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Isabelo sentengiso yeenkqubo zesikhenkcisi se-adsorption kunye neempompo zobushushu zisencinci xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zecompressor zemveli.Ngaphandle kwenzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa ubushushu obuphantsi (endaweni yomsebenzi obiza kakhulu wombane), ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo ye-adsorption isalinganiselwe kwizicelo ezithile ezimbalwa.Ukungalungi okuphambili okufuneka kupheliswe kukwehla kwamandla athile ngenxa ye-conductivity ephantsi ye-thermal kunye nokuzinza okuphantsi kwe-adsorbent.Imeko yangoku yenkqubo ye-adsorption yefriji yorhwebo isekelwe kwii-adsorbers ezisekwe kwipleyiti yokutshintshiselana kobushushu egqunywe ukwandisa umthamo wokupholisa.Iziphumo ziyaziwa kakuhle ukuba ukunciphisa ubukhulu bokugquma kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-impedance yokudlulisa ubuninzi, kunye nokwandisa indawo ephezulu ukuya kumlinganiselo womthamo wezakhiwo eziqhubekileyo kwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle.Iintambo zetsimbi ezisetyenziswe kulo msebenzi zinokubonelela indawo ethile yendawo kwindawo ye-2500-50,000 m2 / m3.Iindlela ezintathu zokufumana ukutyabeka okucekethekileyo kodwa okuzinzileyo kwetyuwa ye-hydrates kumphezulu wesinyithi, kubandakanywa nemicu yetsimbi, yokuvelisa i-coatings kubonisa okokuqala amandla aphezulu okushisa ubushushu.Unyango lomphezulu olusekwe kwi-aluminiyam anodizing lukhethwa ukwenza ibhondi eyomeleleyo phakathi kwengubo kunye ne-substrate.I-microstructure yesiphumo somphezulu yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-electron microscopy yokuskena.Ukuncipha kokubonakaliswa kwe-Fourier inguqu ye-infrared spectroscopy kunye ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy zasetyenziselwa ukujonga ubukho beentlobo ezifunwayo kuvavanyo.Ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza i-hydrates kuqinisekiswe ngohlalutyo oludibeneyo lwe-thermogravimetric (TGA) / uhlalutyo oluhlukeneyo lwe-thermogravimetric (DTG).Umgangatho ombi ngaphezu kwe-0.07 g (amanzi) / g (i-composite) ifunyenwe kwi-coating ye-MgSO4, ebonisa iimpawu zokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni malunga ne-60 °C kwaye iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ifakwe emanzini.Iziphumo ezilungileyo nazo zafunyanwa nge-SrCl2 kunye ne-ZnSO4 kunye nomahluko omkhulu malunga ne-0.02 g/g ngaphantsi kwe-100 °C.I-Hydroxyethylcellulose yakhethwa njengesongezo sokwandisa ukuzinza kunye nokunamathela kwengubo.Iipropati ze-adsorptive zeemveliso zavavanywa yi-TGA-DTG ngaxeshanye kwaye ukunamathela kwazo kubonakaliswe ngendlela esekelwe kwiimvavanyo ezichazwe kwi-ISO2409.Ukuhambelana kunye nokubambelela kwe-CaCl2 yokugqoka iphuculwe kakhulu ngelixa igcina amandla ayo e-adsorption kunye nokwahlukana kobunzima malunga ne-0.1 g / g kumaqondo okushisa angaphantsi kwe-100 ° C.Ukongeza, i-MgSO4 igcina amandla okwenza i-hydrates, ibonisa umahluko omkhulu ongaphezu kwe-0.04 g / g kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-100 ° C.Ekugqibeleni, imicu yetsimbi egqunyiweyo iyahlolwa.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-thermal conductivity esebenzayo ye-fiber structure ehlanganiswe ne-Al2 (SO4) 3 ingaba ngamaxesha e-4.7 aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nomthamo we-Al2 (SO4) ecocekileyo ye-3.Ukugquma kweengubo ezifundwayo kuhlolwe ngokubonakalayo, kwaye isakhiwo sangaphakathi savandlakanywa kusetyenziswa umfanekiso we-microscopic wamacandelo anqamlezayo.Ukwaleka kwe-Al2(SO4)3 enobunzima obumalunga ne-50 µm yafunyanwa, kodwa inkqubo iyonke kufuneka iphuculwe ukuze kuzuzwe usasazo olufanayo.
Iinkqubo ze-Adsorption ziye zafumana ingqwalasela eninzi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo njengoko zibonelela ngenye indlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo kwiimpompo zokushisa zendabuko okanye iinkqubo zesikhenkcisi.Ngokunyuka kwemigangatho yentuthuzelo kunye ne-avareji yobushushu behlabathi, iinkqubo ze-adsorption zinokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kwixesha elizayo elingekude.Ukongezelela, naluphi na ukuphuculwa kwefriji ye-adsorption okanye iimpompo zokushisa ziyakwazi ukudluliselwa kwindawo yokugcina amandla e-thermal, emele ukwanda okongeziweyo kokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla okuqala.Inzuzo ephambili yeepompo zokushisa ze-adsorption kunye neenkqubo zefriji kukuba zinokusebenza ngobunzima obuphantsi bokushisa.Oku kubenza bafaneleke kwimithombo yobushushu obuphantsi njengamandla elanga okanye inkunkuma yobushushu.Ngokubhekiselele kwizicelo zogcino lwamandla, i-adsorption inenzuzo yokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokuchithwa okuncinci kwamandla xa kuthelekiswa nokugcinwa kobushushu obubambekayo.
