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Gawo la msika wamakina opangira firiji adsorption ndi mapampu otentha akadali ochepa poyerekeza ndi machitidwe azikhalidwe zama compressor.Ngakhale ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwamtengo wapatali (m'malo mwa magetsi okwera mtengo), kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe ozikidwa pa mfundo za adsorption akadali ochepa kuzinthu zingapo zapadera.Choyipa chachikulu chomwe chiyenera kuthetsedwa ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu zenizeni chifukwa cha kutsika kwamafuta otsika komanso kukhazikika kwa adsorbent.Kachitidwe kamakono kakachitidwe ka firiji ka malonda adsorption amatengera ma adsorbers kutengera zotenthetsera zamambale zomwe zimakutidwa kuti ziziziziritsa bwino.Zotsatira zake zimadziwika bwino kuti kuchepa kwa makulidwe a zokutira kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa kusamutsidwa kwa misa, ndikuwonjezera malo ozungulira mpaka kuchuluka kwa ma conductive kumawonjezera mphamvu popanda kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito.Ulusi wazitsulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyi ukhoza kupereka malo enieni pamtunda wa 2500-50,000 m2 / m3.Njira zitatu zopezera zokutira zoonda kwambiri koma zokhazikika zamafuta amchere pamtunda wazitsulo, kuphatikiza ulusi wachitsulo, zopangira zokutira zikuwonetsa kwa nthawi yoyamba chowotcha chambiri champhamvu champhamvu.Mankhwala apamwamba opangidwa ndi aluminiyamu anodizing amasankhidwa kuti apange mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa zokutira ndi gawo lapansi.Ma microstructure a pamwamba omwe adachitikawo adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito scanning electron microscopy.Kuchepetsedwa kwathunthu kwa Fourier kusintha mawonekedwe a infrared spectroscopy ndi mphamvu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy anagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza kukhalapo kwa mitundu yofunidwa mu kuyesa.Kuthekera kwawo kupanga ma hydrate kunatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).Ubwino wosauka wopitilira 0.07 g (madzi) / g (wophatikizika) unapezedwa mu zokutira za MgSO4, zomwe zikuwonetsa zizindikiro za kutaya madzi m'thupi pafupifupi 60 ° C komanso kubwezeredwa pambuyo pobwezeretsa madzi m'thupi.Zotsatira zabwino zinapezedwanso ndi SrCl2 ndi ZnSO4 ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi 0.02 g/g pansi pa 100 °C.Hydroxyethyl cellulose idasankhidwa ngati chowonjezera kuti chiwonjezere kukhazikika komanso kumamatira kwa zokutira.Ma adsorptive azinthuzo adawunikidwa ndi TGA-DTG munthawi yomweyo ndipo kumamatira kwawo kumadziwika ndi njira yotengera mayeso ofotokozedwa mu ISO2409.Kusasinthika ndi kumamatira kwa zokutira kwa CaCl2 kumakhala bwino kwambiri ndikusunga mphamvu yake yotsatsira ndi kusiyana kwa kulemera kwa pafupifupi 0.1 g/g pa kutentha pansi pa 100 ° C.Kuphatikiza apo, MgSO4 imakhalabe ndi kuthekera kopanga ma hydrate, kuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kopitilira 0.04 g/g pa kutentha pansi pa 100 ° C.Pomaliza, ulusi wachitsulo wokutira umawunikidwa.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu yotenthetsera yamtundu wa fiber yomwe imakutidwa ndi Al2(SO4)3 ikhoza kukhala nthawi 4.7 kuposa kuchuluka kwa Al2 (SO4)3 yoyera.Kuphimba kwa zokutira zophunziridwa kunayesedwa mowonekera, ndipo mawonekedwe amkati adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha microscopic cha magawo a mtanda.Chophimba cha Al2(SO4)3 chokhala ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 50 µm chinapezedwa, koma njira yonseyo iyenera kukonzedwa kuti ikwaniritse kugawa kofanana.
Machitidwe a Adsorption apeza chidwi kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi chifukwa amapereka njira yotetezera zachilengedwe kusiyana ndi mapampu amtundu wa kutentha kapena firiji.Ndi kukwera kwa chitonthozo komanso kutentha kwapakati padziko lonse lapansi, makina otsatsa atha kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta oyambira pansi pano posachedwapa.Kuonjezera apo, kusintha kulikonse mu firiji ya adsorption kapena mapampu otentha amatha kusamutsidwa kumalo osungirako mphamvu zotentha, zomwe zimayimira kuwonjezeka kowonjezereka kwa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yoyamba.Ubwino waukulu wa adsorption kutentha mapampu ndi firiji kachitidwe kuti akhoza ntchito ndi otsika kutentha misa.Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kutentha kwapansi monga mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena kutentha kwataya.Pankhani ya ntchito zosungira mphamvu, adsorption ili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi kusungirako kutentha kwanzeru kapena kobisika.
