kubushushu begumbi (RT). Isiphumo ngumxube weekristale (B) kunye nokunyibilika (A), inxalenye yolwelo esuswa ngumoya ocinezelweyo. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokuthintela ukwakheka kwefilimu kwezi hydrates, kodwa ikwanciphisa ixesha elifunekayo lokulungiselela ezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukususwa kolwelo ngumoya ocinezelweyo kukhokelela ekufakweni kwekristale eyongezelelweyo yetyuwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe nkulu.
Enye indlela enokusetyenziswa ukugquma umphezulu wesinyithi ibandakanya ukuveliswa ngokuthe ngqo kweetyuwa ezijoliswe kuzo ngokusebenzisa ii-chemical reactions. Ii-coated heat exchangers ezenziwe yi-reaction ye-asidi kumphezulu wesinyithi we-fins kunye nee-tubes zinezibonelelo ezininzi, njengoko kuxeliwe kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili. Ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela kwi-fibers kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokwenziwa kweegesi ngexesha le-reaction. Uxinzelelo lwee-hydrogen gas bubbles luyakheka ngaphakathi kwi-probe kwaye luyatshintsha njengoko imveliso ikhutshwa (Umzobo 14a).
Ingubo iguqulwe nge-chemical reaction ukuze kulawulwe ngcono ubukhulu kunye nokusasazwa kwengubo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukudlula umsinga we-acid inkungu kwisampuli (Umfanekiso 14b). Oku kulindeleke ukuba kubangele i-coating efanayo nge-reaction kunye ne-substrate metal. Iziphumo bezisanelisa, kodwa inkqubo yayicotha kakhulu ukuba ingathathwa njengendlela esebenzayo (Umfanekiso 14c). Amaxesha amafutshane okusabela anokufezekiswa ngokufudumeza kwendawo.
Ukuze koyiswe iingxaki zeendlela ezingasentla, kuye kwafundwa indlela yokugquma esekelwe ekusebenziseni izincamathelisi. I-HEC ikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo eziboniswe kwicandelo elidlulileyo. Zonke iisampuli zilungiselelwe kwi-3% wt. I-binder ixutywe netyuwa. Iifayibha ziphathwe kwangaphambili ngokwenkqubo efanayo neyeembambo, oko kukuthi zifakwe kwi-50% vol. kwimizuzu eli-15. I-sulfuric acid, emva koko zifakwe kwi-sodium hydroxide imizuzwana engama-20, zihlanjwe ngamanzi acocekileyo kwaye ekugqibeleni zifakwe emanzini acocekileyo imizuzu engama-30. Kule meko, kongezwa inyathelo elongezelelweyo ngaphambi kokumiliswa. Faka isampuli okwethutyana kwisisombululo setyuwa esidityanisiweyo kwaye womise malunga nama-60°C. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukutshintsha umphezulu wesinyithi, idale iindawo ze-nucleation eziphucula ukusasazwa kwengubo kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Isakhiwo se-fibrous sinecala elinye apho ii-filaments zincinci kwaye zipakishwe ngokuqinileyo, kunye necala elichaseneyo apho ii-filaments zijiyile kwaye zingasasazwanga kangako. Esi sisiphumo seenkqubo zokuvelisa ezingama-52.
Iziphumo ze-calcium chloride (CaCl2) zishwankathelwe kwaye ziboniswe ngemifanekiso kwiTheyibhile 1. Ukugquma okuhle emva kokugonywa. Kwanaloo misonto ingenazo iikristale ezibonakalayo kumphezulu yayinembonakalo yesinyithi enciphileyo, nto leyo ebonisa utshintsho ekugqityweni. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba iisampulu zifakwe umxube wamanzi we-CaCl2 kunye ne-HEC kwaye zomiswa kubushushu obumalunga nama-60°C, iingubo zazixinene kwiindawo ezidibana kuzo izakhiwo. Esi sisiphumo esibangelwa kukuxinana komphezulu wesisombululo. Emva kokumanzisa, ulwelo luhlala ngaphakathi kwisampulu ngenxa yokuxinana komphezulu walo. Ngokusisiseko lwenzeka kwindawo edibana kuyo izakhiwo. Icala elingcono lesampulu linemingxuma emininzi ezaliswe yityuwa. Ubunzima bunyuke nge-0.06 g/cm3 emva kokugqunywa.
Ukugquma nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kuvelisa ityuwa engakumbi ngeyunithi nganye yomthamo (Itheyibhile 2). Kule meko, ukunyuka okulinganisiweyo yi-0.09 g/cm3. Inkqubo yokuhlwayela imbewu ibangele ukugquma okukhulu kwesampuli. Emva kwenkqubo yokugquma, ityuwa ivimba iindawo ezinkulu zecala elincinci lesampuli. Ukongeza, ezinye iindawo ze-matte ziyavalwa, kodwa ezinye iindawo ezithambileyo ziyagcinwa. Kule meko, ukwakheka kwetyuwa kubonakala ngokulula kwindawo edibana kuyo izakhiwo, okuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokugquma ibangelwa kukuxinana komphezulu wolwelo, kungekhona ukusebenzisana phakathi kwetyuwa kunye ne-substrate yesinyithi.
Iziphumo zokudibanisa i-strontium chloride (SrCl2) kunye ne-HEC zibonise iimpawu ezifanayo nemizekelo yangaphambili (Itheyibhile 3). Kule meko, icala elincinci lesampuli liphantse ligqunywe ngokupheleleyo. Kuphela ziimbobo ezibonakala nganye nganye, ezenziwe ngexesha lokomiswa ngenxa yokukhululwa komphunga kwisampuli. Ipateni ebonwe kwicala le-matte ifana kakhulu nemeko yangaphambili, indawo ivalwe yityuwa kwaye iifayibha azigqunywanga ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuze kuvavanywe isiphumo esihle sesakhiwo se-fibrous ekusebenzeni kobushushu kwe-heat exchanger, ukuhanjiswa kobushushu okusebenzayo kwesakhiwo se-fibrous esigqunywe nge-coated kwachongwa kwaza kwathelekiswa nezinto zokugqunywa ezicocekileyo. Ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kwalinganiswa ngokwe-ASTM D 5470-2017 kusetyenziswa isixhobo sephaneli esithe tyaba esiboniswe kuMfanekiso 15a kusetyenziswa izinto zokubhekisa ezinokufudumeza okwaziwayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokulinganisa ezidlulayo, lo mgaqo uluncedo kwizinto ezinemingxuma ezisetyenziswa kolu phononongo lwangoku, kuba ukulinganisa kwenziwa kwimeko ezinzileyo kwaye kunobungakanani obaneleyo besampulu (indawo yesiseko 30 × 30 mm2, ukuphakama malunga ne-15 mm). Iisampulu zezinto zokugqunywa ezicocekileyo (isalathiso) kunye nesakhiwo sefayibha esigqunywe nge-coated zalungiselelwa ukulinganisa kwicala lefayibha kwaye zithe nkqo kwicala lefayibha ukuvavanya isiphumo sokughutywa kobushushu be-anisotropic. Iisampulu zagaywa phezu komphezulu (P320 grit) ukunciphisa isiphumo sokurhabaxa komphezulu ngenxa yokulungiswa kwesampulu, okungabonisi isakhiwo ngaphakathi kwesampulu.