Iimpompo zobushushu ze-Adsorption kunye neenkqubo zokukhenkceza zilandela umjikelo ofanayo we-thermodynamic njengoko zihambelana nomphunga wazo.Umahluko omkhulu kukutshintshwa kwamacandelo e-compressor kunye ne-adsorbers.I-elementi iyakwazi ukubhengeza umphunga ophantsi woxinzelelo oluphantsi kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi, ukukhupha ifriji naxa ulwelo lubanda.Kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa rhoqo kwe-adsorber ukwenzela ukuba ungabandakanyi i-enthalpy ye-adsorption (exotherm).I-adsorber iphinda ihlaziywe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ibangela ukuba umphunga we-refrigerant udibanise.Ukufudumala kufuneka kuqhubeke ukubonelela nge-enthalpy ye-desorption (endothermic).Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ze-adsorption zibonakaliswe ngokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa, ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kufuna ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephezulu.Nangona kunjalo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi yeyona nto ingalunganga kwizicelo ezininzi.
Ingxaki ephambili ye-conductivity kukunyusa ixabiso layo eliphakathi ngelixa ligcina indlela yokuthutha enikezela ukuhamba kwe-adsorption / desorption vapors.Iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukufezekisa oku: i-composite heat exchangers kunye ne-coated exchange exchangers.Eyona nto idume kakhulu kwaye iphumelele izinto ezidibeneyo zezo zisebenzisa izongezo ezisekelwe kwikhabhoni, ezizezi: igraphite eyandisiweyo, i-activated carbon, okanye i-carbon fibers.U-Oliveira et al.I-2 ifakwe i-graphite powder eyandisiweyo kunye ne-calcium chloride ukuvelisa i-adsorber enomthamo othile wokupholisa (SCP) ukuya kwi-306 W / kg kunye ne-coefficient of performance (COP) ukuya kwi-0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.I-3 iphakamise indibaniselwano yegraphite eyandisiweyo, i-carbon fiber kunye ne-calcium chloride kunye ne-conductivity epheleleyo ye-15 W / mK.I-Jian et al4 evavanyiweyo ye-composites ene-asidi ye-sulfuric iphathwa ngegraphite yendalo eyandisiweyo (ENG-TSA) njenge-substrate kumjikelo wokupholisa we-adsorption wamanqanaba amabini.Imodeli yaxela kwangaphambili i-COP ukusuka kwi-0.215 ukuya kwi-0.285 kunye ne-SCP ukusuka kwi-161.4 ukuya kwi-260.74 W / kg.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku esona sisombululo sisebenzayo sisitshintshi sobushushu esigqunyiweyo.Iindlela zokugubungela ezi zitshintshi zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini: ukudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokunamathela.Eyona ndlela iphumelele kakhulu yi-synthesis ngqo, ebandakanya ukubunjwa kwezinto ezikhangayo ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu wokushisa obushushu ukusuka kwii-reagents ezifanelekileyo.I-Sotech5 inelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza indlela yokwenza i-zeolite egqunyiweyo ukuze isetyenziswe kuthotho lwezinto ezipholileyo ezenziwe nguFahrenheit GmbH.U-Schnabel et al6 uvavanye ukusebenza kwee-zeolite ezimbini ezifakwe kwintsimbi engenasici.Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela isebenza kuphela ngee-adsorbents ezithile, ezenza ukugquma nge-adhesives kube yinto enomdla.Izibophelelo zizinto ezenziwayo ezikhethiweyo ukuxhasa ukunamathela kwe-sorbent kunye/okanye ukuhanjiswa kobuninzi, kodwa azidlali indima kwi-adsorption okanye ekuphuculeni i-conductivity.Freni et al.I-7 ye-aluminiyam egutyungelwe ubushushu be-aluminiyam kunye ne-AQSOA-Z02 zeolite ezinzile kunye ne-binder-based binder.UCalabrese et al.8 wafunda ukulungiswa kweengubo ze-zeolite kunye nezibophelelo ze-polymeric.U-Ammann et al.9 ucebise indlela yokulungiselela iingubo ze-zeolite ezine-porous ezivela kumxube wemagnethi we-polyvinyl alcohol.I-alumina (i-alumina) iphinda isetyenziswe njenge-binder 10 kwi-adsorber.Ngokolwazi lwethu, i-cellulose kunye ne-hydroxyethyl cellulose zisetyenziswa kuphela ngokudibanisa kunye ne-adsorbents yomzimba11,12.Ngamanye amaxesha iglue ayisetyenziselwa ukupenda, kodwa isetyenziselwa ukwakha isakhiwo se-13 ngokwayo.Ukudityaniswa kwe-alginate polymer matrices kunye ne-hydrates yetyuwa ezininzi zenza izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo ze-bead ezithintela ukuvuza ngexesha lokumisa kunye nokubonelela ngokugqithisela okwaneleyo kobunzima.Iimbumba ezifana ne-bentonite kunye ne-attapulgite zisetyenziswe njengezibophelelo zokulungiswa kwee-composites15,16,17.I-Ethylcellulose isetyenziswe kwi-microencapsulate calcium chloride18 okanye i-sodium sulfide19.