Mapampu otentha a Adsorption ndi ma firiji amatsata njira yofananira ya thermodynamic monga momwe amachitira ndi nthunzi.Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikusintha kwa kompresa zigawo ndi adsorbers.The element amatha adsorb otsika kuthamanga refrigerant nthunzi pa zolimbitsa kutentha, evaporating kwambiri refrigerant ngakhale madzi ozizira.Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuzizira kosalekeza kwa adsorber kuti muchotse enthalpy ya adsorption (exotherm).The adsorber imapangidwanso pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuchititsa kuti mpweya wa refrigerant uwonongeke.Kutentha kuyenera kupitiliza kupereka enthalpy ya desorption (endothermic).Chifukwa njira zotsatsira zimadziwika ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, kachulukidwe kamphamvu kamphamvu kumafuna matenthedwe apamwamba.Komabe, kutsika kwa matenthedwe matenthedwe ndiye vuto lalikulu pamapulogalamu ambiri.
Vuto lalikulu la conductivity ndikuwonjezera mtengo wake wapakati ndikusunga njira yoyendera yomwe imapereka kutuluka kwa mpweya wa adsorption / desorption.Njira ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti akwaniritse izi: zosinthira kutentha zophatikizika ndi zotenthetsera zokutira.Zida zodziwika bwino komanso zopambana zophatikizika ndizomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera za carbon, zomwe ndi graphite yowonjezera, activated carbon, kapena carbon fibers.Oliveira et al.2 yowonjezeredwa ufa wa graphite ndi calcium chloride kuti apange adsorber yokhala ndi mphamvu yoziziritsa (SCP) mpaka 306 W / kg ndi coefficient of performance (COP) mpaka 0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.3 anaganiza zophatikizira graphite, carbon fiber ndi calcium chloride yokhala ndi ma conductivity okwana 15 W/mK.Jian et al4 adayesa ma composite okhala ndi sulfuric acid omwe amathandizidwa ndi graphite yachilengedwe (ENG-TSA) ngati gawo lapansi munjira yozizirira ya magawo awiri.Chitsanzocho chinaneneratu COP kuchokera ku 0.215 mpaka 0.285 ndi SCP kuchokera 161.4 mpaka 260.74 W / kg.
Njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera vutoli ndi chotenthetsera chophimbidwa.Njira zokutira za osinthanitsa kutenthawa zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji ndi zomatira.Njira yopambana kwambiri ndi kaphatikizidwe kachindunji, komwe kumaphatikizapo kupanga zinthu zotsatsa mwachindunji pamwamba pa zotentha zotentha kuchokera ku ma reagents oyenerera.Sotech5 ili ndi chilolezo cha njira yopangira zeolite zokutira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito muzozizira zingapo zopangidwa ndi Fahrenheit GmbH.Schnabel et al6 adayesa ntchito ya zeolite ziwiri zokutidwa pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Komabe, njirayi imagwira ntchito ndi adsorbents enieni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupaka ndi zomatira kukhala njira yosangalatsa.Zomangira ndi zinthu zomwe zimasankhidwa kuti zithandizire kumamatira kwa sorbent ndi/kapena kusamutsa anthu ambiri, koma sizimathandiza pakutsatsa kapena kukulitsa luso.Freni et al.7 zokutira zotenthetsera za aluminiyamu ndi AQSOA-Z02 zeolite zokhazikika ndi chomangira chadongo.Calabrese et al.8 adaphunzira kukonzekera kwa zokutira za zeolite ndi zomangira za polymeric.Ammann et al.9 adapereka njira yokonzekera zokutira za porous zeolite kuchokera ku maginito osakaniza a polyvinyl mowa.Alumina (alumina) amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati binder 10 mu adsorber.Kudziwa kwathu, mapadi a cellulose ndi hydroxyethyl cellulose amangogwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi adsorbents akuthupi11,12.Nthawi zina guluu siligwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto, koma limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga 13 yokha.Kuphatikizika kwa ma matrices a alginate polima okhala ndi ma hydrate amchere angapo kumapanga mikanda yosunthika yomwe imalepheretsa kutayikira panthawi yowumitsa ndikupereka kusamutsa kokwanira.Madongo monga bentonite ndi attapulgite akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangira pokonzekera ma composite15,16,17.Ethylcellulose yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku microencapsulate calcium chloride18 kapena sodium sulfide19.
Zophatikizika zokhala ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi porous zitha kugawidwa m'malo osinthira kutentha kowonjezera ndi zotenthetsera zokutira.Ubwino wa mapangidwe awa ndi malo apamwamba enieni.Izi zimabweretsa kukhudzana kwakukulu pakati pa adsorbent ndi zitsulo popanda kuwonjezera misa ya inert, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yonse ya firiji.Lang ndi al.20 asintha ma conductivity onse a zeolite adsorber yokhala ndi zisa za aluminiyamu.Gillerminot et al.21 idathandizira kutenthetsa kwa zigawo za NaX zeolite ndi thovu lamkuwa ndi nickel.Ngakhale zophatikizika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zosinthira magawo (PCMs), zomwe apeza Li et al.22 ndi Zhao et al.23 nawonso ali ndi chidwi ndi chemisorption.Anayerekeza momwe graphite ndi thovu lachitsulo limakulitsidwa ndipo adatsimikiza kuti chomalizacho chinali chabwino pokhapokha ngati dzimbiri si nkhani.Palomba et al.posachedwapa kuyerekeza zitsulo zina porous nyumba24.Van der Pal et al.aphunzira mchere wachitsulo woikidwa mu thovu 25 .Zitsanzo zonse zam'mbuyomu zimagwirizana ndi zigawo zowirira za ma adsorbents.Zomangamanga zachitsulo sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuvala ma adsorbers, omwe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri.Chitsanzo chomangirira ku zeolite chimapezeka ku Wittstadt et al.26 koma palibe kuyesa kwapangidwa kuti amangirire mchere wa hydrates ngakhale kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu 27.