I-Composites enesakhiwo sesinyithi esine-porous inokwahlulwa ibe yi-additive exchange exchanges kunye ne-coated exchange exchangers.Inzuzo yezi zakhiwo yindawo ephezulu ephezulu.Oku kubangela indawo enkulu yokudibanisa phakathi kwe-adsorbent kunye nesinyithi ngaphandle kokongezwa kwe-inert mass, okunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle komjikelezo wefriji.Lang et al.I-20 iphucule i-conductivity jikelele ye-adsorber ye-zeolite kunye nesakhiwo se-honeycomb ye-aluminium.Gillerminot et al.I-21 iphucule i-thermal conductivity ye-NaX zeolite layers kunye nobhedu kunye ne-nickel foam.Nangona ama-composites asetyenziswa njengezinto zokutshintsha isigaba (PCMs), ukufunyaniswa kweLi et al.22 kunye noZhao et al.I-23 nayo inomdla kwi-chemisorption.Bathelekisa ukusebenza kwegraphite eyandisiweyo kunye ne-foam yensimbi kwaye bagqiba ukuba le yokugqibela yayikhethwa kuphela ukuba i-corrosion yayingeyongxaki.UPalomba et al.kutshanje kuthelekiswe ezinye izakhiwo zesinyithi ezinemingxuma24.Van der Pal et al.baye bafunda iityuwa zetsimbi ezifakwe kwi-foams 25.Yonke imizekelo yangaphambili ihambelana neengqimba ezixineneyo ze-adsorbents.Izakhiwo ze-Metal porous azisetyenziswanga ukwambatha ii-adsorbers, esona sisombululo silungileyo.Umzekelo wokuzibophelela kwi-zeolites unokufumaneka kwi-Wittstadt et al.I-26 kodwa akukho mzamo owenziweyo wokubopha i-hydrates yetyuwa nangona ubuninzi bamandla abo aphezulu i-27.
Ngaloo ndlela, iindlela ezintathu zokulungiselela iingubo ze-adsorbent ziya kuphononongwa kweli nqaku: (1) i-binder coating, (2) ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo, kunye (3) nonyango lwangaphezulu.IHydroxyethylcellulose yayisisibophelelo esikhethwayo kulo msebenzi ngenxa yozinzo oluxelwe ngaphambili kunye nokunamatheliswa kakuhle kokwambathisa ngokudityaniswa nee-adsorbents zomzimba.Le ndlela yaphandwa kuqala malunga neengubo ezisicaba kwaye kamva zasetyenziswa kwizakhiwo zefiber zetsimbi.Ngaphambili, uhlalutyo lokuqala lwamathuba okuphendula kweekhemikhali kunye nokwakhiwa kweengubo ze-adsorbent zabikwa.Amava angaphambili ngoku adluliselwe kwi-coating of metal fiber structures.Unyango oluphezulu olukhethiweyo kulo msebenzi yindlela esekelwe kwi-aluminium anodizing.Ialuminiyam anodizing idityaniswe ngempumelelo neetyuwa zentsimbi ngeenjongo zobuhle29.Kule meko, iingubo ezizinzileyo kunye ne-corrosion-resistant-resistant zingafumaneka.Nangona kunjalo, abanakho ukwenza nayiphi na inkqubo ye-adsorption okanye i-desorption.Eli phepha libonisa inguqu yale ndlela evumela ukuba ubunzima buhanjiswe ngokusebenzisa iimpawu zokuncamathela zenkqubo yokuqala.Ngokolwazi lwethu, akukho nanye kwezi ndlela zichazwe apha ekhe yafundwa ngaphambili.Bamele iteknoloji entsha enomdla kakhulu kuba bavumela ukubunjwa kwe-hydrated adsorbent coatings, enenani leenzuzo ngaphezu kwee-adsorbents ezifundwa rhoqo zomzimba.
Iipleyiti zealuminiyam ezinesitampu ezisetyenziswe njengesubstrates kolu vavanyo zibonelelwe ngu-ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic.Ziqulethe i-98.11% ye-aluminium, i-1.3622% yesinyithi, i-0.3618% ye-manganese kunye neempawu zobhedu, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-titanium, i-zinc, i-chromium kunye ne-nickel.
Izinto ezikhethiweyo zokwenziwa kwee-composites zikhethwe ngokuhambelana neempawu zabo ze-thermodynamic, ezizezi, kuxhomekeke kubuninzi bamanzi abanokuthi babhengeze / badibanise kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-120 ° C.
I-Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) yenye yezona zinto zinomdla kwaye zifundwa ngeetyuwa ze-hydrated30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.Iimpawu ze-thermodynamic zilinganiswe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye zifunyenwe zifanelekile kwizicelo kwiinkalo zefriji ye-adsorption, iimpompo zokushisa kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla.I-sulfate ye-magnesium eyomileyo i-CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) isetyenziswe.
I-Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) yenye ityuwa efundwe kakuhle kuba i-hydrate yayo inomdla we-thermodynamic properties41,42,43,44.Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No.7774-34-7 97% esetyenzisiweyo (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
I-Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) kunye ne-hydrates yayo ineempawu ze-thermodynamic ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-adsorption zokushisa eziphantsi45,46.I-Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) isetyenziswe.
I-Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) nayo inomdla we-thermodynamic properties4,45,47 nangona ihlala idibaniswa ne-ammonia kwi-adsorption heat pump okanye uphando lokugcina amandla.I-Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) yayisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa.
I-Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (i-H302, i-H315, i-H319, i-H410) ayikho phakathi kwe-hydrates efumaneka rhoqo kwiincwadi zengcali, nangona iipropati zayo ze-thermodynamic zinomdla kwizicelo zokushisa eziphantsi48,49.I-Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) yayisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa.
I-Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) yenye yeetyuwa ze-hydrated eziye zafumana ingqwalasela engakumbi kwintsimi yokugcina amandla e-thermal50,51.I-Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 ibakala elicocekileyo leyeza (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, eJamani) yayisetyenziselwa iimvavanyo.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose yakhethwa ngenxa yeziphumo ezilungileyo kwizicelo ezifanayo.Izinto ezisetyenziswe kwi-synthesis yethu yi-hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Iintsinga zetsimbi zenziwe ngeengcingo ezimfutshane ezidityaniswe kunye ngokucinezelwa kunye ne-sintering, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-crucible melt extraction (CME)52.Oku kuthetha ukuba i-conductivity yabo ye-thermal ayixhomekanga kuphela kwi-conductivity yobuninzi beentsimbi ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kunye ne-porosity yesakhiwo sokugqibela, kodwa kunye nomgangatho weebhondi phakathi kweentambo.Iifibers azikho isotropic kwaye zivame ukuhanjiswa kwicala elithile ngexesha lokuvelisa, okwenza ukuba i-thermal conductivity in the transverse direction ibe ngaphantsi kakhulu.