Chifukwa chake, njira zitatu zopangira zokutira za adsorbent zidzafufuzidwa m'nkhaniyi: (1) zokutira zomangira, (2) kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji, ndi (3) chithandizo chapamwamba.Hydroxyethyl cellulose anali womangira kusankha mu ntchito imeneyi chifukwa kale lipoti bata ndi wabwino ❖ kuyanika adhesion osakaniza thupi adsorbents.Njirayi inkafufuzidwa poyambira zokutira zosalala ndipo kenako idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zazitsulo.M'mbuyomu, kusanthula koyambirira kwa kuthekera kwa machitidwe amankhwala ndi mapangidwe a zokutira adsorbent kudanenedwa.Zochitika zam'mbuyomu tsopano zikusamutsidwa ku zokutira zazitsulo zazitsulo.Mankhwala apamwamba omwe amasankhidwa kuti agwire ntchitoyi ndi njira yochokera ku aluminium anodizing.Aluminiyamu anodizing yaphatikizidwa bwino ndi mchere wachitsulo pazifukwa zokongoletsa29.Pazifukwa izi, zokutira zokhazikika komanso zosagwira dzimbiri zitha kupezeka.Komabe, sangathe kuchita njira iliyonse yotsatsa kapena desorption.Pepalali likuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa njira iyi yomwe imalola kuti misa isunthidwe pogwiritsa ntchito zomatira zomwe zidayamba.Monga momwe tikudziwira, palibe njira iliyonse yomwe yafotokozedwa pano yomwe idaphunziridwapo kale.Amayimira ukadaulo watsopano wosangalatsa chifukwa amalola kupanga zokutira za hydrated adsorbent, zomwe zimakhala ndi maubwino angapo kuposa omwe amaphunzira pafupipafupi.
Ma mbale a aluminiyamu osindikizidwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magawo oyeserawa adaperekedwa ndi ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic.Zili ndi 98.11% aluminiyamu, 1.3622% chitsulo, 0.3618% manganese ndi zizindikiro zamkuwa, magnesium, silicon, titaniyamu, zinki, chromium ndi faifi tambala.
Zida zomwe zimasankhidwa popanga ma composite zimasankhidwa molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi thermodynamic, zomwe zimatengera kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatha kudsorb / desorb pa kutentha kosachepera 120 ° C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ndi imodzi mwazosangalatsa komanso zophunzira zamchere za hydrated30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.Makhalidwe a thermodynamic adayesedwa mwadongosolo ndipo adapezeka kuti ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo a refrigeration adsorption, mapampu otentha ndi kusungirako mphamvu.Dry magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) inagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) ndi mchere wina wophunziridwa bwino chifukwa hydrate yake imakhala ndi zinthu zosangalatsa za thermodynamic41,42,43,44.Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No.7774-34-7 97% yogwiritsidwa ntchito (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) ndi ma hydrates ake ali ndi mphamvu ya thermodynamic yoyenera kutsika kwa kutentha kwa adsorption process45,46.Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) inagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) imakhalanso ndi zinthu zosangalatsa za thermodynamic4,45,47 ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi ammonia mu adsorption heat pump kapena kafukufuku wosungira mphamvu.Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) siili pakati pa ma hydrates omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'mabuku a akatswiri, ngakhale kuti katundu wake wa thermodynamic ndi wochititsa chidwi chifukwa cha kutentha kwapansi48,49.Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) ndi imodzi mwa mchere wa hydrated womwe walandira posachedwapa m'munda wosungirako mphamvu zotentha50,51.Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 kalasi yoyera yamankhwala (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyesera.
Monga tanenera kale, hydroxyethyl cellulose anasankhidwa chifukwa cha zotsatira zabwino mu ntchito zofanana.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga kwathu ndi hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Ulusi wachitsulo amapangidwa kuchokera ku mawaya afupiafupi omangika pamodzi ndi kukanikizana ndi sintering, njira yotchedwa crucible melt extraction (CME)52.Izi zikutanthauza kuti madutsidwe awo matenthedwe zimadalira osati pa chochuluka madutsidwe zitsulo ntchito kupanga ndi porosity wa dongosolo lomaliza, komanso khalidwe la zomangira pakati pa ulusi.Ulusiwo si wa isotropic ndipo umakonda kugawidwa m'njira inayake panthawi yopanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matenthedwe azitha kutsika kwambiri.
Mayamwidwe amadzi adafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) mu vacuum package (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).Miyezoyi inkachitika mumlengalenga woyenda wa nayitrogeni pamtunda wa 10 ml / min ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 25 mpaka 150 ° C muzitsulo za aluminium oxide crucibles.Kutentha kwa kutentha kunali 1 ° C / min, kulemera kwa chitsanzo kunali kosiyana ndi 10 mpaka 20 mg, chisankho chinali 0.1 μg.Mu ntchito iyi, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti kusiyana kwakukulu pamtundu uliwonse kumakhala ndi kusatsimikizika kwakukulu.Zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu TGA-DTG ndizochepa kwambiri komanso zodulidwa mosakhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsimikiza kwa dera lawo kukhala kolakwika.Mfundozi zitha kuwonjezeredwa kudera lalikulu ngati zopatuka zazikulu zikuganiziridwa.
Kuwala kowoneka bwino kwa Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) kunapezedwa pa Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) pogwiritsa ntchito chowonjezera cha ATR platinamu (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany).Maonekedwe a makhiristo a diamondi owuma adayesedwa mwachindunji mu vacuum asanagwiritse ntchito zitsanzozo ngati maziko oyesera.Zitsanzozo zinayesedwa mu vacuum pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a spectral a 2 cm-1 ndi chiwerengero cha ma scans a 32. Wavenumber amachokera ku 8000 mpaka 500 cm-1.Kusanthula kwapadera kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya OPUS.
Kusanthula kwa SEM kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito DSM 982 Gemini yochokera ku Zeiss pamagetsi othamanga a 2 ndi 5 kV.Magetsi a X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) adachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Thermo Fischer System 7 yokhala ndi Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Kukonzekera kwazitsulo zazitsulo kunkachitika motsatira ndondomeko yofanana ndi yomwe ikufotokozedwa mu 53. Choyamba, kumiza mbale mu 50% sulfuric acid.Mphindi 15.Kenako adalowetsedwa mu 1 M sodium hydroxide solution kwa masekondi pafupifupi 10.Kenako zitsanzozo zimatsukidwa ndi madzi ambiri osungunuka, ndikuviika m'madzi osungunuka kwa mphindi 30.Pambuyo pa chithandizo choyambirira chapamwamba, zitsanzozo zidamizidwa mu 3% yankho lodzaza.HEC ndi chandamale mchere.Pomaliza, zitulutseni ndikuziwumitsa pa 60 ° C.
The anodizing njira kumawonjezera ndi kulimbikitsa chilengedwe oxide wosanjikiza pa zitsulo kungokhala.Aluminiyamu mapanelo anali anodized ndi sulfuric asidi mu mkhalidwe woumitsa ndipo kenako kusindikizidwa mu madzi otentha.Anodizing inatsatira kutsekemera koyambirira ndi 1 mol / l NaOH (600 s) kutsatiridwa ndi neutralization mu 1 mol / l HNO3 (60 s).Njira ya electrolyte ndi osakaniza a 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, ndi 1 MgSO4 + 7H2O.Anodizing inachitika pa (40 ± 1) ° C, 30 mA/cm2 kwa masekondi 1200.Kusindikiza kunkachitika muzitsulo zosiyanasiyana za brine monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu zipangizo (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).Chitsanzo ndi yophika mmenemo kwa 1800 masekondi.
Njira zitatu zosiyana zopangira ma composites zafufuzidwa: zokutira zomatira, kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji, ndi chithandizo chapamwamba.Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira iliyonse yophunzitsira amawunikidwa mwadongosolo ndikukambidwa.Kuwona mwachindunji, nanoimaging, ndi kusanthula kwamankhwala / elemental kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa zotsatira.
Anodizing anasankhidwa ngati kutembenuka pamwamba mankhwala njira kuonjezera adhesion wa mchere hydrates.Kuchiza kumeneku kumapanga mawonekedwe a porous a alumina (alumina) mwachindunji pamtunda wa aluminiyumu.Mwachizoloŵezi, njira iyi imakhala ndi magawo awiri: gawo loyamba limapanga mawonekedwe a porous a aluminium oxide, ndipo gawo lachiwiri limapanga zokutira za aluminium hydroxide zomwe zimatseka pores.Zotsatirazi ndi njira ziwiri zotsekera mchere popanda kutsekereza gawo la gasi.Yoyamba imakhala ndi zisa za uchi pogwiritsa ntchito machubu ang'onoang'ono a aluminium oxide (Al2O3) omwe amapezeka mu sitepe yoyamba kuti agwire makhiristo a adsorbent ndikuwonjezera kumamatira kwake kumalo achitsulo.The chifukwa zisa ndi awiri a 50 nm ndi kutalika 200 nm (mkuyu. 1a).Monga tanena kale, zibowo izi nthawi zambiri kutsekedwa mu sitepe yachiwiri ndi wosanjikiza woonda wa Al2O(OH)2 boehmite mothandizidwa ndi aluminiyamu chubu kuwira ndondomeko.Mu njira yachiwiri, kusindikizaku kumasinthidwa m'njira yoti makhiristo amchere amatengedwa muzitsulo zofanana zophimba boehmite (Al2O (OH)), zomwe sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza pankhaniyi.Gawo lachiwiri ikuchitika mu ano zimalimbikitsa njira ya lolingana mchere.Zomwe zafotokozedwazo zimakhala ndi kukula kwake kwa 50-100 nm ndipo zimawoneka ngati madontho ophwanyika (mkuyu 1b).Kumtunda komwe kumapezeka chifukwa cha kusindikiza kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika bwino omwe ali ndi malo okhudzidwa.Njira yapamtunda iyi, pamodzi ndi machitidwe awo ambiri omangirira, ndi abwino kunyamula ndi kunyamula makristasi amchere.Mapangidwe onse awiriwa akuwoneka kuti ali ndi porous kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono omwe amawoneka kuti ndi oyenerera kusunga madzi amchere amchere ndi kutsekemera kwa nthunzi ku mchere panthawi ya ntchito ya adsorber.Komabe, kusanthula koyambira kwa malowa pogwiritsa ntchito EDX kumatha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa magnesiamu ndi sulfure pamwamba pa boehmite, zomwe sizipezeka pamtundu wa alumina.