Iimpawu zokufunxa amanzi zaphandwa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) kwi-vacuum package (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).Imilinganiselo iqhutywe emoyeni we-nitrogen ojikelezayo kwizinga lokuhamba kwe-10 ml / min kunye neqondo lokushisa ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-150 ° C kwi-aluminium oxide crucibles.Izinga lokufudumala laliyi-1 ° C / min, ubunzima besampula buhluka ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-20 mg, isisombululo sasiyi-0.1 μg.Kulo msebenzi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umahluko omkhulu kwindawo nganye yeyunithi unokungaqiniseki okukhulu.Iisampulu ezisetyenziswe kwi-TGA-DTG zincinci kakhulu kwaye zisikwe ngokungaqhelekanga, nto leyo eyenza ukuzimisela kwendawo yazo kungachanekanga.La maxabiso anokongezwa kuphela kwindawo enkulu ukuba kukho ukutenxa okukhulu.
Imbonakalo ethotyiweyo ye-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra ifunyenwe kwiBruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) kusetyenziswa isincedisi seplatinam ye-ATR (Bruker Optik GmbH, eJamani).Imbonakalo yeekristale zedayimani ecocekileyo eyomileyo zalinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-vacuum ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iisampulu njengemvelaphi yemilinganiselo yovavanyo.Iisampulu zilinganiswe kwi-vacuum usebenzisa isisombululo se-spectral se-2 cm-1 kunye nenani eliqhelekileyo lokuskena kwe-32. Uluhlu lwe-Wavenumber ukusuka kwi-8000 ukuya kwi-500 cm-1.Uhlalutyo lwe-Spectral lwenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-OPUS.
Uhlalutyo lwe-SEM lwenziwe kusetyenziswa i-DSM 982 Gemini esuka kwi-Zeiss ekunyuseni i-voltages ye-2 kunye ne-5 kV.I-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) yenziwa kusetyenziswa iThermo Fischer System 7 enePeltier epholileyo yesilicon drift detector (SSD).
Ukulungiswa kwamacwecwe ensimbi kwenziwa ngokwenkqubo efana naleyo ichazwe kwi-53. Okokuqala, cwilisa ipleyiti kwi-50% ye-sulfuric acid.Imizuzu eli-15.Emva koko bangeniswa kwi-1 M isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide malunga nemizuzwana ye-10.Emva koko iisampuli zihlanjwe ngamanzi amaninzi adibeneyo, kwaye emva koko zifakwe emanzini adibeneyo imizuzu engama-30.Emva konyango lwangaphambili, iisampuli zantywiliselwa kwisisombululo esigcweleyo se-3%.I-HEC kunye netyuwa ekujoliswe kuyo.Ekugqibeleni, zikhuphe kwaye zomise kwi-60°C.
Indlela ye-anodizing iphucula kwaye yomeleza i-oxide yendalo kwi-metal passive.Iiphaneli ze-aluminiyam zifakwe i-anodized nge-asidi ye-sulfuric kwimeko eqinile kwaye ivalwe emanzini ashushu.I-Anodizing ilandele i-etching yokuqala kunye ne-1 mol / l NaOH (600 s) ilandelwa yi-neutralization kwi-1 mol / l HNO3 (60 s).Isisombululo se-electrolyte ngumxube we-2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2 (SO4) 3, kunye ne-1 MgSO4 + 7H2O.I-Anodizing yenziwa kwi-(40 ± 1) ° C, i-30 mA / cm2 ye-1200 imizuzwana.Inkqubo yokutywinwa yenziwa kwiisombululo ezahlukeneyo ze-brine njengoko kuchazwe kwizinto eziphathekayo (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).Isampuli ibilisiwe kuyo imizuzwana ye-1800.
Iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa ii-composites ziye zaphandwa: ukugqoka okunamathelayo, ukusabela ngokuthe ngqo, kunye nonyango lwangaphezulu.Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kwindlela yoqeqesho nganye zicazululwa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo.Ukuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo, i-nanoimaging, kunye nohlalutyo lweekhemikhali / i-elemental zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iziphumo.
I-Anodizing yakhethwa njengendlela yokuguqulwa kwendawo yonyango yokwandisa ukunamathela kwi-hydrates yetyuwa.Olu nyango lomphezulu ludala i-porous structure ye-alumina (i-alumina) ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu we-aluminium.Ngokwesiko, le ndlela iqulethe izigaba ezibini: isigaba sokuqala sidala isakhiwo se-porous se-aluminium oxide, kwaye isigaba sesibini sidala i-aluminium hydroxide evala i-pores.Ezi zilandelayo zimbini iindlela zokuthintela ityuwa ngaphandle kokuthintela ukufikelela kwisigaba segesi.Eyokuqala iqulethe inkqubo ye-honeycomb esebenzisa i-aluminium oxide encinci (i-Al2O3) iityhubhu ezifunyenwe kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubamba i-crystals ye-adsorbent kunye nokwandisa ukunamathela kwayo kwiindawo zetsimbi.I-honeycombs ebangelwayo inobubanzi obumalunga ne-50 nm kunye nobude be-200 nm (umzobo 1a).Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, le mingxunya idla ngokuvalwa kwinyathelo lesibini kunye nomaleko obhityileyo we-Al2O (OH) 2 boehmite exhaswa yinkqubo yokubilisa ityhubhu ye-alumina.Kwindlela yesibini, le nkqubo yokutywinwa iguqulwa ngendlela yokuba i-crystals yetyuwa ibanjwe kwi-uniform covering layer ye-boehmite (Al2O (OH)), engasetyenziselwa ukutywinwa kule meko.Isigaba sesibini siqhutyelwa kwisisombululo esipheleleyo setyuwa ehambelanayo.Iipateni ezichazwe zinobukhulu kuluhlu lwe-50-100 nm kwaye zibukeka njengamaconsi atshisiweyo (umzobo 1b).Umphezulu ofunyenwe ngenxa yenkqubo yokutywinwa unesakhiwo esicacileyo sendawo kunye nokwanda koqhagamshelwano.Lo mzekelo womphezulu, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwabo oluninzi, lulungele ukuthwala nokubamba iikristale zetyuwa.Zombini ezi zakhiwo zichazwe zibonakala zinemingxuma yokwenyani kwaye zinemingxuma emincinci ebonakala ikufanelekele ukugcina i-hydrates yetyuwa kunye nomphunga wokungenisa kwityuwa ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-adsorber.Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo olusisiseko lwale miphezulu kusetyenziswa i-EDX lunokubona umkhondo we-magnesium kunye nesulfure kumphezulu we-boehmite, ongakhange ubonwe kwimeko ye-alumina surface.
I-ATR-FTIR yesampuli iqinisekisile ukuba i-element yayiyi-magnesium sulfate (jonga uMzobo 2b).I-spectrum ibonisa iimpawu ze-sulfate ion peaks kwi-610-680 kunye ne-1080-1130 cm-1 kunye neempawu ze-lattice zamanzi eziphakamileyo kwi-1600-1700 cm-1 kunye ne-3200-3800 cm-1 (jonga umfanekiso 2a, c).).Ubukho be-magnesium ion phantse ayitshintshi i-spectrum54.
(a) I-EDX ye-boehmite ifakwe i-aluminium plate ye-MgSO4, (b) i-ATR-FTIR i-spectra ye-boehmite kunye ne-MgSO4 yokugqoka, (c) i-ATR-FTIR ye-spectra ye-MgSO4 ecocekileyo.
Ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-adsorption kwaqinisekiswa yi-TGA.Kwikhiwane.I-3b ibonisa incopho ye-desorption ye-approx.60°C.Le ncopho ayihambelani nobushushu beencopho ezimbini ezibonwa kwi-TGA yetyuwa ecocekileyo (Umfanekiso 3a).Ukuphindaphinda komjikelezo we-adsorption-desorption wavavanywa, kwaye i-curve efanayo yabonwa emva kokubeka iisampuli kwindawo enomswakama (Umfanekiso 3c).Ukwahluka okubonwa kwinqanaba lesibini lokuchithwa kwamanzi kunokuba ngumphumo wokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ohambayo, njengoko oku kudla ngokukhokelela ekuphelelweni kwamanzi okungaphelelanga.La maxabiso ahambelana malunga ne-17.9 g/m2 ekuthotyweni kwamanzi okuqala kunye ne-10.3 g/m2 kokuthotywa kwamanzi okwesibini.
Ukuthelekiswa kohlalutyo lwe-TGA lwe-boehmite kunye ne-MgSO4: uhlalutyo lwe-TGA lwe-MgSO4 ecocekileyo (a), umxube (b) kunye emva kokubuyiselwa kwamanzi (c).
Indlela efanayo yenziwa nge-calcium chloride njenge-adsorbent.Iziphumo zinikezelwe kuMfanekiso 4. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo komphezulu kubonakalise utshintsho oluncinci ekubengezeni kwesinyithi.Uboya abubonakali.I-SEM iqinisekisile ubukho beekristale ezincinci ezisasazwa ngokulinganayo phezu komhlaba.Nangona kunjalo, i-TGA ayizange ibonise ukuphelelwa ngamanzi ngaphantsi kwe-150 ° C.Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuba umlinganiselo wetyuwa umncinci kakhulu xa uthelekiswa nobunzima bubonke be-substrate ukuze ibonwe yi-TGA.
Iziphumo zonyango lwe-surface ye-copper sulfate yokugqoka ngendlela ye-anodizing iboniswe kumkhiwane.5. Kule meko, ukufakwa okulindelekileyo kweCuSO4 kwisakhiwo se-Al oxide akuzange kwenzeke.Endaweni yoko, iinaliti ezikhululekileyo ziyajongwa njengoko ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ubhedu lwehydroxide Cu(OH)2 esetyenziswa kunye nedayi yeturquoise eqhelekileyo.