ATR-FTIR ya chitsanzo idatsimikizira kuti chinthucho chinali magnesium sulfate (onani Chithunzi 2b).The sipekitiramu amasonyeza khalidwe sulphate ion nsonga pa 610-680 ndi 1080-1130 cm-1 ndi khalidwe latisi nsonga za madzi pa 1600-1700 cm-1 ndi 3200-3800 cm-1 (onani mkuyu 2a, c).).Kukhalapo kwa ayoni a magnesium pafupifupi sikusintha mawonekedwe54.
(a) EDX ya boehmite yokutidwa MgSO4 mbale ya aluminiyamu, (b) ATR-FTIR spectra ya boehmite ndi MgSO4 zokutira, (c) ATR-FTIR spectra ya MgSO4 yoyera.
Kusunga bwino kwa adsorption kunatsimikiziridwa ndi TGA.Pa mkuyu.3b ikuwonetsa nsonga ya desorption pafupifupi.60°C.Pachimake ichi sichimafanana ndi kutentha kwa nsonga ziwiri zomwe zimawonedwa mu TGA ya mchere wangwiro (mkuyu 3a).The repeatability wa adsorption-desorption mkombero anawunikidwa, ndi pamapindikira chomwecho ankaona pambuyo kuika zitsanzo mu chinyezi mpweya (mkuyu. 3c).Kusiyanitsa komwe kumapezeka mu gawo lachiwiri la kutaya madzi m'thupi kungakhale chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi m'mlengalenga wothamanga, chifukwa nthawi zambiri izi zimayambitsa kutaya madzi m'thupi kosakwanira.Izi zimayenderana ndi pafupifupi 17.9 g/m2 pothira madzi koyamba ndi 10.3 g/m2 pakuthira kwachiwiri.
Kuyerekeza kwa TGA kusanthula kwa boehmite ndi MgSO4: TGA kusanthula koyera MgSO4 (a), kusakaniza (b) ndi pambuyo pobwezeretsa madzi m'thupi (c).
Njira yomweyo inachitika ndi calcium kolorayidi monga adsorbent.Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Kuyang'ana kowonekera kwa pamwamba kunawonetsa kusintha kwakung'ono kwa kuwala kwachitsulo.Ubweyawu suwoneka.SEM inatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa makhiristo ang'onoang'ono omwe amagawidwa mofanana pamwamba.Komabe, TGA sinawonetse kuchepa kwa madzi m'munsi mwa 150 ° C.Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuti gawo la mchere ndi lochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa gawo lapansi lomwe TGA lingadziwike.
Zotsatira za mankhwala pamwamba pa ❖ kuyanika mkuwa sulphate ndi anodizing njira zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.5. Pankhaniyi, kuphatikizidwa kwa CuSO4 mu dongosolo la Al oxide sikunachitike.M'malo mwake, singano zotayirira zimawonedwa chifukwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi utoto wamtundu wa turquoise.
The anodized pamwamba mankhwala anayesedwa osakaniza strontium kolorayidi.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kufalikira kosagwirizana (onani Chithunzi 6a).Kuti mudziwe ngati mcherewo unaphimba malo onse, kufufuza kwa EDX kunachitika.Mphepete mwa mfundo mu imvi (mfundo 1 mumkuyu 6b) imasonyeza strontium yochepa ndi aluminiyumu yambiri.Izi zikuwonetsa kutsika kwa strontium m'dera loyezedwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutsika kwa strontium chloride.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madera oyera ali ndi strontium yapamwamba komanso yotsika kwambiri ya aluminium (mfundo 2-6 mu Fig. 6b).Kusanthula kwa EDX kwa malo oyera kumasonyeza madontho akuda (mfundo 2 ndi 4 mu Fig. 6b), otsika mu klorini ndi sulfure.Izi zikhoza kusonyeza mapangidwe a strontium sulphate.Madontho owala amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa klorini ndi sulfure yochepa (mfundo 3, 5, ndi 6 mu chithunzi 6b).Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndikuti gawo lalikulu la zokutira zoyera limapangidwa ndi strontium chloride yomwe ikuyembekezeka.TGA ya chitsanzo inatsimikizira kutanthauzira kwa kusanthula ndi nsonga pa khalidwe kutentha koyera strontium kolorayidi (mkuyu. 6c).Mtengo wawo wawung'ono ukhoza kulungamitsidwa ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka mchere poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zothandizira.Kuchuluka kwa desorption komwe kumatsimikiziridwa muzoyeserera kumafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa 7.3 g/m2 kuperekedwa pagawo lililonse la adsorber pa kutentha kwa 150 ° C.