Unyango lwe-anodized surface luphinde lwavavanywa ngokudibanisa ne-strontium chloride.Iziphumo zibonise ukhuseleko olungalinganiyo (jonga umfanekiso 6a).Ukufumanisa ukuba ityuwa igubungela yonke indawo, uhlalutyo lwe-EDX lwenziwa.Ijika lenqaku kwindawo yegrey (inqaku le-1 kwi-Fig. 6b) ibonisa i-strontium encinci kunye ne-aluminium eninzi.Oku kubonisa umxholo ophantsi we-strontium kwindawo elinganisiweyo, nto leyo, ebonisa ukugubungela okuphantsi kwe-strontium chloride.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iindawo ezimhlophe zinomxholo ophezulu we-strontium kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-aluminium (amanqaku 2-6 kwi-Fig. 6b).Uhlalutyo lwe-EDX yendawo emhlophe lubonisa amachaphaza amnyama (amanqaku e-2 kunye ne-4 kwi-Fig. 6b), i-chlorine ephantsi kunye ne-sulfure ephezulu.Oku kunokubonisa ukubunjwa kwe-strontium sulfate.Amachaphaza aqaqambileyo abonisa umxholo ophezulu we-chlorine kunye nomxholo wesulfure ophantsi (amanqaku 3, 5, kunye ne-6 kwi-Fig. 6b).Oku kunokuchazwa yinyaniso yokuba inxalenye ephambili yengubo emhlophe iqukethe i-strontium chloride elindelekileyo.I-TGA yesampuli iqinisekisile ukutolikwa kohlalutyo kunye nencopho kwiqondo lokushisa elicacileyo le-strontium chloride ecocekileyo (Umfanekiso 6c).Ixabiso labo elincinci linokuthethelelwa ngeqhekeza elincinci letyuwa xa kuthelekiswa nobuninzi benkxaso yensimbi.Ubunzima be-desorption obugqitywe kwiimvavanyo buhambelana nomthamo we-7.3 g/m2 onikezelweyo kwindawo nganye ye-adsorber kwiqondo lobushushu le-150 ° C.
Iingubo ze-zinc sulfate ezifakwe kwi-Eloxal nazo zavavanywa.I-Macroscopically, i-coating yincinci kakhulu kunye ne-uniform layer (Fig. 7a).Nangona kunjalo, i-SEM ibonakalise indawo engaphezulu ehlanganiswe ngamakristali amancinci ahlukaniswe iindawo ezingenanto (Umfanekiso 7b).I-TGA yokwaleka kunye ne-substrate yafaniswa naleyo yetyuwa ecocekileyo (Umfanekiso 7c).Ityuwa esulungekileyo inencopho enye ye-asymmetric ku-59.1°C.I-aluminium edibeneyo ibonise iinqununu ezimbini ezincinci kwi-55.5 ° C kunye ne-61.3 ° C, ebonisa ubukho be-zinc sulfate hydrate.Umahluko omkhulu ovezwe kuvavanyo uhambelana ne-10.9 g / m2 kwiqondo lokushisa lokuphelelwa ngamanzi kwi-150 ° C.
Njengoko kwisicelo sangaphambili53, i-hydroxyethyl cellulose isetyenziswe njenge-binder ukuphucula ukunamathela kunye nokuzinza kwengubo ye-sorbent.Ukuhambelana kwezinto kunye nesiphumo ekusebenzeni kwe-adsorption kwavavanywa yi-TGA.Uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngokumalunga nobunzima obupheleleyo, oko kukuthi isampuli ibandakanya ipleyiti yesinyithi esetyenziswa njenge-substrate yokwambathisa.Ukubambelela kuvavanywa ngovavanyo olusekwe kuvavanyo lwenotshi yomnqamlezo ochazwe kwinkcazo ye-ISO2409 (ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nenkcazo yokwahlula inotshi ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu benkcazo kunye nobubanzi).
Ukugquma iipaneli nge-calcium chloride (CaCl2) (jonga i-Fig 8a) kubangele ukusabalalisa okungalinganiyo, okungazange kubonwe kwi-aluminium ecocekileyo esetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwenotshi enqamlezileyo.Xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ze-CaCl2 ecocekileyo, i-TGA (umzobo 8b) ibonisa iincopho ezimbini zeempawu ezitshintshelwe kumaqondo aphantsi angama-40 kunye nama-20 ° C, ngokulandelanayo.Uvavanyo olunqamlezayo aluvumeli ukuthelekiswa kwenjongo kuba isampuli yeCaCl2 ecocekileyo (isampuli ngakwesokudla kwi-Fig. 8c) i-powdery precipitate, esusa iinqununu eziphezulu.Iziphumo ze-HEC zibonise i-coat encinci kakhulu kunye ne-uniform kunye nokunamathela okwanelisayo.Umahluko omkhulu oboniswe kwifig.I-8b ihambelana ne-51.3 g/m2 kwindawo yeyunithi ye-adsorber kwiqondo lobushushu le-150 ° C.
Iziphumo ezintle malunga nokubambelela kunye nokufana nazo zifunyenwe nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (jonga umfanekiso we-9).Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo ye-desorption yengubo yabonisa ubukho bencopho enye ye-approx.60°C.Eli qondo lobushushu lihambelana nenqanaba eliphambili lokulahla elibonwa ekuphelelweni kwamanzi kwiityuwa ezicocekileyo, ezimele elinye inyathelo kwi-44 ° C.Ihambelana nokuguquka ukusuka kwi-hexahydrate ukuya kwi-pentahydrate kwaye ayibonwa kwimeko yokugqoka kunye nezibophelelo.Iimvavanyo zecandelo lomnqamlezo zibonisa ukuhanjiswa okuphuculweyo kunye nokubambelela xa kuthelekiswa neengubo ezenziwe ngokusebenzisa ityuwa ecocekileyo.Umahluko omkhulu obonwe kwi-TGA-DTC uhambelana ne-18.4 g/m2 kwindawo yeyunithi ye-adsorber kwiqondo lobushushu le-150 ° C.
Ngenxa yokungahambi kakuhle kwendawo, i-strontium chloride (SrCl2) ine-coating engalinganiyo kwi-fins (Fig. 10a).Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zovavanyo lweenotshi ezinqamlezayo zibonise ukuhanjiswa okufanayo kunye nokubambelela okuphuculweyo kakhulu (Umfanekiso we-10c).Uhlalutyo lwe-TGA lubonise umahluko omncinci kakhulu wobunzima, omele ube ngenxa yetyuwa ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-metal substrate.Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo kwi-curve abonisa ubukho benkqubo yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, nangona incopho ihambelana nobushushu obufunyenweyo xa ibonakalisa ityuwa ecocekileyo.Incopho kwi-110 ° C kunye ne-70.2 ° C ebonwe kwiFig.I-10b nayo yafunyanwa xa kuhlalutywa ityuwa esulungekileyo.Nangona kunjalo, inyathelo eliphambili lokuchithwa kwamanzi elibonwe kwityuwa ecocekileyo kwi-50 ° C ayizange ibonakaliswe kwiigophe usebenzisa i-binder.Ngokwahlukileyo, umxube we-binder ubonise iinqununu ezimbini kwi-20.2 ° C kunye ne-94.1 ° C, engazange ilinganiswe ityuwa ecocekileyo (Umfanekiso 10b).Kwiqondo lobushushu le-150 ° C, umahluko wobunzima obubonwayo uhambelana ne-7.2 g/m2 kwindawo yeyunithi ye-adsorber.
Ukudibanisa kwe-HEC kunye ne-zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) ayizange inike iziphumo ezamkelekileyo (Umfanekiso 11).Uhlalutyo lwe-TGA lwentsimbi egqunyiweyo aluzange lubonise naziphi na iinkqubo zokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.Nangona ukuhanjiswa kunye nokubambelela kwengubo kuphuculwe, iipropati zayo zisekude kakhulu.
Indlela elula yokugqoka iifayili zetsimbi kunye noluhlu oluncinci kunye nolunye uhlobo luyi-impregnation emanzi (umzobo 12a), oquka ukulungiswa kwetyuwa ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokufakelwa kweefayili zetsimbi kunye nesisombululo samanzi.
Xa ulungiselela ukukhulelwa okumanzi, iingxaki ezimbini eziphambili zihlangabezana nazo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wesisombululo se-saline kuthintela ukufakwa okuchanekileyo kolwelo kwisakhiwo se-porous.I-Crystallization kwindawo yangaphandle (Umfanekiso we-12d) kunye namaqamza omoya abanjwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo (umzobo we-12c) unokuncitshiswa kuphela ngokunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa komhlaba kunye nokumanzisa kwangaphambili isampuli ngamanzi adibeneyo.Ukunyanzeliswa kokutshatyalaliswa kwisampuli ngokukhupha umoya ngaphakathi okanye ngokudala ukuhamba kwesisombululo kwisakhiwo ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukuzaliswa okupheleleyo kwesakhiwo.
Ingxaki yesibini edibene nayo ngexesha lokulungiselela ukukhutshwa kwefilimu kwinxalenye yetyuwa (jonga umfanekiso we-12b).Lo mcimbi ubonakaliswe ngokuqulunqwa kwengubo eyomileyo kwindawo yokuchithwa, eyeka ukomisa okukhuthazwayo kunye nokuqalisa inkqubo ekhuthazwayo yokusabalalisa.Indlela yesibini icotha kakhulu kuneyokuqala.Ngenxa yoko, ukushisa okuphezulu kuyafuneka ngexesha lokumisa elifanelekileyo, elonyusa umngcipheko wamaqamza abumba ngaphakathi kwesampulu.Le ngxaki ixazululwa ngokuzisa enye indlela ye-crystallization esekelwe kwinguqu yoxinzelelo (i-evaporation), kodwa ekutshintsheni kweqondo lokushisa (njengomzekelo kunye ne-MgSO4 kwi-Fig. 13).
Ukubonakaliswa kweSchematic yenkqubo ye-crystallization ngexesha lokupholisa kunye nokwahlulwa kwezigaba eziqinileyo kunye nezamanzi usebenzisa i-MgSO4.
Izisombululo zetyuwa ehluthisiweyo zinokulungiswa kwindawo okanye ngaphezulu kobushushu begumbi (HT) kusetyenziswa le ndlela.Kwimeko yokuqala, i-crystallization yanyanzeliswa ngokunciphisa iqondo lokushisa ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa.Kwimeko yesibini, i-crystallization yenzeke xa isampuli ipholile kwiqondo lokushisa lokushisa (RT).Isiphumo singumxube weekristale (B) kunye ne-disolved (A), inxalenye ye-liquid esuswa ngumoya oxinyiweyo.Le ndlela ayigcini nje ukuphepha ukubunjwa kwefilimu kula ma-hydrates, kodwa iyanciphisa ixesha elifunekayo lokulungiswa kwamanye ama-composites.Nangona kunjalo, ukususwa kolwelo ngomoya ocinezelweyo kukhokelela kwikristali eyongezelelweyo yetyuwa, okukhokelela ekugqumeni okukhulu.
Enye indlela enokuthi isetyenziswe ukugquma imiphezulu yesinyithi ibandakanya ukuveliswa ngokuthe ngqo kweetyuwa ekujoliswe kuzo ngokusabela kweekhemikhali.Izitshintshi zobushushu ezigqunyiweyo ezenziwe ngokusabela kwee-asidi kwimigangatho yesinyithi yamaphiko kunye neetyhubhu zineenzuzo ezininzi, njengoko kuchaziwe kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili.Ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela kwiifibers kwakhokelela kwiziphumo ezimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokubunjwa kweegesi ngexesha lokuphendula.Uxinzelelo lwe-bubbles yegesi ye-hydrogen yakha ngaphakathi kwiprobe kunye nokutshintsha njengoko imveliso ikhutshwa (Umfanekiso 14a).