Zovala za Eloxal-zinc sulphate zinayesedwanso.Macroscopically, ❖ kuyanika ndi woonda kwambiri ndi yunifolomu wosanjikiza (mkuyu. 7a).Komabe, SEM inavumbulutsa malo opangidwa ndi makristasi ang'onoang'ono olekanitsidwa ndi malo opanda kanthu (Mkuyu 7b).TGA ya zokutira ndi gawo lapansi linafanizidwa ndi mchere wangwiro (Chithunzi 7c).Mchere weniweni uli ndi nsonga imodzi ya asymmetric pa 59.1 ° C.Aluminiyamu yokutidwa anawonetsa nsonga ziwiri zazing'ono pa 55.5 ° C ndi 61.3 ° C, kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa zinc sulfate hydrate.Kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunavumbulutsidwa pakuyesako kumafanana ndi 10.9 g/m2 pa kutentha kwamadzi kwa 150 ° C.
Monga m'mbuyomu application53, hydroxyethyl mapadi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati binder kuti apititse patsogolo kumamatira ndi kukhazikika kwa ❖ kuyanika kwa sorbent.Kugwirizana kwazinthu ndi zotsatira zake pakuchita kwa adsorption kudawunikidwa ndi TGA.Kusanthula kumachitika poyerekezera ndi misa yonse, mwachitsanzo, chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lapansi lopaka.Kumamatira kumayesedwa ndi mayeso kutengera mayeso a notch omwe amafotokozedwa mu ISO2409 specifications (sangathe kukwaniritsa mafotokozedwe olekanitsa a notch kutengera makulidwe ndi m'lifupi).
Kupaka mapanelo ndi calcium chloride (CaCl2) (onani mkuyu 8a) kunapangitsa kuti pakhale kugawa kosagwirizana, komwe sikunawonekere mu zokutira koyera za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mayeso a notch.Poyerekeza ndi zotsatira za koyera CaCl2, TGA (mkuyu 8b) amasonyeza awiri khalidwe nsonga anasamukira ku kutentha otsika 40 ndi 20 ° C, motero.Kuyesedwa kwapakati sikulola kufananitsa kwa cholinga chifukwa chitsanzo choyera cha CaCl2 (chitsanzo kumanja mu Fig. 8c) ndi powdery precipitate, yomwe imachotsa tinthu tapamwamba kwambiri.Zotsatira za HEC zidawonetsa zokutira zoonda kwambiri komanso zofananira ndi kumamatira kokwanira.Kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kukuwonetsedwa mkuyu.8b imagwirizana ndi 51.3 g/m2 pagawo lililonse la adsorber pa kutentha kwa 150 ° C.
Zotsatira zabwino zokhudzana ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi zofanana zinapezedwanso ndi magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (onani mkuyu 9).Kuwunikidwa kwa njira ya desorption ya zokutira kunawonetsa kukhalapo kwa nsonga imodzi ya pafupifupi.60°C.Kutentha kumeneku kumafanana ndi sitepe yaikulu ya kutaya madzi m’thupi ya mchere wangwiro, kuimira sitepe ina pa 44°C.Zimafanana ndi kusintha kuchokera ku hexahydrate kupita ku pentahydrate ndipo sizimawonedwa ngati zokutira ndi zomangira.Mayesero a gawo la mtanda amasonyeza kugawidwa bwino ndi kumamatira poyerekeza ndi zokutira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mchere weniweni.Kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumawonedwa mu TGA-DTC kumafanana ndi 18.4 g/m2 pagawo lililonse la adsorber pa kutentha kwa 150 ° C.
Chifukwa cha kusalongosoka pamwamba, strontium kolorayidi (SrCl2) ali ❖ kuyanika osagwirizana pa zipsepse (mkuyu. 10a).Komabe, zotsatira za mayeso odutsa mphako anasonyeza yunifolomu kugawa ndi kwambiri bwino adhesion (mkuyu 10c).Kusanthula kwa TGA kunawonetsa kusiyana kochepa kwambiri pa kulemera kwake, komwe kuyenera kukhala chifukwa cha mchere wochepa poyerekeza ndi gawo lapansi lachitsulo.Komabe, masitepe omwe ali pamapindikira akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa njira yochepetsera madzi m'thupi, ngakhale kuti nsonga yake imalumikizidwa ndi kutentha komwe kumapezeka mukamawonetsa mchere wabwino.Pamwamba pa 110 ° C ndi 70.2 ° C amawonedwa mu Mkuyu.10b adapezekanso posanthula mchere weniweni.Komabe, gawo lalikulu la kutaya madzi m'thupi lomwe limawonedwa mumchere wowona pa 50 ° C silinawonekere m'mapindikidwe pogwiritsa ntchito binder.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusakaniza kwa binder kunasonyeza nsonga ziwiri pa 20.2 ° C ndi 94.1 ° C, zomwe sizinayesedwe kwa mchere wangwiro (mkuyu 10b).Pa kutentha kwa 150 ° C, kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumawonedwa kumafanana ndi 7.2 g/m2 pagawo lililonse la adsorber.
Kuphatikiza kwa HEC ndi zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) sikunapereke zotsatira zovomerezeka (Chithunzi 11).Kusanthula kwa TGA kwa chitsulo chokutidwa sikunawonetse njira zakusowa madzi m'thupi.Ngakhale kugawa ndi kumamatira kwa zokutira kwasintha, katundu wake akadali kutali kwambiri.
Njira yosavuta yopaka ulusi wachitsulo ndi wosanjikiza wochepa thupi ndi yunifolomu ndi kulowetsedwa konyowa (mkuyu. 12a), komwe kumaphatikizapo kukonzekera mchere womwe umafuna komanso kulowetsedwa kwa ulusi wachitsulo ndi njira yamadzimadzi.
Pokonzekera kulowetsedwa konyowa, mavuto awiri akuluakulu amakumana.Kumbali imodzi, kugwedezeka kwapamwamba kwa njira ya saline kumalepheretsa kuphatikizika koyenera kwamadzimadzi mu porous dongosolo.Crystallization padziko akunja (mkuyu. 12d) ndi thovu mpweya anatsekeredwa mkati dongosolo (mkuyu. 12c) akhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi kutsitsa padziko mavuto ndi chisanadze kunyowetsa chitsanzo ndi madzi osungunuka.Kuyimitsidwa kwachitsanzo pochotsa mpweya mkati kapena kupanga njira yothetsera vutoli ndi njira zina zothandiza zowonetsetsa kudzazidwa kwathunthu kwa dongosololi.
Vuto lachiwiri lomwe linakumanapo panthawi yokonzekera linali kuchotsedwa kwa filimuyo kuchokera ku gawo la mchere (onani mkuyu 12b).Chodabwitsa ichi amakhala ndi mapangidwe youma ❖ kuyanika pa kuvunda pamwamba, amene amasiya convectively analimbikitsa kuyanika ndi kuyamba mayamwidwe analimbikitsa ndondomeko.Njira yachiwiri ndiyochedwa kwambiri kuposa yoyamba.Chotsatira chake, kutentha kwakukulu kumafunika kuti pakhale nthawi yowuma bwino, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha thovu kupanga mkati mwa chitsanzo.Vutoli limathetsedwa poyambitsa njira ina ya crystallization yotengera kusintha kwa ndende (evaporation), koma pakusintha kwa kutentha (monga chitsanzo ndi MgSO4 mumkuyu 13).
Kuwonetseratu kwadongosolo la crystallization panthawi yozizira komanso kulekanitsa magawo olimba ndi amadzimadzi pogwiritsa ntchito MgSO4.
Mchere wothira mchere ukhoza kukonzedwa pa kutentha kwa chipinda kapena pamwamba pa chipinda (HT) pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi.Pachiyambi choyamba, crystallization inakakamizika ndi kuchepetsa kutentha pansi pa kutentha kwa chipinda.Pachitsanzo chachiwiri, crystallization inachitika pamene chitsanzocho chinakhazikika kutentha (RT).Zotsatira zake ndi kusakaniza kwa makhiristo (B) ndi kusungunuka (A), gawo lamadzimadzi lomwe limachotsedwa ndi mpweya woponderezedwa.Njirayi sikuti imangopewa kupanga filimu pa ma hydrates awa, komanso imachepetsa nthawi yofunikira pokonzekera zosakaniza zina.Komabe, kuchotsedwa kwa madzi ndi mpweya woponderezedwa kumapangitsa kuti mcherewo ukhale wowonjezera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokutira.
Njira inanso yomwe ingagwiritsire ntchito kupaka zitsulo pamwamba pa zitsulo ndi kupanga mwachindunji mchere womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.Zotenthetsera zokutira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi momwe asidi amachitira pazitsulo za zipsepse ndi machubu ali ndi maubwino angapo, monga tafotokozera m'maphunziro athu apitawa.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira iyi ku ulusi kunabweretsa zotsatira zoipa kwambiri chifukwa cha mapangidwe a mpweya panthawi yomwe anachita.Kuthamanga kwa thovu la mpweya wa haidrojeni kumamanga mkati mwa kafukufukuyo ndikusintha pamene mankhwala amatulutsidwa (mkuyu 14a).
Chophimbacho chasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuti azilamulira bwino makulidwe ndi kugawa kwa zokutira.Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kudutsa mtsinje wa asidi mumtsuko (Chithunzi 14b).Izi zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zipangitse kuyanika kofananako pochita ndi gawo lapansi lachitsulo.Zotsatira zake zinali zogwira mtima, koma ndondomekoyi inali yochedwa kwambiri kuti ikhale yothandiza (mkuyu 14c).Nthawi zocheperako zitha kutheka ndi kutentha komweko.