Ukugquma kuye kwaguqulwa ngokusabela kweekhemikhali ukulawula ngcono ubukhulu kunye nokusabalalisa kwengubo.Le ndlela ibandakanya ukudlula umjelo wenkungu ye-asidi kwisampulu (Umfanekiso 14b).Oku kulindeleke ukuba kubangele ukugqoka okufanayo ngokuphendula kunye ne-substrate metal.Iziphumo zazisanelisayo, kodwa inkqubo yayicotha kakhulu ukuba ithathwe njengendlela esebenzayo (Umfanekiso 14c).Amaxesha amafutshane okusabela anokufumaneka ngokufudumeza kwendawo.
Ukoyisa ukungonakali kwezi ndlela zingentla, indlela yokwaleka esekelwe ekusebenziseni i-adhesives ifundwe.I-HEC ikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezinikwe kwicandelo langaphambili.Zonke iisampuli zalungiswa nge-3% wt.I-binder ixutywe netyuwa.Imicu yalungiswa ngokwenkqubo efanayo neyeembambo, okt ifakwe kwi-50% vol.kwimizuzu eli-15.i-asidi ye-sulfuric, emva koko ifakwe kwi-sodium hydroxide imizuzwana ye-20, ihlanjwe emanzini adibeneyo kwaye ekugqibeleni ifakwe emanzini adibeneyo imizuzu engama-30.Kule meko, inyathelo elongezelelweyo longezwa ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.Gxininisa isampulu ngokufutshane kwisisombululo setyuwa esixutywe nethagethi kwaye somise malunga ne-60°C.Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuguqula umphezulu wesinyithi, ukudala iindawo ze-nucleation eziphucula ukuhanjiswa kwengubo kwinqanaba lokugqibela.Isakhiwo se-fibrous sinecala elinye apho i-filaments iyancipha kwaye ifakwe ngokuqinileyo, kunye necala elichaseneyo apho i-filaments iyancipha kwaye isasazwa kancinci.Esi sisiphumo seenkqubo zokuvelisa ezingama-52.
Iziphumo ze-calcium chloride (CaCl2) zishwankathelwa kwaye zaboniswa ngemifanekiso ekwiTheyibhile 1. Ukhuseleko oluhle emva kokutofa.Kwanaloo misonto ingenazo iikristale ezibonakalayo kumphezulu yayinciphise imbonakalo yesinyithi, ebonisa utshintsho ekugqityweni.Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba iisampuli zifakwe ngomxube wamanzi we-CaCl2 kunye ne-HEC kwaye zomiswe kwiqondo lokushisa malunga ne-60 ° C, iingubo zigxininiswe kwiindlela zokudityaniswa kwezakhiwo.Esi sisiphumo esibangelwa ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wesisombululo.Emva kokuntywila, ulwelo luhlala ngaphakathi kwisampulu ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwaso lomphezulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo yenzeka ekudibaneni kwezakhiwo.Elona cala lilungileyo lomfanekiso linemingxuma emininzi ezaliswe yityuwa.Ubunzima bunyuke ngo-0.06 g / cm3 emva kokugquma.
Ukugquma nge-magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kuvelise ityuwa eninzi ngeyunithi yeyunithi (Itheyibhile 2).Kule meko, ukunyuka okulinganisiweyo ngu-0.09 g / cm3.Inkqubo yokuhlwayela ibangele ukugqunywa kwesampulu ebanzi.Emva kwenkqubo yokugquma, ityuwa ivimba iindawo ezinkulu zecala elincinci lesampuli.Ukongezelela, ezinye iindawo ze-matte zivaliwe, kodwa ezinye i-porosity zigcinwa.Kule meko, ukubunjwa kwetyuwa kubonwa ngokulula ekudibaneni kwezakhiwo, eqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokugqoka ibangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwamanzi, kwaye kungekhona ukusebenzisana phakathi kwetyuwa kunye ne-metal substrate.
Iziphumo zokudibanisa i-strontium chloride (SrCl2) kunye ne-HEC zibonise iipropati ezifanayo kwimizekelo yangaphambili (iThebhile 3).Kule meko, icala elincinci lesampuli liphantse ligutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo.Iipores zodwa ziyabonakala, zenziwe ngexesha lokumisa ngenxa yokukhutshwa komphunga kwisampuli.Ipatheni ebonwe kwicala le-matte ifana kakhulu nemeko yangaphambili, indawo ivaliwe ngetyuwa kwaye imicu ayigqunywanga ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuze uvavanye umphumo omuhle wesakhiwo se-fibrous ekusebenzeni kwe-thermal ye-thermal exchanger, i-conductivity esebenzayo ye-thermal ye-coated fibrous structure inqunywe kwaye ithelekiswa nezinto ezicocekileyo zokugqoka.I-Thermal conductivity ilinganiswe ngokwe-ASTM D 5470-2017 usebenzisa i-flat panel device eboniswe kwi-Figure 15a usebenzisa ireferensi yereferensi kunye ne-thermal conductivity eyaziwayo.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokulinganisa okwexeshana, lo mgaqo unenzuzo kwizinto ezixhamlayo ezisetyenziswe kwisifundo samanje, ekubeni imilinganiselo yenziwa ngokuzinzileyo kunye nobukhulu besampulu eyaneleyo (indawo yesiseko 30 × 30 mm2, ukuphakama malunga ne-15 mm).Iisampulu zezinto ezicocekileyo zokugqoka (ireferensi) kunye nesakhiwo sefayibha edibeneyo yalungiselelwa imilinganiselo kwicala le-fiber kunye ne-perpendicular ukuya kwicala le-fiber ukuvavanya umphumo we-anisotropic conductivity thermal conductivity.Iisampulu zagatywa kumphezulu (P320 grit) ukunciphisa isiphumo soburhabaxa bomphezulu ngenxa yolungiselelo lwesampulu, olungabonakalisi ulwakhiwo ngaphakathi komzekelo.