Kuti athetse kuipa kwa njira zomwe zili pamwambazi, njira yophimba yochokera ku ntchito zomatira yaphunziridwa.HEC inasankhidwa malinga ndi zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa mu gawo lapitalo.Zitsanzo zonse zidakonzedwa pa 3% wt.Chomangiracho chimasakanizidwa ndi mchere.Ulusiwo udapangidwa kale motsatira njira yofananira ndi nthiti, mwachitsanzo, zoviikidwa mu 50% vol.mkati mwa mphindi 15.sulfuric acid, kenako ankawaviika mu sodium hydroxide kwa masekondi 20, osambitsidwa m'madzi osungunuka ndipo potsiriza ankawaviika m'madzi osungunuka kwa mphindi 30.Pankhaniyi, sitepe yowonjezera idawonjezedwa musanalowe mimba.Miwirini chitsanzochi pang'ono mumchere wosungunuka ndi kuumitsa pafupifupi 60°C.Njirayi imapangidwa kuti isinthe pamwamba pa zitsulo, kupanga malo a nucleation omwe amawongolera kufalitsa kwa zokutira pamapeto omaliza.Mapangidwe a ulusiwo ali ndi mbali imodzi yomwe ulusiwo ndi woonda kwambiri komanso wodzaza mwamphamvu, ndi mbali ina pomwe ulusiwo ndi wokhuthala komanso wocheperako.Izi ndi zotsatira za njira zopangira 52.
Zotsatira za calcium chloride (CaCl2) zafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi kujambulidwa ndi zithunzi mu Table 1. Kufalikira kwabwino pambuyo pa katemera.Ngakhale zingwe zomwe zinalibe makhiristo owoneka pamwamba zidachepetsa kuwunikira kwazitsulo, kuwonetsa kusintha komaliza.Komabe, zitsanzozo zitathiridwa ndi madzi osakaniza a CaCl2 ndi HEC ndi zouma pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 60 ° C, zokutirazo zinayikidwa pamphepete mwazitsulo.Izi ndi zotsatira chifukwa cha kupsyinjika pamwamba pa yankho.Pambuyo pakuwuka, madziwo amakhalabe mkati mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha zovuta zake.Kwenikweni zimachitika pamphambano za zomangamanga.Mbali yabwino ya chitsanzocho ili ndi mabowo angapo odzazidwa ndi mchere.Kulemera kwake kunakwera ndi 0.06 g/cm3 mutakutira.
Kupaka ndi magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) kumatulutsa mchere wambiri pa voliyumu ya unit (Table 2).Pachifukwa ichi, kuwonjezereka koyezedwa ndi 0.09 g/cm3.Njira yobzala mbewu idabweretsa kufalitsa kwakukulu kwachitsanzo.Pambuyo pakuphimba, mcherewo umatsekereza madera akuluakulu a mbali yopyapyala ya chitsanzo.Kuonjezera apo, madera ena a matte amatsekedwa, koma porosity ina imasungidwa.Pankhaniyi, mapangidwe mchere amawonedwa mosavuta pa mphambano ya nyumba, kutsimikizira kuti ❖ kuyanika ndondomeko makamaka chifukwa cha kusamvana pamwamba pa madzi, osati mogwirizana mchere ndi zitsulo gawo lapansi.
Zotsatira za kuphatikiza kwa strontium chloride (SrCl2) ndi HEC zinawonetsa zinthu zofanana ndi zitsanzo zam'mbuyomu (Table 3).Pamenepa, mbali yochepetsetsa ya chitsanzo imakhala pafupifupi yophimbidwa.Ma pores okhawo omwe amawonekera, amapangidwa panthawi yowuma chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa nthunzi kuchokera ku chitsanzo.Chitsanzo chomwe chimawonedwa pambali ya matte ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi nkhani yapitayi, malowa amatsekedwa ndi mchere ndipo ulusi sunaphimbidwe kwathunthu.
Pofuna kuyesa zotsatira zabwino za mawonekedwe a fibrous pa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa chotenthetsera kutentha, kutsekemera kwabwino kwazitsulo zophimbidwa za fibrous kunatsimikiziridwa ndikufaniziridwa ndi zofunda zoyera.Kutentha kwamafuta kudayezedwa molingana ndi ASTM D 5470-2017 pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chathyathyathya chomwe chawonetsedwa pachithunzi 15a pogwiritsa ntchito cholozera chomwe chimadziwika kuti matenthedwe matenthedwe.Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoyezera kwakanthawi, mfundoyi ndi yopindulitsa pazinthu zaporous zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakalipano, popeza miyeso imachitidwa mosasunthika komanso ndi kukula kwachitsanzo chokwanira (malo oyambira 30 × 30 mm2, kutalika pafupifupi 15 mm).Zitsanzo za zinthu zokutira zoyera (zofotokozera) ndi mawonekedwe ophimbidwa ndi ulusi zidakonzedwa kuti ziyesedwe poyang'ana ulusi ndi perpendicular kumayendedwe a ulusi kuti awone momwe anisotropic matenthedwe amayendera.Zitsanzozi zidapangidwa pamwamba (P320 grit) kuti zichepetse kuuma kwapamtunda chifukwa cha kukonzekera kwa zitsanzo, zomwe sizikuwonetsa kapangidwe kake mkati mwa chitsanzocho.